Shangc

高级英语（上）

Lesson One

Rock Superstars:

What Do They Tell Us About Ourselves and Our Society

背景知识（Background knowledge）

Rock Music

A form of popular music that is characterized by a pronounced, amplified beat. Electric

guitars are almost always the main instrumental sound source. The modem rock band's basic

elements are one or more vocalists, an electric lead guitar and bass guitar and drums. A rhythm

guitar is often included, and many bands also use keyboards. "Rock-and-roll" was coined in the

mid-1950' s by a Cleveland broadcaster, Alan Freed, to replace "rhythm-and-blues"——a term

that Freed thought had too many racial overtones'. (It was being called "race music" in some

quarters at the time.)

Rhythm-and-blues was itself an updated, urbanized stylization of the blues, which had been

developed mainly by rural or country-oriented black musicians. When the music was renamed

rock-and-roll, it also underwent an elemental change, particularly when white performers saw

how eagerly young audiences responded. "White" music——that is essentially conventional

popular music with a decided country-and-western flavor——was blended with rhythm-and-

blues, and young people continued to hold a proprietary attitude about it. Rock went through its

share of phases and participated in a number of pop culture fads.

课文要义（Main idea of the text）

The author focuses on the social influences of the rock music in terms of sociology. By

contrasting different attitudes toward the rock among the young and adult audience, the author

points out that rock is served as an expression of social ideas, and also provides a debating stage

for different ideas. Rock 'n' roll stars express the young generation's viewpoints on various

political and social problems, and also help the society see its own beliefs and attitudes, and

express the young men's feelings and hope.

词汇 (Vocabulary)

1. sprinkle: v. scatter or throw sth. in small drops or particles etc. on (a surface); spread

Every morning the sanitation workers sprinkle water on the dusty streets. 每天早上清洁工

人都要往尘土飞扬的街道上洒水。

Sprinkle sand along the icy path. 把沙撒在冰封的路上。

2. adulation: n. excessive admiration or praise; flattery

The magazine is full of the fan' s adulation of their favorite pop stars. 杂志上充满了歌迷对

他们所喜爱的歌手的吹捧。

adulate: v. flatter

He respected science without adulating it. 他尊重科学而不迷信科学。

3. reject: v. put aside, throw away, as not good enough to be kept; refuse to accept

The ides that the earth is flat was rejected centuries ago. 地球是扁平的理论几百年前就被

否决了。

The army doctors rejected several recruits as unfit. 军医拒收几名新兵，认为他们身体不

合格。

4. embody: v. express or give visible form to ideas, feelings, etc. ; include or contain sth.

To me, he embodies all the best qualities of a teacher. 在我看来，他身上体现了教师应有

的一切优秀品质。

It' s necessary for the officials to embody principles in actions. 对官员们来说，用行动体现

原则很有必要。

5. editorialize: v. announce editorial

All the local papers editorialized on the subject. 当地所有报纸都对这一问题发表了社论。

Youth editorialized against depriving poor children of opportunities to be educated. 青年报

发表社论反对剥夺贫穷孩子受教育的机会。

6. bewilderment: n. state of being confused.

The child watched the noisy crowd in bewilderment. 孩子目瞪口呆地看着嘈杂的人群。

bewilder: v. confuse

The city traffic often bewildered me when I was young. 小时候，城市交通常使我不知所措。

7. urge: v. push or drive on, press sth. with requests and arguments

He urged that we should go. (He urged us to go.) 他催我们走。

They urged direct use of troops to try to suppress the movement. 他们敦促使用军队镇压这

场运动。

8. drive: n. energy; capacity to get things done

He is a young man with brains, drive and initiative. 他年轻，有头脑，有精力，还有进取

心。

The new headmaster is lacking in drive. 新校长缺乏魄力。

9. celebrate: v. praise; honor

Today his words and deeds are celebrated throughout the land. 今天他的言行受到全国人

民的赞颂。

The deeds of many heroes are celebrated by poets. 许多英雄的行为受到诗人的赞美。

10. mirror: v. reflect as in a mirror

The trees were mirrored in the still water of the lake. 静静的湖水映出岸上的树木。

The decline in his influence mirrors a drop in his prestige. 他的影响减弱反映出他的威信下

降。

短语 (Expressions)

1. dressed in sth: wearing sth.

The bride was dressed in white. 新娘穿一身白色的礼服。

They wanted to be dressed in clothes of virtue. 他们想穿得道貌岸然。

2. act out: perform action which represent, and may help to release, the fears, etc

She acted out the role of wronged lover to make him feel guilty. 她装扮作受冤枉的情人，

好让他感到内疚。

The actress has acted out the heroine's part in detail. 女演员把女主人公这个角色细腻地表

现出来。

3. rather than: by preference or choice

These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty. 这鞋不好看，但很舒服。

Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad, he sold them at half price. 与其让蔬菜烂掉，

他干脆以半价卖掉了。

4. sing of: to speak, tell about, or praise in poetry or songs

The poet sang of victory. 诗人歌颂胜利。

They sang of his brave deeds. 他们称颂他的英勇行为。

5. in return: as repayment

He gave her some roses in return for her kindness. 他送她一些玫瑰花答谢她的好意。

How much did he give you in return for your bicycle? 他买你的自行车给了你多少钱？

6. conceive of: form an idea in the mind

It is difficult to conceive of traveling to the moon. 很难想象去月球旅行的情景。

I can't conceive of your allowing the child to travel alone. 我想不通你为什么让孩子独自旅

行。

词语辨析 (Word analysis)

1. adulation, admiration

adulation: excessive admiration or praise, flattery 奉承

He received adulations from many people. 他受到许多人的奉承。

admiration: feeling of respect, warm approval 钦佩，佩服

She was filled with admiration for his courage. 她对他的勇气充满敬意。

2. argue, debate

argue: give reasons for or against sth. esp. with the aim of persuading sb. 争论

The lawyers argued the case for hours. 律师们对这个案子辩论了几个小时。

debate: formally argue, esp. defend one’s position and attack his opponent’s point of view 辩论

The House of Representatives debated the proposal for three days. 众议院就这个提案辩论了

三天。

3. arrogant, proud

arrogant: showing too much pride in oneself and too little consideration for others 傲慢

It’s arrogant of you to assume you’ll win every time. 你自以为每次都能赢，未免太自大

了。

proud: feeling or showing just or reasonable pride 骄傲

We are proud of our country. 我们为祖国感到骄傲。

4. conceive, imagine

conceive: form an idea, plan, etc. in the mind, often used in the phrase “conceive of sth.” 想

到

The ancients conceived (of) the world as flat. 古人认为地球是扁的。

imagine: form a mental image of sth. 想象

Can you imagine what it would be like to live without electricity? 你能想象出生活中没有电

会是一幅什么样的情景吗？

5. confuse, bewilder

confuse: make sb. unable to think or act clearly 使……糊涂

They confused me by asking so many questions. 他们提了一大堆问题，把我都弄糊涂了。

bewilder: confuse, esp. by the presence of many different or complicated things at the same

time 因太复杂而使……不知所措，糊涂

I was totally bewildered by the clues to this crossword puzzle. 这个纵横字谜的提示完全把

我弄糊涂了。

6. ideal, idealistic

ideal: satisfying one’s idea of what is perfect, most suitable, unrealistic 理想的，不切实际

的

It is the ideal weather for a holiday. 这是度假的理想天气。

These are ideal plans for reform. 这些都是不切实际的改革计划。

idealistic: of idealism or of person who has high ideals 理想主义的，理想主义者的

He is too idealistic as a politician. 作为政治家，他太理想主义了。

7. mix, blend

mix: put together tow or more things to make sth. else 混合

You mix flour and water to make paste. 你把面粉与水和在一起，调制成面糊。

blend: mix thoroughly 融合

Blend blue and yellow, and you’ll get green. 把蓝色和黄色混合，就可以得到绿色。

8. ramble, rumble

ramble: walk for pleasure with no special destination 漫步，散步

I like rambling in the country. 我喜欢在乡间漫步。

rumble: make a deep heavy continuous sound 发出隆隆声

I heard thunder rumbling in the distance. 我听见远方雷声隆隆。

难句理解（Sentence comprehension）

1. They think he’s sick, sick, sick.

They think he is disgusting.（They think his performance is disgusting.）

他们觉得他的表演太恶心。

2. Horowitz sees the rock music arena as a sort of debating forum, a place where ideas clash and

crash.

Horowitz regards the rock music arena as a sort of arguing place, where people with different

ideas can argue with each other.

霍洛威茨把摇滚乐舞台视为一种争辩的论坛，一个各种思想交锋的场所。

3. Newspapers editorialized against him.

Newspapers carry the editor’s articles criticizing him.

报纸刊登文章抨击他。

4. Most of the older viewers frowned, while most of the younger viewers applauded.

Most of the older audience were against it, but most of the younger audience were for it.

大多数成年观众皱眉不满，而大多数年轻观众则鼓掌欢迎。

5. He spoke of change and of the bewilderment of an older generation.

He touched on change and the confusion of the elder people in his songs.

他唱到变革和老一代的困惑。

6. The Beatles urged peace and piety.

The Beatles strongly advocated peace and piety.

甲壳虫乐队敦促和平与虔诚。

课文翻译 (Translation of the text)

超级摇滚巨星

—— 关于我们自己和我们的社会，他们告诉我们些什么？

摇滚乐是青少年反叛的音乐。

一— 摇滚乐评论家约翰·罗克韦尔

由其崇拜的人即可知其人。

—— 小说家罗伯特·佩恩·沃伦

1972年 6月中旬的一天，芝加哥圆形露天剧场里观众如潮，群情激昂，狂摇猛摆。台上，

滚石乐队的米克·贾格尔正在演唱“午夜漫步人”。演唱结束时评论家唐·赫克曼在现场。他

说：“贾格尔抓起一个装有半加伦水的罐子沿着舞台前沿跑动，把里面的水往前几排狂热

的听众身上洒。他们蜂拥地跟随他，热切地希望能淋上几滴这洗礼的圣水。”

1973年 12月下旬的一天，大约一万四千名尖声叫喊的歌迷在华盛顿市外的首都中心剧

场嘈杂地涌向台前。美国的恐怖歌星艾利斯·库珀正要结束自己表演。他借助断头台假装结

束自己生命来结束表演。他的“头”落人一个草篮中。“啊！”一个穿黑衣服的女孩惊呼道，

“啊，太了不起了！”十四岁的迈克·玻利也在场，但他的父母并不在。“他们觉得他令人

恶心，”迈克说，“他们对我说，‘你怎么能忍受那种东西？’”

1974年 1月下旬的一天，在纽约州尤宁代尔的拿骚体育馆里，鲍勃·狄伦和乐队正在为音

乐会上用的乐器调音。场外瓢泼大雨中，摇滚乐迷克利斯·辛格正等着入场。“这是朝

圣，”克利斯说，“我应该跪着爬进去。”

你是如何看待所有这些溢美之词与英雄崇拜？当米克·贾格尔迷们把他视为至高的神父或

神明时，你是赞成他们还是反对他们？你和克利斯·辛格一样对鲍勃·狄伦怀有几乎是宗教

般的崇敬吗？你认为他或狄伦步入歧途了吗？你是否嫌艾利斯·库珀表演恶心而不接受他？

还是你莫名其妙地被这个怪异的小丑吸引，因为他表现了你最疯狂的幻想？

这并非是些随便问问的问题。有些社会学家认为，你对这些问题的回答，很能说明你在

想些什么，社会在想些什么。换句话说，可以说明你和社会的态度。“音乐表现其时代，”

社会学家欧文·霍洛威茨说。霍洛威茨把摇滚乐的舞台视为一个辩论的论坛，一个各种思想

交锋的场所。他把它看作是一个美国社会努力为自己的情感与信念进行解释与再解释的场

所。他说：“重新解释是一项只有青年人才能完成的任务。是他们将创造与夸张．理性与行

动，文字与声音，音乐与政治结合起来。”

作曲家兼演唱家托德·伦德格伦同意这个看法。他说：“摇滚乐与其说是一种音乐力量，

不如说是一种社会心理的表现。甚至连艾尔维斯·普雷斯利也并非真正是一种伟大的音乐力

量，只不过是艾尔维斯体现出了五十年代青少年那种失落的精神状态。”当然普雷斯利震

动了美国的成人世界。报纸发表社论抨击他，电视网禁止播放他的节目。但艾尔维斯也许证

实了霍洛威茨和伦德格伦的看法。当他通过埃德·沙利文主持的星期日晚间娱乐节目出现在

千百万观众面前时，一场“大辩论”就展开了。大多数成年观众皱眉不满，而多数年轻观

众则拍手欢呼。

摇滚乐评论家们说，从艾尔维斯到艾丽斯，许多摇滚歌星帮助我们的社会阐述了其信仰

与态度。鲍勃·狄伦触动了不满的神经，他唱到民权，核扩散物以及孤独，他唱到变革和老

一代人的迷惑。他唱道：“这里正发生着什么事，你却不知道是什么事，是不是，琼斯先

生？”

其他人也加人到辩论中来。霍洛威茨说，甲壳虫乐队借助幽默，可能还有麻醉品的微弱

之力来敦促和平与虔诚。滚石乐队，傲慢的街头斗士，则要求革命。杰斐逊飞机乐队演唱的

“我们能够联合”和“志愿者（来一场革命）”则是激进青年的进一步的声明。

但是政治并不是六十年代强硬派摇滚乐所辩论的唯一主题。情感，作为任何音乐表现中

常有的部分，也是一个重要题目。詹妮丝·乔普林歌唱自己的悲哀。甲壳虫乐队唱出爱与恨

之间一系列感受。以后又出现了狄伦的摇滚乐队，他们把乡村音乐和西部音乐所表现的较

为传统的观念与强硬派摇滚乐的较为激进的“都市”观念融合在一起。霍洛威茨认为这一

乡村音乐的成份有助于为听众表达“逃避现实”，“回到往昔”的强烈愿望。当前最能说

明霍洛威茨观点的例子之一是约翰·丹佛。他最著名的歌曲“阳光照在我肩上”、“高高的

落基山”和“乡间小路”把民间摇滚乐的音乐气魄与力量结合了起来，而歌词则赞美了

“美好往昔”的淳朴和欢乐。

诸如此类的例子不胜枚举。这些摇滚乐音乐家和所有的艺术家一样，反映出时代的感情

和信念，我们可以借此认识并形成自己的情感与信念。

我们用什么来回报他们呢？当然是掌声与赞扬。在 1972年的一次全国性民意测验中，

中学里百分之十以上的男生，百分之二十以上的女生说他们最崇拜的人是超级摇滚巨星。

我们还给他们金钱以回报。一份名为《福布斯》的商业杂志说：“当今成为百万富翁的最快

捷的途径是当摇滚歌星。”

当今的英雄们一—至少他们中的一部分人一—告诉我们，他们喜欢所得的报偿。“我

暗自嘲笑这些先生们和女士们，他们从没想到过我们会成为拥有亿万财富的宠儿。”那位

独特的“文化英雄”艾利斯·库柏这样唱道。

可是重大问题仍然是：为什么他成为文化英雄？他，或者当前其他任何成功的摇滚歌

星，他们会让我们对他们的歌迷们有些什么了解？对我们自己和我们的社会有些什么了解？

我们的社会现在怎样，过去怎样；将来又会怎样？

补充练习（Supplementary exercises）

Read the following passage and answer the questions:

For two years the biospherians held their silence. Locked inside a palatial l l/4-hectare glass-

and -steel structure outside Oracle, Arizona—hut connected to the outside world by telephone,

television, computer and fax—they heard the reports hinting at scandals and cull connect ions.

They read the accusations of scientific fakery. They watched the parade of embarrassing—and

sometimes inaccurate— disclosures: the "hidden" food Stash, the duffel bag of covert supplies,

the fresh oxygen pumped in from outside. But through it all, almost nothing was heard from the

four men and four women living within the $ 150 million prototype space colony called Biosphere

2.

Until now. Having completed their sojourn inside the largest self-sustaining ecosystem ever

built—and having set a world record for time spent in a sealed environment—the Biospherians

were more than ready last Sunday to come back to planet earth, or, as they call it, Biosphere l. Just

before their release»they finally began to speak out. For observers outside (including 600 tourists

a day who spent as much as $ 12.95 to peer through the glass), it is as if laboratory an imals

suddenly started to describe life inside the maze.

What did they talk about first? Food. From interviews conducted during the last week inside,

it is dear that the Biospherians (who lost, on average, 13.5% of their weight) became obsessed

with food—with growing it, gathering it, preparing it, consuming it. The plan was that the

Biospherians would grow their own abundant supplies of fruit and vegetables. But their garden

was designed by the crew's doctor, Roy Walford who advocates longevity through an extremely

low-calorie diet. As a result, they were often hungry --- a situation that seems to have put

everyone but Walford on edge. Tempers flared when the chili sauce got too hot. Crockery got

thrown the day peanut rations were announced. A crew member who cooked a distasteful green

sauce once too often was warned that the next time it was served he would wear it.

There was plenty to get upset about. Two years of unusually cloudy weather cast a pall over

the entire operation. The hummingbirds died, and so did the finches. The bees failed to pollinate

the squash, and mites feasted on the beans and white potatoes. One crew member, Jane Poynter

lost a fingertip in a thresher accident, (she was whisked out for emergency treatment and then

returned.) The rest came down with assorted complaints: diarrhea, back pain, eye and urinary-tract

infections and a cold that made the rounds until there was no one left to catch it.

The crew members were chronically Overworked and, until the oxygen supply was replenished

after 16 months, had less and less energy to work with. To liven up the drudgery, they used any

excuse to celebrate: a beach party near the ocean habitat, a picnic on a blanket in the savanna, a

dress-up party in clothes suddenly two sizes too big. Some of the researchers who ridiculed

Biosphere 2. are now making the pilgrimage to Arizona to see why so much oxygen disappeared

( apparently some of it was consumed by microbes in the soil and some combined with limestone

in the concrete). In five months eight more adventurers who see the power of Biosphere 2 will

pass through the .air locks. The period of their confinement has been mercifully cut from two

years to one.

palatial a. 宫殿似的，宏伟的

stash n. 存放处，贮藏处

duffel bag 行李袋

hummingbird n. 蜂鸟

finch n. 雀科鸣禽（如燕雀）

pollinate vt. 给……传授花粉

thresher n. 脱粒机，打谷者

1. Choose the correct answer according to the content：

(1) The Biospherians were suspected of ______.

A. being linked to some religious group

B. hiding food supply in the duffel bags

C. unknowingly falling victim to commercialism

D. being prevented from speaking their mind

(2) Biosphere 2 is______.

A. an exact copy of Biosphere 1

B. a genuinely self-sustaining ecosystem

C. a sealed ecosystem imitating the earth

D. a space colony high above the earth

(3) What bothered the Biospherians most seemed to be _____.

A. the bad weather

B. the bad diet

C. their bad press

D. their bad reputation

(4)The Biospherians must also have been provided _____.

A. a new supply of oxygen

B. a new supply of clothes

C. a new supply of peanut

D. a new supply of crockery

(5)Their clothes appeared much too loose-fitting probably because _____.

A. they went on a low-calorie diet

B. they lost too much weight

C. they suffered from diarrhea

D. they attended a dress-up party

I. 课后练习答案

A. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. They emphasize the theme of the article and they are appropriate.

2. The author attempts to illustrate that there are completely different ideas about Rock

Music between the young people and the adult.

3. Rock music can express its times. He sees it as a debating forum where American society

struggles to define and redefine its feelings and beliefs.

4. Elvis managed to embody the frustrated teenage spirit of the 1950s.

5. Bob Dylan spoke of civil rights, the Beatles urged peace and piety, and the Rolling

Stones demanded revolution.

6. Apart from politics, the rock music also deals with feelings.

7. They got applause, praise and money.

8. No, he hasn’t. He wants the readers to think it carefully.

B. Translate the following into Chinese:

1. 他说：“贾格尔拿着装有半加仑水的罐子沿着舞台前沿跑动，把水洒到前几排狂

热的观众身上。

2. 你如何看待这种赞美和英雄崇拜？

3. 你是不是莫名其妙地被这个怪异的小丑所吸引，因为他表现出你最疯狂的幻想。

4. 一些社会学家认为你对这些问题的回答很能说明你在想些什么，你的社会在想些

什么。换句话说，就是可以说明你和社会的态度。

5. 只不过是艾尔维斯设法体现了 50年代青少年那种失落的精神风貌。

6. 感情，作为任何音乐形式的一个组成部分，是个永恒的主题。

7. 这一乡村气息，赫罗威次感到，帮助听众表达了一种“逃避现实”，“重归往

昔”的愿望。

8. 在 1972年进行的一次全国性民意调查中，有 10％以上的高中男生和 20％以上的

女生把摇滚巨星视为自己的偶像。

C. Fill in the blanks in each sentence with the best word or expression from the box below,

changing its for when necessary.

1. embodied 2. act out 3. sprinkled 4. sweltering

5. idle 6. rejected 7. rather than 8. Reverence

D. Choose the right word or expression in the brackets to complete each of the following

sentences

1. debating 2. proud 3. mix, blend 4. conceive

5. were dressed 6. idealistic 7. admiration 8. rumbling

E. Explain the underlined words in English

1. disgusting,

2. The editor wrote against him.

3. the confusion of the old people

4. stress on peace and piety

5. the poems praise the simple joys of life

6. reflect feelings and benefits

7. a place where various ideas are confronted and noisily debated

8. other successful rock stars recently

F. Translate the following into English

Rock music began in America in the late 1950' s. It was not only a new musical form, but a

debating forum for the American youth to express their ideas of the world and life. In this forum,

the stars sang out the attitudes of the youth towards civil rights, war arid peace, the disaffection of

their society, and a range of emotions between love and hate. All in all, in this forum, the

American youth redefined the beliefs and feelings of their society. The typical representatives of

the early rock music were Elvis Presley, singer and poet Bob Dylan, the Beatles, the Rolling

Stones and so on. They were the culture heroes whom the young people worshipped.

G. Write a short passage

I agree that rock is the music of the teenage rebellion.

First, rock music turns out to be a great attraction mainly to the teenagers rather than to the

adults. The super rock star, Elvis Presley was praised and applauded by the younger generation,

while he was criticized by editorials, banned by TV networks and refused by the older generation.

Second, the rock music was adored and even worshiped mainly by the teenagers rather than

by adults. Alice Cooper’s ending of his act by pretending to end his life with a guillotine was

considered marvelous by a young girl dressed in black. Fourteen-year-old Mike Perlie went to

attend the rock concert, while his parents didn't, who thought Alice Cooper was sick and find it

hard to bear his singing.

According to one national opinion poll conducted in 1972, more than 10% of high school

boys and 20% of the girls regarded a super rock Star as their hero.

补充练习答案

1. 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B

Lesson Two

Four Choices for Young People

背景知识（Background knowledge）

Stanford University

It is a private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Stanford, California. It was founded

in 1885 by Leiand and Jane Stanford, after the death of their only child. Stanford maintains branch

campuses in France, Italy, Germany, Austria, and England. About half of its undergraduates study

overseas at them for six-month periods. Advanced-study centres are maintained in Japan, Taiwan,

and several other countries. The departments of the university are organized into schools of law,

medicine, education, engineering, business, earth sciences, and humanities and sciences. The

students, nearly equally divided between undergraduates and graduates.

课文要义（Main idea of the text）

The author points out such kinds of social problems as social disorder, poverty, injustice and

war. The young generation is doubtful and dissatisfied with the society. They take various ways to

express their attitudes and beliefs. Some of them drop out of the traditional society and refuse to

take any social responsibility, living an undignified kind of parasitic life. Some of them flee from

cities, living a primitive life in the desolated country. Some of them even try to change the society

by force. Even though they might succeed eventually, they cannot make their dreams realized, but

only to resume the old way of life under a new name of the state. The best choice for the young

people to make is to change the world gradually, one clod at a time.

词汇（Vocabulary）

1. expedient n. means of achieving an aim 权宜之计，应急手段

adj. to be useful for a purpose 有用，可取

They resorted to various expedients to get the money together. 他们采取了各种应急办法筹款。

Aspirin is useful expedient for dulling minor pain. 阿司匹林是缓解较轻疼痛的有用应急药物。

In times of war governments do things because they are expedient. 战争时期政府做一些事情，

是因其有利。

expedience (cy) n. suitability for a purpose 适宜，有利

Act from expedience, not from principle. 因有利而行事，并非根据原则。

2. distasteful adj. disagreeable, unpleasant 讨厌的，令人不快的

distasteful behavior 讨厌的行为 a distasteful incident 使人不快的事

It is distasteful to me to have to say this. 我不得不这样说，使我很不愉快。

distaste n. dislike 不喜欢，讨厌

He turned away in distaste. 他厌恶地转过脸。

3. symbolize v. make use of a symbol for 象征

Dove symbolizes peace. 鸽子象征着和平。

The poet has symbolized his lover with a flower. 那诗人用花象征他的爱人。

symbol n. image or object that suggests sth. else 象征，标志

The lion is the symbol of courage. 狮子是勇武的象征。

symbolic adj. using a symbol 象征(性)的

The cross is symbolic of Christianity. 十字架是基督教的象征。

4. contribute v. give one’s share of (money, help, advice, etc.) to help a joint cause, 捐助，贡献

Everyone should contribute what he or she can afford. 人人都应尽自己的能力作贡献。

The chairman encourages everyone to contribute to the discussion. 主席鼓励大家参与讨论。

5. disillusionment n. freedom from illusions 幻灭，醒悟

disillusionment of Americans with the American way of life 美国人对美国生活方式的幻灭

The best young men in their disillusionment will drift to other jobs. 最优秀的青年在失望之余

将离职去干别的工作。

disillusion v. set free from mistaken beliefs 使觉醒，使幻想破灭

They had thought that the new colony would be a paradise, but they were soon disillusioned. 他

们原以为新殖民地是一个天堂，但不久便从幻想中觉醒。

6. accomplish v. succeed in doing sth., finish successfully 实现，完成

He is a man who will never accomplish anything. 他是一个永远一事无成的人。

We can accomplish whatever you can accomplish, and with better results. 你们能做到的事情，

我们也能做到，而且会做得更好。

7. remedy

v. put or make right (anything bad) 纠正，补救

The situation could not be remedied. 情况已无可挽救。

We are prepared to do whatever necessary to remedy the losses. 我们准备采取一切措施弥补损

失。

n. a way of curing (pain or disease); a way of setting right (anything bad) 消除病痛的治疗；纠

正不良事物的方法

I often use herbal remedies. 我常用草药治病。

He found a remedy for his grief in constant hard work. 他找到了排忧解愁的方法，就是一刻

不停地努力工作。

8. loom v. appear in an indistinct and often threatening way; appear important or threatening 隐

约出现（显得令人生畏）；显得重要或令人生畏

The mountains loomed blue-green over the valley. 影影绰绰的苍翠山峦俯视着山谷。

The prospect of war loomed large in everyone’s mind. 战争将起的庞大阴影威慑人心。

9. clutter v. fill or cover sth. in an untidy way 胡乱填满、塞满

Don’t clutter up my desk. I’ve just tidied it. 不要在我的书桌上乱放东西，我刚收拾好。

His head is cluttered with useless facts. 他满脑子杂七杂八的闲事。

10. dwindle v. become gradually less or smaller 逐渐变少或变小

Their savings have dwindled away to nothing. 他们的存款已减少到分文不剩。

My voice dwindled into silence. 我的声音越来越弱，最后一点也听不见了。


1. do without: (oft. Used with can and could) manage without sb. / sth. 没有也行

He can’t do without the service of a secretary. 他不能没有秘书的协助

If we can’t afford a car, we’ll just have to do without one. 我们要是买不起车，也就只好不用

了。

2. strike sb. as sth.: have an effort on sb.; impress sb. 对某人产生效果；给人留下印象

The plan strikes me as ridiculous. 我觉得这个计划荒谬可笑。

The house strikes you as welcoming when you go in. 这所房子一进去就感到很舒服。

3. drop out (of sth.): withdraw from conventional society; leave school, etc. without finishing

one’s courses 脱离传统社会；中途退学

Hippies dropped out completely. 嬉皮士们完全逃避社会现实。

She got a scholarship to Cambridge but dropped out a year later. 她得到了剑桥大学的奖学金，

但一年以后就退学了。

4. come off: (of a plan, scheme, etc.): have the intended effect or result; take place 成功；达到预

期目标

His attempt to break the world record really came off. 他想要打破世界记录，也接近成功。

The film doesn’t quite come off. 这部电影不很成功。

5. cleanse sb. of sth.: make thoroughly clean 彻底清洗

She felt cleansed of her sin after confession. 她忏悔之后觉得自己的罪洗清了。

The minister’s soothing words cleansed my heart of guilt. 牧师的一席话消除了我的负罪感。

6. break down: collapse; cease to function because of a mechanical or electrical fault; lose control

of one’s feelings 瓦解；失效；感情失控

Our car broke down on the freeway. 我们的汽车在高速公路上抛锚了。

He broke down and wept when he heard the news. 他听了这个消息，不禁失声痛哭起来。

7. down on sb.: gradually become clear to someone’s mind; become evident to sb. 逐渐明白

It finally dawned on me that he had been lying. 最后我才明白他一直在撒谎。

The truth finally dawned on him. 他最终明白了真相。

8. on one’s hands: resting on ones as a responsibility 有本人负责

She has a large family on her hands. 她有许多子女要照顾。

He has got much time on his hands. 他有许多时间可以自由支配。

9. for all: in spite of; despite 尽管

For all you say, I think she’s the best teacher we’ve got. 不管你怎么说，我仍然认为她是我们

最好的老师。

He has great power and wealth, but is still unhappy for all that. 他有钱有势，尽管如此他并不

愉快。

10. run out of sth）: (of a supply of sth.) be used up, finished; (of a person) use up or finish 用

完，耗尽

We are running out of petrol. 我们的汽油快用完了。

Our time is running out. 我们剩下的时间不多了。

11. batten on sb./ sth. thrive or live well at the expense of sb./ sth. 损及别人或某物以利己

She avoided having to work by battening on her rich relatives. 她仗着她那有钱的亲戚而不必

工作，得以坐享清福。

The capitalists batten on the blood of the workers. 资本家靠榨取工人的血汗养肥自己。


1. sight, glance

sight: n. ability to see; action of seeing 视力；看见

Some drugs can affect your sight. 有些药物会影响视力。

Their first sight of land came after ten days at sea. 他们在海上十天之后首次看到陆地。

glance: n. quick look 一瞥

She walked off without a glance in my direction. 她扬长而去，都不朝我这儿看一眼。

2. relevant, relative

relevant: connected with what is being discussed, what is happening, what is being done 有关

的，切题的

the facts relevant to the case 与案件有关的事实

I don’t think his remarks are relevant to our discussion. 我认为他的话不切我们的议题。

relative: having a connection with sth; referring to sth. 与某事有关的，涉及某事的

the facts relative to the problem 与问题有关的事实

Keep your comments relative to what is under discussion. 把你的发言集中在正在讨论的问题

上。

区别：relevant 可用作定语，如：a highly relevant suggestion 密切相关的建议

relative 作定语只用于语法术语，如：a relative pronoun 关系代词

3. exasperate, exhi;arate

exasperate: irritate or annoy (sb.) greatly 激怒，恼怒

That child exasperated me. 那孩子让我很生气。

She was exasperated at / by his stupidity. 她因为他愚笨而发怒。

exhilarate: make sb. feel very happy or lively 使人愉快或活跃

We felt exhilarated by our walk along the beach. 我们沿着海滩散步感到心旷神怡。

4. noisome, noisy

noisome: offensive, disgusting 令人不快的，令人讨厌的

They are most noisome politicians of that century. 他们是那个世纪最令人厌恶的政客。

noisy: full of noise 喧闹的，嘈杂的

I can’t work in here ---- it’s far too noisy. 我无法在这里工作，太吵了。

5. live, inhabit

live: vi. make one’s home 居住，住

live at home, in London, in a flat 住在家中，伦敦，公寓

inhabit: vt. live in, occupy 居住于，占据

He inhabited a small two-room flat. 他住在一套两室的小公寓里。

6. clutter, jumble

clutter: fill or cover sth. in an untidy way 胡乱地塞满或覆盖

Don’t clutter（up）my desk ---- I’ve just tidied it. 不要在我的书桌上乱放东西，我刚收拾好。

jumble: mix in a confused way 胡乱混在一起

Toys, books, shoes and clothes were jumbled (up) on the floor. 玩具，书，鞋，衣服都杂乱地

堆在地上。

8. appeal, attraction

appeal: ① earnest request 恳求，呼吁 ② attractiveness, interest 吸引力，兴趣

The mayor launched an appeal the public to give blood to the victims of the disaster. 市长向公

众呼吁为灾难的受害者献血。

This kind of music hasn’t much appeal for me. 这种音乐对我没什么吸引力。

attraction: action or power of attracting 吸引，吸引力

The television has little attraction for me. 电视对我没什么吸引力。

9. wholesome, healthy

wholesome: good for one’s health or well-being 有益于健康的

plain but wholesome meals 清淡而有益于健康的饭菜

Milk is very wholesome. 牛奶对健康大有好处。

healthy: having good health 健康的

a healthy child, tree 健康的孩子，茁壮的树木


1. Apparently he speaks for a lot of his contemporaries.

It’s obvious that he states the views of a lot of people of his time.

显然他道出了许多同龄人的看法。

2. The people responsible are, presumably, the adults who have been running things.

Probably it is caused by the adults who have been controlling the world.

对此承担责任的应该是那些一直掌管大事的成年人。

3. This strategy also has ancient antecedents.

Our ancestors also conducted this practice to run away from cities.

这种策略也有古老的先例。

4. A few gentleman farmers with plenty of money can still escape to the bucolic life --- but in

general the stream of migration of flowing the other way.

Only some rich men can escape to the countryside. They own farms but hire others to do most of

farming. But generally speaking people are moving in a large number from the countryside to

the cities.

尽管有少数富有的乡绅仍可逃离城市，遁入田园，但总的迁徙趋势还是从乡村到城市。

5. It has the even greater appeal of simplicity: “Since this society is hopelessly bad, let’s smash it

and build something better on the ruins.”

This strategy is simple so that it has the even greater attraction. As this society is ruined without

any hope, we’d rather destroy it and build a better one instead.

这一策略由于简单，因此具有更大的吸引力：“既然这个社会已经坏到毫无希望的地步，

那就让我们砸碎它，在它的废墟上建起一个更加美好的世界。”

6. Instead it dawns on a familiar, workaday place, still in need of groceries and sewage disposal.

Instead people still take up the work as before, need the same food to live on and the same waste

disposal.

胜利的曙光还是洒在一个熟悉的，平凡庸碌的地方，仍需要食品杂货和污水处理的地方。

7. At first glance, this course is far from inviting.

When examined for the first time, this way is lacking in attraction.

乍一看，这一途径毫无吸引力。

8. So Jim Binns’ generation has a formidable job on its hands. But not, I think, an insuperable one.

So Jim Binns’ generation has a difficult job to cope with. But I don’t think it can’t be overcome.

因此吉姆·宾斯这一代人肩负着极其艰巨的任务，但我认为这并不是无法完成的任务。


年轻人的四种选择

斯坦福大学毕业班班主席吉姆·索斯怨他毕业化不久给我写了一封信，谈了他的一些疑虑。

信上说：“我们这一代比其他任何一代人都更加以怀疑的态度来看待这个成人世界……而

且也越来越倾向于完全否定那个世界。”

很显然他的话代表了他的许多同龄人的看法。在过去他几年中，我倾听过大学内外许多

个年轻人的谈话，他们对成人世界同样感到不安。大致说来，他们的态度可以归纳如下：

“这个世界一片混乱，充满了不公正，贫穷和战争。对此承担责任的应该是那些一直在掌

管大事的成年人。如果他们做得不好，他们又能拿什么来教育我们这一代人呢？我们不需

要这类教导也行。”

我觉得这些结论是合情合理，至少以他们的观点来看是这样。对于成长中的一代人来说，

与此相关的问题不是我们的社会是不是不完美（我们可以视此为理所当然），而是如何来

对待它。尽管这个社会严酷且不合理，但它毕竟是我们所拥有的唯一的世界。因此年青人所

要做的第一个决定就是选择一种策略来对付这个世界，通常这也是他们一生中最重要的一

个决定。就我所能看到的，只有四种基本选择：

一、脱离社会

这是最古老的办法之一，任何年龄的人，在任何地方，无论用不用幻觉剂都可以使用这

种方法。那些觉得这个世界太残酷、大复杂，因而无法忍受的人总是选择这种策略。按其含

义来说，这种生活方式是寄生性的，奉行此道的人蔑视这个社会并拒不承担任何社会责任，

却以这样或那样的方法依赖社会过寄生生活。我们中的一些人对此感到厌恶——认为这是

一种不体面的生活，但对于既缺乏精力又缺少自尊的精神懦弱者来说，这可能是现有的最

能忍受的选择。

二、逃避现实

这种策略也有其古老的先例。自从有了文明以来，就有许多人试图逃离文明世界，希望

能找到一种比较朴素的。宣言田园风俗的，更安宁的生活。与脱离社会者不同，他们不是寄

生者，他们愿意自食其力，并为集体做出点贡献，但是他们就是不喜欢文明的世界，也就

是说不喜欢那充满丑恶与紧张的大城市。

这一解决方式的问题在于它已不能大规模地加以实践。令人遗憾的是我们的星球上高尚

的野蛮人与未被法污的自然风光越来越少。除了极地地区，未开发的地方已无处可觅。少数

特别富有的乡绅还能遁入田园生活，但是总的说来迁移的潮流是在向相反的方向流动，即

从乡村流向城市。

三、策划革命

对无法容忍民主决策过程的单调沉闷的运作方式，或者相信只有武力才能改变基本

制度的人来说，这一策略总是很受欢迎。它吸引着每一代青年人中较为积极，较具理想主

义的人。对于他们来说，这种策略具有传奇色彩，通常以某个英勇无比，魅力超凡的人物

为其象征。

这一策略由于简单，因此具有更大的吸引力：“既然这个社会已经坏到毫无希望的地步，

那就让我们砸碎它，在它的废墟上建起一个更加美好的世界。”

在我最好的朋友中有些是革命者，其中一些人过着心满意足的生活。这些人的革命并未

成功，他们还可以继续兴致勃勃地策划他们的屠杀，直到老朽。还有些人英年早逝，死在

监狱里，或暴尸街头。但最不幸的是那些革命成功的人，他们活在幻想的破灭之中，看到

他们建立新机构与他们所推翻的旧机构一样冷酷无情，死气沉沉。

当然，我并不是说革命都一无所成，有些革命（美国革命，法国革命）确实使事物有所

改进。我要说的只是无论成败与否，干革命的理想主义者注定要失望，因为即使在最好的

情况下，他们胜利的曙光也从未照耀在他们梦想的，清除了人类一切卑鄙行经的灿烂的新

世界上，而是洒在一个熟悉的，平凡庸碌的地方，仍需要食品杂货和污水处理的地方。无

论在什么样的政治标签下，革命的国家也得由营销，卫生工程，官僚机构的行家们去治理，

而不是由那些激进的浪漫主义者们去治理。

对于决心寻求更加可行的方法改造社会，而不是通过武装革命的理想主义者来说，还有

另外一种选择。

四、力图逐渐改变世界，一次改造一点

乍一看，这一途径毫无吸引力。它缺乏魅力，收效不快。它依靠的工具是恼人的、不可

靠的说服与民主决策。它需要耐心，而人们往往缺乏耐心。这种方法唯一的长处是有时真起

作用——在一个特定的时间和地点，与其他可选的策略相比，它可以改善世界上一些倒行

逆施的行为。

至少历史上的证据似乎证明了这一点。在我大学毕业的时候，我们那一代人也发现世界

一团糟，几乎在所有的地方经济体制崩溃。整个国家，大约有四分之一的人口失业，一场

大战似乎在所难免。当时我作为大学报纸的编辑，也像今天的学生积极分子一样，强烈反

对这一切。

同时，我们那一代人也逐渐发现，改造世界就像在亚平宁山区打仗，你刚占领一条山脉，

另一条山脉又在你面都赫然耸现。三十年代的大问题刚刚有所控制，新的问题又取而代之：

富裕社会中出现的新问题，如种族平等、保持城市适于居住、对付在陌生的伪装下的战争等

问题。最令人不安的是我们发现的人口爆炸问题。我们突然间明白了在我们所居住的尤如一

艘小小的宇宙飞船的星球上，乘客数目大约每四十年翻一番。只要地球上的人口不停地以

这种似癌细胞增长的速度增加，那么其它一切问题便根本无法解决。我们的城市将继续变

得更加拥挤喧嚣，景色将变得更加混乱，空气和水变得更脏。对每个人来说，生活质量都

可能会持续恶化。而如果过多的人不得不为不断减少的食物份额与生存空间进行斗争的话，

那么战争的升级看来是不可避免的。

因此吉姆·宾斯这一代人肩负着极其艰巨的任务，但我认为这并不是无法完成的任务。过

去的事实证明，可以用以前对付困难问题的同样方法来处理这个问题——通过许多人的不

懈努力，一点一点地，注重实效地加以解决。


“Islamic law is very good for the equality of woman,” said Dr. Badria al-Awadhi, Kuwait’s

first woman law professor, “but the people who interpret the Islamic law are men. And they try to

do it in a way that is right for them and not for us.”

"Us" are the women of Kuwait, many of whom are becoming educated, some of whom have

professional careers, and none of whom is allowed to vote. Like women in other westernizing

Third World societies, Kuwaiti females are demanding their rights and overturning conventions.

But in a country where until recently women were shrouded behind black veils, progress can be

agonizingly slow.

"We are the sacrificial generation, "Dr. al-Awadhi said. "We wanted to prove ourselves as

women, that we are equal, that we could do the same job as men. But at the same time, we lost

one thing—the family. Most of us in this position, I could say, are not married."

Dr. Badria al-Awadhi, the first female dean of Kuwait University's School of 1aw and

Shariah (Islamic law), is in a profession totally dominated by men. At 35, she is responsible for a

law .school faculty of 42 men. With a doctorate in international law and a wide record of

publications, Dr. al-Awadhi said her male colleagues, many of whom are non-Kuwaitis, didn't

resist that much.

But like all pioneers, she paid a price. "I feel that I gave up making my own family for my

degree," said the doctor of law at her desk in the cavernous office. "I had to balance two things—a

husband and children or this career. I prefer to be a career woman. Men my age didn't want to

marry a woman who was on the same level as them," she said while her two male secretaries

brought papers to sign." They took those lower than them. Society in the Arab east looked on a

man very badly if his wife was on the same level as him."

Educated women even found difficulties with prospective mothers-in-law. "When you marry

here, you marry the whole family," said Dr. al-Awadhi. "The husband usually took the wife to live

with his family. So if you're a man and you have a very educated wife and your mother doesn't

know how to read—well, it is very difficult."

The problems she faced may not confront Dr. al-Awadhi's female students. Females make up 51

percent of Kuwait University's students, and they attend classes wearing the latest fashions of

Paris and Rome. "Before, a man had to choose between educated and non-educated, "Dr. al-

Awadhi said. "Now almost all young women are educated. A man doesn't have choice anymore."

Dr. al-Awadhi was one of six children of a wealthy Kuwaiti trader, who died when she was

young. Her elder brother, now Kuwait's minister of health (1980), pushed her and her sisters to

take up a profession. When the parliament is in session. Dr. al-Awadhi lobbies the all-male

leadership of Kuwait to grant women the right to vote and hold office.

Islamic a. 伊斯兰教的

Kuwaiti a. 科威特的 n. 科威特人

shroud v. 覆盖，掩蔽

cavernous a. 洞穴状的

lobby v. 对（议员等）进行疏通活动

1. Choose the correct answer according to content:

(1) This article is about____.

A. Islamic life in modern-day Kuwait

B. social changes in Kuwait

C. problems faced by professional women in Kuwait

D. education in Kuwait

(2) Why is Dr. Badria al-Awadhi referred to as a pioneer?

A. Because she is one of the first highly educated Kuwaiti women.

B. Because she has an adventurous spirit.

C. Because she is not afraid to try new things.

D. Because she was a wealthy Kuwaiti trader's daughter

(3) Why do you think the writer mentions that female students today "attend classes wearing

the latest fashions-of Pairs and Rome"?

A. To show that they are well dressed.

B. To show that other social customs are changing, too.

C. To show how wealthy Kuwaitis are.

D. To show that many overseas goods are sold 'in Kuwait.

(4) Which statement is NOT true?

A. Social customs in Kuwait are changing.

B. There is resistance to social change in Kuwait.

C. Women in Kuwait will not obtain equality very soon.

D. Social change occurs quickly.

(5) The writer of this article is ______.

A. sympathetic to educated Kuwaiti women

B. sympathetic to the position of Kuwaiti men

C. critical of the position of educated women in Kuwait.

D. subjective to the social change in-Kuwait

课后练习答案

A. l. They think that the world is in pretty much of a mess, full of injustice, poverty, and war.

2. "Drop out" means rejecting conventional social values and withdrawing from social

responsibilities. The drupouts lead a parasitic way of life because they batten on the society

and in which they take no responsibility.

3. Unlike the dropouts, they are willing to support themselves and to contribute something to

the general community.

4. Because our planet is running Out of noble savages and unsullied landscapes.

5. Those who have no patience with the tedious workings of the democratic process or who

believe that basic institutions can only be changed by force.

6. Because they lived, in bitter disillusionment, to see the establishment they had overthrown

replaced by a new one, just as hard-faced and stuffy.

7. Such as problems of racial justice, of keeping cities from becoming uninhabitable, of coping

with war in unfamiliar guises and of population explosion.

8. The fourth alternative is to try to change the world gradually, one clod at a time. The author

favors this alternative because it sometimes brings about the desired result.

B.

1．很显然他所说的代表了许多同龄人的想法。

2．在过去的几年中，戏听到过许多大学内外的年轻人的谈话，对于成人世界，他们也

有同感。

3．他们愿意自食其力，并对社会大众做些贡献。他们不喜欢文明的环境，也就是说，不

喜欢那种丑恶、紧张的城市生活。

4．一些极富有的乡绅可以回到农村的田园生活。

5．对他们来说，这有一种传奇的色彩，通常是以某个有闯劲、魁力超凡的人物为代表。

6．即使革命成功，他们胜利的曙光也从未照耀在他们梦想的，清除了人类一切卑鄙行

经的灿烂的新世界上。

7．革命的机器、无论贴上什么样的政治标签，还得由市场销售，卫生工程、官僚机构的

行家们来操作，而不是由那些极端的浪漫主义者们去操作。

8．这种方法的唯一优点是，它有时真的有效，——在一个特定的时间和地点，与其

他可选的策略相比，它可以改善世界上一些倒行逆施的行为。

C. 1. satisfying 2. cleansed 3. symbolize 4. ran out of

5. striking 6. insoluble 7. disappointed 8. virtually

D. 1. glance 2. relative 3. exasperated 4. noisome

5. inhabited 6. cluttered 7. ideal 8. appeal

E. 1. were just as nervous about the American society' .run by adults

2. they are not the person supported by society and gtvirig it nothing in return.

3. also has its practitioners in the old days

4. all its unpleasant and nervous things

5. their victory never begins to grow light on the sliming new world

6. this strategy is not attractive at all

7. putting right some of the world's extreme violence or cruelty than any other strategy can be

found .

8. another one appears great just before you.

F. The American young people in the 1960's belonged to a rebellious generation. They saw that

America, the affluent society was full of poverty, inequality and hypocrisy. They didn't believe in

this adult world which did not belong to them, and refused to follow its beliefs and values. Many

young people took active part in the wars against poverty, against racial discrimination and

against Vietnam War. Some young people even attempted to overthrow the establishment by

force. While many other young people expressed their disaffection in a passive way, and they.

used drugs, lived a parasitic life without taking any responsibility in society, or escaped to the

unspoiled country to live a rather primitive communal life.

G.

The fourth choice for young people to make is to try to change the world gradually, one clod at a

time.

I agree with the author that this alternative lacks attraction at first glance. It promises no quick

results and has to rely on the annoying and uncertain persuasion from agents and democratic

decision making. It requires patience, which people are always short of. But in a particular time and

place it does work. It is more likely to overcome some of the social problems than any other

available choice.

As we know, one has to lead a rather undignified life, if he makes the choice to drop out to live a

parasitic life. It's no longer practical if one chooses to flee and to have a more primitive way of life.

And those in favor of armed revolution are destined to feel disappointed whether they succeed or

not. Since revolution can not eventually bring forth a bright future they dreamed of.

What I disagree with the author is that in a particular time and place —— only an armed revolution

can work which has been evidenced by the May-Forth Movement against the feudal system in the

1920s. And it's also evidenced by the Anti-Japanese War in the 1940s.

补充练习答案

1. 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. A

Lesson Three

The Use of Force

Background knowledge

William Carlos Williams

American poet, who was one of the leading 20th century literary figures in the United States., His

father was a British businessman and mother of French and Spanish extraction. He was educated at

the Horace Mann School in New York City and in Switzerland before attending the university of

Pennsylvania, from which, he received a medical degree in 1906. While still a practicing

physician, .Williams achieved international fame as a prolific writer of poetry, fiction and critical

essays that earned him a leading and influential position in contemporary American literature.

Unlike the imagists, in whose publications his poems first came to public notice, Williams leaned

strongly from the beginning on American material and on a diction and free material rhythm

modeled on American speech. Williams' In the American Grain (1925) analyzed the American

character and culture through essays on historical figures. Three novels form a trilogy about a

family--White Mule (1937), In the Money (1940), and The Build-Up (1952). Among his notable

short stories are "Jean Beicke," "A Face of Stone," and "The Farmers' Daughters." His play A Dream

of Love (published 1948) was produced in off-Broadway and academic theatres. Williams'

Autobiography appeared in 1951, and in 1963 he was posthumously awarded the Pulitzer Prize in

poetry for his Pictures from Brueghel, and Other Poems (1962). William Carlos Williams, by the

poet Reed Whittemore, was published in 1975.

Main idea of the Text

Mathilda's parents doted on her very much, which formed , her capricious disposition. The girl did

not see terrible result of diphtheria, she refused to be found her condition of disease by the doctor.

She tried to resist the doctor' s examination. The intransigent reaction of the doctor resulted from his

social responsibility, his authority as a doctor as well as the challenge of his respect.

词汇 (Vocabulary)

1. startle: v. give a shock of surprise to, cause to move or jump 使吃惊，惊动

She was startled to see him looking so sad. 看到他这么悲伤,使她大为吃惊。

The sound of the gun fire startled the pigeons. 枪声惊起鸽子。

2. apologetic: a. making an apology, expressing regret 道歉的，表示歉意的

He was apologetic for coming late. 他为迟到而表示歉意。

He was sincerely apologetic about his mistake. 他对自己的错误由衷地感到愧疚。

与 apologetic同词根的词有：

apologize: v. 道歉

You should apologize to your classmate for being rude. 由于你的无礼，应该向同学道歉。

apology: n. 道歉

You should make an apology to your sister because you are wrong. 因为你错了，必须向你姐姐

道歉。

3. motion

1) v. indicate by a gesture 打手势示意

He motioned to me to come near. 他打手势叫我再走近一些。

I approached him, but he motioned me away. 我走近他，但他挥手叫我走开。

2） n. ① moving 运动，移动

If a thing is in motion, it is not at rest. 如果一个物体在运动中，它就不在静止中。

② particular movement

If you watch my motions carefully you will see how the trick is performed. 如果你仔细看我的动

作，你就会明白这个戏法是怎么变的。

4. coax: v. persuade sb. gently or gradually 劝诱，哄劝

The clerk is always able to coax the customers into good humor. 那个售货员总是能够把顾客哄得

高高兴兴的。

She coaxed him out of his bad temper. 她循循善诱地劝他改掉坏脾气。

5. approach

1) v. come near to 走近，接近

As summer approached, the weather became hotter. 夏天渐近，天气变得热了。

As you approach the town, the first building you see is the church. 接近那座城镇的时候，首先

看到的就是教堂。

2) n. act of approaching; way, method 接近；方法

The enemy ran away at our approach. 当我们接近时，敌人就逃跑了。

When learning a foreign language, the best approach is the study of the spoken language. 学习外

语最好的方法是学口语。

6. embarrass: v. make to feel awkward or ashamed; hinder the movement of 使窘困；阻碍

He had been highly embarrassed by his confession. 这一供认使他极其难堪。

Wearing a long robe embarrassed his movements. 穿一件长袍使他行动不便。

7. admonish: vt. give a mild warning or a gentle reproof to；advise seriously 婉转警告，训诫；

劝告

The teacher admonished the boys for being lazy. 老师责备学生们懒惰。

She admonished us to seek professional help. 她劝我们向专业人员求助。

同词根的词有：

admonition: n.

admonitory: a.

8. contemptible: a. deserving or provoking contempt 可鄙的，卑劣的

That was a contemptible trick to play on a friend. 对朋友耍花招是卑鄙的。

Speaking ugly gossip is contemptible. 说别人坏话是可鄙的。


contempt: v. 轻视

contemptuous: a. 显示轻蔑的

9. ensue: v. happen later, follow as a result 随后发生，续起

After the heavy rains, flood ensue. 暴雨之后就发生了水灾。

It was too late to stop the panic that ensued from the false news report. 制止由这次虚假新闻报导

而引起的恐慌已为时太晚.

10. apprehension: n.

① anxiety about the future, fear 忧虑, 恐惧

I feel a certain apprehension about my interview tomorrow. 我对明天的面试感到有些担心。

② comprehension 理解

Quickness of apprehension is a mark of good student. 敏捷的领悟是一个好学生的标志。


apprehend: v

apprehensive: a.

11. critical: a

① of or at a crisis 在危急关头

We are at a critical time in our history. 我们正处在我们历史的危急时刻。

② of the work of a critic 批评的

Why are you so critical of everything I wear? 你为什么对我穿的每件衣服都这么挑剔。

12. desist: (formal) cease 停止

They ought to desist from such foolish activities. 他们应该停止这种愚蠢的活动。

The judge told the man to desist from threatening his wife. 法官责令那人别再威胁他的妻子。


1. up to sb.: required, looked upon as necessary; one’s duty 应由某人……；某人的职责

It’s up to us to give them all the help we can. 我们理应竭尽全力给予他们协助。

It is up to parents to teach their children manners. 父母应该教育他们的孩子懂礼貌。

2. in profusion: in great supply, abundance 大量的，丰富的

He makes promises in profusion, but never realizes them. 他做过许多许诺，但从未实现。

Everything was there in such profusion that we did not know what to take. 那里样样东西都很多，

我们不知拿什么好。

3. If only: 引起惊叹句，后面用虚拟语气，从句动词使用相当于陈述语气的过去或过去将来

时态。

If only I had listened to your advice. 我要是听了你的建议就好了。

If only the letter had arrived in time. 信要及时到了就好了。

4. break in, put in: interrupt 插话，插嘴

Please don’t break in on our conversation. 请不要打断我们的谈话。

May I put in a word or two? 我可以插一两句话吗？

5. on the chance that / of doing sth.: in views of the possibility, in the hope: 也许能够，或许能够

I’ll call at his office on the chance of seeing him before he leaves. 我将到办公室去访他，希望能

在他下班前见到他。

Take an umbrella on the chance it might rain. 带上伞，也许会下雨。

6. as / so long as: on condition that, provided that 只要，如果

As long as you’re happy, it doesn’t matter what you do. 只要你高兴，你做什么事都没关系。

You may borrow the book so long as you don’t lend it to anyone else. 只要你不借给别人，你可以

借这本书。

7. hold down: control, keep down or under 控制，压制

We must hold prices down. 我们必须控制物价。

Slave owners held slaves down before the emancipation. 奴隶获得解放之前受奴隶主的压迫。

8. reduce to: change to, bring to certain condition 使某人陷入某种状态。

Overwork has reduced him to a physical wreck. 他过度劳累而损害了健康。

The teacher reduced the noisy students to order. 老师使吵闹的学生恢复秩序。


1. terrifying, terrified, terrific

terrifying: filling with terror 令人恐怖的

That must have been a terrifying experience.

那一定是一段可怕的经历。

terrified: feeling terror, very afraid 感到害怕的

I’m terrified at the prospect of being alone in the house.

我要是自己一个人呆在一所房子里就很害怕。

terrific: very great, excellent 很大的，极好的

There is a terrific new restaurant in South Street.

南大街新开了一家极好的饭店。

2. admonish, coax

admonish: give a mild but firm warning; advise seriously 温和而严正地警告；告诫

The teacher admonished the boys for being lazy.

老师责备男生懒惰。

coax: persuade gently or gradually 哄劝

He coaxed her into letting him take her to the cinema.

他哄得她同意带她去电影院。

3. contemptuous, contemptible

contemptuous: feeling or showing contempt 鄙视的，表示轻蔑的

He threw it away with a contemptuous gesture.

他带着不屑一顾的样子把它扔了。

contemptible: deserving contempt 可鄙的，

That was a contemptible trick to play on a friend.

这是对朋友玩弄的卑鄙的手段。

4. apprehension, distrust

apprehension: anxiety about the future, fear 忧虑，担心

I feel a certain apprehension about my interview tomorrow.

我对明天的面试感到有些担心。

distrust: lack of trust, suspicion 不信任，怀疑

Negotiation between union and management are made more difficult by mutual distrust.

工会和资方之间的谈判由于互不信任而愈加困难。

5. excuse, apology

excuse: reason given to explain one’s act 借口，辩解

He’s always making excuses for being late.

他迟到总是有借口。

apology: statement of regret for doing sth. wrong 道歉，认错

I made my apologies and left early.

我道过歉后便提前离去。

6. desist, resist

desist: stop, cease 停止，结束

I wish he’d desist from entertaining his friends at all hours of the day and night.

但愿他别再昼夜不分地招待他的朋友。

resist: use force in order to prevent sth happening, oppose 抵抗，对抗

He told us to get ready to resist the enemy attack.

他让我们做好准备，抵抗敌人的进攻。

7. spend, expend

spend: give or pay out money for goods, services, etc. 用钱，花钱

She spends too much on clothes.

她在衣着上花费太大。

expend: spend or use up 用掉，耗费掉

They had already expended six thousand dollars in advertisement.

他们在广告上已经用掉了六千美元。


1. The child was fairly eating me up…

She looked at the doctor up and down carefully and intently.

孩子上上下下仔细地打量着我。

2. I took a trial shot at it as a point of departure.

I just started by asking a question which I guessed might be the problem.

我常常根据猜测可能出现的问题进行提问。

3. I might be able to get somewhere.

I might be able to get some results.

我也许还能有点进展。

4. She surely rose to magnificent heights of insane fury of effort bred of her terror of me.

She was terrified of me, her efforts to resist my examination of her throat became so mad and

violent.

出于对我的恐惧，孩子抵制检查的疯狂努力达到了惊人的程度。

5. I tried to hold myself down.

I tried to control my temper.

我尽力克制自己的怒气。

6. But a blind fury, a feeling of adult shame, bred of a longing for muscular release are the

operatives.

Both the blind fury and the feeling of adult shame were caused by a longing to release his physical

energy.

可是那种想释放体能的渴望产生出一种非理智的、无法控制的愤怒与成人受辱时的感觉使我

继续下去。


强制就医

威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯

他们是我的新病人，我所知道的就是这个名字，奥尔逊。请您尽快到我家来，我的女儿病

得很厉害。

我到达时，一脸惊恐的母亲迎接我，她衣着整洁，怀着歉意，只问了一声，您是医生吧，便

把我让进了屋。在房子的里间，她又说，请原谅，医生，我们让孩子呆在厨房里，那里很暖

和，屋里有时很潮湿。

孩子穿得很严实，坐在离餐桌不远处父亲的大腿上。父亲试图站起来，但我示意他不必了。我

脱了外衣开始检查。我能看得出他们都很紧张，用怀疑的眼光上下打量着我。通常在这种情况

下，除非必须，他们不会对我讲得太多，得由我来告诉他们，这就是他们为什么付给我三美

元检查费的原因。

小孩用冷漠的，坚定的目光上下使劲地打量我，她的脸上没有任何表情。她没有动，内心显

得很平静，是个出奇漂亮的小东西，从外表上看她壮得像头小母牛。但是她的脸色通红，呼

吸急促，我意识到她在发高烧。她长着满头漂亮的金发，就和经常出现在广告插页或周日报

纸的图片版上的图片娃娃一样漂亮可爱。

她已经发烧三天了，父亲开始说道，我们不知道她是怎么得的病，我妻子给她吃了点药，

你知道，就像别人那样做的，可是一点用也没有。附近生病的人很多，所以我们认为你最好

给她检查一下，看她得了什么病。

作为医生，我常常根据猜测可能出现的问题提问。她嗓子痛吗？

她父母一起回答，不，不，她说她的嗓子不疼。

你的嗓子疼吗，母亲又问了孩子一遍。小女孩的表情依旧，目光仍盯在我的脸上。

你看过了吗？

母亲说，我试过，可是看不见。

其实这个孩子所在的学校那个月发生了多起白喉病例，很显然我们都已想到了这一点，尽

管谁都没有提到这件事。

我说，来，让我们先来看看嗓子吧。我以医生最友好的态度微笑着问孩子的名字，并说道，

来，玛蒂尔达，张开嘴让我们看看你的嗓子。

小孩没有任何反应。

唉，来吧，我哄劝着说，只是把你的嘴张大让我看一下。你看，我说着张开了两手，我手

里什么也没拿，只是张开嘴让我看一下。

多好的人啊，母亲说到，看他对你多好呀，快点，照他说的办，他不会伤害你的。

我极度厌恶此举，要是他们不用“伤害”这个词，我也许还能有点进展。但我没让自己显

得慌乱，而是平静地，不慌不忙地说着话，再次接近小孩。

当我把椅子稍微靠近一点的时候，她突然间以猫一般敏捷的动作，双手本能地抓向我的

眼睛，几乎够到了，实际上她把我的眼镜打飞了，尽管没碎，还是掉在离我几尺远的厨房地

板上。

小孩父母尴尬得不得了，连忙抱歉。你这个坏孩子，母亲抓着她的一只胳膊，一边摇晃，

一边说道，看你干了些什么，这个好的人……

看在上帝的份上，我打断她的话，别对她说我是什么好人。我在这儿看她的嗓子是因为她

很可能得了白喉病，可能会因此而死。可是她不在乎这个。听着，我对孩子说，我们想看看你

的嗓子，你已经够大了，能明白我所说的话了。你是自己张开嘴还是让我们帮你张开呢？

她还是不动，甚至连她的表情也没变。而她的呼吸则变得越来越急促。接着一场斗争就开始

了，我不得不这么做。为了保护她我得弄到她的咽喉分泌物培养。可我首先告诉孩子的父母这

完全取决于他们。我解释了这种病的危险性，并说只要他们能对此负责，我就不会坚持要检

查她的嗓子。

如果你不照医生的话做，那你就得上医院了，母亲严厉地告诫她。

是的，我微笑着，毕竟我已经喜欢上了这个任性的小家伙，对她的父母我是有些看不起。

在接下来的这场斗争中，他们变得越来越无可奈何、无能为力、精疲力竭。出于对我的恐惧，

孩子对检查的抗拒达到极度疯狂的程度。

父亲尽了全力。他个子高大，可这是他的女儿，虽然对她的行为感到羞愧，但又怕弄疼了

她，所以每次在我就要成功的关键时刻，他就松开女儿，气得我真想宰了他。由于他担心孩

子可能得了白喉，又让我继续，尽管他都要昏过去了，还是让我继续。而母亲则在我们身后

来回走动，不停地将手举起又放下，痛苦不安。

把她放在你的大腿上，我命令道，抓住她的两个手腕。

可是他刚一这么做，孩子就大声地尖叫。不要，你弄疼我了，放开我的手，我让你放开我

的手。接着她就歇斯底里地，令人恐怖地大叫起来，住手！住手！你们要杀人了！

你认为她能经受得了吗，医生？母亲问道。

你走开，丈夫对妻子说，你想让她得白喉而死吗？

来，抓住她，我说。

接着我用左手抓住孩子的头，试图将木制的压舌板伸到她的牙齿之间。她拼命地反抗着，

紧咬着牙齿！我现在也愤怒起来——是对一个孩子。我尽力克制自己的怒气，但是不行。我知

道怎么让她张开嘴，露出喉咙让我检查，我努力这么做了。我终于将木压舌板伸进她最后几

颗牙齿后面，前端已进入了她的口腔，就在这个时候，她张了一下嘴，没等我看清，她又闭

上了嘴，并用臼齿咬住了压舌板，在我还没能将它抽出来之前，她已经将压舌板咬碎了。

你不感到羞耻吗，母亲对她喊道。在医生面前你这么做不感到羞耻吗？

给我一个光柄的汤匙，我对她母亲说，我们继续检查。孩子的嘴已经流血了，她的舌头破

了，歇斯底里地狂叫着。或许我应该住手，一两个小时后再来。毫无疑问那样会好些。但是我

已经看到至少有两个孩子得了这种病，由于疏忽而躺在床上死去了，我觉得我必须现在诊断，

否则以后再来就不行了。但是最糟的是我也变得不理智起来，我真想一气之下把这个孩子撕

成碎片而后快。折磨她令人高兴，我的脸也因此发热。

尽管这个可恶的小家伙拒绝检查的行为是如此愚蠢，可还是得给她诊断，保护她。在这种

情况下人是会这样想的。尽管违背她的想法，但别人也需保护。这是一种社会责任。所有这些

都是真实的。可是那种想释放体能的渴望产生出一种非理智的、无法控制的愤怒与成人受辱时

的感觉，这些驱使我要继续下去，必须进行到底。

在最后的这场非理智的较量中，我抓住了孩子的脖子和下巴，强行将这把不轻的银汤匙塞

进她的嘴里，伸至喉部，直到她开始作呕。是的，两个扁桃体上覆盖着膜状物。她英勇地反抗

以阻止我知道她的这个秘密。她隐瞒嗓子痛这件事至少有三天了，并且对她的父母撒谎以便

逃脱象这样的一个结局。

现在她真的愤怒了。刚才她是在抵抗，而现在她进攻了，她试图从父亲的腿上跳下来，

扑向我，失败的泪水模糊了她的双眼。


Traditional methods of teaching no longer suffice in this technological world. Currently there are

more than 100, 000 computers in schoolrooms in the United States. Students, mediocre and bright

alike; from the first grade through high school, not only are not intimidated by computers, but have

become avid participants in the computer epoch.

Kids operating computers implement their curriculum with great versatility. A music student can

program musical notes so that the computer will play Beethoven or the Beatles. For a biology class,

the computer can produce a picture of the intricate actions of the body's organs, thus enabling

today's students to envisage human biology in a profound way. A nuclear reactor is no longer an

enigma (谜) to students who can see its workings in minute detail on a computer. In Wisconsin, the

Chippewa Indians are studying their ancient and almost forgotten language with the aid of a

computer. More commonly, the computer is used for drilling math and language concepts so that

youngsters may learn at their own speed without trying the patience of their human teachers. The

simplest computers aid the handicapped, who learn more rapidly from the computer than from

humans. Once irksome, remedial drills and exercises now on computer are conductive to learning

because the machine responds to correct answers with praise and to incorrect answers with frowns

and even an. occasional tear.

Adolescents have become so exhilarated (兴奋的) by computers that they have developed their own

jargon, easily understood by their peers but leaving their disconcerted parents in the dark. They have

shown so much favour for computers that they have formed computer clubs, beguile （消遣) their

leisure hours in computer stores, and even attend computer camps. A Boy Scout can get a computer

merit badge, One ingenious young student devised a computer game for Atari that will earn him $

100, 000 in royalties.

This is definitely the computer age. It is expected that by 1985 there will be between 300,000 and

650,000 computers in American schools. Manufacturers of computers are presently getting tax

write-offs for donating equipment to colleges and universities and are pushing for legislation to

obtain further deductions for contributions to elementary and high schools. Furthermore, the price of

computers has steadily fallen to the point where a small computer for home or office is being sold

for less than $ 100. At that price every class in the country will soon have computer kids.

1. In order to operate a computer, a student does not have to be ____.

A. especially bright B. vulgar C. versatile D. hysterical

2. A computer is a robot teacher because it ____.

A. is human

B. enables students to learn through mechanical means

C. teaches machines

D. shows human emotions

3. Teachers ought to like to have their students use computers because computers ____.

A. are fun to work with

B. take over some of the teachers' tedious jobs

C. cost less than teachers' salaries

D. are being used all over the United States

4. The author of this article implies that ____.

A. computers make learning today easier than it was in the past

B. students today have to be smarter than their parents

C. computers are difficult to operate

D. anyone who can't operate a computer is a dunce （笨人）

5. The price of a computer is now ____.

A. too high for most schools

B. within the range of most school' s budgets

C. rising

D. preventing schools from buying computers

课后练习答案

A.

1. Because it was very damp sometimes and it was warm in the kitchen.

2. Because they were all very nervous.

3. She kept the doctor from knowing her secret—her illness.

4. Because the doctor had to make sure whether the girl had caught diphtheria.

5. Because she reduced it to splinters.

6. He forced the heavy silver spoon back of her teeth and down her throat till she gagged. Thus he

got to see her throat.

7. Yes, the girl's physical beauty made a contrast with her stupid behavior of not letting the doctor

look her over.

8.Generally speaking, he is right/hut lie may try to persuade tlie girl to obey him in a mild way.

B.

1．我到她家时先遇到她的母亲，她一副惊讶、害怕的表情。她穿着很干净，只是礼貌地

说，您是医生吗？就让我进去了。

2．他试图站起来，我示意他不要麻烦，脱去外套，开始检查。

3．像往常一样，在这种情况下，他们不会告诉我更多情况，而是理应由我来告诉他们。

4．我尽量露出我的职业微笑，询问小女孩的名字。我说，过来，玛蒂尔……

5．此时我已厌恶地咬牙切齿，要不是他们使用“伤害”这个词，我可能早就采取行动

了。

6．在接下来的斗争中，他们变得越来越可怜，被制服，甚至精疲力竭，而小女孩由于

害怕我而产生的狂怒却达到了顶点。

7．她的嘴张开了一下，我还没来的及看清楚，她又闭上了嘴，紧紧地用臼齿咬住木压

舌板。我还没来的及将它拔出，她已把它咬成了碎片。

8．那个可恶的小家伙很愚蠢，但我应当保护她，此时我对自己这样说。

C. 1. apprehension 2. terrifying 3. overpowering 4. contemptible

5. motioned 6. profusion 7.ensuing 8. coax

D. 1. terrifyingly 2. coaxed 3. contemptible 4. apprehension

5. apology 6. terrifying 7. desist 8. admonished

E. 1. guilty

2. it's my responsibility

3. there's been a lot people who fell sick around here

4. nothing has been done

5. in view of the possibility

6. we continue to do this (examine her throat) till very end

7. became, irrational .

8. the pleasure to attack her

F. Mathilda had been; ill for, three days, Her mother gave her some medicine, but it did no good, so

a doctor had to be sent for. Because there had. been, a number of cages of diphtheria in the school to

which Mathilda went and two children died of it, the doctor wanted to look her throat over first after

he arrived at the Olson's. She wouldn't open her mouth no matter how he coaxed her, then the doctor

had to get the tongue depressor into her mouth, but Mathilda should reduced it to splinters. To

protect Mathilda herself and other children, the doctor must find out whether she had caught

diphtheria, so that he. could, give her timely treatment. Then he told Mathilda's father to hold both

her wrists while he himself opened her mouth up with effort and found that she did catch diphtheria.

The story reminds us of such a thing: some of the things in life can't be done by one's willingness

and in some cases, using certain force seems essential.

G.

The doctor thought the symptom of the girl was like that of diphtheria, and it happened that there

were a number of cases of diphtheria in the school where the girl was in. So the doctor tried to coax

to open her mouth. He took many ways, e.g., telling her terrible result of diphtheria, requiring her to

go to hospital, which she was very afraid of etc, but she did not cooperate with him. Finally, his

social responsibility, his authority as a doctor and the strategy to his respect forced him to open her

mouth to see her throat by force. I think the doctor's behavior is right, because in reality it is

necessary to use force to do something in certain circumstances in which voluntary isn't enough.

补充练习答案

1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. B

Lesson Four

Die as You Choose


Euthanasia

Euthanasia, also called MERCY KILLING, act or practice of painlessly putting to death persons

suffering from painful and incurable disease or incapacitating physical disorder. Because there is no

specific provision for it in most legal systems, it is accounted either suicide (if performed by the

patient himself) or murder (if performed by another). A physician may, however, lawfully decide not

to prolong life where there is extreme suffering; and he may administer drugs to relieve pain, even

though he knows that this may shorten the patient's life. In the late 20th century, several European

countries had special provisions in their criminal codes for lenient sentencing and the consideration

of extenuating circumstances in prosecutions for euthanasia


This article remarks the euthanasia. Euthanasia is a problem which has been discussed for a long

time. There are two different attitudes about it at present. Holland accepted the euthanasia and

openly practiced it a few thousand times each year; America and France condemned it. Euthanasia is

divided into two kinds - -active and passive. The first one is the doctor administers enough

painkillers to kill, and the latter one is the doctor don' t do anything of medical technology and let

the patient die. The passive euthanasia is accepted by many countries. But if euthanasia is legalized,

it will be used by many people to murder. The author's idea is to let patients die as they choose.

词汇 (Vocabulary)

1. dodge: move quickly to one side to avoid sth.; get round sth difficult 躲闪；躲避

I dodged behind a tree so that he should not see me. 我躲在树后使他看不见我。

He dodged our questions by changing the subject. 他变换话题以逃避我们提出的问题。

2. condemn: vt.

① say sb. or sth. is wrong 责备，谴责

We all condemn cruelty to children. 我们一致谴责虐待儿童。

Everyone condemned his foolish behavior. 人人都责备他的愚蠢行为

② give judgment against

The judge condemned him to spend six years in prison. 法官判他六年囚禁。

3. languish: (v.) lack or lose vitality, lose health and strength 失去活力，变得衰弱无力

Since the war the industry has gradually languished. 战争结束以来，工业逐渐衰退。

The children soon began to languish in the heat. 天气炎热，孩子们很快变得没精打采。

4. claim:

1) v. say that sth is a fact; need 宣称；需要

He claimed to have / that he had done the work without help. 他声称没有得到帮助就完成了这

项工作。

There are some matters that claim our attention. 有些事情值得我们注意。

2) n. right to sth. 对某事的权利

They denied her rightful claim to the property. 他们拒绝了她对那笔财产的正当权利。

5. rumble: v make a deep, heavy, continuous sound; say in a deep voice 发出隆隆声；低沉的声音

说出

Thunder rumbled in the distance. 远处发出隆隆的雷声。

The heavy carts were rumbling along the street. 沉重的马车在街上辘辘行进。

He rumbled out a few comments. 他咕咕浓浓地说出一些评论。

6. legalize: vt. make legal 使合法

The government has legalized gambling. 政府已使赌博合法化。

Some people want to legalize euthanasia. 有些人想使安乐死合法化。


legal: a. 合法的，法律的

legalism: n. 墨守法规

legality: n 合法

legalization: n 合法化

7. credible: a. that can be believed; believable 可信的，可靠的

The news report is hardly credible. 这条新闻报道几乎难以置信。

Is there a credible alternative to the nuclear deterrent? 是否有可以取代核威慑力量的可靠办法。

8. taboo:

1) n. ban or prohibition on sth. that is regarded for religious or other reasons as not to be done,

used, etc. 忌讳，禁忌

Among Hindus there is a taboo against killing cows. 印度教徒有禁止杀牛的戒律。

There’s a taboo on smoking in this office. 办公室里禁止吸烟。

2) a. prohibited by a taboo 禁忌的，忌讳的

Sex is no longer the taboo subject it sued to be. 现在不再像过去那样把性的问题视为禁区。

9. prolong: v. make sth. longer, esp. in time; extend 使延长，使延伸

They prolonged their visit a few days. 他们把访问时间延长了几天。

Good care may prolong a sick person’s life. 精心护理可能会延长病人的生命。

10. distinction: n. difference or contrast between one person or thing and another 差别，对比

He drew a quite artificial distinction between men and women readers. 他把男读者和女读者硬是

人为地区分开来。

The president shook hands with everyone, without distinction of rank. 总统不分职位高低，和每

个人都握了手。

11. withhold: v. refuse to give sth; hold back 拒绝给某物；抑制

The board has decided to withhold part of their grant money from certain students. 委员会决定不

发给某些学生的部分助学金。

We couldn’t withhold our laughter. 我们忍不住大笑起来。

12. appoint: v. fix or decide on; choose sb. for a job or position 确定，决定；挑选，任命

We have appointed a time for the meeting. 我们已约定了开会的时间。

We must appoint somebody to act as secretary. 我们得指定一个人当秘书。

13. intrude: v. bring in unnecessarily; come in not wanted 闯入；打扰

He intruded his own ideas into the argument. 他把自己的看法带到辩论中。

I don’t want to intrude, but could I talk to you for a moment. 我不想打扰你，不过我可以和你谈

一会吗？

14. precedent: n earlier decision, case, event, etc. that regarded as an example or rule for what

comes later 先例

There is no precedent for such an action. 这种行动没有先例可循。

They created a precedent for mercy killing. 他们开创了安乐死的先例。


1. come to light: become to be visible, cause sth. to be known 显露，揭露

Much new evidence has come to light. 发现了许多新的证据。

At last his bribable behavior came to light. 最后他的受贿行为被公布于众。

2. in private: with no one else present 私下地

She asked to see him in private. 她要求单独与他见面。

Let me speak to him property in private. 让我私下给他说财产的事。

3. on purpose: not by accident, intentionally 并非偶然地，故意地

She seems to do these things on purpose. 她似乎是有意做这些事。

He had gone there on purpose, to see that happened. 他特地去那里看一下发生了什么事。

4. hold out: last, remain; resist an attack 维持，保持；抵御

We can stay here for as long as our supplies hold out. 我们的供应品能维持多久，我们就能在这

里呆多久。

The strikers are still holding out for money. 罢工工人仍坚决要求增加工资。

5. rule out: exclude as irrelevant, ineligible 排除

The possibility can’t be ruled out. 不能排除这种可能性。

He was ruled out as a possible candidate. 他已经没有可能成为候选人。

6. usher in: mark the start of sth.; lead in the specified direction 开创；引导

The new government ushered in a period of prosperity. 新政府的成立带来了一个繁荣时期。

The girl ushered me along the aisle to my seat. 引座小姐领我沿着通道到我的座位。

7. comply (with): do as one is required, commanded; obey 按要求做；听从

She was told to pay the fine, but refuse to comply. 通知她交罚款，但她拒不服从。

The factory was closed for failing to comply with government safety regulations. 那家工厂因未能

遵守政府的安全条例而被关闭了。


1. evade, dodge

evade: get or keep out of the way of 避开，躲避

The thief evaded the police by dodging into the an alley.

小偷躲进巷子里以避开警察。

dodge: move quickly in order to avoid 闪开，躲开

He dodged to left and right as the gunman opened fire.

持枪歹徒开火时他东躲西闪。

2. drown out, stop

drown out: be louder than another sound and prevent it being heard 淹没

She turned up the radio to drown out the noise of traffic.

她放大收音机的音量以压过来往车辆的噪声。

stop: prevent sb from doing sth 阻止，阻碍

You can’t stop our going if we want to.

如果我们要去，你是阻止不了的。

3. intrude, invade

intrude: come in when not wanted 打搅，侵扰

I don’t wish to intrude, but could I talk to you for a moment?

我无意打搅你，不过我可以跟你谈一会儿吗？

invade: enter with armed force in order to attack 侵犯，侵入

These countries have been ruthlessly invaded.

这些国家受到无情地侵犯。

4. omission, exclusion

omission: action of omitting or leaving out sth 忽略，省略

The play was shortened by the omission of two scenes.

该剧被删去两场而缩短了。

exclusion: action of excluding 排斥，排除在外

His exclusion from the club hurt him very much.

不让他加入俱乐部使他很伤心。

5. oath, promise

oath: solemn promise to do sth 誓言，宣誓

There is a standard form of oath used in lawcourts.

法庭中使用的誓词有固定的格式。

promise: declaration that one will do sth 承诺，诺言

We received many promises of help.

许多人答应帮助我们。

6. prevent, withhold

prevent: stop or hinder 阻止，妨碍

Your prompt action prevented a serious accident.

你动作敏捷因而防止一次严重事故。

withhold: refuse to give, keep back 拒绝给，保留

The board has decided to withhold part of their grant money from certain students.

董事会决定不发给某些学生部分助学金。

7. debatable, arguable

debatable: not certain, open to question 不肯定的，可争议的

It is debatable whether or not the reforms have improved conditions.

改革是否改善了现状，这个问题仍有争议。

arguable: questionable， doubtful in some degree 有问题的，可疑的

That their decision is the best one is arguable.

他们的决定最佳有待商榷。

8. credible, believable

credible: that can be believed 可信的，可靠的

The news report is hardly credible. 新闻报导简直难以置信。

He is a credible witness. 他是个可信的证人。

believable: that can be believed 可信的（不作定语）

His story is hardly believable.

他的话不大可信。


1. Right now it is going over the arguments about euthanasia once again.

People are now repeating the arguments about euthanasia.

现在人们又在对安乐死进行争辩。

2. The letter was probably written for polemical impact.

The purpose of the letter was to result in argument.

这封信可能是为了造成争论性影响而写的。

3. Just as there can be culpable omissions, so too can there be blameless acts.

Just as sometimes a person can be blamed for not doing something, it is also possible not to blame

him for something he has done.

正如有人由于未做某事而可能受到谴责，那么也有可能由于做了某事而不受责备。

4. Suppose that a man stands to gain from the death of a certain child.

Suppose that a man is in a position to benefit from a child’s death.

假设一个人从一个孩子的死亡中受益。

5. …no man should put the clock back on another.

No man should shorten the natural life of another person.

任何人都不应缩短他人的寿命。


生死任你选

需要对安乐死制定相关法律，这个问题不能再长期回避了。

在世界上的一个较小的国家，安乐死已被其医疗机构所承认，而且每年公开实施几千例。

在世界上的一个大国家，其医疗机构不允许安乐死。秘密实施安乐死的情况也不少。但几乎从

未公之于众。现在哪个国家里有实施安乐死的医生被关在监狱里呢受罪？是那个小国——荷

兰。荷兰有关于安乐死的法规，因而能有效地管理安乐死。那个荷兰医生违反了国家的法律。

被关进了监狱。在安乐死这个问题上，对于任何国家，而不仅仅是这个禁止死刑的大国——

美国，都存在一个道德问题。现在人们又在地对安乐死展开争论。

l月份，美国医疗协会杂志上刊发了一封奇怪的信。在信中，一位匿名的医生声称其在一名

20岁的癌症患者的要求下杀死了这个病人。就此引发的争论将持续很长时间，一直到秋季，

那时加利福尼亚州的居民可能会对一项安乐死合法化的法律提案进行投票表决。这封信可能

是为了引起争论而写的，内容不太可信。其作者声称他（或她）第一次见到那名癌症患者时，

一只听到她说了“把这件事了结了吧，让我死吧”这句话，随后就将其杀死。在这种条件下，

即使是安乐死的极端倡导者们也不会支持这样的作法。然而在美国，英国和其他许多国家，

医疗中导致病人死亡的可怕事件无疑在继续，这几乎成了可怕的常规。人们很容易就会发现，

一些医生在私下里承认他们有时是故意杀死病人，多数医生说他们知道其他医生这么做过，

这真令人感到不安。但是因为医生们几乎不能公开与病人讨论安乐死问题——即使是病人恳

求实施也不能——他们便只能在病人已处于垂死的昏迷状态，不能表达是否同意时，才对其

实施安乐死。这样，因为病人主动要求实施安乐死不行，医生就只能自己做决定——病人在

夜里非自愿地由一只注射器结束了生命。这就是秘密实施安乐死的一个代价。

如果任何形式的安乐死都是不对的，那么安乐死是应该禁止，然而的确如此吗？因为许多

人都承认，利用医疗技术手段来延长病人临死前的痛苦，令人可悲，有损尊严，让人望而生

畏。被动安乐死——医生不采取任何医疗措施，让病人死亡——是被广泛接受。美国大多数州

的立法中有“活遗嘱”的规定，“活遗嘱”是人在神志健全状态下写下的书面文件，因而当

病人立下“活遗嘱”，说他不想让人延长其生命时，医生即使不尽力挽救病人的生命也不会

被起诉。主动安乐死——医生给病人打一针致命的针剂让其死去——仍在争论之中。那么主动

安乐死与被动安乐死之间的区别还会持续多久呢？

正如有人因未做某事而受谴责一样，也有做了某事而不受责备的。从道德伦理书上引用一

个例子，假设一个人从某个孩子的死亡中受益。一个孩子在洗澡时碰了头便失去了知觉，这

个人坐下来看着他溺水而死。这个人没有采取任何行动，这是不可原谅的。同样，假设医生停

止某种治疗措施，以期病人更早地而不是更迟地死去，他没有做错什么。如果医生用足够的

止痛药致使病人死亡，那他就一定是错的吗？这个医生采取了行动，而不是坐视不问，这样

就应判他有罪吗？

许多面对病人临终前痛苦的医生认为，只有神经质的人才坚决地强调被动安乐死与主动安

乐死的区别。他们像这样来为积极安乐死辩论：医生的一个职责是解除病人的痛苦，有时候

这是医生唯一能做的事情，而积极安乐死是做这件事的唯一办法。这种观点一点也不新奇。希

波克拉底规定了医生在行医前必须宣誓，誓言明确禁止医生实施安乐死，而当时希腊大多数

医生和思想家都不赞成这条禁令。

我们不妨以史为鉴。

有些人认为人的死期是由上帝规定的，任何人都不应缩短他人的自然寿命。然而如果一个

病人的伦理观接受安乐死，真弄不懂为什么别人的宗教观点要干涉他的死亡呢？另一种担心

是，如果安乐死合法化，允许医生在规定的一系列条件下，按照垂死病人的要求去实施安乐

死，那么此法律本身就为杀人开创了先例，从而可能对社会构成威胁。这些都取决于社

会。可以说荷兰为此做好了准备。这也许不是巧合，就是荷兰的医生，他们英勇地抵制纳粹的

压力。没有参与他们使安乐死声名狼藉的医疗暴行。当年荷兰医生出于对个人自由的坚定不移

的尊重而拒绝和纳粹分子合作杀害健康的、渴望活下去的犹太人。今天正是这同样的精神使他

们用安乐死帮助不愿活下去的垂死病人。

相反，西德在以后的很长一段时间内不会使任何形式的安乐死合法化。由于过去的阴影，

反对的呼声特别强烈。一贯拥有自由意志论传统的国家，不会对自愿实施安乐死制定一些法

规有所担心。而拒不讨论这个问题，则会使问题更糟。


The writing of a historical synthesis involves integrating the materials available to the historian into

a comprehensible whole. The problem in writing a historical synthesis is how to find a pattern in, or

impose a pattern upon, the detailed information that has already been used to explain the causes for

a historical event.

A synthesis seeks common elements in which to interpret the various parts of a historical event. The

initial step, therefore, in writing a historical synthesis, is to put the event to be synthesized in a

proper historical perspective, so that the common elements or strands making up the event can be

determined. This can be accomplished by analyzing the historical event as part of a general trend or

continuum in history. The common elements that are familiar to the event will become the

ideological framework in which the historian seeks to synthesize. This is not to say that any factor

will not have a greater relative value in the historian' s handling of the synthesis, but rather that all

factors are interrelated when viewed in a broad historical perspective.

The historian, in synthesizing, must determine the extent to which the existing hypotheses have

similar trends. A general trend line, once established, will enable these similar trends to be correlated

and paralleled within the conceptual framework of a common base. A synthesis further seeks to

determine, from existing hypotheses, why an outcome took the direction it did ; thus, it necessitates

reconstructing the spirit of the times in order to assimilate the political, social, psychological, etc.,

factors within a common base.

As such, the synthesis becomes the logical construct in interpreting the common ground between an

original explanation of an outcome (thesis) and the reinterpretation of the outcome along different

lines (antithesis). Therefore, the synthesis necessitates the integration of the materials available into

a comprehensible whole which will in turn provide a new historical perspective for the event being

synthesized.

1. Which of the following would the author be most concerned with?

A. Finding the most important cause for a particular historical event.

B. Imposing a pattern upon varying interpretations for the causes of a particular historical

event.

C. Attributing the many conditions that together led to a particular historical event to a single

motive.

D. Determining when hypotheses need to be reinterpreted.

2. The most important preliminary step in writing a historical synthesis would be ____.

A. to accumulate sufficient reference material to explain an event

B. analyzing the historical event to determine if a "single theme theory" applies to the event

C. determining the common strands that make up a historical event

D. interpreting historical factors to determine if one factor will have a greater relative value

3. The best definition for the term "historical synthesis" would be____.

A. combining elements of differing material into a unified whole

B. a tentative theory set forth as an explanation for an event

C. the direct opposite of the original interpretation of an event

D. interpreting historical material to prove the history repeats itself

4. A historian seeks to reconstruct the "spirit" of a time period because ____.

A. the events in history are more important than the people who make history

B. existing hypotheses are inadequate in explaining historical events

C. this is the best method to determine the single most important cause for a particular action

D. varying factors can be assimilated with a common base

5. Which of the following statements would the author consider false?

A. One factor in a historical synthesis will not have a greater value than other factors.

B. It is possible to analyze common unifying points in hypotheses.

C. Historical events should be studied as part of a continuum in history.

D. A synthesis seeks to determine why an outcome took the direction it did.

课后练习答案

1. Yes, it is.

2. Because euthanasia is condemned by the medical establishment.

3. Passive euthanasia- letting patients die; Active euthanasia-killing. They make some difference,

but in some cases, active euthanasia is better than passive euthanasia when medical treatment has

become meaningless.

4. It is a statement written by a person in the state of sound mind which says what measures should

be taken and whether should be treated when he suffers from incurable disease.

5. Yes, Hippocrats explicitly ruled out euthanasia in his oath for doctors, but most ancient Greek

doctors and thinkers disagreed with his ban. By presenting this, the author wanted to tell the

reader; even those people had the courage to disagree with Hippocrates' ban, why can't we

support euthanasia today?

6. It might pose dangers for society by setting a precedent for killing.

7. Because opposition was too fierce because of the shadow of the past.

8. The author thinks the patient is entitled to determine his own death and he tends to favor

euthanasia.

B.

1．现在迫切需要制定有关安乐死的法律。

2．在荷兰，安乐死已被医疗机构接受，并于每年公开实施数千次。

3．这场有关安乐死的辩论将持续到秋天，直到加利福尼亚人投票表决了一项提议，使安乐

死合法化。

4．许多人认为用所能使用的医疗科技来延长死亡前的痛苦是悲哀的、不高尚的、可怕的。

5．这种主动实施与被动使用安乐死的区别还能维持多长时间呢？

6．如果他使用足够数量的止痛片来为其实施安乐死就有错了吗？医生采取行动，就应当受

到谴责吗？

7．这不是一种巧合，当时荷兰医生就英勇反抗用人体做医学试验。

8．不间断提倡思想和行动自由的国家对主动实施安乐死进行限制性规定，就没有什么可担

心的了。

C.

1. dodged 2. intrude 3. withhold 4. ushered

5. legalize 6. precedent 7. credible 8. arguable

D.

1. dodge 2. drowned out 3. intruding 4. omission

5. oath 6. withholding 7. arguable 8. credible

E.

1 .mercifully easy and painless death for persons suffering from an incurable and painful disease,

esp. the doctor let the patients die oh their own request

2. resulting in arguments

3. something that religion or custom regards as forbidden

4. everything could be used or done

5. creating an earlier example of killing

6.those who are too modest and scrupulous

7.polemical, arguable

8.support, be in favour of

F.

The need for laws on euthanasia, can't be dodged for much longer. Euthanasia is a taboo in most

countries. In these countries doctors can only practise it secretly. But it is openly practised in. some

countries, such as Holland. Right now more and more countries are going over me arguments about

legalizing euthanasia.

When a patient suffers from illness for a long time and there is no hope of curing it, why do we let

him prolong the throes? Why can't we practise euthanasia to stop the throes?

But if we legalize euthanasia, there will be a danger. Someone may use it for killing. AH in all,

euthanasia is the question we can't dodge.

G.

Euthanasia is a problem discussed for a long time. There are two attitudes in the world at present.

How is euthanasia handled in different countries?

Holland, which has rules for euthanasia and so can police it effectively. In Holland, mercy - killing

is accepted by the medical establishment and openly practiced a few thousand times each year. They

think one of a doctor' s duties is to prevent suffering, sometimes that is all there is left for him to do,

and killing is the only way to do it.

In the most countries, euthanasia is condemned by the medical establishment, secretly practiced

many times more often, and almost never comes to light, in America, Britain and many other

countries. They believe that the time of death is appointed by God and that no man should put the

clock back on another. But now most American States have ' living -will' legislation that protects

doctors from prosecution if they do not try to save someone who has said he does not want life

prolonged.

But now if euthanasia is legalized how long can the distinction between killing and letting death

hold out? The legal framework for euthanasia, permits a doctor to comply with dying man's request

in a prescribed set of circumstance. But this will make someone use it to kill the others. So whether

euthanasia should be legalized is a problem which has been discussed for a long time.

补充练习答案

1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. A

单元测验 1 （Quiz on Lesson One to Lesson

Four）

I. 课文填空（The following paragraphs are taken from the textbooks, choose the word from the list

that best completes each of the sentences.）battle mess terminal argue danger rock coax define difference culture down

loneliness tedious request quarter killing disaffection breaths major generation

responsibility duties protested gasp

Between Elvis and Alice, __1__ critics say, a number of rock stars have helped our society __2__

its beliefs and attitudes. Bob Dylan touched a nerve of __3__. He spoke of civil rights, nuclear

fallout, and __4__. He spoke of change and of the bewilderment of an older __5__.

When I was graduating from college, my generation also found the world in a __6__. The

economic machinery had broken __7__ almost everywhere: In this country nearly a __8__ of the

population was out of work. A __9__ war seemed all too likely. As a college newspaper editor at

that time, I __10__ against this just as vehemently as student activists are protesting today.

Even her expression hadn’t changed. Her __11__, however, were coming faster and faster. Then

the __12__ began. I had to do it. I had to have a throat __13__ for her own protection. But first I

told the parents that It was entirely up to them. I explained the __14__ but said that I would not

insist on a throat examination so long as they would take the __15__.

Many doctors working on the battlefield of __16__ suffering think that only squeamishness

demands a firm __17__ between passive and active euthanasia on __18__. Their argument for

killing goes like this: one of a doctor’s __19__ is to prevent suffering; sometimes that is all there

is left for him to do, and __20__is the only way to do it.

II. 单句填空（Fill in the following blank in each sentence with the best word or expression

from the list below。）

started anonymity flushed apparent embody profusion impact virtual

credible vehement symbolize reverence contribute arrogant rumble drive

in other words cleanse ensue desist dodge intrude oath withhold

1. Different qualities are _____ by different colors.

2. He' s a _____ supporter of progressive education.

3. He studied hard in his youth, which _____ his great success in later life.

4. 1 soon found that the work I was doing had already been done by someone else. _____, I was wasting my time.

5. After the heavy rains, floods _____.

6. His _____ and enthusiasm helped make the project a success.

7. When men are most sure and_____, they are commonly most mistaken.

8. 1 can hear a _____ noise, like distant thunder.

9. The judge _____ his decision until he had heard all the evidence.

10. The girl _____ up when the man spoke to her.

11. The _____ cause of his failure in the examination was illness, but the real cause was lack of industry.

12. These costs will _____ on our profitability.

13. Is there a alternative _____ to the nuclear deterrent?

14. The sculpture _____ the artist’s love of animals.

15. The battle was won with so great a loss of men that it was a _____ defeat.

16. I am very sorry to _____ upon your grief, but this is an important matter.

17. Young people nowadays show little _____ for the church.

18. The reporters gathered around him, but he _____ their questions.

19. The sound of the machine gun fire _____ the pigeons.

20. Tom took his _____ that he did not steal the watch.

III. 单词选择（Each of the following sentences is given two choices of words or expressions.

Choose the right one to complete the sentence.）

1. He ([A]sprinkled [B]threw) ashes on the icy sidewalk.

2. I hear you are looking for an office. This place would be ([A]idealistic [B]ideal).

3. Topics for conversation should be ([A]relevant [B]relative) to the experiences and interests of the

students.

4. Most people couldn't ([A]imagine [B]conceive) of living without a telephone.

5. Scientists have studied the ([A]migration [B]immigration) of fish from one part of the ocean to

another over long distance.

6. The motorist was ([A]bewildered [B]surprised) by the conflicting road signs.

7. Someone has ([A]jumbled [B]mixed) the files, and now I can’t find anything.

8. The judge rejected the prisoner’s ([A]appeal [B]attraction) for a new trial.

9. They have a desire to see what steps shall be taken to ([A]compensate [B]remedy) the existing

weakness.

10. The warrior managed to ([A]evade [B]dodge) the arrow that came flying through the air.

11. The United States has ([A]spent [B]expended) vast sums to strengthen her allies.

12. Every citizen in a democratic country may ([A]claim [B]demand) the protection of the law.

13.1 was unwilling to ([A]invade [B]intrude) upon them so late at night.

14. Use your library to learn which animals ([A]live [B]inhabit) the desert.

15. I wish he’d ([A]desist [B]resist) from entertaining his friend at all hours of the day and night.

16. Summoned by the boss, he approached his office full of ([A]apprehension [B]distrust).

17. He thought their behavior was ([A]contemptuous [B]contemptible), but he didn't say anything in

front of the host.

18. The ([A]omission [B]exclusion)of a full stop at the end of the sentence is a deliberate act by the

writer.

19. Whether or not he is the best person for the promotion is ([A]debatable [B]arguable).

20. If you see him please give my ([A]excuses [B]apologies) for not having written to him.

IV. 汉译英（Translate the following into English）1．当我大学毕业的时候，我们那一代人发现这个世界一团糟。

2．青少年把摇滚歌星视为偶像，而成年观众则觉得他们恶心，难以忍受。

3．摇滚歌星们不仅表达了青少年对各种政治与社会问题的观点和立场，而且也表达了他们

的情感和愿望。

4．60年代的美国青年是反叛的一代。他们不再相信这个已不属于自己的成人世界并拒绝接受

他们的信仰和价值观。

5．最不幸的就是那些革命成功的人。他们必须痛苦地目睹自己所创建的新政府与自己所推翻

的旧政府同样丑陋和沉闷。

6．那时，我厌恶地咬紧牙，如果他们不用伤害这个词就好了，我还会有所收获。

7．这个讨厌的小东西必须防止因自己的愚蠢行为而遭受带来的后果。人们心里默默地说。

8．需要对安乐死制定相关的法律，这个问题不能再长期回避了。

9．在荷兰，安乐死被医疗机构所接受，每年公开施行几千次。

10．直到加州投票通过安乐死合法的提议才结束了这依次漫长的讨论。

V. 英译汉 (Translate the following into Chinese)

1. Horowitz sees the rock music arena as a sort of debating forum, a place where ideas clash and

crash.

2. Like all artists, these rock musicians mirror feelings and beliefs that help us see and form our

own.

3. The relevant question for the arriving generation is not whether our society is imperfect, but how

to deal with it.

4. A few gentleman farmers with plenty of money can still escape to the bucolic life----but in

general the stream of migration is flowing the other way.

5. And warfare on a rising scale seems inevitable if too many bodies have to struggle for ever---

dwindling shares of food and living spare.

6. I could see that they were all very nervous, eyeing me up and down distrustfully.

7. In the ensuing struggle they grew more and more abject, crushed, exhausted while she surely rose

to magnificent heights of insane fury of effort bred of her terror of me.

8. It is disturbingly easy to find doctors who will say, in private, that they sometimes kill patients on

purpose.

9. Most American states have “living-will” legislation that protect doctors from prosecution if they

do not try to save someone who has said he does not want life prolonged.

10. Some people believe that the time of death is appointed by God and that no man should put the

clock on another.

VI. 回答问题 (Answer the following questions)

1. What does the author attempt to illustrate with the three examples at the beginning of the text?

2. What other major subjects did rock music deal with apart from politics?

3. How do American young people look at the adult world in general?

4. Why does the author say that the most unfortunate are those whose revolutions have succeeded?

5. What are some of the new problems faced by the young people.

6. Why were the girl's parents eyeing the doctor up and down distrustfully?

7. How did the doctor finally get to see the girl's throat?

8. Why did the doctors in the U.S. sometimes secretly practice euthanasia without consulting the

dying patents?

9. What is the danger involved if euthanasia is legalized?

10. What is the author’s view on euthanasia?

VII. 能力测试 (Proficiency test) Ranch Life

To many people ranch life means the Wild West. Many children dream of becoming cowboys

or cowgirls and leading romantic adventurous lives. But ranch life is in fact a hard business,

demanding strength and a great deal of work.

Most ranches are located in flat open country where there is plenty of grass for the cattle to

feed on. Ranchers raise cattle for the meat that people eat. Since meat is a favorite food of people

everywhere, ranching is a very important job. Ranching is one of the oldest and biggest" industries

in the world.

Like all other kinds of farming, ranching is a difficult job. Dry weather or rainstorms can

destroy the food needed for the cattle or the cattle themselves may become sick and die. The rancher

must always be on guard against the dangers that nature can create.

History of Ranching

A long, long time ago, at the very beginning of civilized life, people began to keep cattle. These

people were wanderers, driving their herd from place; to place, looking for fresh grass and water.

Later, men began to settle in the places where the food and water were plentiful. They built houses

for themselves and shelters and yards for their animals. These were the first ranches.

CowboysRanch life has always centered around the cowboy, one of the most colorful people in the

history of the American West. Stories about cowboys are very popular in America and all over the

world. People think of cowboys as free people, unafraid to battle with wild animals, living close to

nature, with the trees and the sky and the stars. Today there are far fewer cowboys, and they no

longer live as they did. But their hold on the imagination is still strong. The old-time cowboy is the

hero of many books, films and songs. He is a national hero and a treasured part of the national past.

The American cowboy first appeared in Texas around 1836. Soon ranches spread and cowboys

were working in almost every part of the West. .

Cowboys' lives centered around the rbundup and the cattle drive. Every winter and summer the

cattle fed at the ranch. In the spring and autumn the cowboys rounded up the cattle, and separated

the beef cattle from the rest of the herd, and drove them over many miles of open. Country to the

nearest railroad station. From there the cattle were sent to slaughterhouses. In the 19th century,

railroads were few and far between. Driving the cattle was a long hard job. There was danger' from

cattle thieves. The cowboy rose at sun-up to start the cattle moving. They drove them all day

through the heat or dust or wind. The men were often on horseback 15 hours a day. Cowboys had to

be skillful and strong. They had to be skilled horsemen and good gunmen. Their clothing was made

for protection. The wide-brimmed hat was worn to protect them from the sun, dust and the rain. The

gun protected them against Cattle thieves.

Now much of the adventure has gone out of the cowboy's life. He no longer has to struggle with

thieves. Most ranches are quite close to railroad stations, so the long cattle drive is a thing of the

past. Modern inventions have taken over many of the cowboy's old jobs. The modem cowboy must

often be a technician himself in order to use the new devices for the. care of cattle and for the

running of the ranch.

adventurous a. 冒险的

civilize v. (使)文明

herd n. 畜群

roundup n. 聚拢

slaughterhouse n. 屠宰场

wide-brimmed a. 宽边的

the Wild West 荒野西部（美国）

Texas 得克萨斯（美国州名）

1. Choose the correct answer according to the content:1. The passage is. mainly about ____.

A. cowboys and their life

B. cowboys in modern times

C. the building of the fast ranches

D. the dangers nature can create for cowboys

2. Ranching is a very important job because ____.

A. it is interesting and adventurous

B. people like the life of a cowboy or a cowgirl

C. people everywhere like to eat meat

D. it can make a lot of money

3. Cowboys today ____.

A. live as they did before

B. live a modern life

C. are often on horseback 15 hours a day

D. usually live far away from railroad stations

4. In the past cowboys had to be good gunmen because _____.

A. they also hunted while driving their cattle

B. they used guns to round up their cattle

C. they 'had to battle with those who stole their cattle

D. they often struggled with other cowboys for good places

5. According to the passage, ____.A. most of the modern ranches are far away from the railroad stations

B. slaughterhouses are usually located near the ranches

C. in the past the roundup and the cattle drive were the most important activities of the cowboys

D. cowboys today still have to fight against cattle thieves.

2. Choose the best answer for the underlined part;1. Many children dream of becoming, cowboys or cowgirls and leading romantic adventurous lives.

A. exciting B. interesting C. fantastic D. legendary

2. The ranchers must always be on guard against the dangers that nature can create."

A. be careful about B. fight against C. be ready for D. avoid

3. These people were wanderers, driving their herd from place to place, looking for fresh grass and

water.

A. homeless people B. cowherd C. horsemen D. roamers

4. Today there are far fewer cowboys, and they no longer live • as they did. But their hold on the

imagination is still strong.

A. power B. attraction C. insistence D. influence

5. In the 19th century, railroads were few and far between.

A. rare B. far from each other C. available to few people D. far away

3. Translate from English into Chinese:1. But ranch life is in fact a hard business, demanding strength and a great deal of work.

2. Dry weather or rainstorms can destroy the food needed for . the cattle, or the cattle themselves

may become sick and die.

3. Ranch life has always centered around the cowboy, one of the most colorful people' in the history

of the American West.

4. People think of cowboys as free people» unafraid to battle with wild animals, living close to

nature with the trees and the sky and the stars.

5. In the spring and autumn the cowboys rounded up the cattle, and separated the beef cattle from

the rest of the herd, and drove them over many miles of open country to the nearest railroad

station.

4. Answer the following question in English within 80 — 100 words:

What changes have happened to the cowboy's life?

单元测试 1 (Lesson One --- Lesson Four) 答案

(I) 课文填空 1. rock 2. define 3. disaffection 4. loneliness 5.generation

6. mess 7. down 8. quarter 9. major 10. protest 11. breaths 12. battle 13. culture 14. danger 15. responsibility 16. terminal 17. difference 18. request 19. duties 20. killing

(II) 单句填空 1. symbolized 2. vehement 3. contributed 4. in other words 5. ensued

6. drive 7. arrogant 8. rumble 9. withheld 10. flushed11. apparent 12. impact 13. credible 14. embodies 15. virtual16. intrude 17. reverence 18. dodged 19. started 20. oath

(III) 单词选择 1. A 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. B

11. B 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. B

(IV) 汉译英

1. When I was graduating from college, my generation found the world in a mess.

2. The teenagers look at the rock stars as heroes, while the adult audience regard them as sick

and hard to stand.

3. The rock stars not only expressed the teenagers’ opinion and attitude toward all kinds of

political and social problems, but also expressed their feelings and desires.

4. The American youth in the 1960s was a rebellious generation. They no longer trusted in the

adult world, which didn't belong to them, and refused to accept their beliefs and values.

5. The most unfortunate are those whose revolutions haw succeeded. They have to witness,

with pain, the establishment they have overthrown replaced by a new one, just as hard —

faced and stuffy.

6. At that I ground my teeth in disgust. If only they wouldn't use the word "hurt" I might be

able to get somewhere.

7. The damned little brat must be protected against her own idiocy, one says to one's self at

such times.

8. The need for laws on euthanasia (mercy-killing) cannot be dodged for much longer.

9. In Holland mercy — killing is accepted by the medical establishment and openly practised a

few thousand times each year.

10. The debate on euthanasia will rumble on into the autumn, when Califomians may vote on a

proposed law legalizing euthanasia.

(V) 英译汉

1．霍洛威茨把摇滚乐的舞台视为一种争辩的论坛，一个各种思想交锋的场所。

2．这些音乐家和所有的艺术家一样，可以反映时代的情感和信念，这有助于我们认识并

形成自己的情感和信念。

3．对于成长中的一代人来说，与此相关的问题不是我们的社会是否不完美，而是如何

来应付它。

4．少数富有的乡绅还可以遁入田园生活，但是总的来说，迁移的潮流是从乡村涌向城

市。

5．如果过多的人不得不为日益减少的食物与生存空间进行争夺，那么更大规模的战争

看来不可避免。

6．我看得出来他们都很紧张，用怀疑的眼光上上下下打量着我。

7．在接下来的斗争中，他们越来越可怜，越来越紧张，越来越无力，而小女孩出于对

我的恐惧，其反抗却达到惊人的程度。

8．在世界上的小国，安乐死已被医疗机构所承认，而且每年公开实施几千例。

9．人们很容易就会发现一些医生会在私下里承认他们有时是有意杀死病人。

10．有些人认为人的死期是由上帝规定的，任何人都不能缩短他人的寿命。

(VI) 回答问题

1. The author attempts to show that there are completely different ideas about rock music

between the young and the adult.

2. Apart from politics, the rock music also deals with human feelings.

3. They look at the adult world with great skepticism, and they think the world is in pretty

much of a mess, full of injustice, poverty and war.

4. Because our planet is running out of noble savages and unsullied landscapes. Except for the

polar regions, the frontiers are gone.

5. Such as problems of racial justice, of keeping cities from becoming uninhabitable, of coping

with war in unfamiliar guises and of population explosion.

6. Because they were the new patients to him and they didn’t believe he could cure their

daughter.

7. He forced the heavy silver spoon back of her teeth and down her throat till she gagged. Thus

he got to see her throat.

8. Because euthanasia is condemned by the medical establishment.

9. The danger is that it may set a precedent for killing.

10. He tends to support euthanasia.

（VII）能力测试

(1) 1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. C

(2) 1. D 2. A 3. D 4. D 5. A

(3) 1. 但是牧场生活实际是很艰苦的，它需要力气，也需要付出很多劳动。

2. 干旱的天气或暴风雨会毁掉牛群所需要的食物，牛本身也可能会生病死去。

3. 牧场生活往往是以牛仔为中心的，而牛仔是美国西部历史中最富特色的人群之一。

4. 人们认为牛仔是自由的，他们不怕野兽，生活贴近自然，与绿树、天空和星星相伴。

5. 在春秋两季，牛仔们赶拢牛群，将莱牛从中分离出来，然后经过数英里的旷野将它们

赶至最近的火车站。

(4)

Today there are far fewer cowboys，and they no longer live as they did．Now much of the

adventure has gone out of the cowboy’s life．He no longer has to struggle with thieves. Most

ranches are quite close to railroad stations，so the long cattle drive is a thing of the past．Modern

inventions have taken over many of the cowboy’s old jobs．The modern cowboy must often be a

technician and they should learn to use the new devices to take care of cattle and to run the ranch．

Lesson Five

I’d Rather Be Black than Female

Background Knowledge

Shirley Chisholm

Shirley Chisholm (b. Nov. 30, 1924, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.), American politician, the first black

American woman to be elected to the U.S. Congress. Chisholm's father immigrated to the United

States from British Guiana, her mother from Barbados, and Chisholm herself grew up in Barbados

and in Brooklyn. She attended Brooklyn College (B.A., 1946) and Columbia University (M.A.,

1952) and then managed day-care centres in Brooklyn and Manhattan. While an education

consultant for New York City's day-care division, she was also active with community and political

groups. In 1964-68 she represented her Brooklyn district in the New York state legislature. In 1968

Chisholm was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, defeating the civil-rights leader James

Farmer. In Congress she quickly became known as a strong liberal who opposed weapons

development and the war in Vietnam and favoured full-employment proposals. As a candidate for

the Democratic nomination for U.S. president in 1972, she won 152 delegates before withdrawing

from the race. Chisholm, a founder of the National Women's Political Caucus, supported the Equal

Rights Amendment and legalized abortions throughout her congressional career, which lasted from

1969 to 1983. She wrote the autobiographical works Unbought and Unbossed (1970) and The Good

Fight (1973).


Through the example of her own success, the author reveals to us the strong prejudice against

women in the U. S. Both politically and economically, women are suffering from all kinds of

prejudice. But the idea still strikes nearly all men —— and even most women as bizarre. Even many

women are content with their roles as second-class citizens. So this will be a long and painstaking

struggle. She believes that women have made great contribution to the country, especially in

politics, and tries to convince other women to get into politics and struggle for equal rights.

词汇 (Vocabulary)

1. handicap: n. anything that makes progress or success difficult 不利因素，障碍

Poor eyesight is a handicap to a student. 视力差是学生的一个障碍。

They are working under a handicap. 他们在不利的条件下工作。

2. hostility: n enmity, ill will 敌视，敌意

He felt no hostility towards anyone. 他对任何人都没有敌意。


hostile: a showing enmity, unfriendly 敌对的

He was hostile to his colleagues. 他对同事怀有敌意。

3. register: v. make a written and formal record of 登记，注册

You must register with the embassy. 你必须到大使馆登记。

Where can I register for the English course? 上英语课在哪儿注册？


registration: n登记，注册

registrar: n. 登记员

4. reap: v. receive sth. as a result of one’s or others’ actions 获得，得到报偿

He reaped the reward of years of study. 他从多年研究中获得报偿。

As a man sows, so he shall reap. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

5. project: v. represent sth. to others in a way that creates a strong or favorable impression 向他人

表现以使其产生深刻或良好的印象

Does the BBC World Service project a favorable view of Great Britain? 英国广播公司对外广播

是否使听众对英国产生好感？

The party is trying to project a new image of itself as caring for the working classes. 这个党竭力

装出一付关心工人阶级的新形象。

6. ignore: v. take no notice of 忽视，对某人故意不理睬

I can’t ignore his rudeness any longer. 他粗暴无礼，我再也不能不闻不问了。

I said hello to him, but he ignore me completely. 我向他打招呼，可他根本不理睬。

7. predominate: v. be superior in numbers, strength, etc.; have control 占优势；统治

Men predominate most promising jobs. 男人占据了大多数有前途的工作。

A small group has begun to predominate in policy-making. 一小撮人在制定政策中开始起主导

作用。


predominant: a. 有势力的，主要的，支配的

8. evade: v. avoid, get out of the way of 避开，逃避

The police evaded all the difficult questions. 那警察回避了所有难以答复的问题。

His son went on a trip in order to evade military service. 他儿子为逃兵役出去旅游了。

9. mold: v. shape or influence sb / sth 塑造或影响某人某事

Television molds public opinion. 电视能影响舆论。

It takes great efforts to mold a child into a mature adult. 把孩子造就为成熟的成年人要费很大精

力。


1. at once: at the same time 同时

I can’t do two things at once. 我无法同时做两件事情。

The film is at once humorous and moving. 这部电影既幽默又动人。

2. strike sb as ……: have an effect on sb.; impress sb. 对某人产生某种影响；给某人留下印象

The plan strikes me as ridiculous. 我觉得这个计划荒唐可笑。

The house strikes you as welcoming when you go in. 这所房子你一进去就感到很舒服。

3. think of … as: regard … as, consider … to be 把……看作……

He is always thinking of himself as a common soldier. 他总是把自己看作普通一兵。

Of all the animals, the ape is thought of as the most forgiving animal. 在所有动物中，类人猿被

看作是最仁慈的动物。

4. lie behind: be the explanation for sth. 是某事的原因或理由

What lay behind this strange outburst? 这莫名其妙的发作究竟是为什么？

Vanity lay behind her crime. 虚荣心是她犯罪的原因。

5. build sb / sth up: speak with great praise about sb /sth 吹捧某人或某事

The film was built up to be a masterpiece, but I found it very disappointing. 这部电影被吹捧为杰

作，可是我觉得令人失望。

He was built up into a great figure. 他被吹捧成一个了不起的人物。

6. drop out: withdraw 退出

Since his defeat he’s dropped out of politics. 他失败后就不再从事政治活动了。

He dropped out of high school at the age of 16. 他 16岁就中途退学了。

7. run for: be a candidate in an election for a political position

Cliton ran for the presidency a second time in 1996. 克林顿于 1996年再次竞选总统。

Many people ran for mayor. 许多人竞选市长。


1. incredible, incredulous

incredible: impossible to believe; difficult to believe 不可相信的，难以置信的

What an incredible story! 这件事真不可相信！

He earns an incredible amount of money. 他挣钱多的惊人。

incredulous: not willing or able to believe 不肯轻信的，不相信的

People nowadays are incredulous about ghosts and witches. 现在人们不相信鬼怪。

2. tone, tune

tone: manner of expression in speaking 语气，腔调

Don’t speak to me in that tone. 别用那种腔调跟我说话。

tune: melody, esp. a well-marked one； musical pitch 曲调；音高，调子

He gave us a tune on his fiddle. 他用小提琴给我们奏了一个曲子。

The choir was singing distinctly out of tune in places. 合唱团有些地方明显唱走调了。

3. sympathy, empathy

sympathy: sharing the feelings of others; feeling of pity and sorrow 同情；同情心

She never expressed any sympathy when I was injured. 我受伤时她从未表示过同情。

empathy: ability to imagine and share another person’s feelings, experience, etc. 感情移入，同

感

There is a strange empathy between the old lady and her grandson. 老妇人和她孙子之间有种

莫名其妙的心灵相通的感觉。

4. vocation, vacation

vocation: person’s trade or profession 行业，职业

You should be an actor----you’ve missed your vocation. 你应该当演员，你入错了行。

vacation: holidays 假期，休假

Where are you going for your vacation? 你到那儿去度假？

5. content, contented

content: satisfied with one has 知足，满足

Are you content with your present salary? 你对现在的薪水满意吗？

contented: showing or feeling content, satisfied 感到满足

He seems quite contented with his life. 他好像对自己的生活很满足。

content 不可作定语， contented可以作定语。

He is a contented person. 他是个心满意足的人。

6. eliminate, illuminate

eliminate: remove; kill ruthlessly 消除；干掉某人

The police have eliminated two suspects from their enquiry. 警察从调查中已排除了两名受嫌

疑的人。

The dictator had eliminated all his political opponents. 独裁者已将所有政敌干掉了。

illuminate: provide sth with light 照明，照亮

The sun illuminates the sky. 太阳照亮了天空。

7. perseverance, persistence

perseverance: constant effort to achieve sth 坚持不懈

After months of disappointment, his perseverance was finally rewarded. 数月来他经历挫折而

不断努力，终于有了收获。

persistence: being persistent; refusing to make any change in doing sth 坚持，执意

His persistence was rewarded when they finally agreed to resume discussions. 他们终于同意继

续谈判，这是他坚持不懈的结果。

His persistence in riding that dreadful bike annoyed her. 他执意要骑那辆破自行车使她很恼

火。

8. moral, morale

moral: concerning principles of right and wrong behaviors 道德的，伦理的

He turns every subject into a moral discussion. 他把每个题目都转向道德问题的讨论。

morale: confidence, enthusiasm of a person or a group 士气，精神状态

The news is good for the team’s morale. 这个消息对提高全队的士气大有好处。


1. I was the first to overcome both handicaps at once.

I was the first to overcome both disadvantages at the same time because I am a black woman.

我是第一个同时战胜两个不利因素的人。

2. Among members of my own party, closed meetings were held to discuss ways of stopping me.

Members of my own party held secret meetings to discuss how to prevent me from running for the

seat.

我所在党的成员们召开秘密会议，讨论阻止我参选的办法。

3. While the television crews ignored me…

TV reporters took no notice of me, so I was not interviewed nor reported on TV..

电视记者们对我不屑一顾。

4. The happy homemakers and the contented darky are both stereotypes produced by prejudice.

The typical image of a woman is a housewife who is happy doing housework while the typical

image of a black is one who is content with his inferior status. Both are to be true because of

prejudice against them.

幸福的家庭主妇和和心满意足的黑人都是偏见之下产生的典型人物。

5. But women predominate in lower-paying, menial, unrewarding, dead-end jobs.

Most of the people doing lower-paying, menial, unrewarding, dead-end jobs are women.

然而妇女大都干着工资低、职位低、无好处、无前途的工作。

6. Why invest time and effort to build the girl up?

Why should we waste our time and effort to help her gain reputation?

为什么要花时间和精力去培养这个女孩？

7. The women of a nation mold its morals, its religion, and its politics by the lives they live.

The women of a nation shape its moral, religious, and political standards by the way they act in

their daily lives.

一个国家的妇女通过她们的日常生活塑造了国家的道德、宗教和政治标准。


宁为黑人不做女子

雪利·奇泽姆

由于我是第一个当选为国会议员的黑人妇女，我成了一个特殊人物。国会中还有另外九个

黑人议员，十名妇女议员。我是第一个同时克服了两个不利因素的人。在这两个不利因素中，

作为女人比黑人更为不利。

如果我说做黑人比做女人更不利，也许不会有人对我提出疑问。为什么呢？因为“谁都知

道”美国存在着对黑人的歧视。但歧视妇女说法会使差不多所有的男人，恐怕还有大多数女

人，感到莫名其妙。

多年以来，大多数美国白人看不到存在着对黑人的歧视。当黑人最终开始以静坐示威、联合

抵制、自由乘车大游行等方式起来反抗时．他们觉得无法相信。他们用受到伤害的口气问道：

“谁歧视黑人，我们？我们歧视黑人？”这对于美国白人来说，是漫长而痛苦的再教育的开

始。他们——包括那些自认为是自由主义者的人，将需要许多年才能发现并消除他们确实存

在的种族主义态度。

消除对妇女的歧视，其难度要大多少呢？我相信这将是一场更为漫长的斗争。这个问题

一部分在于，比起黑人来，美国妇女的头脑受到更多的灌输，因而更满足于自己作为二等公

民的角色。

让我来解释一下。我积极从事政治活动已经有二十多年了。除了最近六年，干活的一直是

我——做那些能决定选举成败的乏味琐事——而男人坐享其成。这几乎是从政妇女不变的命

运。

目前在美国政界，这类工作大部分仍是妇女在做——大约有三百万志愿者。她们所能指望

的最好希望就是有幸成为区或县的副主席，这是一种隔离但平等的职位，是给妇女多年忠

实地装信封，组织牌局的报偿。在这种职位上，她可以免费去参加州代表大会，有时是全国

性会议和代表大会。在这些场合，她的任务就是应该和男性主席投一样的票。

一九六三年，我试图摆脱这一角色，在布鲁克林的贝德福德——斯图维桑特选区竞选纽约

州议会议员，遇到了极大的阻力。从竞选活动一开始，我便因身为女性而面对着毫不掩饰的

敌意。

然而在四年之后，当我竞选国会议员时，我的性别才成为一个主要争端。我所在党的成员

们召开了秘密会议，讨论阻挠我当选的办法。

我的竞争对手，是著名的黑人民权运动领袖詹姆士·法默。他尽力树立一个具有男子气概的

黑人形象。他坐着广播车，车上满载留着非洲发式，穿着颜色花哨的非洲式宽松套衫和蓄胡

子的年轻人，在附近地区巡游。电视记者们对我不屑一顾，然而他们没有意识到一项非

常重要的统计资料，而我和我的竞选管理人韦斯利·麦克唐纳·霍尔德对此却十分清楚。在我这

个选区里，登记参加选取的人中男女比例是 1比 2.5，而且这些妇女都是有组织的——属于

教师家长协会、教会社团、牌戏俱乐部以及其它社会服务团体。我到她们那儿寻求帮助。法默

先生至今仍然不清楚他是怎么输的。

当一个聪明的女大学毕业生开始找工作的时候，为什么问她的第一个问题总是，“你会打

字呜？”在这个问题背后隐藏着妇女受歧视的历史。为什么认为妇女得当秘书，而不是管理

人员？当图书管理员和教师，而不是医生和律师？因为她们被认为与男人不同，低人一等。

幸福的家庭主妇与心满意足的黑人都是在偏见之下产生出来的典型代表。

妇女甚至还没达到黑人正在达到的象征性的平等。最高法院里没有妇女。只有两名妇女曾担

任过内阁的职位，目前连一个也没有。只有两位女大使。然而绝大多数妇女在干着工资低、侍

候人、没有补偿、没有前途的工作。即使她们得到较好的职位，她们的工资也永远低于做同样

工作的男子。

如果这不叫歧视，那叫什么呢？

几年前，我和政党的一个领导谈到有个很有希望的女青年可以做候选人。“为什么要花时

间和精力去树立这个女孩子的威信？”他问我，“你明明知道她只会在我们该提出由她来竞

选市长的时候，退出角逐去生孩子。”

关于我，许多人也说过类似的话。还有很多人则在我每次试图再上一个新台阶的时候，都

劝我应该回去教书．那才是女人的职业，把政治留给男人。我热爱教书，一旦我确信这个国

家不再需要女人作出贡献时，我是乐于回到教学岗位上的。

当这个富足的国家中没有饿着肚子上床的孩子时，我可能会乐于回去教书；当每一个孩子

都有好学校上时，我可能会乐于回去。当我们不再把我们的财富花费在枪炮上来杀人，当我

们不必再容忍对少数民族的歧视，当用于惩治在住房和雇用人员上不公的法律得到实施而不

是被置之度外，那时在政治方面我可能就无事可干了。

但是直到那时——而且我们都知道这不会是今年或明年——我们需要的仍是更多的妇女

从政，因为妇女可以做出十分独特的贡献。我希望我成功的榜样会说服其他妇女从政——不

只是装信封，而是要竞选公职。

妇女能够把善解人意、宽容、远见、耐心与毅力带入政府——这是我们天生的品质。或者

说是因为男人的压制而不得不培养的品质。一个国家的妇女通过她们日常生活中的所作所为，

塑造这个国家的道德、宗教和政治标准。目前，我们的国家可能在政治上比在其他任何方面更

需要妇女的理想主义和决心。


Telecommuting—substituting the computer for the trip to the job—has been hailed as a solution

to all kinds of problems related to office work.

For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with

child-care conflicts. For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, mini-

mizes tardiness (迟到) and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitude for

high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility. In some areas, such as Southern

California and Seattle, Washington, local governments are encouraging companies to start

telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour congestion and improve air quality.

But three benefits do not come easily. Making a telecommuting program work requires careful

planning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popular

images.

Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter. A computer programmer from

New York City moves to the tranquil (平静的) Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with her

office via computer. A manager comes into his officer three days a week and works at home the

other two. An accountant stays home to care for her sick child; she hooks up her telephone modern

connections and does office work between calls to the doctor.

These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality. Telecommuting workers soon

learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time.

Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, the necessary boundaries

between work and family. Additional child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work

done.

Management, too, must separate the myth from the reality. Although the media has paid a great deal

of attention to telecommuting, in most cases it is the employee' s situation, not the availability of

technology, that procreates a telecommuting arrangement.

This is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work-at-

home programs or policy guidelines remains small.

1. What is the main subject of the passage?

A. Business management policies.

B. Driving to work.

C. Extending the workplace by means of computers.

D. Computers for child-care purposes.

2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a problem for office employees?

A. Being restricted to the office.

B. Incurring expenses for lunches and clothing.

C. Taking care of sick children.

D. Driving in heavy traffic.

3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a problem for employers that is potentially solved

by telecommuting?

A. Employees' lateness for work.

B. Employees' absence from work.

C. Employees' need for time alone to work intensively.

D. Employees' conflicts with second jobs.

4. Which of the following does the author mention as a possible disadvantage of telecommuting? A.

Small children cannot understand the boundaries of work and play.

B. Computer technology is not advanced enough to accommodate the needs of every situation.

C. Electrical malfunctions can destroy a project.

D. The worker often does not have all the needed resources at home.

5. Which of the following is an example of telecommuting as described in the passage?

A. A scientist in a laboratory developing plans for a space station.

B. A technical writer sending via computer documents created at home.

C. A computer technician repairing an office computer network.

D. A teacher directing computer-assisted learning in a private school.

课后练习答案 (Key to the exercises)

A.

1. She is the first black woman elected to Congress.

2. Because part of the problem is that women in America are much more brainwashed and content

with their roles as second-class citizens than blacks ever were.

3. women do most of the tedious work; while men reap the rewards.

4. A very important statistic.

5. They are invariably paid less than a man for the same job.

6. Women predominate in the lower-paying, menial 4 unrewarding, dead-end jobs.

7. She is determined to help solve the problems of children, of military spending, of racial

prejudice, of laws against unfair housing and unfair employment practices.

8. They are of empathy, tolerance, insight, patience, and persistence. These are the qualities

women naturally have.

B.

l．我是第一个克服这两个不利因素的人。

2．美国白人一一一包括那些自认为开明的自由主义者——需要很多年的时间来发现，并

消除他们所有的种族主义态度。

3．在这样的职位中。她们可能会获得几次免费参加抑或全国会议，或民主党和共和党各自

召开的全国代表大会。她们所做的也只是按照男主席的方式投一样的票。

4．当一位聪明的女学生毕业后开始找工作时，为什么第一个问题总是：“你会打字

吗？”

5．每一次我试图再上一个新台阶时，许多人会劝我回到妇女的职业，做一名教师，把政

治留给男人。

6．但直到这些发生——我们知道这不是今年或朋年的事——因此我们所要做的是要更多

的妇女进人政界，因为我们对此有特殊贡献。

7．妇女善解人意、宽容，具有很强的洞察力、耐心和毅力——这些都是我们与生俱来或由

于受男人的压制而形成的品质，女人能把这些品质带到政府中来。

8．目前，我们的国家也许在政治上比其他任何领域更需要女人的理想主义和决心。

C. 1. makes the difference 2. phenomena 3. menial 4. prejudice

5. separate 6. predominate 7. rather than 8. thought of

E.

1. being a black man is much less disadvantageous than being a woman

2. Woman in America are much more forced to accept some beliefs

3. destiny

4. People who offer to do something

5. When I tried .to escape that role

6. 1 faced the hostility which wasn't covered up

7. 1 was talking ••• about, a young woman who is seeming likely to succeed as a candidate

8. the law ••• was put into effect instead of being, kept out of the way.

F.

American women contributed a lot to the development of the society* but they have been

suffering from sexual discrimination of all kinds- In politics, they have done all the tedious details

that make the difference between victory and defeat on election day, while men reaped the rewards.

Economically, women predominate in the lower-paying, dead-end jobs and they are invariably paid

less than a man for the same job. Many Americans don’t think it is prejudice against women, but say

that it is just the division of labor. And many American women are content with their role as second-

class citizen. So according to the author, it will be a long and hard struggle for women to gain the

real equality.

G.

In the U. S., there is a strong prejudice against women. But it will be much harder to eliminate the

prejudice. It will be a longer struggle. That there is prejudice against women is an idea that still

strikes nearly all men as bizarre. And part of the problem is that women in America are much more

brainwashed and content with their roles as second-class citizens than blacks ever were.

Nevertheless, women have many special qualities that the country needs. It is women who can bring

empathy, tolerance, insight, patience, and persistence to the government. The women of a nation

mold its morals, its religion, and its politics by the lives they live. At present, the country needs

women's idealism and determination, perhaps more in politics than anywhere else. What the country

needs is more women in politics, because they have a very special contribution to make.

补充练习答案

1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. B

Lesson Six

A Good Chance


American Indian Movement

American Indian civil rights organization, founded in Minneapolis, Minn., in 1968. Its original

purpose was to help Indians in urban ghettos who had been displaced by government programs that

had the effect of forcing them from the reservations. Its goals eventually encompassed the entire

spectrum of Indian demands--economic independence, revitalization of traditional culture,

protection of legal rights, and, most especially, autonomy over tribal areas and the restoration of

lands that they believed had been illegally seized.

American Indian Movement was involved in many highly publicized protests. It was one of the

Indian groups involved in the occupation (1969-71) of Alcatraz Island, the march (1972) on

Washington, D.C., to protest violation of treaties , and the takeover (1973) of a site at Wounded

Knee to protest the government's Indian policy. In the mid-1970s its efforts were centred on the

prevention of resource exploitation of Indian lands by the federal government. With many of its

leaders in prison, and torn by internal dissension, the national leadership disbanded in 1978,

although local groups continued to function. From 1981 an AIM group occupied part of the Black

Hills (South Dakota) to press its demands for return of the area to Indian jurisdiction.


Magpie has won a scholarship from a University in California when they want him to study in the

Fine Arts School. This is a good chance for him. I am delighted for Magpie, and get back to Crow

Creek to tell him-the good news. From Magpie' s wife, I get to know Magpie is perhaps in

Chamberlian. Then I go to Salina for help, learning Magpie has changed a lot after being put in jail

and has lost the interest of going to the University for whites. But I insist that Magpie has the right

to know the news and it's up to him to make the decision. Then Salina agrees to take me to Magpie's

good friend Elgie. But when we are finally going to see Magpie, he has been shot by the police.

词汇 (Vocabulary)

1. parole: n. or v. release of a prisoner after he has made the promise of good behavior 假释

He’s hoping to get parole. 他希望获得假释。

Her husband was on parole last Friday. 上周五她丈夫被假释了。

2. embitter: v. annoy; fill … with bitter feelings 使苦恼，使……令人苦恼

He was embittered by repeated failures. 他因屡次失败而苦恼。

I was embittered by his insensitive remarks. 我听了他那没有分寸的话，心里很苦恼。

3. click:

1) n. a slight sharp sound 咔嗒声

He saluted with a click of his heels. 他立正敬礼，鞋后跟发出咔嗒一声。

2) v. make a slight sharp sound 发咔嗒声

The new part clicked into place. 新零件咔嗒一声就装好了。

4. agitate: v. cause anxiety to, disturb, excite 使焦虑不安，困扰

She was agitated by his sudden appearance at the party. 他在聚会上突然出现，使她心烦意乱。

Don’t get all agitated! 不要那么激动！

5. whereabouts: n. place where sb / sth is 下落，行踪

His present whereabouts is (are) unknown. 他目前下落不明。

Only his wife knows his whereabouts. 只有他妻子知道他的下落。

6. noncommittal: a. not showing what one thinks, which side one supports 不表明的，不表态的

She was very noncommittal about my suggestion. 她对我的建议不置可否。

He received a noncommittal letter from her. 他收到她的一封态度不明的信。

7. exile: n. being sent away from one’s native country or home, esp. for political reasons or as a

punishment 流放，放逐

She was in exile from her country because of her part in the plot against the government. 她因参与

反政府的阴谋而遭驱逐出国。

England was a place of exile for many Frenchmen after the Revolution. 法国大革命后，有许多

法国人流亡英国。

8. hang: v. remain in the air; stick to 悬浮于空中；紧紧缠住

Smog hung in the sky over the city. 城市上空烟雾弥漫。

The notion hung in his mind for days. 这个念头在他心里转了好几天。


1. be up to sb. to do sth.: be required as a duty or obligation from sb. to do sth. 干某事是某人的指

职责

It’s up to us to help those in need. 我们有责任帮助那些有困难的人。

It’s not up to you to tell me how to my job. 我怎么干我的工作不用你多嘴。

2. be in for sth.: be about to experience, esp. sth unpleasant 必定会遭到……，少不了会受到……

He’s in for a nasty shock! 他就要碰上一件非常糟糕而令人震惊的事了！

It looks as if we are in for a big storm. 看来我们一定要遭受一场暴风雨了。

3. leave … alone: not disturb or interfere with sb. / sth. 不打扰或不干预

I’ve told you to leave my things alone. 我已经告诉过你不要动我的东西。

The girl’s parents left her alone yesterday. 女孩的父母昨天不管她了。

4. pick sb. up: (of the police) stop and seize sb. 逮捕

The police picked him up as he was trying to leave the country. 他正要离国时，警方把他捉住了。

He was picked up and taken for questioning. 他被拘捕接受审讯。

5. end up: finish, esp. in a particular place or way 以……而告终

If you continue to steal, you will end up in prison. 你要是继续行窃终归得进监狱。

In a formal western-style dinner, we start with soup and end up with fruit. 正式西餐我们先喝汤，

最后吃水果。


1. separate, segregate

separate: set apart, divide 分离，分开

The child was separated from its mother. 小孩和母亲分散了。

segregate: put apart from the rest of a group 隔离，隔开

The two groups of fans must be segregated in the stadium. 必须把体育场里这两部分球迷隔

开。

2. embitter, agitate

embitter: fill sb with bitter feelings 使人苦恼

The failure of his plans embittered the old man. 计划没成功使老人很难过。

agitate: cause anxiety to sb; disturb 使人焦虑，搅乱

She was agitated by his sudden appearance at the party. 他在聚会上突然出现，使她心烦意乱。

3. noncommittal, tentative

noncommittal: not showing what one thinks, which side one supports 不表明的，不表态的

She was very noncommittal about my suggestion. 她对我的建议不置可否。

tentative: done or said to test sth; not definite or decisive 试探性的，不确定的

Our vacation plans are still tentative. 我们的假期计划还没定下来。

4. untrue, unrealistic

untrue: not true; contrary to fact 不真实的，违反事实的

The story was probably untrue. 这传说可能不确。

unrealistic: not practical 不现实的

This demand is unrealistic and unworkable. 这个要求不切实际，难以实现。

5. intent, hesitant

intent: full of eager interest and concentration 专心的，渴望的

He gave me an intent look. 他专注地看了我一眼。

hesitant: showing uncertainty or slowness about deciding to act 犹豫不决的

I’m rather hesitant about signing this. 我不大愿意签这个字。

6. scoff, scold

scoff: speak contemptuously; mock 嘲弄，嘲笑

I told them my ideas but they scoffed at them. 我把自己的想法告诉他们，但是被他们嗤之

以鼻。

scold: express anger, criticism; rebuke 责骂，斥责

If I walk in with my muddy boots, Dad always scold me. 我的靴子上要是有泥，一进屋爸爸

就骂我。


1. …she said, as though to finish the matter.

She said, as if she would like to stop talking about the matter.

她说道，好像要结束这次谈话。

2. I’m just telling you that you are in for a disappointment.

I’m just telling you that you are likely to have a disappointment.

我只是告诉你，你一定会失望的。

3. The patrol car inched down the empty street…

A car of the police moved slowly along the empty street.

巡逻车沿着空旷的街道缓缓开走了。

4. …we ended up on the Augustana College Campus.

At last we came to Augustana College.

最后我们到了奥格斯特那学院。

5. Man, that freak that’s his parole officer is some mean watch-dog.

Well, his parole officer is somewhat a kind of unkind guarder.

唉，那个变态，就是那个假释官，就像个卑鄙的看门狗。

6. He can find a kind of satisfying isolation in that.

He can do his own study and be busy with artistic creation so that he will be able to enjoy an

artist’s isolation.

在学习中他可以获得一种令人满意的解脱。

7. There are things about this though.

However, there are some troubles about his present whereabouts.

然而他目前的情况还有点麻烦。


一个好机会

伊丽莎白·库克 — 林

当我到达鸦溪时，喜鹊不在家。我和他的妻子阿米莉妮谈了起来。

“我得找到喜鹊，”我说，“我有他的好消息。”我指了指我带的公事包说。“我有他写的

一首诗和加利福尼亚州一所大学的录取函，他们想让他参加艺术学院为印第安人开设的课程

学习。”

“你知道他正在假释吗？”

“哦，不，不太清楚，”我迟疑地说，“我一直没跟他联系，但我听说他惹了麻烦。”她朝

我笑了笑说：“他走了，这附近对他不安全，你知道，他的假释监督官总是监视着他，所以

有时他不来这更好些。而且我们已经分居一段时间了。我听说他在某个镇子里。”

“你是说钱柏林吗？”

“是的，我和他妹妹住在这儿，她说她在那里看到过他，那是好久以前的事了。可是喜鹊不

会去加利福尼亚，既使你看见他并告诉他这件事，他也不会离开这的。

“可是他以前想离开这儿，”我说，“他去过西雅图大学。”

“是的，但…… 哦，那是以前的事了，”她说道，好象要结束谈这件事似的。

“难道你不想让他去吗？”我问道。

她马上答道：“哦，这可不由我说了算。他现在已经离开了我。我只想告诉你，你一定会失

望的。他已经不再需要像你这样人希望他所需要的东西了。”她肯定地说。

当她发现我不喜欢她提到“像你这样的人”时，她停了一下，然后把手放到我的胳膊上，

说：“听我说，现在喜鹊终于高兴起来了。他情绪很好，很英俊、很自由、也很健壮。他和兄

弟们一起坐在皮鼓前唱歌，他现在很正常。他总是说那些反对政府．反对印第安人事务委

员会的话，说那些话时他就变得越来越可怕，越来越恼怒。我过去常因此而为他担忧，可是

我现在不那样了。哦，我们还是顺其自然吧。”

* * *

我和赛利娜一起坐在咖啡馆里。她令我意外地说：“我不知道喜鹊在哪儿，我已经有四

天没见到他了。”

“我这儿有他的诗，”我说，“他有个好机会，可以到加利福尼亚州的一个艺术学院去

学习，但我得和他谈谈，让他填写一些表格。我知道他会感兴趣的。”

“不，他不会的，”她插了一句，“他不再有那些无用的、讨厌的梦想了。”

“别那么说，赛利娜，这对他可是一次好机会。”

“哦，你愿意怎么想都行，可是你最近和他谈过吗？你了解现在的他吗？”

“我知道他非常优秀，我知道他有这样的才能。”

“他是印第安人，这次他回来就呆在这儿了。”

“你能不能和我开车去钱柏林？”我问道。

她没说话。

“如果像你说的，他是印第安人，不管那意味着什么，如果他这次回来就呆在这里，而且如

果他亲自跟我这么说，我就不管了。但是赛利娜，”我急切地说，“我必须和他谈谈。问问他

想做些什么。你明白了，是吗？”

“是的，”她最后说，“他有权知道这件事。可是你会明白……”

我们离开时，她的鞋跟在咖啡馆前面的人行道上发出咔嗒咔嗒的声音，她焦虑不安地说：

“那次在卡司特城举行示威活动，县政府被烧，他也因此遇上麻烦。在那之后，他被关押了

一年。他现在仍在假释期，而且还要假释五年——可是他们就连指控他的证据都没有！五年

啊！你能相信这些吗？如今即使杀了人也不会受到这样种的判决。”

当我们开车行驶在钱柏林的大道上时，埃尔吉正站在银行附近的拐角处。尽管没问，我和

赛利娜都知道这个人，喜鹊的好朋友，肯定知道喜鹊的下落。我们停了车，埃尔吉走过来坐

在车的后排座上。一辆警车向我们停车的拐角处慢慢驶来，里面的巡警目不转睛盯着我们三

个人，我们装作没注意到。巡警的车沿着空旷的街道缓缓地开走了，我小心地转向埃尔吉。我

还没有来得及开口，赛利娜说道：“她给喜鹊带来一些文件，他有个机会到加利弗尼亚的一

个写作学校学习。”

埃尔吉说：“是吗？”总是不太明确让人知道他真正在想什么。

但赛利娜可不会让他那样不表示明确的意见。“埃尔吉，”她嘲弄地说：“你知道他不会

去的。”

“哦，你知道，”埃尔吉开始说，“在那次卡司特城事件之后，我和喜鹊躲了起来，最后

我们去了奥古斯塔纳大学，在那儿交了一些朋友。他开始谈论自由，我决不会忘记那一切。接

着他坐了牢，此后他的主要话题就是——自由。他渴望自由，但他们每时每刻地盯着你，你

不可能有自由。那个变态的人，那个假释监督官，就象一只看门狗。”

“你认为他句能接受这份奖学金，去读书吗？”我满怀希望地问道。

“我不知道，也许吧。”

“他在哪？”我问道。

沉默了好一会，最后埃尔吉说：“我想你来得正好，因为喜鹊需要从这不断的监视，不断

的检查中获得点宽慰。事实上，他常这么说，‘如果我必须与白人打交道，我就会不自由，

对印第安人来说没有一点自由可言。’你现在应该和他谈谈。他已经变了，他现在赞成与白人

完全脱离。”

“这是不是有点太激进，太不现实吗？”我问道。

“我不知道，我怎么知道。’

“是啊，”赛利娜说，“你认为他在加利弗尼亚的那个大学学习又会怎样呢？”

“但是这对他来说是一次去学习，去写作的机会。我想他在那里会获得一种令他满意的隔

离。”

过了一会，埃尔吉说：“对，我想你是对的。”不一会他从车的后排座上起身下了车，并

说道：“我得走到那座桥，到那大约有三个街区那么远。你们不要过桥就会看到在左侧有一

座很旧的白色二层楼房，喜鹊的哥哥刚从内布拉斯加州感化院回来。和他的妻子住在那里，

喜鹊就在那儿。”

终于找到他了！现在我真的可以和他谈谈，让他自己做出决定了。

“还有点儿事，”埃尔吉说，“喜鹊本不应该在那儿．因为他的假释条件之一就规定他必

须远离朋友、亲属、犯过罪的等任何人。天啊，那可是他的哥哥。你们等到日落时分再过来。先

把车子停在那个街区附近的停车场，然后从那步行过来，从房子的后门进去，你就可以和喜

鹊谈这些事了。”

赛利娜不停地说，她告诉我，喜鹊在流浪了几个月后回到了鸦溪，他的亲属是如何来到他

妹妹的住所，欢迎他归来。“他们过来听他和他兄弟们唱歌，他们在屋子里坐在椅子上，与

他一起谈笑、唱歌。”

我们接近那所老房子的时候，发现院子里停了几辆车，赛利娜压低声音说：“可能他们在

开晚会。”

可是笼罩在那里的寂静使我的心充满不安。当我们从敞开的后门走进去的时候，我们看到

厨房里站着一些人。我小心地问：“怎么了？”

没有人说话，只有埃尔吉走过来，他那布满血丝的双眼充满了悲伤与痛苦。他在我们面前

站了一会，然后示意我进起居室。房间里静悄悄地坐满了人，最后埃尔吉平静地说：“他们

枪杀了他。”

“他们逮捕了他，因为他违反了假释规定，他们把他关进监狱……他们枪杀了他。”

“可是为什么？”我大喊道，“怎么能发生这样的事？”

“他们说他们认为他是在反抗，他们害怕他。”

“害怕？”我不相信地问道，“可是……可……他有武器吗？”

“没有，”埃尔吉说，他坐下来，把胳膊放在膝上，头深深地低着，“没有，他没有武

器。”

我双手紧紧地攥着诗稿，两个姆指交替地按压着那个纸袋光滑的表面。


Scholars and students have always been great travelers. The official case for "academic mobility" is

now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in

the world, and debated in the corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students

were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous

academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.

Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, their

simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with

students or with colleagues; one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited

with a startling discovery, or a new technique. It must also have been reassuring to know that other

people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the

same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect.

In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering

scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been

the aeroplane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately

feasible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.

Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about

the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantitative and require no

further mention: there are far more centres of learning, and a far greater number of scholars and

students.

In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the

sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number

of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some

isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.

Frequently these specialisations lie in areas where very rapid developments are Taking place, and

also where the research needed for developments is extremely costly and takes a long time. It is

precisely in these areas that the advantages of collaboration and sharing of expertise appear most

evident. Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to be-

come aware of what is happening in different centres of research and to meet each other in confe-

rences and symposia. From these meetings come the personal relationships which are at the bottom

of almost all formalized schemes of cooperation, and provide them with their most satisfactory

stimulus.

But as the specialisations have increased in number and narrowed in range, there has been an

opposite movement towards interdisciplinary studies. These owe much to the belief that one cannot

properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world, and by recent

advances in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline. This trend has led to a great

deal of academic contact between disciplines, and a far greater emphasis on the pooling of specialist

knowledge, reflected in the broad subjects chosen in many international conferences.

1. According to the passage, scholars and students are great travellers because ____.

A. salaries and conditions are better abroad

B. standards are higher at foreign universities

C. they are eager for new knowledge

D. their governments encourage them to travel

2. The writer says that travel was important in the past because it ____.

A. led to economic progress

B. was a way of spreading ideas

C. made new ideas less schooling

D. broke down political barriers

3. The writer claims that it is important for specialists to be able to travel because ____.

A. their fellow experts are scattered round the world

B. their laboratories are in remote places

C. there are so many people working in similar fields

D. there is a lot of social unrest at universities

4. The writer thinks that the growth of specialist societies and periodicals has helped scholars to

A. cut down research costs

B. keep up with current developments

C. spend less time travelling

D. develop their ideas more quickly

5. Developments in international cooperation are often, it is suggested, the result of.

A. articles in learned journals

B. programs initiated by governments

C. friendships formed by scholars at meetings

D. the work of international agencies


A.

1. "I" is a friend of Magpie, tine narrator of the story. '

2. Because she wanted to tell him the good 'news and let him make a decision for himself.

3. He got into trouble during the protest, then was put in jail and he was on parole when the

narrator came to find him.

4. No, She didn't. She thought that Magpie no longer needed that.

5. Salina thought that Magpie had a right to know about the chance.

6. The patrolmen in it were watching all the people connected with Magpie.

7. Yes. He did. The narrator said that Magpie, could find a kind of satisfying isolation at the

university and Elgie agreed with her at last.

8. There was injustice in the American society at that time.

B.

1．在他反对政府，反对美国印第安人委员会时，他变得越来越可怕，充满怨恨，我也

为他担心。

2．好吧，你愿意怎么想就怎么想吧，但你最近和他谈过吗？你知道他现在的状况吗？

3．如果像你所说的他是一名印第安人，不管这是什么意思，如果他亲口对我说他这次只

是回来呆在这儿，我也不再劝他了。

4．一辆警车缓慢地驶向我们停车的拐角处，巡警目不转睛地盯着我们三个人，我们假装

没注意到。

5．我想你来的正好润为在这种不间断的监视、检查之下，喜鹊需要一些宽慰。

6．“还有件事”，埃尔吉继续说：“喜鹊不应该在那儿，明白吗？因为假释的条件之一

就是他应该远离他的朋友、亲戚和以前的同谋罪犯，甚至不能见任何人。

7．但是一片寂静笼罩着整座房子，我感到有些忧虑。当我们走进敞着的后门时，看到许

多人站在厨房里。

8．我用手紧紧握着他的诗，两个拇指使劲按压平滑的纸板文件夹。

C.

1. hesitant 2. whereabouts 3. segregate 4. tentative

5. clicks 6. noncommittally 7. intently 8. agitation

D. 1.segregated 2.embittered 3. incredible 4. noncommittal

5. unrealistic 6. intently 7. hesitant 8. scoffed

E. 1. abandoned me

2. threatening: and .discontented

3. understand

4. know

5. got disturbed

6. moved by inches along

7. not clear about

8. some unworthy man who likes inspecting others

F. I was very pleased when I knew that a university in California gave Magpie the scholarship,

and he could go to the Fine Arts School of it. I knew that he had been meaning to be a poet and he

had such talent. It was a good chance for him. So I went back to Crow Creek to tell him the good

news and get him to fill out some papers. Magpie was not home and his wife said they hadn't been

together for a while and she only heard he's in Chamberlain. Then 1 went to Salina and asked her to

help me. Salina said that Magpie had changed a lot since he was arrested and put in jail, and she

thought that he was no longer interested in going to the university of the whites'. But 1 said Magpie

had a right to know about it and he should make a decision for himself. She agreed and went with

me to find Elgie, Magpie's good friend. But finally when I was about to see Magpie, he had al ready

been shot by the policeman.

G.

The people in the story think of Magpie's opportunity of going to study in the university differently.

Each has his or her own ideas.

Amelia, Magpie's wife, doesn't think Magpie will go to California- He will never leave here even if

he is told the news. According to Amelia, Magpie is happy now, finally. He is in good spirits,

handsome and free and strong. He sits at the drum and sings with his brothers: he's okay now.

Then the narrator goes to Salina for help. Salina says Magpie does not have those worthless, shitty

dreams anymore. According to Elgie, the good friend of Magpie's, Magpie has changed and is for

complete separation, segregation and total isolation from the whites. He agrees with the narrator's

points: it's a chance for him to study, to write, and he can find a kind of satisfying isolation in that.

The narrator is delighted to learn the news. She thinks that Magpie is interested and he has such

talent, so this is a good chance for him.

补充练习答案

1. C 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. C

Lesson Seven

Miss Brill


Katherin Mansfield (b. Oct. 14, 1888, Wellington, N.Z.--d. Jan. 9, 1923, Gurdjieff Institute, near

Fontainebleau, Fr.), New Zealand-born English master of the short story, who evolved a distinctive

prose style with many overtones of poetry. Mansfield' s first collection of stories, In a German Pen-

sion , mainly satirical sketches of German characters, uses sharply observed details to reveal social

affectation and moral squalor. Other works are: The Aloe, Prelude, Bliss and other stories, The

Daughters of the Late Colonel, The Garden- Party, Dove' s Nest, Something Childish. Strongly

influenced by Chekhov, Mansfield learned that plot is not as important as atmosphere. Description,

dialogue and above all, imagery develop her themes. With James Toyce she was one of the founders

of the modem English short story.

Main idea of the text

Miss Brill was British who lived in France. She made living on teaching children English and taking

care of an old man. To drive away the feeling of loneliness, she went to garden every Sunday

afternoon. There she sat on a seat listening to the conversations of others or observing the people

around her. A particular Sunday afternoon, she had a strange feeling. She became an actress and

played a part in the play around her. She imagined that others all paid attention to her, even the old

gentleman she took care of. She was intoxicated in it. But just at that time, a pair of youth couldn't

show love to each other only because of her. Then they talked about her scornfully. She heard that

and wanted back to the realization that she was so disgusting. She put away the fur she always put

on and tasted her broken heart herself.

词汇 (Vocabulary)

1. splash:

1) v. fly about and fall 飞溅

The children like splashing water over one another. 孩子们喜欢往彼此身上泼水。

2) n. sound, mark made by splashing 飞溅声

He jumped into the river with a splash. 他扑通一声跳进河里。

2. drift: v. cause to drift; move casually or aimlessly 飘动；漫无目的地漂泊

The logs are drifted downstream to the mill. 那些原木沿河顺水飘到加工厂。

She finally drifted in two hours after everyone else. 在大家到齐后两小时，她终于来到。

3. stroke: v. pass the hand gently over sth, usu. again and again; organize 抚摸；整理（思绪）

The child put out a hand and stroked the cat softly. 孩子伸手轻轻抚摸小猫。

He awoke at dawn, and for a time he lay and stroked his memories. 他清晨醒来，在床上躺了一

会，理一理记忆中的事。

4. clasp: v. hold tightly in the hand; embrace 握紧；拥抱

They clasped hands briefly before saying goodbye. 他们匆匆握手告别。

He clasped his dying wife to his chest. 他把奄奄一息的妻子紧紧抱在怀里。

5. swoop: v. come down suddenly with a rushing movement; seize the whole of sth in one

movement 向下猛冲；一下子抢走

The eagle swooped down on its prey. 老鹰朝着猎物猛扑下来。

She rushed after the child and swooped him up in her arms. 她追赶着孩子，猛地将他一把抱在怀

里。

6. scrape: v. make clean or smooth by drawing a sharp tool or sth rough across it; rub against sth

擦净，磨光；擦着某物

She scraped the walls clean. 她把墙擦干净。

The branches of the tree scraped against the window. 树枝擦到窗户。

7. rescue:

1) v. save or bring away sb from danger 搭救，救出

You rescued me from an embarrassing situation. 你给我解了围。

Police rescued the hostages.警方救出人质。

2) n. rescuing or being rescued 救援

Our car couldn’t start, but a friend came to the rescue and drove us home. 我们的车开不动了，

一位朋友赶来帮助，开车送我们回家。

8. droop: v. bend or hang downwards through tiredness or weakness 弯曲，下垂

Some willows drooped over the pond. 几棵垂柳低垂在池塘上。

The hikers were drooping by the end of their walk in the hot sun. 徒步旅行者在烈日下走到最后

已精疲力竭了。

9. invalid:

1) v. cause sb to leave because of ill health 因健康不好使人离去

He was invalided out of the army because of the wounds he received. 他因负伤而退役。

2) n. one who suffers from ill health for a very long time 久病者

He was an invalid all his life. 他终身残疾。

3) a. not legally recognized 无效的

A passport that is out date is invalid. 护照过期是无效的。

10. company: n. group of people together; being together with another or others 一群人；陪伴

She told the assembled company what had happened. 她把发生的事告诉了聚会的人。

I enjoyed his company. 我喜欢和他在一起。


1. decide on: consider and come to a conclusion 考虑后做出决定

After seeing all the candidates we’ve decided on this one. 我们见了所有的候选人后，决定选这

位。

They decided on having a picnic tomorrow. 他们决定明天去野餐。

2. snap at: speak to sb. sharply and rudely; try to grasp sth with the teeth 厉声说；咬住

I’m sorry I snapped at you just now. 对不起，我刚才不过对你嚷嚷。

The dog snapped at his ankles. 狗咬住了他的脚踝。

3. out of season: time of the year when sth is easily available or a certain activity takes place 一年中

有某物或某活动的时期；旺季

Holiday prices are lower out of season. 在度假淡季，费用较低。

The price is so high because crabs are out of season now. 螃蟹已下市，所有价格如此昂贵。

4. be no (not, much, some, any) good: be of no value; be no use 没有好处；没有用处

It’s no good (my) talking to him. 我同他谈没什么用处。

Was his advice ever any good? 他的建议有什么价值吗？

5. dress up: wear one’s best clothes; make sth better or different by careful presentation 穿上盛装；

修饰

Don’t bother to dress up — come as you are. 用不着穿讲究的衣服，就穿平常的来吧。

The facts are quite clear; it’s no use trying to dress them up. 事实很清楚，掩饰是没用的。

6. go off: leave, make a sudden loud noise 离开；突然发出巨响

Hamlet goes off stage left. 哈姆雷特从舞台左侧退下。

The thieves ran away when the burglar alarm went off. 防盗警报一响，盗贼立刻逃走了。

7. look on: be a spectator at an event or incident 旁观

Passers-by looked on as a man was viciously attacked. 有一男子遭人毒打，路人只在一旁观看。

look on sb. as: regard to be 将……看作

She’s looked on as the leading authority on the subject. 她被认为是该问题的主要权威。

8. make a point of doing sth: do sth because one considers it important or necessary 认为做事重要

或必要

I always make a point of checking that all the windows are shut before I go out. 我出门前总要检

查所有窗户，看是否都关好了。

They have made a point of getting as many contacts as possible with the students. 他们很注重尽

可能多与学生接触。

9. off with sb.: go away; impolite or unfriendly 走开；不礼貌，不友好

Be off with you! 滚开！

She sounded rather off with me on the phone. 她在电话中说话不客气。

10. make a difference: matter; have effect on 要紧；对……有影响

It won’t make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow. 你今天去也好，明天去也好，

关系不大。

The sea air has made a difference to her health. 海上的空气改善了她的健康状况。

11. pass by: go past; occur without affecting 经过；对……无影响

The procession passed right by my front door. 队伍就从我家门前经过。

The magic of Huck Finn seems to have passed me by. 哈克芬恩的魔法似乎对我不起什么作

用。


1. get used to, used to

get used to: become accustomed to 习惯于

After three weeks she had got used to the extreme heat. 三个星期后她就适应酷热的环境了。

used to: expressing a frequent action in the past 表达过去经常性的行为

You used to smoke a pipe, didn’t you? 你过去一向是抽烟斗的，对不对？

2. pour, splash

pour: (cause to) flow in a continuous stream 不断流动，倒，灌

I knocked over the bucket and the water poured all over the floor. 我打翻了水桶，水流了一地。

splash: cause to fly about in drops 溅起

The children love splashing water over each other. 儿童喜欢互相泼水。

3. wave, flap

wave: cause sth in one’s hand to move up and down or to and fro 挥动，挥舞

He came out waving the document at the crowd. 他出来时向人群挥舞着文件。

flap: cause sth to move, swing up and down or from side to side 摆动，摇动

The bird flapped its wings and flew away. 那只鸟振翅飞去。

4. drift, swoop

drift: move casually or aimlessly 漫无目的地移动，漂泊

The crowds drifted away from the stadium. 人群慢慢从体育场散去。

swoop: come down suddenly with a rushing movement 突然下降，猛扑

The owl swooped down on the mouse. 猫头鹰向老鼠猛扑下来。

5. rescue, save

rescue: make sb free from danger by prompt or vigorous action 营救，救援

The police rescued the hostages. 警方救出了人质。

save: make sb safe 救，保全

It was too late to save the sick woman, and she died. 病妇未获及时抢救而死亡。

6. rub, stroke

rub: press against a surface with a to-and-fro sliding movement 擦，揉，搓

He rubbed his hands to warm them. 他搓着双手好暖和暖和。

If you keep rubbing, the paint will come off. 你在多擦擦颜色就能掉了。

stroke: pass the hand gently over a surface 轻抚，抚摩

She gently stroked his arm. 她轻轻地抚摸他的胳膊。

7. scrub, scrape

scrub: clean sth thoroughly by rubbing hard 彻底擦洗，刷洗

After dinner he scrubbed the table-top clean. 饭后他把桌面擦洗干净。

scrape: make sth clean, level or smooth by drawing a sharp tool 擦净，削平，磨光

He is scraping the path clear of snow. 他正在把路上的积雪铲掉。

8. make a point, make a plan

make a point: do sth as one think it important or necessary 认为做某事很重要

I always make a point of checking that all the windows are shut before I go out. 我出门前总是

要检查所有窗户，看是否都关好了。

make a plan: 做计划

I have made a plan for overcoming the difficulties.

我已做出克服困难的计划。


1. …rubbed the life back into the dim little eyes.

She rubbed the imitation eyes until they shone, as if they were alive again.

那双灰蒙蒙的小眼睛被擦得充满生气。

2. She felt a tingling in her hands and arms, but that came from walking.

She had a slight stinging feeling in her hands and arms, but he thought that was due to the walk.

她感到手和胳膊微微有些刺痛，她觉得这是走路累的。

3. And when she breathed … something gentle seemed to move in her bosom.

When she took a breath, she breathed with some difficulty after a bit of walk.

当她呼吸时，一种轻柔的东西在她胸中涌动。

4. …they’d be sure to break and they’d never keep on.

The glasses would be sure to break and slide down her nose and fall off.

眼镜总会从鼻梁上滑下来摔碎。

5. And sometimes a tiny stagger came suddenly rocking into the open from under the trees…

Sometimes a little child with unsteady steps suddenly walked out from under a tree.

有时候一个刚刚学步的小孩突然从树下摇摇晃晃地走出来。

6. …such a funny old man with long whiskers hobbled along in time to the music…

That funny old man with long whiskers walked lamely according to the beat of the music.

这个滑稽的长胡子老头和着音乐的节拍蹒跚地走着。

7. Who could believe the sky at the back wasn’t painted?

The sky at the back was like a real painted setting.

谁不相信后面湛蓝的天空是画出来的？

8. Why doesn’t she keep her silly old mug at home?

Why doesn’t that old ugly woman stay at home?

这老东西为什么不呆在家里？


布里尔小姐

凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德

湛蓝的天空金光灿灿，大片大片的阳光像白葡萄酒倾洒在公园上。尽管天气晴朗，阳光明

媚，布里尔小姐还是很高兴自己决定围上了狐皮围巾。空气中一丝风也没有，但你张开嘴，

会感觉有一丝凉意，就象你啜饮一杯冰水之前的那种感觉。不时有一片落叶不知从什么地方

悠然飘下。布里尔小姐伸手抚摸围在脖子上的狐皮围巾。可爱的小东西！重新抚摸到它真是太

好了。那天下午她把它从盒子里拿出来，抖掉樟脑末，好好地刷了一遍，把那没有活力的小

眼睛擦得有了生气。“我怎么了？”忧伤的小眼睛问道。啊，看到它们从红色的绒垫上再次眨

巴眨巴地盯着她，别提有多高兴了！…… 可是它的鼻子，那是用某种黑色合成材料做的，看

上去一点也不结实。准是不知东西给碰了一下。不要紧，到时候，到绝对必要的时候，用点黑

色火漆一粘就性了。…… 小淘气！是的，她真的觉得它是个小淘气，小淘气就在她的左耳边

咬住自己的尾巴。她很想把它取下来放在膝头抚摸抚摸，可她感到手和胳膊稍微有些刺痛，

她以为这是走路累的缘故。当她呼吸时，心里似乎有一丝淡淡的忧郁—一不，确切地说不是

忧郁——不过是一种缠绵的感情罢了。

今天下午公园里人不少，比上周人多多了。而且，乐队的声音似乎也更响亮，更欢快。那是

因为一年里的社交季节到了。尽管乐队一年四季每个周日都演奏，但不逢社交季节总是不一

样。平时好像只演奏给家里人听，没有外人在场，怎么演奏都无所谓。指挥不也换上一件新上

衣吗？她肯定这件上衣是新的。只见乐队指挥颠着脚，拍动双臂，仿佛一只正要引颈长啼的

公鸡。乐队队员们坐在绿色乐台上，眼睛瞪着乐谱，鼓着腮帮子使劲吹。这时传来了一小段

“长笛”独奏，—— 十分动听！恰似一串晶莹的水珠。她心想准会重奏一遍，果然，有吹奏

一遍了。她抬起头笑了。

她有一个“专座”，旁边只有两个人：一个忠厚的老头儿和一个身材高大的老太太。老头

身穿丝绒上衣，双手紧握一根粗实的雕花手杖；老太太则笔直地坐着，绣花围裙上放着一团

毛活。他们没有说话，真让人失望。因为布里尔小姐总是想听别人交谈，她擅长于不动声色地

侧耳偷听别人谈话，擅长利用别人在她周围谈话的那一小会儿，来了解人家的生活。

她斜眼瞥了一下这对老人。可能他们很快就会离开。上周日也不象平时那么有意思，那天

碰上一对英国夫妇，男的头戴一顶难看的巴拿马草帽，女的穿了双带扣长筒靴。那女的一直

唠唠叨叨，说她如何如何应该戴眼镜，她知道自己需要戴眼镜。但又配买眼镜没有用，眼镜

肯定会打碎，肯定戴不住。而男的是那样耐心，他提了各种建议，金丝框的，镜腿弯过耳朵

的，还有鼻架上带有小垫的。不行，哪一种也不能使她满意。“它们总会从鼻子上滑下来

的！”布里尔小姐真想上去抓住她使劲摇她几下。

那两个老人坐在凳子上一动不动，宛如一对雕像。不要紧，总有人群可看。花坛前，乐台

前，人们成双成对，或成群结队地来回漫步，停下来交谈，打招呼，从那个老乞丐手里买上

一把花，那个老乞丐的花盘安在栏杆上。孩子们在人群中奔跑，扑打着，嬉笑着。小男孩下巴

底下戴着绸子做的白色大领结，小女孩就像法国玩具娃娃，穿着丝绒和带花边的衣服，花枝

招展。有时一个刚刚学步的小东西突然从树下摇摇晃晃地走出来，突然停住脚步，瞪大眼睛

四下张望，突然间“扑通”跌坐在地下，引得年轻的母亲抬着脚，像只小母鸡似的，风风火

火地大声呵斥着赶来营救。另外一些人坐在长凳上或绿色的椅子上。一个周日，又一个周日，

几乎总是这些人。而且布里尔小姐经常注意到他们几乎都有点怪。他们古怪，沉默，差不多

都上了年纪。看他们睁大眼睛看的样子，好像是刚从黑暗的小房间里出来的，甚至是刚从橱

柜里出来似的！

乐坛后面，是一片挺拔的树木，树上低垂着枯黄的叶子。透过树丛，可以看见一线海水。蓝

天上漂浮着闪着金光的白云。

乐队高声吹奏：嗒嗒嗒——嘀嘀嗒！嘀嘀嗒！嗒嘀嘀——嗒嗒嗒！

两个穿红衣服的年轻姑娘走过来，两个穿蓝军装的年轻士兵迎了上去。他们嘻嘻哈哈地分

成两对，手挽着手走了。两个农村妇女，头上戴着古里古怪的草帽，牵着漂亮的栗色毛驴，

一本正经地缓缓走过去。有一个冷若冰霜、面无血色的修女匆匆而过。有一位美貌的女人姗姗

走过，信手把一束紫萝兰花丢到地上。有个小男孩跑上去，拣起来给她，不料她拿到手里，

又一把扔掉了，仿佛花中有毒似的。天啊！布里尔小姐真不知该不该欣赏这一手。这时，就在

她面前，一个戴貂皮小帽的女人和一个身穿灰衣的绅士迎面相遇。男的身材颀长，举止矜持，

一副尊贵派头。女人戴的貂皮帽子还是当初她满头金发时买的呢。而如今，她的头发、

面皮、就连眼睛全变得和那寒酸的貂皮一个颜色啦。她手上戴着洗了又洗的手套，正在涂抹口

红，一只手已变得又黄又瘦又干瘪了。哎呀，她看到他非常高兴，高兴极啦！她预感到今天

下午会碰到他的。她向他述说起自己这一向都在什么地方——在这儿，在那儿，在海边，到

处都去。天气多好，是不是？他要不要？……可是他只摇摇头，点上一枝烟，缓缓地朝她脸

上喷了一大口，也不管她还在说着笑着，随手把火柴一掷，径自走了。貂皮帽子女人只剩下

孤身一人，但她却笑得更加妩媚多姿了。连乐队似乎也体察到她的心情，乐声变得更为轻柔

温存，鼓声反复击出“畜生！畜生！”的拍节。她下一步将怎么办呢？会发生什么事呢？布

里尔小姐正自诧异，只见那女人转过身去，仿佛看到那边有位更为风流潇洒的人物，举手打

个招呼，便踏着细碎的脚步走了。乐队换了个曲子，演奏得格外轻快热烈。和布里尔小姐合坐

一条长凳的老两口站起身来，大步离去。一个蓄着长胡子的老头，样子别提有多可笑，这时

正合着音乐的拍子，瞒姗走过。不料险些被并排走过来的四个姑娘撞倒在地。

啊，这真是妙不可言 1 她多么喜欢看呀！她多么喜欢坐在这里，静观眼前这一切呀！就像

是一出戏。简直就像一出戏。谁能说远处的天空不是画出来的布景呢？但她一时还没

弄清楚是什么使这一切如此令人神往。后来，有一条棕色的小狗一本正经地跑来，又缓缓地

跑开，活像一个“戏台上”的狗，一个吃了蒙药的狗。这时布里尔小姐才领悟出个中奥妙。原

来大家全在舞台上。他们不仅是观众，不仅是看戏的，也都是演戏的。就连她也扮演了其中一

个角色，每个星期日都来参加演出。假如她不在，准会有人注意到的，她毕竟也是戏里的一

部分呀。真奇怪，她以前怎么没有想到过这一点呢？她每个星期日必定要准时出门，这件事

现在得到了解释：那是怕上场迟到呀。她对她的英国学生讲述自己如何度过星期日下午的时

候，心里总有一种莫名其妙的不好意思的感觉。这也得到了解释。怪不得呢！布里尔小姐差点

笑出声来。原来她是在舞台上演戏。她又想到了那位缠绵病榻的老绅士。他在花园里小睡时，

她每周有四个下午来读报给他听。她对那躺在布枕头上弱不禁风的头、塌陷下去的双眼、微微

张开的嘴和高高的鼻梁，都早已习以为常啦。即使他断了气，几周之内她既不会察觉，也不

会放在心上的。但是他有一天突然得知给他读报的竟是位女演员！“女演员！”他拾起衰老

的头，昏花的老眼中闪动着两点微弱的光。“女演员——你？”布里尔小姐把报纸抚平，仿

佛那是她的台词，然后轻轻说道：“是的，我当演员已经很久啦！”

乐队休息了一会儿，这时又吹奏起来。演奏的音乐暖融融的，充满阳光，但又微微有些

寒意——有某一种情绪，是什么呢？——不是哀愁——不，不是哀愁——是一种使你想要放

声歌唱的东西。曲调向上升着，升着，光芒四射。布里尔小姐觉得再过片刻，他们大家，所有

在场的人都会引吭歌唱。聚在一起欢笑热闹的年轻人会率先领唱，继而成年男人坚定勇敢的

声音会加入进来。然后，还有她，还有她，以及坐在长椅上其他人，也会以伴唱的形式参加，

那歌声低沉幽抑，优美动听，感人肺腑。布里尔小姐泪水盈眶，含笑注视着眼前的人们。她暗

自思忖，是呀，我们懂了，我们懂了，但究竟他们懂了什么，她不知道。

就在这时，一个小伙子和一个姑娘走了过来，坐在老两口刚才坐过的地方。他们衣着入时，

正在热恋中。这一对男女主角自然是刚从他父亲的游艇上来的。布里尔小姐心中唱

着无声的歌，脸上挂着颤巍巍的笑容，准备好侧耳倾听。

“不，现在不行，”姑娘说。“在这儿不行。我不能那样。”

“为什么不行？是因为那边的那个呆老婆子吗？”小伙子问道。“她干什么要到这儿来呢？

谁要她来的？这么个老丑八怪，还不老实呆在家里。”

“她那条皮围巾才叫怪呢，”姑娘格格笑道。“简直就像一条油煎鳕鱼。”

“唉，滚开吧！”小伙子没好气地低声说。接下去又说：“告诉我，我的小宝贝——”

“不，在这儿不行。”姑娘说。“还不到时候。”

平日回家时，她总要在面包房买一块蜂蜜饼。这是她星期天的一种享受。有时买的饼里有杏

仁，有时没有。有没有可大不一样。碰上一粒杏仁好比是往家里捎回来一件小小的礼物，一件

意外的礼物，因为不是每块饼里边都有嘛。每逢赶上有杏仁，那一个星期天她就兴致满怀，

划起火柴烧起开水来，手脚都利索一些。

可是今天她走过面包房，没有进去。她慢腾腾地爬上楼梯，走进黑洞洞的小屋，走进她那

间壁橱一般的小屋子，然后一屁股坐在红色的绒垫上，坐了好久好久。装皮围巾的盒子仍

在床上摆着。她迅速地解开围巾的扣子，看也不看，就放进盒子里。不过在盖上盒盖儿的时候，

她感到仿佛听见哭泣的声音。

补充练习

A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1992 over the use of DNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid) (脱氧核糖核酸) fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA fingerprint-

ing was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA,

the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood

cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity

where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminal

investigation that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.

DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations

by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to prove guilt, not just establish innocence.

When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a

DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime.

A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.

The controversy in 1992 stemmed from a report published in December 1991 by population

geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Harti of

Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Mo. Lewontin and Harti called into

question the methods used to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints

might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current method cannot properly

determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same

individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic

group. Lewontin and Harti called for better surveys of DNA patterns within ethnic groups in order to

determine whether the DNA fingerprinting methods are adequate.

In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas

in Dallas and Kenneth K. Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued that enough data

are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1992,

however, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced

that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve

some of these questions. And, in April, a National Academy of Sciences panel called for strict

standards and system of accreditation (增长) for DNA testing laboratories.

1. It may be inferred that the introduction of DNA fingerprinting to replace other methods of in -

vestigation is just because ____.

A. DNA is found in all human cells

B. It offers a greater justification than conventional fingerprinting

C. It identifies criminals more specifically

D. It is convenient to conduct than other methods

2. When used in criminal investigation, DNA fingerprinting requires____.

A. some blood of the suspect

B. prints of the suspect' s fingers

C. hairs or blood found at the scene of the crime

D. both A and C

3. DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when ____.

A. the methods used for blood-cell calculation are not accurate

B. two different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same DNA fingerprinting

pattern

C. a match is by chance left with fingerprints that happen to belong to two different individuals

D. two different individuals leave two DNA samples

4. The attitude of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shows that ____.

A. enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihood

of two DNA samples coming from two individual members

B. enough data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only DNA samples from

the same person can match

C. enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine the likelihood of

two different DNA samples coming from the same person

D. additional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to determine that two DNA

samples are unlikely to come from the same person

5. National Academy of Sciences has the opinion that ____.

A. DNA testing should be systematized

B. only authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testing

C. the academy only is authorized to work out standards for testing

D. the academy has the right, to accredit laboratories for DNA testing

补充练习答案

1. D 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. B

Lesson Eight

A Lesson in Living


Maya Angelou, (b. April 4, 1928, St. Louis, Mo., U.S.), black American poet whose several volumes

of autobiography explore the themes of economic, racial, and sexual oppression.

Although born in St. Louis, Angelou spent much of her childhood in the care of her maternal

grandmother in rural Stamps, Ark. Raped at the age of eight by her mother's boyfriend, she went

through an extended period of muteness. This early life is the focus of Angelou's first

autobiographical work, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1970). Subsequent volumes of

autobiography include Gather Together in My Name (1974), Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry

Like Christmas (1976), The Heart of a Woman (1981), and All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes

(1986).

In 1940 Angelou moved with her mother to San Francisco and worked intermittently as a cocktail

waitress, a prostitute and madam, a cook, and a dancer. It was in the latter pursuit that she assumed

her professional name. The literary talent recognized and nurtured by an early mentor led Angelou

in the late 1950s to New York City, where she found encouragement from the Harlem Writers'

Guild. She lived in Egypt and Ghana for several years during the 1960s.


The lesson Mrs. Flowers teaches Marguerite is beneficial and far-reaching to Marguerite. Mrs.

Flowers singles her out for attention, makes cookies for her and then reads novels to her. From Mrs.

Flowers, she also learns the mystery of language, she learns the value of life and good manners in

life. Thus, skillfully and gently Mrs. Flowers guided her out of a dead alley into a world of

knowledge and enlightenment.

This is a story of a Negro girl, which reveals to us such an important fact: the blacks has been aware

of their own genius, wit and power.

词汇 (Vocabulary)

1. ruffle: v. disturb the smoothness or evenness of sth 弄皱，弄乱某物

Don’t ruffle my hair, I’ve just combed. 别把我的头发弄乱了，我刚梳好的。

The wind ruffled the surface of the water. 风吹皱了水面。

2. incessant: a. not stopping; continual 不停的；连续的

We just had a week of almost incessant snow. 一个星期以来，雪差不多没听过。

There is an incessant stream of visions all year round in Shanghai. 上海全年都有络绎不绝的参观

人流。

3. infuse: v. put, pour into 灌输，灌注

The reform infused the workers with new life. 改革使工人获得新的活力。

The teacher infused fresh courage into students. 教师给学生们注入新的勇气。

4. cascade: v. fall in or like a waterfall 如瀑布落下；如瀑布状下垂

Her golden hair cascaded down her back. 她的金发像瀑布似的披在肩后。

Water cascaded down the mountainside. 水如瀑布般自山边泻下。

5. boggle: be unwilling, hesitate 犹豫，畏缩不前

He boggled at the thought of swimming in winter.

the mind boggles at: one can hardly accept sth 对……难以接受

The mind boggles at the fact. 心中难以接受这一事实。

6. abuse:

1）v. make a bad or wrong use of 滥用，误用

Don’t abuse your power. 不要滥用职权。

2）n. wrong or bad use 滥用

Here are some recent abuses of the word. 这是最近一些滥用这个词的情况。

7. enchant: v. charm, delight 使着迷，使高兴

She was enchanted by her birthday present. 她非常喜欢她的生日礼物。

The beautiful house enchanted everyone who saw it. 漂亮的房子让每个看到它的人都喜欢。

8. shield: v. protect, keep safe 保护，防御

There was a strong wind. She shielded her eyes with her hands. 风很大，她用手保护眼睛。

The policeman shielded the child with his body. 警察用他的身体保护小孩。


1. let alone: not to mention; without considering 不用说；不必考虑

He never gets up early on weekdays, let alone on weekends. 他平日从不早起，更不要说周末了。

She always helps those whom she doesn’t know, let alone her good friends. 她总是帮助那些陌生

人，更不用说她的好朋友了。

2. appeal to: be attractive or interesting 有吸引力，使人感兴趣

The idea of camping has never appealed to me. 对露营这种相法我从来就不感兴趣。

Her sense of humor appealed to him enormously. 她的幽默感把他强烈地吸引住了。

3. hang back: show unwillingness to do sth. ; hesitate 不情愿做某事；犹豫

She volunteered to help but he was afraid and hung back. 她自愿帮忙，可是他却畏避而不愿接

受。

He hung back whether to go for a holiday tomorrow. 他对明天是否去度假犹豫不决。

4. bear … in mind: remember 记住

We have no vacancies now, but we’ll certainly bear your application in mind. 我们目前没有空缺，

但是我们一定记住你申请的事。

Stay in the foyer if you wish, but bear in mind that the performance begins in two minutes. 要是你

愿意，就在休息室呆一会儿吧，可是别忘了，还有两分钟就要开演了。

5. set down: write down 记下

She quickly set down her thoughts on paper. 她很快把她的想法写在纸上。

Please set down what the teacher said in your note book. 请把老师说的记到笔记本上。

6. occur to sb: come into one’s mind 想到，想起

An idea has occurred to me. 我有主意了。

Did it ever occur to you to ask anyone？你曾想到过问问别人了吗？

7. single out: select for special attention 挑出，选出

He was singled out for punishment. 他被挑出来予以处罚。

She singled out a red rose. 她选了一朵红玫瑰。

8. exchange A for B: give or receive B in place of A 把A换成 B

He exchanged the blue jumper for a red one. 他把蓝毛衣换成了红的。

The traitor exchanged the country’s honor for his personal interest. 卖国贼为了个人利益出卖祖

国的荣誉。

9. do sb / sth good: benefit sb / sth 有益于

Eat more fruit, and it will do you good. 多吃水果，对你有好处。

This cough medicine tastes nice but it doesn’t do much good. 这咳嗽药不难吃，但作用不大。

10. take to sb / sth.: develop a liking for sb. / sth. 对……产生好感

He hasn’t taken to his new school. 他对这所学校还不感兴趣。

I took to her the moment I met her. 我一见她就对她产生了好感。

11. trail off: gradually become quieter and then stop 声音逐渐减弱到不出声

Her voice trailed off because of shyness. 因害羞她的声音逐渐减弱了。


1. remember, memorize

remember: have or keep in memory; recall to one’s memory 记得；回想起

Do you remember where you put the key? 你记得你把钥匙放在什么地方了？

I remember her as a slim young girl. 我想起她那时还是个苗条的少女。

memorize: put into one’s memory; learn well enough to remember it exactly 记住，记忆

She can memorize facts very quickly. 她能很快记住许多资料。

An actor must be able to memorize his lines. 演员必须能够记住台词。

2. intolerable, intolerant

intolerable: too bad to be borne or endured 无法忍受的，难以忍受的

This is intolerable: I’ve been kept waiting for three hours！太不象话了，我们一直等了三个

小时！

intolerant: not tolerant 不容忍

His order is intolerant of opposition. 他的命令不容违抗。

3. infuse, fill

infuse: put a quality into sb; fill sb with a quality 灌注，注入

The reform has infused new life into the workers (the workers with new life). 改革使工人获得

新的活力。

fill: make sth full 装满，填满

Smoke filled the room. (The room was filled with smoke.) 房间里烟雾弥漫。

4. common, ordinary

common: shared by or belonging to two or more people 共同的，共有的

He and I have a common interest: we both collect stamps. 我和他有共同的爱好，我们都集邮。

ordinary: normal, usual 平常的，普通的

We were dressed up for the party but she was still in her ordinary clothes. 我们都盛装赴会，

而她却依然日常装束。

5. familiar, intimate

familiar: having a good knowledge of sth 熟悉，通晓

I am not very familiar with botanical names. 我不大熟悉植物学方面的名称。

intimate: having a very close and friendly relationship 亲密的，密切的

We had been intimate for some time. 我们曾是极要好的朋友。

6. happen, occur

happen: take place 发生

How did the accident happen? 故事是怎么发生的？

occur: happen; come into one’s mind 发生，想到

When did the accident happen? 事故是什么时候发生的？

An idea has occurred to me? 我有主意了。

7. respectable, respectful

respectable: of good character and social position 体面的，有身份的

He is altogether too respectable for my taste. 他过于讲究体面我不欣赏。

respectful: feeling or showing respect 恭敬的，表示尊敬的

The boys were well mannered and respectful toward grown-ups. 男孩们彬彬有理，尊敬大

人。

8. divide, separate

divide: break into parts 分，分开

This class is too large; we shall have to divide it. 这个班太大了，我们把它分一分。

separate: divide; stop living together as a married couple 分开，分居

The children were separated into groups for the game. 那些儿童分成小组做游戏。

After ten years of marriage they decided to separate. 他们婚后十年决定分居。


1. She had the grace of control to appear warm in the coldest weather, and on the Arkansas summer

days it seemed she had a private breeze which swirled around, cooling her.

She had a fine control of her movement to appear warm in the coldest weather, and on hot summer

days she seemed to have a breeze of her own blowing around and cooling her.

她举止优雅，在最冷的天气也能显得温暖宜人；而在阿肯色州的盛夏，她周围好像有一股

自己的微风在打转，使她清凉。

2. Her skin was a rich black that would have peeled like a plum if snagged…

Her skin was a vivid deep black that would have been peeled like a plum if it had been snagged.

她的皮肤呈美丽生动的深黑色，要是被什么刮破，就会向李子皮一样剥落下来。

3. …and has remained through my life the measure of what a human being can be.

She has remained a good example for others through my life.

在我的一生中她一直是我衡量人的标准。

4. It takes the human voice to infuse them with the shades of deeper meaning.

Speaking is needed to show the slight difference of deeper meaning of words.

文字需要人的声音给它们注入各种细微的意义差别。

5. I’ll accept no excuse if you return a book to me that has been badly handled.

I will not forgive you if you return me the book that has not been well read.

如果你没有好好看就把书还给我，我是不会原谅你的。

6. That in those homely sayings was couched the collective wisdom of generations.

The collective wisdom of generations was expressed in those plain sayings.

那些朴实的话语表达了一代又一代人的集体智慧。

7. It was the least I could do, but it was the most also.

That simple answer was all I could give.

这是我所能作的唯一回答。

8. That do my heart good to see settled people take to you all.

It makes me feel good to see those people who have settled here begin to like you.

看到这里的人们开始喜欢你们，我心里真高兴。


生活的一课

梅奥·安吉罗

差不会有一年时间，我把大部分时间呆在家里、店铺、学校和教堂，像一块陈饼干，肮脏而

不能吃了。这时我遇到了，或者说是认识了扔给我第一根救生索的那位夫人。

伯萨·弗劳尔斯太太是普坦斯黑人居住区出类拔掉的人。她动作优雅，在最冷的天气中也显

得温暖宜人；而在阿肯色州的夏天，她好像有阵阵微风围绕着自己，清新凉爽。

她的皮肤黝黑发亮，要是被什么东西刮破了，就会像李子皮一样剥落下来。不过从来没有

人会想到要走近弗劳尔斯太太，去弄皱她的衣服，更不用说去碰她的皮肤了。她不赞成亲密

的行为，并且她还戴着手套。

她是我认识的少数几个贵妇型妇女之一。在我的一生中她一直是我衡量人的标准。她对我很

有吸引力，因为她像我从来没有亲自遇到过的人。像英国小说里的女子，她们在沼泽地（不

管是什么地方）上散步，她们忠实的小狗与主人保持一定距离以示对主人的尊敬。像坐

在炉火熊熊的壁炉前女人，不停地从放满茶点蛋糕和松脆饼的银托盘中端茶来喝。像在石南

丛生的荒地上行走的女士，阅读着摩洛哥山羊皮装订的书籍，并且有用连字符隔开的两个姓

氏。有一点是不会错的，那就是她以自己本来面目使我为自己是个黑人而骄傲。

一个夏日的午后，她到我们店里来买食品，那天下午生的事，在我的记忆里仍像鲜奶一样

新鲜。换成其他身体状况和年龄与她一样的黑人妇女，奶奶会要她自己提着纸袋回家。可是奶

奶对她说：“弗劳尔斯大姐，我让贝利把这些东西送到你家里去。”

“谢谢你，亨德森太太，不过我想让玛格丽特送去。”她说我的名字时听起来很美。“反正

我一直想和她谈谈。”她们互相交换了一眼色，其含义只有她们同龄人才懂。

石头路旁有一条小路，弗劳尔斯太太摆动着胳膊走在前面，躲过石头，挑着路走。

“我听说你在学校功课很好，玛格丽特，可是那只是笔头作业。老师说他们很难让你在课堂

上发言。”她对我说话时没有回头。我们走过了左边三角形的农场，道路宽了起来，能容纳我

们并排走了。但我仍落在后面，想着那些不曾问出口，又无法回答的问题。

“过来和我并排走，玛格丽特。”即使我想拒绝也不可能，她把我的名字说得那么好听。更

确切地说，她把每一个字都说得那么清楚，以至于我确信一个不懂英语的外国人也能听懂她

的话。

“没有人要强迫你说话——可能也没有人能做得到。”可是你得记住，语言是人与人进行交

流的方式，而且语言本身人和低等动物区分开来。”这对我来说是个全新的概念，我需要时

间来考虑一下。

“你奶奶说你看了很多书。一有机会就看，这很好，但还不够。文字的意思不仅是写在纸上

的那些，还需要人的声音给它们注入各种细微的意义差别。

我记住了有关人的声音给文字注人各种细微意义差别的那句话。我觉得这句话是那么正确，

那么富有诗意。

她说她要借给我一些书。我不仅要看那些书，而且还必须朗读。她建议我应尽量用不同的

方式朗读同一句话。

“如果你没好好看就把书还给我．我是不会原谅你的。”我很难想象如果我真的没好好看

弗劳斯太太的书就还给她，我应该得到什么样的惩罚。死都显得太仁慈，太简单了。

她家房子的气味使我很惊讶。无论如何，我从来没有把弗劳尔斯太太与食物，吃饭以及其

他普通人的普通经历联系起。她家房子外面肯定也有一个厕所，可我的大脑中毫无印象。

她一打开门，香草的芳香就扑面而来。

“今天上午我做了茶点，你看，我已安排好了请你来吃点心，喝柠檬水的，这样我们俩可

以聊聊。柠檬水在冰柜里。”

这就是说，弗劳尔斯太太时也有冰，而我们这个城镇里，大多数家庭只在夏天的星期六

下午才买冰。整个夏天也就买几次，放在木头做的冰淇淋机里做冰淇淋。

“坐吧，玛格丽特，坐到那边桌子旁。”她端来一个大浅盘，上面盖着茶盘盖布。尽管她

提到她已经好久没尝试烤甜点了，可我敢肯定，像关于她其他的事情一样，她做的点心也会

香甜可口的。

我吃点心的时候，她开始了我们后来所说的“我生活的一课”。她对我说永远不要容忍无

知，但应理解文盲。有些人没有能够上学，却比大学教授得到更多的教育，甚至比他们更聪

明。她鼓励我要仔细倾听乡下人称为天生智慧的格言，她说哪些朴实的话语表达了一代又一

代人的集体智慧。

我吃完点心后，她把桌子擦干净．从书柜里拿出来一本厚厚的小书，是《双城记》，我读过，

觉得这本书作为浪漫主义小说很符合我心目中的标准。她打开书的第一页，于是我平生第一

次听到诗的韵律。

“这是最好的时代，也是最糟的时代……”她的声音轻柔地滑动着，随着词句抑扬顿挫。她

几乎是在唱。我相看看她读的那几页书，是不是和我过去读过的一样？还是像赞美诗集那样，

书页上是一行行的音符和音乐？她的声音开始缓缓降低。从听过许许多多传教士布道的经验

中，我知道她快要结束朗读了，可我却没真正听进去，一个字也没听懂。

“你觉得这本书怎么样？”

我这才想到她期待我作出回答。我的嘴里还留有香草的甜味，耳中回响着她奇迹般的朗读。

我不能不说点什么。

我说：“是的，夫人。”这是我至少应该做的，也是我最多能做到的。

“还有一件事。你把这本诗集拿去，要背下来一首，下次你来我这儿的时候，我要你背

诵。”

在经历了那些复杂的成年生活后，我曾经常常试图探求为什么当年她给我的礼物是那么容

易使我陶醉。那些书中的内容已从记忆中消失了，但其中的情感与魅力仍在。得到允许，不，

是得到邀请，进人陌生人的私人生活中去，分享他们的欢乐与忧虑，这意味着得到机会用南

方的苦艾去换得和贝奥武甫共饮蜜酒或和奥立弗·特威斯特一起喝上一杯加奶的热茶。当我大

声说：“我现在做的是比我做过的要好得多的事情……”，眼里充满爱的泪水，心中涌起忘

我的感觉。

在第一次去她家的那天，我跑下山，跑到了路上（路上很少有汽车），而且我还竟然知道

在回到店里之前停住不跑了，

有人喜欢我，这有多么重要啊！我不是作为亨德森太太的孙女或贝利的姐姐受到尊重，而

就是作为我自己，玛格丽特·约翰逊。

人们童年时的逻辑永远不需求得到证实，（一切结论都是确实的）。我并没有怀疑弗劳尔

斯太太为什么单单选中了我来表示关心，也没有想过奶奶曾请她开导我一下。我所关心的只

是她为我做了茶点，给我朗读她最喜爱的书。这就足以证明她喜欢我。

奶奶和贝利分店里等着找。贝利说：“哦，她给你什么啦？”他已经看到了那些书，但我

把装着给他的点心的纸袋夹胳膊下，用诗集挡住。

奶奶说：“小姐，我知道你表现得象个小淑女。看到安居乐业的人喜欢你们，我也心满意

足了。我尽了最大的努厂，上帝知道，可这年月啊……”她的声音渐渐低了下去。“进去吧，

把衣服换了。”


Early in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted of the elevation

of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon

thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts accumulate, they can be classified

and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful "axioms." This is what he meant

by "induction. "

Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement

by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacon's conception of what facts and

theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time.

The most important early scientific discoveries—such as those made by Galileo about the move-

ment of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape of planetary orbits, and later by Newton

about the "force" of gravity—could never have been made if Bacon's rules had prevailed.

Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out

by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one way or another. Plain

facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing

could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method.

That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacon' s own acceptance of the errors

contained in what appeared to be the most "obvious" of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move

was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a fact that life was being

spontaneously generated because maggots（蛆）always developed in putrid (腐烂有臭味) flesh

and frogs appeared after every rain.

What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been

achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories

which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances .

Nonetheless, we should not forget that theories are equally meaningless without facts. Bacon's

emphasis upon fact gathering was an important departure in its day. The inductive model of science

was intended as a corrective to the subordination of inquiry to Aristotelian intuitions and as a

condemnation of those who would test theories by appeal to political, religious dogmas (教条) and

doctrines. Bacon's was an age in which people argued about the number of angels in the head of a

pin and in which learned people could dismiss Galileo's discovery of Jupiter's moon because it

contradicted established theories and principles. As argued by the astronomer Fancesco Sizi: "The

satellites Jupiter's moons are invisible to the naked eye and therefore can have no influence on the

earth and therefore would be useless and therefore do not exist." Faced with this flight of fancy, who

can blame Francis Bacon for warning that knowledge should not be "supplied with wings, but rather

hung with weights, to keep it from leaping and flying. "

1. Bacon's position on the relationship between facts and theories____.

A. is widely accepted

B. was rejected by the authorities

C. was instrumental in the discovery of elliptical planetary orbits

D. is not very practical

2. Present day scientific method____.

A. owes no debt to Bacon's ideas

B. derives from Bacon's definitions of facts and theories

C. is the method of inference

D. utilizes both experiment and observation as well as reason and Aristotelian intuition

3. According to Bacon, knowledge can be obtained ____.

A. by subjecting theories to rigorous logical analysis

B. not through political religious dogmas but through reason

C. by observation alone

D. through the inductive method

4. Bacon viewed Aristotelian intuition ____.

A. as a corrective for the elevation of authority

B. as a contradiction to convention

C. as harmful to scientific progress since it has no basis in observation

D. as an appeal to politico-religious dogmas and doctrines

5. Bacon' s emphasis on observation and data collection ____.

A. led to arguments concerning angels dancing on pin heads

B. affected the discovery of Jupiter's moons

C. were a flight of fancy equal to angels on a pinhead

D. were important in spite of Bacon's belief in the immobility of the earth and the spontaneous

generation of life


A.

1. Maybe she did.

2. Because Momma might have asked her to help Marguerite. Mrs. Flowers asked Marguerite to

carry her provisions to her house and she gave her a lesson in living.

3. She had a talk with Marguerite.

4. She meant that Marguerite shouldn't tolerate ignorance because it was the consequence of not

studying and she should understand illiteracy because they were deprived of education owning

to their poverty.

5. Yes, she was. Her problem was that she could scarcely talk in class.

6. No, she wasn't. She was quiet because of her unpleasant experience.

7. Because she really wanted to help her. ,

8. By her talking and reading. .

9. Mrs. Flowers threw her the first lifeline.

10. No, they weren't.

B.

1．她的皮肤黝黑，如果被尖锐的东西弄破，就会像李子皮一样剥落下来。

2．如果是另一位与她健康状况。年龄相仿的黑人妇女，就会自己把装好东西的纸袋拿回

家去。

3．弗劳尔斯夫人走在前边，摆动双臂，小心地躲开石头。

4．词的含义不止写在纸上的那些。

5．人的声音可以赋予它们更加深刻的含义。

6．她建议我尽量用不同的方法大声朗读同一个句子。

7．在我看来她期待我的回答。

8．她说这些质朴无华的话语表达了一代又一代人的集体智慧。

C. 1. ruffled 2. singled out 3. let alone 4. infused

5. memorize 6. the measure of 7. intolerant 8. cascade

D. 1. memorize 2. intolerant 3. infuse 4. common

5. intimate 6. occurred 7. respectful 8. separate

E. 1. gave me the first thing on which my life depended

2. fill

3. was necessarily true

4. how important it was

5. I had the idea

6. selected me

7. conceive a liking for

F. Man created language and made it a way of communicating with his fellow man. One of the

differences between oral language and written language is that oral language takes the human voice

to infuse words with the shades of deeper meaning. Mrs., Flowers read A Tale of Two City so nicely

that she seemed to be singing. From her reading I felt the wonder of language. Mrs. Flowers gave

me some novels and poems. From these books 1 learned the worth of life, and realized how

beautiful the language of literature was.

G.

Mrs. Flowers did a lot to teach Marguerite the important lesson in living.

Mrs. Flowers told her many logical, reasonable, and practical things, though some of them were

quite new and abstract to her. She said language is man' s way of communicating with his fellow

man and it is language alone which separates him from the lower animals. Words mean more than

what is set down on paper. It takes the human voice to infuse them with the shades of deeper

meaning. She also said Marguerite must always be intolerant of ignorance but understanding of

illiteracy. All this, no doubt, helped to enlarge Marguerite's scope of thinking and knowledge.

Mrs Flowers did something to influence her. She intentionally invited Marguerite for cookies and

lemonade so that they could have a chat. As Marguerite was eating, Mrs. Flower began the lesson,

and encouraged her to listen carefully to what country people called mother wit. After eating

cookies, the novel A Tale of Two Cities was brought out and she read to her like reading poetry. Mrs.

Flowers also asked her to recite a poem next time. All these acts did influence Marguerite a lot.

In making the cookies and reading the novels, Mrs. Flowers appeared to be so skillful, gentle, kind,

modest and she paid much attention to some details. To Marguerite, Mrs. Flowers was a real

gentlewoman and remained the measure of what a human being can be. Thus, Marguerite was

guided out of a dead alley into a world of knowledge and enlightenment.

补充练习答案

1. D 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. D

单元测验 2 Quiz Two

A. Text-related Part

I. The following paragraphs are taken from the textbooks, choose the word from the list that best

completes each of the sentences.

telling insight couch band qualities shabby provisions

exile women gayer season politics hesitant house welcomed

health idealism laughed

hand sing afternoon brainwash listen memory

It is women who can bring empathy, tolerance, __1__, patience, and persistence to government

--- the __2__ we naturally have or have had to develop because of our suppression by men. The

__3__ of a nation mold its morals, its religion, and its __4__ by the lives they live. At present, our

country needs women’s __5__ and determination, perhaps more in politics than anywhere else.

Salina was talking, __6__ me about Magpie’s return to Crow Creek after months in __7__ and

how his relatives went to his sister’s house and __8__ him home. “They came to hear him __9__

with his brothers, and they sat in chairs around the room and __10__ and sang with him.”

There were a number of people out this __11__, far more than last Sunday. And the band sounded

louder and __12__. That was because the Season had begun. For although the __13__ played all the

year round on Sundays, out of __14__ it was never the same. It was like someone playing with only

the family to __15__; it didn’t care how it played if there weren’t any strangers present.

One summer afternoon, sweet-milk fresh in my __16__, she stopped at the Store to buy __17__.

Another Negro woman of her __18__ and age would have been expected to carry the paper sacks

home in one __19__, but Momma said, “Sister Flowers, I’ll send Bailey up to your __20__ with

these things.”

II. Fill in the following blank in each sentence with the best word or expression from the list below,

changing its form when necessary:

measure, leave … alone, sop, cascade, tingle, whereabouts, tone,

let alone, occur, phenomenon, single out, drift, splash, pickup, couch

1. The newly-launched satellite is expected to obtain data on solar radiation, sky brightness

and other important.

2. "But the piano is out of tune," she said in a disappointed.

3. All the children in the class did wrong, but David was _____ for punishment.

4. Her golden hair _____ down her back.5. Jack is so lazy that he hates going for walks, _____ jogging.

6. She made a refusal _____ in plain terms.

7. His resignation is a _____ of how angry he is.

8. After the operation the doctor was _____ to the skin.

9. He doesn't want a career, he's just ______.

10. The slap she gave him made his cheek _____.11. It was very hot and the kids were all happily _____ about in the pool.

12. The police _____ him _____ as he was trying to leave the country.

III. Tick the square in front of the right word or expression:1. With the help of the specially trained dogs, they were able to ([A] rescue, [B] save) ten people

buried in the snow.

2. This is ([A] intolerant, [B] intolerable): I've been kept waiting for three hours!.

3. The students waited in ([A] respectable, [B] respectful) silence for the Nobel Prize winner to

make his speech.

4. His story of having discovered the treasure buried by some pirates seemed ([A] incredible, [B]

incredulous) to everyone.

5. The cat had a ([A] content, [B] contented) smile after the meal.

6. My neighbour wears his dressing-gown to work. The ([A] mind, [B] brain) boggles!

7.1 always ([A] make a plan, [B] make a point) of checking that all the windows are shut before I go out.

8. The kitchen floor has to be ([A] scrubbed, [B] scraped) every other day.

9. In that country women ([A] control, [B] predominate) in the lower-paying, menial, unrewarding,

dead-end jobs.

10. When people looked at him too ([A] intently, [B] tentatively), he felt very uncomfortable.

IV. Answer the following questions in English:

1. How are American women discriminated against economically?2. What are some of the problems the author Shirley Chisholm is determined to help to solve?

3. Why did the narrator want to find Magpie?4. What does the ending of the story A Good Chance tell you?

5. What did she mean when Mrs. Flowers told Marguerite to be always intolerant of ignorance but

understanding of illiteracy?

6. Was Marguerite a good student in the school? What was her problem in class?

7. What was the image of Mrs. Flowers in the child's mind?8. What are the occupations usually taken by American women?

9. What was the day like when Miss Brill went to the public park that Sunday?

10. Why was Miss Brill disappointed when she found that the old couple sitting beside her was

silent?

V. Translate the following from English into Chinese:1. Plenty of others have advised me, every time I tried to take another upward step, that I should go

back to teaching, a woman* s vocation, and leave politics to the men.

2. At present, our country needs women' s idealism and determination, perhaps more in politics than

anywhere else.

3. But the silence which hung about the place filled me with apprehension, and when we walked in

the back door which hung open, we saw people standing in the kitchen.

4. A police car moved slowly to the comer where we were parked and the patrolmen looked at the

three of us intently and we pretended not to notice.

5. Several cars were parked in the yard of the old house as we approached, and Salina, keeping her

voice low, said, "Maybe they are having a party. "

6. It takes the human voice to infuse words with the shades of deeper meaning.

7. She had the grace of control to appear warm in the coldest weather, and on the Arkansas summer

days it seemed she had a private breeze which swirled around, cooling her.

8. We passed the triangular farm on our left and the path widened to allow us to walk together.

9. The air was motionless, but when you opened your mouth there was just a faint chill, like a chill

from a glass of iced water before you sip, and now and again a leaf came drifting—from nowhere,

from the sky.

10. Two young girls in red came by and two young soldiers in blue met them» and they .laughed and

paired and went off arm in arm. ..

VI. Translate the following from Chinese into English： 1．经济上，大部分妇女做的是那些工资低和没有前途的工作，她们的工资也永远低于做同样工作的男人。

2．当黑人们最终以静坐示威、联合抵制、自由乘车大游行等形式开始抗议自己受到的歧视时，美国白人对此表示怀疑。

3．当这个富有的国家不再有孩子在饥饿中人睡时，我可能会准备重操教书行业。4．赛利娜说喜鹊在被捕人狱后有了很大变化，她认为他对上白人的大学已经不感兴趣了。5．假释的条件有这样的规定：他要远离自己的亲人、朋友、以前的囚犯甚至每一个人。6．没有人讲话，但埃尔吉走了过来，布满血丝的双眼流露出悲伤与痛苦。7．那个星期日下午她突然产生了一种感觉，觉得自己是这个集体中的一部分，觉得生活犹如一部戏剧，她在其中也扮演着自己的角色。

8．那条岩石路旁有一条小径，弗劳尔斯太太走在前面，甩着胳膊，在乱石中抽着路往前走。

9．语言是人与人进行交流的方式，正是语言自身把人类与低等动物分离开来。10．如果你没有好好读就把书还给我，我是不会原谅你的。

B. Proficiency Part


On Buying Books

Time spent in a bookshop can be most enjoyable, whether you are a book-lover or merely there to

buy a book as a present. You may even have entered the shop just to find shelter from a sudden

shower. Whatever the reason, you can soon become totally unaware of your surroundings. The

desire to pick up a book with an attractive dust-jacket is irresistible, although this method of

selection ought not to be followed, as you might end up with a rather dull book. You soon become

engrossed in some book or other, and usually it is only much later that you realize you have spent

far too much time there and must dash off to keep some forgotten appointment — without buying a

book, of course.

This opportunity to escape the realities of everyday life is, I think, the main attraction of a

bookshop. There are not many places where it is possible to do this. A music shop is very much like

a bookshop. You can wander round such places to your heart's content. If it is a good shop, no

assistant will approach you with the inevitable greeting: "Can I help you, sir?" You needn't buy

anything you don't want. In a bookshop an assistant should remain in the background until you have

finished Browsing. Then, and only then, are his services necessary,. Of course, you may want to find

out where a particular section is, but when he has led you there, the assistant should retire discreetly

and look as if he is not interested in selling a single book.

You have to be careful not to be attracted by the variety of books in a bookshop. It is very easy to

enter the shop looking for a book on, say, ancient coins and to come out carrying a copy of the latest

best-selling novel and perhaps a book about brass-rubbing—something which had only vaguely

interested you up till then. This volume on the subject, however, happened to be so well illustrated

and the part of the text you read proved so interesting, that you just had to buy it. This sort of thing

can be very dangerous. Apart .from running up a huge account, you can waste a great deal of time

wandering from section to section.

Book-sellers must be both long-suffering and indulgent. There is a story which well illustrates

this. A medical student had to read a textbook which was far too expensive for him to buy. He

couldn't obtain it from the library and the only copy he could find was in his bookshop. Every

afternoon, therefore, he would go along to the shop and read a little of the book at a time. One day,

however, -he was dismayed to find the book missing from its usual place and was about to leave

when he noticed the owner of the shop beckoning to him. Expecting to be told off, -he went towards

him. To his surprise, the owner pointed to the book, which was tucked away in a corner, "I put it

there in case anyone was tempted to buy it," he said, and left the delighted student to continue his

reading.

shelter n. 隐蔽处

dust-jackets n. （书的）护封

engross v. 使全神贯注content n. 满意

browse v. 浏览，翻阅variety n. 种类，多样化apart from ad. 除了

tempt v. 诱惑 .

irresistible a. 不可抗拒的

approach v. 接近

inevitable a. 不可避免的

vaguely a. 模糊地

indulgent a. 宽容的

beckon v. 召唤

tuck away v. 使隐藏

1. Choose the correct answer according to the content:(1) Time spent in a bookshop can be most enjoyable if ____.

A. you are a book-lover

B. you are there to buy a book as a present

C. you have entered, the shop simply because of the rain

D. All of the above

(2) According to the author, the way of selecting a book with a lovely, cover is____.

A. always good B. always bad C. not recommended D. stupid;

(3) The main attraction of a bookshop is ____.A. the opportunity to escape the realities of everyday life

B. the freedom to go from one book to another book

C. the good service of an assistant

D. the interesting people you can meet

(4) You have to be careful not to be attracted by the variety of books in a bookshop because ____. A.

you might buy the latest best-selling novel

B. you might get a book on ancient coins

C. you might waste money and time

D. you might be suspected of stealing a book

(5) The story about the medical student shows that _____.

A. book-sellers are sometimes kind

B. book-sellers must be both long-suffering and indulgent

C. medical students are sometimes poorD. medical books are always expensive

2. Choose the best answer for the underlined part:

(1) Time spent in a bookshop can be most enjoyable.

A. can be very much enjoyed

B. can be very pleasant

C. can be pleasure-giving

D. can give you the greatest pleasure

(2) You soon become totally unaware of your- surroundings.

A. become completely absorbed in the books without realizing where you are

B. become completely lost without any knowledge of your whereabouts

C. become completely unconscious in the bookshop

D. lose any sense of direction as to where you are

(3) ... as you might end up with a rather dull book

A. come to an end with

B. stop reading

C. find yourself the owner of

D. finish reading

(4) You can wander round such places to your heart's content.

A. to do good to your health

B. for as long as it pleases you

C. in order to keep your heart satisfied

D. to make you happy(5) "I put it there in case anyone was tempted to buy it," he said.

A. was persuaded B. was inclined

C. was attracted D. was fascinated

(6) Whatever the reason, you can soon become totally unaware of your surroundings.

A. I don't care what the excuse you give

B. No matter what reason here is

C. No matter what you explain

D. Whatever the reason it may be

(7) Apart from running up a huge account, you can...

A. In addition to getting large bills for the books

B. Besides meeting an accountant

C. As well as losing a lot of money

D. Except for the account bills

(8) ... something which had only vaguely interested you up till then.

A. something in which you had been greatly interested

B. something in which you had previously no interest

C. something in which you had previously only a slight interest

D. something in which you had lost interest

(9) In a bookshop an assistant should remain in the background until you have finished browsing. A.

should remain relatively inconspicuous

B. should remain silent

C. should remain quiet

D. should disappear

(10) ... he was dismayed to find the book missing from its usual place and was about to leave when

he noticed the owner of the shop beckoning to him.

A. calling B. shouting C. yelling D. signaling

3. Translate from English into Chinese:

(1) This opportunity to escape the realities of everyday life is, I think, the main attraction of a

bookshop. There are not many places where it is possible to do this.

(2) The desire to pick up a book with an attractive dust-jacket is irresistible, although this method of

selection ought not to be followed, as you might end up with a rather dull book.

(3) You soon become engrossed in some book or other, and usually it is only much later that you

realize you have spent far too much time there and must dash off to keep some forgotten

appointment— without buying a book, of course.

(4) In a bookshop an assistant should remain in the background until you have. finished browsing.

Then, and only then, are his services necessary.

(5) Apart from running up & huge account, you can waste a great deal of time wandering from

section to section.

4. Answer the following question in English within 80 ~ 100 words:What, according to the writer, must the owner of a bookshop do and be like?

Key to Quiz Two A. Text-related Part

I The following paragraphs are taken from the textbooks, choose the word from the list that best completes each of the sentences.

1. insight 2. qualities 3. women 4. politics 5. idealism

6. telling 7. exile 8. welcomed 9. sing 10. laughed

11. afternoon 12. gayer 13. band 14. season 15. listen

16. memory 17. provisions 18. health 19. hand 20. house

II . Fill in the following blank in each sentence with the best word or expression from the list

below, changing its form when necessary:

1. phenomena 2. tone 3. singled out

4.cascaded 5. let alone 6. couched

7. measure 8. sopped 9. drifting

10. tingle 11. splashing 12. picked" "up

III. Tick the square in front of the right word or expression:1. rescue 2. intolerable 3. respectful

4. incredible 5. contented 6. mind

7. make a point 8. scrubbed 9. predominate 10. intently

IV. Answer the following questions in English:1. Women predominate in the low-paying, menial, unrewarding, dead-end jobs, and when they do

reach better position, they are invariably paid less than a man for the same job.

2. Children go to bed hungry in this rich country. Not every child has a good school to go to. People spend their wealth on hardware-to murder people. The laws against unfair housing and unfair employment practices are evaded.

3. The narrator had some news for Magpie. Magpie had got a good chance of going to a Fine Arts

school in a University in California. She had to talk with Magpie and get him to fill out some

papers.

4. The end of the story reveals the narrator' s sorrow, misery, shock, anger, etc. toward Magpie's

death.

5. According to Mrs. Flowers, Marguerite should be intolerant of ignorance because ignorance is the

result of lack of study. But she should be understanding of illiteracy, because illiteracy is the

result of being deprived of schooling with poverty.

6. Yes, Marguerite was a good student in the school. She was doing very well in school work, but

only in written work. That' s not enough. The teachers said they had trouble getting her to talk in

class.

7. To Marguerite, Mrs. Flowers is the lady who throws her the first lifeline. She is one of the few

gentlewomen Marguerite has ever known, and has remained throughout her life the measure of

what a human being can be.

8. Secretaries, librarians, teachers, typists, homemakers, etc.

9. It was so brilliantly fine - the blue sky powdered with gold and the great spots of light like white

wine splashed over the Jardins publiques. The air was motionless, but when you opened your

mouth there was just a faint chill, like a chill from a glass of iced water before you sip, and now

and again a leaf came drifting-from nowhere, from the sky.

10. Miss Brill was disappointed because she always looked forward to the conversation. She had

become really quite expert, she thought, at listening as though she didn't listen, at sitting in other

people's lives just for a minute while they talked round her.

V．Translate the following from English into Chinese：

1．每当我试图再往上前进一步时，还有不少人向我提建议，说我应该重操教书这一属于

女性的职业，并把政治留给男人去搞。

2．目前。我们国家需要女性的理想主义和意志力，可能在政治上比在其他任何地方都更需

要。

3．但满院的沉寂使我感到恐惧不安。当我们走进敞开着的后门时，我们看到人们都在厨房

站着。

4．一辆警车慢慢向我们停车的拐角处开过来，巡警目不转睛地看了看我们三个人，我们

假装没注意。

5．当我们走近楼房时，院子里停着好几辆车。萨利娜放低声音说：“可能他们在开办一个

聚会。”

6．文字需要通过人类的口头表达展示其各种含意的细微差别。

7．她举止优雅大方，在最冷的天气她能表现得满面春光，而在阿肯色州的盛夏，她自身

周围好像有一团微风在打转，使她凉爽无比。

8．我们走过左边的三角形的农场，这时，小径变得宽了些，我们可以一块儿行走了。

9．没有一丝风，但当你张开嘴时，你会感觉到一股微弱的寒气，这股寒气犹如来自你要

小口喝的一杯冰水。不时还有一片叶子飘落下来——不知来自何处，但感觉来自天

空。

10．两个红衣少女从旁边走过，这时两名身着蓝装的军人来迎接她们，他们笑着，搭对后，

臂挽着臂走开了。

VI. Translate the following from Chinese into English:

1. Economically, women predominate in the lower-paying, dead-end jobs, and they are invariably

paid less than a man for the same job.

2. When blacks finally started to "mention" the prejudice against them, with sit-ins, boycotts, and

freedom rides, white Americans were incredulous.

3. When there are no children going to bed hungry in this rich nation, I may be ready to go back to teaching.

4. Salina said Marguerite had changed a lot after having been put in jail. And she believed that he had lost the interest of going to the university for whites.

5. It' s a part of the condition of his parole that he stays away from friends and relatives and ex-convicts and just about everybody.

6. Nobody spoke but Elgie came over, his bloodshot eyes filled with sorrow and misery.7. That Sunday afternoon she suddenly had such a feeling that she belonged to the crowd and life

was like a play in which she also had a part of the performance.

8. There was a little path beside the rocky road, and Mrs. Flowers walked in front swinging her

arms and picking her way over the stones.

9. Language is man's way of communicating with his fellow man and it is language alone which

separates him from the lower animals.

10. I’ll accept no excuse if you return a book to me that has been badly handled.

B. Proficiency Part

1. Choose the correct answer according to the content:

(1) D (2) C (3) A (4) C (5) B


(1) B (2) A (3) C (4) B (5) C

(6) D (7) A (8) C (9) A (10) D


（1）我认为书店的主要就力在于它为人们提供了摆脱现实生活的机会。能让人做到这点的地

方并不多。

（2）书有华丽的封面很有吸引力，人们总是无法抗拒这种吸引力，但这种买书的方法并不

可取，因为你最终可能买了一本很枯燥的书。

（3）你马上会被某一本书深深地吸引。过了好一会儿你才会意识到时间已晚，你得去赶被你

忘到脑后的约会。书当然也就买不成了。

（4）你在书店里浏览时，店员应静静地呆在不起眼的地方。只有在你翻阅完之后，你才需要

他的服务。

（5）这样你不仅会花很多的钱，而且没无目的地溜达也会浪费许多时间。

4. Answer the following question in English within 80 ~ 100 words:

The owner of a bookshop must ensure that his customer will be able to spend a most enjoyable time

in his shop. Every customer. whether a book-lover or a person who happens to take shelter from a

sudden shower, should be welcome to his shop. He must see to tt that the assistants let the customer

wander round the bookshop to his heart's content without being disturbed. The owner or the

assistant should lead the customer wherever he wants to go and allow him to browse for as long as

he pleases. The owner must be both kind and patient.

Lesson Nine

The Trouble with Television


A demonstration of television was held at the New York World's Fair in 1939, and during the 1940s

networks were established and television sets began to be sold. But, for a while, radio still had

complete control of the entertainment industry. It was in the 1950s that television started to take the

place of radio in the United States, and in the early 1960s over 750 TV stations were telecasting to

about 52 million sets with the result that the American TV audience included almost every family.

Today there are a thousand stations all over the country, and in many places there is a choice of five

or six channels, not counting in the cable programs one can buy. The Big Three of the networks —

the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), and the

American Broadcasting Company (ABC) — introduce a large number of new shows, which are

relayed throughout the United States and are often sold abroad.


In this lesson, Mr. Robert MacNeil, a prominent American anchorman, elaborates upon TV' s

adverse effect on American culture and society. He is in the opinion that TV discourages

concentration. As a matter of fact, it diverts people only to divert, to make the time pass without

pain. In the case of news, there is a lack of depth. Unavoidably, it results in inefficient

communication. According to the author, TV should be partly responsible for the decivilizing and

the crisis of literacy. What' s more, TV sells neat resolutions to complexity. At the end, he hopes that

people will join him in resisting TV's adverse effect.

词汇 (Vocabulary)

1. expose: v. uncover, leave uncovered or unprotected 使暴露；弃置

The bicycle was exposed to the wind and rain. 那辆自行车仍由风吹雨打。

The soldiers were exposed to the enemy’s gunfire. 士兵受到敌人炮火的袭击。

2. concentrate: v. focus one’s attention on 集中精力，专心于

You should concentrate (your attention) on your work. 你应该专心于你的工作。

You will solve the problem if you concentrate upon it. 如果你全神贯注，你会解决这问题。

3. apply: v. make practical use of 实际应用

You can’t apply this rule to every case. 这个规则不能适用所有情况。

We can apply his findings in new development. 我们可将他的调查结果应用于新发展。

4. divert: v. amuse, entertain; turn the attention away 娱乐，消遣；转移注意力

The children were diverted by the antics of the clown. 孩子们被小丑的滑稽动作逗乐了。

Some people are easily diverted. 有些人的注意力容易转变。

5. allot: v. make a distribution of; decide a person’s share of 分配；摊派

Can we do the work within the time they have allotted (to) us. 我们能在他们分配给我们的时间

内把工作做完吗？

The teacher allotted each boy a part in the play. 老师给每个男孩分派一个戏中角色。

6. enhance: v. add to (value, attraction, power, price …) 增加

Her beauty was enhanced by make-up. 化妆使她显得更美。

The growth of a city often enhances the value of land close to it. 城市的发展使附近的地价为之

增加。

7. accompany: v. go with; do at the same time 伴随；和……一起发生

Thunder accompanies lightning. 雷声伴随着闪电。

A series of color photographs accompanies the text. 课文带有一系列彩照。

8. perceive: become aware of, esp. through the eyes or the mind 感觉；看出

On entering the house, we at once perceived him to be a man of taste. 我们一进他的房子，立刻

感觉到他是个高雅的人。

Do you perceive what I mean? 我的意思你明白吗？


1. focus on: concentrate 集中

I must focus on my new task. 我必须专注于我的新工作。

He focus his energies on studying. 他把精力专注于研究。

2. come to do: reach a point where one sees, understands 达到明白之点

He came to see the problem in a new light. 他终于对这个问题有了新的认识。

Daily she was coming to know him better. 日复一日，她对他了解得更深入了。

3. in place: suitable, appropriate 适合的，适当的

I like to have everything in place. 我喜欢一切都在其适当的位置。

His proposal is not quite in place. 他的建议并不十分恰当。

4. in the case of: as regards 至于；就……来说

Climate is especially important in the case of articles that are readily affected by moisture. 对容易

受潮的商品来说，气候因素特别重要。

In the case of a highly intelligent animal like the seal, elementary training is easy. 就海豹之类高

度灵敏的动物而言，进行初级训练是不困难的。

5. tend to: be inclined to move; have a direction 倾向；趋于

Plants tend to die in hot weather if you don’t water them. 植物在炎热天气如不浇水容易枯死。

He tends to stress the form words in a sentence. 他倾向于重读一句话中的虚词。

6. be a substitute for: use as a substitute 替代

Mr. Li is ill, so Mr. Yang is a substitute for him. 李老师病了，所以杨老师来替他。

They use tea as a substitute for beer to celebrate. 他们以茶代酒来庆贺。

7. surrender oneself to: give up; give way to 放弃；听任摆布

We advised the burglar to surrender himself to the police. 我们建议窃贼向警方投案。

They surrendered themselves to despair. 他们陷于绝望。


1. allot, divide

allot: divide and give as a share 分配，摊派

We must allot money carefully. 我们必须小心分钱。

divide: separate into parts 分开

He divided his novel into ten chapters. 他把小说分为十章。

2. mysterious, miraculous

mysterious: full of mystery; hard to understand 神秘的，不可思议的

No one could tell us anything about the mysterious stranger. 没人能告诉我们有关那个神秘的

陌生人的情况。

miraculous: like a miracle; remarkable 奇迹般的，神奇的

The wounded man made a miraculous recovery. 受伤的人奇迹般地恢复了。

3. obtainable, absorbable

obtainable: that can be obtained 能得到的

Not a copy was obtainable from any bookseller. 从书商那儿一本也买不到。

absorbable: that can be taken in 可被吸收的

Some of noise is absorbable in the room. 房间里有些噪音可被吸收。

4. preeminent, prominent

preeminent: superior to all others; outstanding 超群的，杰出的

He is preeminent in the field of surgery. 他在外科领域出类拔萃。

prominent: easily seen, conspicuous 显著的，引人注目的

The house is in a prominent position on the village green. 那房子坐落在村中草地最显眼的地

方。

5. enhance, increase

enhance: increase the good quality; make sth look better 增强，提高

Those clothes do nothing to enhance her appearance. 她穿那些衣服并没显得更漂亮。

increase: become greater in number, quantity 增加，增大

The rate of inflation has increased by 2%. 通货膨胀率已增长 2％。

6. dismissible, disposable

dismissible: ignored 不予理会

His suggestion was dismissible at the meeting. 会上他的建议不予考虑。

disposable: made to thrown away after use 一次性的

Bed pans and bottles are made of paper to be disposable. 便盆和瓶子都是纸制的，用后即便

扔掉。

7. accompany, company

accompany: v. walk or travel with sb as a companion 伴随，陪伴

He was accompanied on the expedition by his wife. 他那次远行有妻子陪同。

company: n. being together with others 陪伴，与他人在一起

I’ll stay here and keep you company. 我留下来陪你。

8. reverse, adverse

reverse: adj. opposite to what is expected 相反的

n. thing that is opposite to what is expected; change for the worse 相反的事物; 逆转，

挫折

Statistics showed a reverse trend to that recorded in other countries. 统计数字表明这种趋向与

其他国家所示情况相反。

We suffered some serious financial reverse. 我们在财务上受到严重挫折。

adverse: adj. not favorable, contrary 不利的，相反的

Don’t be discouraged by adverse criticism. 不要因不利的批评而气馁。


1. …by the age of 20 you will have been exposed to at least 20,000 hours of television.

By the age of 20, you will have watched television for at least 20,000 hours.

到 20岁时，你至少已看过 2万小时电视了。

2. It sells us instant gratification.

TV makes us accept instant pleasure and satisfaction it provides.

它向我们兜售瞬间的满足。

3. Television’s variety becomes a narcotic, not a stimulus.

Television’s various programs become a narcotic that drugs our mind, instead of a stimulus that

quickens our thought.

电视节目的多样性是一种麻醉剂，而不是一种激励。

4. In its place that is fine.

If the appeal to the short attention span is used properly, there is nothing wrong with it.

要是运用的恰当，这也是可以的。

5. Much of it is what has been aptly described as “machine-gunning with scraps”.

Much of the news program is only a rapid broadcast of unrelated bits of information, just like

firing a machine-gun with broken pieces, and this is an appropriate description.

其中许多被贴切地形容为“机关枪点射”。

6. …but we are falling further and further short of attaining it.

But we are getting further away from achieving literacy.

然而我们离达到这个目标却越来越远。

7. …forced feeding on trivial fare is not itself a trivial matter.

It is not in itself a small and unimportant matter to force people to accept things of little worth.

让人们接受毫无价值的东西其本身就不是一件小事。

8. …I fear that the effects on … our tolerance for effort, and our appetite for complexity are only

dimly perceived.

Television reduces our ability to endure hard work had lessens our desire for dealing with complex

problems, but these effects are only vaguely understood.

我担心人们只是模糊地意识到这一现象的影响，……对我们吃苦耐劳的能力和对复杂事物

的兴趣等方面的影响。


电视带来的烦恼

一位著名电视节目主持人就电视

对美国文化的负面影响提出警告

罗伯律·麦克尼尔

要摆脱电视的影响很难。如果你符合统计的平均数字，那么到 20岁时，你至少已看过 2万

小时的电视了。20岁之后，你每生活 10年，看电视的时间就增加 I万小时。美国人只有两件

事花的时间比看电视的时间长，那就是工作与睡眠。

稍稍计算一下，即使只用这些时间的一部分我们可以做多少事。听说一个大学生一般学习 5

千小时即可获得学士学位。在 1万小时内你能学到足够的知识而成为一名天文学家或工程师，

你能流利掌握几门外语。如果你感兴趣，你可能在读希腊原文的荷马史诗或俄文的陀思妥耶

夫斯基的作品。如果你对此不感兴趣，那你可能已徒步环游了世界并就此写出了游记。

电视的问题在于它鼓励人们不去集中注重力、生活中几乎任何有趣的、有价值的事都需要一

定的建设性的，持之以恒的努力。我们中最迟钝、最没有天资的人所能做出的事，使那些从来

都不专心致志做事的人看来简直就是奇迹。但电视却鼓励我们不做任何努力。它向我们兜售马

上即得的满足，它给我们提供娱乐，使我们不干正事，只想娱乐，让时间在无痛苦中消磨掉。

电视节目的多种多样是一种麻醉剂而不是促进思考的因素。那连续的，不断变化的画面迫

使我们跟着它转。观众被领着进行无限期的游览：30分钟看博物馆，30分钟看大教堂，

30分钟喝饮料，然后又回到车上，到下一个参观点。但是电视的时间是按分秒来计算的，而

且所选的欣赏内容多是车祸和人与人之间的相互残杀。总之，许多电视节目剥夺了人类才能

中最可贵的一面。即能够主动地集中自己的注意力，而不只是被动地放弃。

吸引并保持人们的注意力是大多数电视节目安排的首要目的，它加强了电视作为有利可图

的广告媒体的作用。节目制作人整日担心抓不住人们的注意力——不管什么人的注意力。避免

这种情况最可靠的办法是保持使所有的节目简短明了，不要让任何人的注意力分散，通过节

目的多样化、新奇性、动作和运动不断地提供刺激。很简单，电视节目的制作原则是迎合观众

的注意力跨度短这一特点。

这只是最简单的解决办法，但人们逐渐地把它视为电视这一媒体本身特定的、固有的性质。

是必须履行的职责，正像萨尔诺夫总监，或另一位令人敬畏的电视创始人，给我们留下的不

可改变的原则，告诫电视上出现的一切节目均只要求抓住观众片刻的注意力。

要是运用得恰当，这也是可以的。谁能反对这样的一种媒体呢——它如此出色地将令人忘

却现实的娱乐包装成了一个向大众推销产品的营销工具。但是我看到了它的价值观现在已遍

及这个国家和人们生活的全部。认为速成思想和快餐食品一样是影响高速活动着的、急躁的公

众的方式，这已成了时髦的看法。

在新闻方面，我认为这种作法导致了不能很好地进行交流。我对每晚的电视新闻节目有多

少真正是可以吸收和可以理解感到怀疑。其中有许多被贴切地形容为“机关枪发射碎片”。我

认为这样的制作技术是与联贯性背道而驰，最终会使节目变得枯燥无味，无足轻重（除非伴

以恐怖画面）。因为几乎任何事情，如果你对它差个多一人所知，那么它就会枯燥无味，无

足轻重。

我认为，电视计目迎合观众注意力跨度短的做法不但不能很好地进行交流，而且还会降低

文化水平。想一想电视所要培养的那些极随意的看法吧：复杂性必须避免，视觉刺激可代替

思考，语言的精确性已是不合时宜的要求。这可能有些过时，但我所受的教育告诉我，思想

是按准确的语法规则组织起来的话言。

在美国存在着读写能力的危机。据一项研究估计，大约有二千万美国成年人是‘技能文

盲”，凭他们的读写能力无法回答招聘广告，读不懂药瓶上的使用说明。

读写能力可能算不上是一项不可剥夺的人权；但是我们极有学问的制宪元勋们并不觉得它

是不合理的，甚至是达不到的。从统计数字上看，我们不仅没在全国范围内达到人人能读写，

而且离达到这个目标却是越来越远。尽管我不会天真到认为电视是造成这一局面的直接原因，

但却相信它起了一定作用，是一个影响因素。

美国的一切—一社会结构、家庭组织形式、经济、在世界上的地位，都变得更加复杂，而不

是简单。然而在美国占主导地位的传播媒介，全国联系的主要形式，却对人类问题推销干脆

利落的解决方式，而这些问题通常没有干脆利落的解决方式。在我的心目中，这一切的象征

就是那 30秒一个的商业广告。一位热切的家庭主妇因选对了牙膏而感到高兴的那个小小的戏

剧性场面。电视已使这极其成功的艺术形式成为我们文化的中心部分了。

在以前的人类历史上，什么时候有过这么多的人把自己那么多闲暇时间用在一件玩具上，

用在一项大众娱乐活动上？什么时候有过整个国家黑白不分完全听任一个媒体的摆布？

几年前，耶鲁大学的法学教授小查尔斯·L·布莱克写道：“……强迫人们接受毫无价值的东

西并不是一件微不足道的小事。”我认为我们这个社会正在被灌输毫无价值的东西。我担心我

们还只是模糊地意识到这一现象对我们的影响——影响我们的思维习惯、我们的语言，我们

的努力的程度以及我们处理复杂情况的欲望。即使我的观点不对，那么用怀疑和批判的眼光

来看待这个问题，考虑如何抵制这些影响，也不会有任何害处。我希望你们能和我一起这样

做。


Many Americans harbour (心怀 ) a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks

surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, head of the department of food science and nutrition at the

University of Massachusetts-Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated

chicken were as great as some people believe, "the streets would be littered with people lying here

and there."

Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman

of the biochemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10%

of a plant's weight is made up of natural pesticides（杀虫剂）. Says he; "Since plants do not have

jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare. " And many naturally produced

chemicals, though occurring in tiny amounts, prove in laboratory tests to be strong carcinogens—a

substance which can cause cancer. Mushrooms might be banned if they were judged by the same

standards that apply to food additives(添加剂 ). Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at Cornell

University; " We' ve got fat worse natural chemicals in the food supply than anything man-made. "

Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans have no reason to be terrified to sit down at the

dinner table, they have every reason to demand significant improvements in food and water safety.

They unconsciously and unwillingly take in too much of too many dangerous chemicals. If food

already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make much sense to add dozens of new man-made

ones. Though most people will withstand the small amounts of contaminants generally found in

food and water, at least a few individuals will probably get cancer one day because

of what they eat and drink.

To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its re-

gulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food

industry should modify some long-accepted practices or turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps

most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food

properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food-supply chain, from fields to

processing plants to kitchens.

1. What does the author think of the Americans' view of their food?

A. They overstate the government's interference with the food industry.

B. They are overoptimistic about the safety of their food.

C. They overestimate the hazards of their food.

D. They overlook the risks of the food they eat.

2. The author considers it impossible to obtain no-risk food because ____.

A. no food is free from pollution in the environment

B. pesticides are widely used in agriculture

C. many vegetables contain dangerous natural chemicals

D. almost all foods have additives

3. By saying "they employ chemical warfare", Bruce Ames means____.

A. plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests and diseases

B. plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growth

C. farmers use man-made chemicals to dissolve the natural chemicals in plants

D. farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pests and diseases

4. The reduction of the possible hazards in food ultimately depends on ____.

A. the government B. the consumer

C. the processor D. the grower

5. What is the message the author wants to convey in the passage?

A. Eating and drinking have become more hazardous than before.

B. Immediate measures must be taken to improve food production and processing.

C. Health food is not a dream in modern society.

D. There is reason for caution but no cause for alarm with regard to food consumption.


A.

1. Because watching TV needs no effort.

2. In those hours one could have learned enough to become an astronomer or engineer. One could

have learned several languages fluently. One could be reading Homer in the original Greek or

Dostoyevsky in Russian. One could have walked around the world and written a book about it.

3. It encourages viewers to apply no effort. It sells them instant gratification. It diverts them only

to divert, to make the lime pass without pain.

4. Because capturing and holding the viewer's attention is the prime motive of most television

programming and enhances its role as a profitable advertising vehicle.

5. The practice of news, in his view, results in inefficient communication.

6. Because what television tends to cultivate: is that complexity must be avoid, that visual

stimulation is, a substitute for bought, that verbal precision is an anachronism.

7. Because everything about this nation has become more complex, not less. Yet television sells

neat resolutions to human problems that usually have no neat resolutions.

8. He hopes people will join him in resisting TV's adverse effect on America's culture.

B. 1．美国人所做的，比看电视花费更长时间的只是工作和睡觉。

2．几乎所有生活中有趣的和有益的事都需要建设性的和不懈的努力。

3．我们当中最笨的、最没有天赋的人所能做成的事情，在那些从不集中精神做任何事情的

人看来筒直就是奇迹。

4．它已成为一种很时髦的想法，就像快餐一样，速成观念正是走入高速活动的、急躁不安

的公众的方法。

5．这可能有些过时，但我所受的教育是，思想是准确语法排列的语言。

6．尽管我还不会简单到认为电视是造成这一现象的主要原因，但我认为它起了一定的作

用，有一定的影响。

7．以前什么时候把整个国家都交给新闻媒体了呢？，

8．如果我错了，用怀疑和批判的眼光来看这件事，考虑如何抵制它、也不会有什么害处。

C. 1. exposed 2.iodiveri 3. evade 4. Statistically speaking

5. anachronism 6. assumption 7. stimulus 8. skeptical

D. 1. divided 2. mysterious 3. obtainable 4.prominent 5. enhance 6.

dismissable 7. accompanied 8. adverse

E. 1. is on a never-ending journey led by a guide

2. wrongfully lakes one of the highly valued natural abilities of human

3. not to injure the attention of anyone by using it too much

4. the careless ideas that television lends to develop

5. awesome TV creators

6. the technique is against coherence

7. I would not be so simple-minded as to believe

8. Literacy may not be a human right that cannot be given away or taken away.

F. Man's alien! ion span is very short- In order to capture a viewer's attention, television must

provide constant stimulation through variety, novelty, action and movement. In doing so, news is

rather short, and it results in inefficient communication; much of the news is like "machine-gunning

with scraps", and it destroys the coherence of thought. The TV's appeal to the short attention span is

decivilizing as well. Avoiding complexity means sacrificing thought. Among adult Americans, there

are more and more "functionally illiterate" people, who even cannot answer the want ad or

understand the instructions on a medicine bottle. At least, TV is partly responsible for this.

Television, since its first prevalence over radio in the 1950s, has played a more and more important

role in people's lives. Some are of the opinion that TV is enlightening. It has become so much a part

of human life that a modern world without television is unimaginable. But I, on the other hand,

argue against TV. I think TV's disadvantages outweigh its advantages. I want to draw your attention

to the fact that television is decivilising.

In the first place, watching TV takes too much of our time. Children rush to TV immediately after

school. Some people sit in front of TV all day long. In this way, reading is entirely ignored. Do you

remember the days when we had no TV? We read stories, listened to radio programs from which we

benefited a lot. I dare say that the generation accompanied by TV will be less literate.

In the second place, watching TV doesn't involve much thinking. When we take up reading, we need

to think and imagine before we can thoroughly understand the writer. However, when we watch TV,

what we have to do is to open our eyes and enjoy whatever is shown. Little by little we will become

slow in thinking.

补充练习答案

1. C 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. D

Lesson Ten

The Tenth Man


Graham Greene (b. Oct. 2, 1904, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, Eng.--d. April 3, 1991, Vevey,

Switz.), English novelist, short-story writer, playwright, and journalist whose novels treat life's

moral ambiguities in the context of contemporary political settings. He is one of the major authors

of the mid-20th century, whose serious novels reveal a preoccupation with sin, seediness and failure

and deal with the human condition in moral and religious terms. Greene's pessimism was both

intensified and made bearable by his religion. Catholicism was a major influence on his work,

notably on the novels Brighton Rock (1938), The Power and the dory (1940), The Heart of the

Matter (1948),A Burnt Out Case (1961). Other works include The Quiet American (1955), Our Man

in Havana (1958), The Comedians (1966), The Living Room (1953), The Potting Shed (1957), and

The Complaisant Lover (1959).


The story is set in the Second World War, in France, which was then occupied by Germany. One

night, two German officers were murdered by Frenchmen. The next day, a German officer came to a

cell and ordered that one man in every ten should be shot in the camp, which means three would be

chosen. Of course, nobody volunteered. Then began a heated argument about who should die.

Someone said that the eldest should, as this was the way of nature. Someone else suggested that the

unmarried should, as they had no responsibilities. Finally, all agreed to draw lots. That is to say,

whoever drew the death lot should die. Two poor people, who drew the death lots, calmly accepted

God' s arrangement. But the rich lawyer, to whom the same thing happened, kept on shouting and

said he wouldn't die for the rest of the people. The text ends with the lawyer's offer of 100,000

francs to whoever would take his death lot.

词汇 (Vocabulary)

1. embarrass: v. make to feel awkward or ashamed 使困窘；使局促不安

Her husband’s drunken behavior embarrassed her. 她丈夫的酔后举止使她难堪。

It embarrasses many people to walk into a room full of strangers. 许多人走进一间满是陌生人的

房间总会感到局促不安。

2. overdo: v. do too much, overact 做太过分；过火

He overdid his part in the play. 在那出戏里他把他的角色演得过了。

She showed sympathy for us, but didn’t he rather overdo it! 他对我们表示同情，但是还是有点

过分。

3. confirm: vt. provide evidence for the truth or correctness of 证实，证明

The announcement confirmed my suspicion. 这项通告证明了我的猜疑属实。

The report of an earthquake in India has now been confirmed. 印度境内地震的报道现在已经证

实。

4. daunt: vt. discourage; overcome with fear 挫折；使气馁

He was not daunted by his first failure and tried again. 第一次失败并没有使他气馁，他又试了

一次。

No difficulties in the world can daunt a communist. 天下事难不到共产党员。

5. consent: vi. give agreement or permission 同意，答应

Her father would not consent to her going abroad. 她父亲不会同意她到国外去。

He consented to the proposal. 他同意这建议。

6. assume: vt. take as true before there is proof 假定，以为

I assume that you have heard the news. 谅必你已听到了消息。

He assumed the report (to be) true. 他猜那报告是有根据的。

7. legible: a. of handwriting that can be read easily 易读的；清楚的

The inscription was still legible. 铭文仍清晰可辩。

legibly: ad. 清楚地

Please write more legibly. 请写清楚些。

8. compassion: n. pity for the sufferings of others 同情，怜悯

We gave the money to the beggar out of compassion. 我们出于同情给乞丐一些钱。

compassionate: a. showing or feeing compassion 表示怜悯地，有同情心地

We are compassionate for the refugees. 我们对难民表示同情。


1. think up: create or devise by thinking; invent 想出，发明

Can you think up a caption that exactly covers the whole idea? 你能想出一个把整个意思确切加

以概括的标题吗？

He thought up a pretext. 他捏造了一个借口。

2. see through: see the true meaning, nature or character of 看穿，识破

The soldiers saw through the enemy’s little game. 士兵们看穿了敌人的把戏。

His double-dealing was seen through at once. 他的两面派行径一下子被识破了。

3. be bound to: be certain to, obliged to 一定，必须

I’m bound to visit my grandmother every week. 我必须每个礼拜去看祖母。

It’s bound to rain soon. 天肯定很快会下雨。

4. pick at: try to pull or seize with the fingertips 用指尖抓弄

The sick man picked at the blankets. 这个病人用手抓毯子。

The baby is picking at the bedclothes. 婴儿在抓弄被单。

5. have…in mind: be thinking of or about; intend 考虑到，意欲

We always had in mind for whom we were making the film. 我们始终考虑到我们是为谁制造这

些影片。

They had it in mind to go away without telling me. 他们想不给我打招呼就走掉。

6. in one’s favor: to the advantage of 对……有利

The exchange rate is in our favor. 兑换率对我们有利。

The votes were in his favor in the election. 选举中的投票对他有利。

7. attach … to …: consider to have, connect with 认为有，与……相关联

It is unwise to attach too much importance to the information. 过于重视那个信息是不明智的。

Different people attach different meanings to words. 人们对词语有各自不同的解释。

8. in case: because of the possibility of sth. happening；if 以防，以免；假如

Take your coat in case it rains. 带着雨衣，以防下雨。

Be quiet in case you should wake the baby. 安静些，免得把婴儿弄醒。

In case I forget, please remind me about it. 如果我忘了，请提醒一下。

9. may as well: had better 还是……的好；不妨

We may as well begin at once. 我们还是马上开始的好。

You might as well go to Dalian for a change of air. 你不妨去大连换换空气。


1. distribution, allotment

distribution: giving or being given to each of several people 分发，分配

They could not agree about the distribution of the prizes. 他们不能同意奖品这么分发。

allotment: action of allotting 分配，摊派

They could not agree about the allotment of the profits. 他们不同意这种利润分配。

2. even, equal

even: level, smooth, flat 平的，平滑的

A billiard-table must be perfectly even. 台球桌必须十分平。

equal: the same in size, number, degree, etc. 相同的，相等的

Women are demanding equal pay for equal work. 妇女要求同工同酬。

3. readable, legible

readable: that can be read easily or enjoyably 易读的，可读的

This is a very readable novel. 这是一本可读性很强的小说。

legible: clear enough to be read easily 清楚易读的

The inscription was still legible. 铭文仍清晰可见。

4. shameful, shameless

shameful: causing shame, disgraceful 可耻的，丢脸的

To steal money from a blind person is a shameful act. 偷盲人的钱是一种可耻的行为。

shameless: having no feeling of shame 无羞耻感的，无耻的

She’s quite shameless about wearing sexy clothes at work. 她穿着性感的衣服上班而不觉羞

耻。

5. quick, abrupt

quick: moving fast or doing sth in a short time 快的，迅速的

He is a quick worker. 他是个工作很快的人。

Taxis are quicker than buses. 出租车比公共汽车快。

abrupt: sudden or unexpected 突然的，意外的

He made an abrupt turn to avoid another car. 他来个急转弯以免撞上另一辆车。

6. grievance, grief

grievance: complaint or protest 牢骚，不满

He’d been harboring a grievance against his boss. 他一直对老板心怀不满。

grief: deep or violent sorrow 忧伤，悲伤

She was driven almost insane by grief at his death. 她因他死去而悲伤得几乎发疯。

7. daunt, discourage

daunt: discourage; frighten 使气馁，威吓

I was rather daunted by the thought of addressing such an audience. 我一想到要对这样的听众

讲话就有些胆怯。

discourage: take away one’s confidence 使人丧生信心

Don’t discourage her; she’s doing her best. 别泄她气，她在尽力做。

8. confirm, affirm

confirm: make certain; give proof 确认，证实

The rumors of an attack were later confirmed. 发动进攻的谣传后来得到证实。

affirm: state sth as the truth 肯定某事属实

He affirmed his innocence. 他坚称自己无罪。


1. Why should the married get off?

Why should the married people avoid drawing lots?

为什么已婚的人不用抽签。

2. … as the owner of time he was bound to be the next victim.

As the owner of the watch he was certain to be the next one to be shot.

作为戴表的人，他必定是下一个受害者。

3. We shall be left out of your fear…

You don’t have to worry.

你们不必担心。

4. But if the taxes were levied like this…

It would be most outrageous and unfair if the taxes were levied like this.

但是如果征税也像这样的话……

5. …from the first draw any mark of pleasure was taboo.

Any pleasure must be avoided because the first man had drawn a death lot.

第一个人抽到死签后，任何喜悦的表情都是一种忌讳。

6. …the odds seemed to move toward Chavel with a dreadful inevitability…

The odds against him seemed to move toward Chavel with a dreadful, inevitable consequence of

drawing the death lot.

抽中死签的可能性似乎不可避免地，可怕地向他逼近……

7. …he belonged to an unaccountable class.

To the common people Chavel belonged to a class that is difficult or even impossible to explain

and understand.

他属于一个他们不可理解的阶层。


第十个人

格雷姆·格林

那天下午三点（闹钟时间），一位军官走进牢房，这是几周来他们看到的第一位军官。这

位军官很年轻，甚至他的小胡子的形状也说明他不够老练，他左面的胡子刮得太多了。他局

促不安，如同一个第一次上台领奖的小男生。他说话很突然，以显示出他所不具备的力量。他

说：“昨晚城里发生了谋杀事件，指挥官的副官和一位军士及一位骑自行车的姑娘被杀害

了。”他接着说：“我们不管那个姑娘，我们允许法国男人杀害法国女人。”很明显，他事先

已经仔细地考虑厂过所要说的话，可是冷嘲做过了头。他的说话方式就像个业余演员，整个

场面就像看手势猜字谜游戏那样虚假。他说：“你们知道自己来这里干什么，过得舒服。有足

够的口粮，可我们的军人在工作、在打仗。好吧，现在你们得交食宿费了。不要怪我们，要怪

就怪你们的那些杀手。我的命令是，这个集中营每十人中有一个要被枪毙，你们有多少

人？”他厉声喊道，“报数。”他们敢怒不敢言，服从了，“……二十八，二十九，三十。”

他们知道不用报数他也知道他们的人数。这是他表演时不能省略的一句话。那位军官说：“那

就是三个人，我们并不在乎是哪三个人，你们可以自己决定。葬礼从明天早上七点钟开始。”

看手势猜字谜游戏结束了，他们能听出来他的鞋踩在沥青里面上发出刺耳的声音渐渐远去。

查维尔忽然很想知道他打的手势是什么字——“夜晚”、“女孩”、“旁边”、还是“三十”，

不，是“人质”。

他们沉默了好一阵子，接着一个叫克拉夫的阿尔萨斯人说：“那么，我们得自愿吗？”

“废话，”一个职员说到，他是一个年龄较大的，瘦瘦的，戴着夹鼻眼镜的人。“没有人会

自愿，我们必须抽签。”他又补充道，“除非大家认为我们应该按年龄来决定，最老的先去

死。”

“不，不行，”另一个人说，“那不公平。”

“这是自然规律。”

“这是什么自然规律，”另外又有一个人说，“我有个孩子，她五岁就死了……”

“我们必须抽签，”市长坚定地说。“这是唯一公平的办法。他坐在那儿，手捂在肚子上遮

住他的怀表，可是牢房里的人都能听到表发出的低沉的滴嗒声。他又说：“未婚的人抽签，

已婚的人不用抽，因为他们有家庭负担……”

“哈，哈，”皮埃尔说，“我看透了，为什么已婚的人可以逃避？因为他门的任务已经完

成了、你当然也是已婚的人吧？”

“我妻子死了，”市长说，“我现在没结婚，你呢？”。

“结婚了，”皮埃尔说。

市长开始解他的怀表，看到对方安全了，他似乎更加确信了这一想法：作为拥有表的人，

他必定是下一个受死的人，他环视了一下所有的人，选中了查维尔，可能因为他是唯一穿着

马甲的人，适合佩带怀表。他说：“查维尔先生，我想让你替我保存这只表，万一我……”

“你最好选别人，”查维尔说，“我还没结婚。”

那个年纪较大的职员又说话了，他说：“我结婚了，我有权说话，我们这种方式不对，每

个人都得抽签，这并不是我们最后一次抽签，你们自己没想一下，如果我们中有特权阶层，

由于种种原因能活到最后的人，那么这个牢房里情况会怎么样。你们剩下的人很快就会恨我

们。你们不必担心……”

“他说得对。”皮埃尔说。

市长重新带上了他的怀表。“按你们的办法做吧，”他说：“可是如果征税也像这样的话

……”他做了一个失望的姿势。

“我们怎么抽签呢？”克拉夫问。

查维尔说：“最快的办法是从一只鞋里抽有记号的纸条……”

克拉大轻蔑他说：“为什么用最快的办法，这是我们中的一些人最后一次赌博了，我们不

妨尽兴一下，我说用抛硬币决定。”

“这不行，”那个职员说，“抛硬币不是一个公平合理的方法，”

“唯一的办法就是抽签。”市长说。

那个职员牺牲了一封家信，来做抽签用的签。他最后一次迅速地看了遍信，然后将它撕成

三十个小条。他用铅笔在三个纸条上画了叉号，然后将所有的纸条都折叠起来。“克拉夫

的鞋最大。”他说。他们在地上把签洗了洗，然后把它们装进鞋里。

“我们按名字的字母排序抽签。”市长说。

“从 Z开始，”查维尔说。这时他的安全感开始动摇了。他非常想喝水，不停地用手摸着发

干的嘴唇。

“按你说的办，”一个卡车司机说。“有谁排在瓦赞前面吗？来吧。”他把手伸进那只鞋里，

在里面小心地掏，就像是要掏到他心里想要的那一张纸条。他掏出一张，打开，惊讶地盯着

它。他说了声：“就是这张。”就坐下来，摸出一支烟，可是当他把烟放到嘴上时，却忘记了

点燃。

查维尔心里非常高兴，又有些惭愧。他似乎已经得救了——二十九个人去抽剩下的那两张

做标记的纸签，抽中死签的可能性突然变得对他有利，从十比一变成了十四比一。那个蔬菜

水果商抽了一张，漫不经心地说他安全了，没有丝毫的喜悦。实

际上，在第一个人抽中死签后，任何喜悦的表现都是一种忌讳，谁也不能因生命得到解脱来

嘲弄被判死刑的人。

查维尔胸中充满了一种隐隐约约的不安，那还不能称之为恐惧，就像是一种压迫感：当第

六个人抽了一张空白浅时．他发觉自己在打呵欠。当第十个，一个叫让维埃的人抽完时，一

种怨恨的感觉不断地折磨着他。现在抽中死签的可能性又与刚开始时一样了，有些人抽自己

手指头碰到的第一个纸了。另一些人似乎怀疑是命运在试图强迫他们抽某一特定的纸条，因

此当他们刚把一个纸条从鞋里抽出一点，又扔回去，再选另一张。时间过得令人难以置信地

缓慢。叫瓦赞的那个人背靠着墙坐着，嘴上叼着未点燃的烟，丝毫没注意他人。

抽中死签的可能性缩小到八比一，这时轮到那个年纪较大的职员抽签了，他名叫勒诺特尔。

他抽中了第二个死签。他清了清嗓子，戴上夹鼻眼镜，好像要确信没有看错。“嗳，瓦

赞先生，”他带着淡淡的．犹豫不决的微笑说：“我能加入你的行列吗？”尽管这令人困惑

的抽到死签的可能性成了十五比一，对他极为有利，这次查维尔一点也没感到高兴。他被普

通

人的勇气吓着了。他真希望这件事尽快结束，这好像是玩牌玩得时间太长了，他只希望有人

能站出来结束这场游戏。勒诺特尔靠墙挨差瓦赞坐下来，他把自己抽的那张纸条翻过来，背

面有一小块字迹。

“是你妻子写的信吗？”瓦赞问道。

“是我女儿写的，”勒诺特尔说、接着他说了声“请原谅”便走到自己的铺盖卷那儿，从里

面取出一迭信纸，然后他挨着瓦赞坐下来，便开始仔细地，不慌不忙他．笔划细而清楚地写

起来。这时抽中死签的可能性又回到十比一。

在那之后，抽中死签的可能性好像是带着一种可怕的必然性向查维尔逼近：九比一，八比

一，它们好像用手指着他。剩下的人抽得更快更漫不经心，在查维尔看来，他们似乎带着某

种内部信息——他们知道他是抽第三个死签的人。轮到查维尔抽签时，只剩下三个纸条了，

这对于查维尔来说好像是天大的不公平，给他剩下的选择太少了。他从鞋里抽出一个签，十

分肯定地感觉到这个签是同伴的意志强加给他的，带有铅笔的叉。于是他又把这个签扔了回

去，抓了另一个。

“你偷看，律师。”剩下的两个人中的一个大叫道，但是另外的那个人制止了他。

“他没有偷看，他加抽了带叉的那个了。”

“不，”查维尔说，“不。”他把那纸条扔到地上，叫喊着：“我从没有同意抽签，你们不

能让我替别人去死……”

虽然他们都惊奇地看着他，可并没有敌意。他是一位绅十，他们井没有用自己的标准来评

判他：他属于一个他们不能理解的阶层，一开始他们甚至没有把他的行为与胆小联系起来。

“听着，”查维尔哀求着他们，他举着那张纸条，他们都带着那种同情的好奇心看着他。

“谁拿这个签我就给他十万法郎。”

他迈着小步子，急促地从每个人身边走过，把那张纸条给每个人看，就像一个拍卖会的服

务员一样。“十万法郎，”他哀求着。他们带着那种震惊的同情心看着他：他是他们中唯一的

有钱人，这是一种独一无二的情况。他们无法比较，也无法想象这就是他的那个阶层的特点，

这就像一个旅游者在某个外国港口下船去吃午餐时，从一个偶然与他同桌的狡猾的商人身上，

总结出一国国民的品质。


The ballad and the folk song have long been recognized as important keys to the thoughts and

feelings of a people, but the dime novel (通俗小说), though sought by the collector and deferred (敬

重) to in a general way by the social historian, is dismissed with a smile of amusement by almost

everyone else. Neither folk song nor dime novels were actually created by the plain people of

America. But in their devotion to these modes of expression, the people made them their own. The

dime novel, intended as it was for the great masses and designed to fill the pockets of both author

and publisher, quite naturally sought the lowest common denominator (分母 ): themes that were

found to be popular and attitudes that met with the most general approval became stereotyped.

Moreover, the dime novel, reflecting a much wider range of attitudes and ideas than the ballad and

the fold song, is the nearest thing we have had in this country to a true "proletarian" literature, that

is, a literature written for the great masses of people and actually read by them.

Although a study of our dime novels alone cannot enable anyone to determine what are the essential

characteristics of the American tradition, it can contribute materially to that end. Sooner or later, the

industrious researchers who have minded so many obscure lodes （丰富的蕴藏） of American

literary expression will almost certainly turn their attention to these novels and all their kind. Let no

one think, however, that the salmon-covered paperbacks once so eagerly devoured by soldiers,

lumberjacks (伐木工人), trainmen, hired girls, and adolescent boys now make exciting or agreeable

reading even for the historian, much as the social and historical implications may interest him. As

for the crowd today who get their sensational thrills from the movies and the tabloids (小报), I fear

that they would find these hair-raisers of an earlier age deadly dull.

1. The author states that ____.

A. folk songs were created by the plain people of America

B. only the dime novel was created by the plain people of America

C. neither the folk songs nor the dime novels were actually created by the plain people of

America

D. both folk songs and dime novels were created by the plain people of America

2. The author believes that a study of our dime novels ____.

A. is a waste of time

B. would be enough in itself to determine the essential characteristics of the American tradition

C. would be a valuable contribution in determining the essential characteristics of the

American tradition

D. would be amusing but unimportant

3. Social historians who read the dime novels will ____.

A. probe them eagerly

B. probably be interested only in their social implications

C. find nothing of interest in them

D. rediscover their high literary qualities

4. The majority of American today ____.

A. find the equivalent of the dime novels in movies and tabloids

B. have better reading tastes than their forebears

C. do not read at all

D. would find the dime novels of yesterday very striking

5. Implied but not stated: _____.

A. The nearest thing we have had to a proletarian literature is the dime novel

B. Because the themes expressed in the dime novels were not good, they could no longer be

legally distributed

C. The attitudes of the masses of people are best expressed by sociology texts

D. The study of formal literature alone will not enable the historian to understand the attitudes

and interests of the common people


1. In a cell in France which was occupied by German troops.

2. They were killed by Frenchmen.

3. To kill one Frenchman in every ten in that camp.

4. No, they didn't.

5. To draw lots.

6.They were Voisin, Lenoire and Chavel.

7. Voisin and Lenoire accepted them quietly, but Chavel cried.

8. He decided to give a hundred thousand francs to anyone who would take his slip.

B. 1．他讲话很突然，想给人一种气力很足的印象，而实际上没有丝毫气度。

2．老职员牺牲了一封家里来信，开始准备签。

3．他们把这些纸条在地上混合起来，放入鞋中。

4．任何人都不能用得救的喜悦来戏弄那要死的人。

5．当第十个人抽完后，一种怨恨感困扰着他。

6．尽管他抽到死签的可能性是 15比 1，对他极为有利，此时查维尔没有感到一点儿高兴。

7．从那时开始，死签对于查维尔来说越来越可怕，越来越不可避免。

8．他从鞋中抽出一张，感到这张是他的同伴的意志强加给他的，带有铅笔划的叉，又把

它扔了回去，抓了另一张。

C. 1. deluding 2. odds 3. summed up 4. implored 5. compassionate 6.

legible 7. daunted 8. beforehand

D. 1. allotment 2. contemptuous 3. even 4. legible 5. shameful 6.

abrupt 7. grievances 8. daunted

E. 1 . our soldiers

2. not caring for which three of you to die

3. duty for caring for their families

4. adapting a wrong method to decide who has to die

5. the last chance to gamble

6. feeling of something pressing him

7. connect the fear of death with his behavior

F.

One night, two Germans were killed by Frenchmen. The next day a German officer announced to 30

French prisoners: "My orders are that one man in every ten shall be shot tomorrow. We are quite

indifferent as to which three. You can choose for yourselves. "

The prisoners had a heated argument as to who should die. Someone said the oldest should go first,

and it's the way of nature. Someone said the unmarried should go first, because they had no family

responsibilities. At last, all agreed to draw lots lo decide which three to die. A wealthy lawyer

unfortunately drew the death slip. He said: "I'll give a hundred thousand francs to anyone who'll take

this slip. "

G.

One night, two German officers were murdered. The next day, a German officer came to the cell

where 30 Frenchmen were imprisoned. He ordered that one man in every ten should be shot. That is

to say,' 3 would be shot. Then he continued to say that the Frenchmen could choose for themselves.

After that, there was a heated, argument among the Frenchmen as to who should die. Someone said

that the eldest should, because it was the way of nature. Someone else said that the unmarried

should, because they had no family responsibilities. Finally, all agreed to draw lots. Whoever drew

the death lot should be shot.

Unfortunately, a lorry driver got a death lot. Then the same thing happened to Lenoire, an elderly

clerk. But both of them accepted all this calmly. In the end, a rich lawyer drew a death lot. He was

so frightened that he offered 100, 000 francs to whoever would take the lot.

补充练习答案

1. C 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. D

Lesson Eleven

On Getting off to Sleep


J. B. Priestley, (b. Sept. 13, 1894, Bradford, Yorkshire, Eng.--d. Aug. 14, 1984, Alveston, near

Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire), British novelist, playwright, and essayist, noted for his varied

output and his ability for shrewd characterization. who wrote prolifically in fiction, drama,

biography, the essay and literary and social criticism. Most of his early books were poetry, literary

biography and literary criticism. His first book was Brief Diversions. Literary biographies were

George Meredith and Thomas Love Peacock. Literary criticism included The English Comic

Characters and The English Novel. m 1929, Priestley published The Good Companions. TTlis was

the first of many fiction best sellers. Others were: Angel Pavement and Bright Day. Among his most

highly regarded theatrical credits were Dangerous Comer, Laburnum Grove, Time and the Conways,

I Have Been Here Before, An Inspector Calls and The Linden Tree.


This lesson is on sleeplessness. Adults without exception suffer from sleeplessness. It is well -

known that sleep is vital to one's mental and physical health. Sleep and sleeplessness are not

medically and scientifically dwelt on. Instead, sleeplessness is used as an example to illustrate the

contrariness of things and the contradictions a man is confronted with. According to the author, a

man is a bundle of contradictions and only humour is the saving grace of us. Those who fall asleep

as soon as they get into bed are satirized in a humorous tone. In his opinion, those who are equipped

with an iron will lack human feelings. He points out that there is no lack of human feelings,

sympathy or depth in a man who has difficulty in falling asleep. The author thinks he belongs to the

latter.

词汇 (Vocabulary)

1. confess: v. say or admit that one has done wrong 认错，招供

He confessed that he had stolen the money. 他承认偷了那笔钱。

She confessed herself (to be) guilty. 她承认自己有罪。

2. induce: vt. bring about 导致，招惹

His illness was induced by overwork. 他的病是因工作过度而引起的。

Alcohol can induce a loosening of the tongue. 酒精能使舌头不听使唤。

3. induce: v. bring about

the author by his choice of words has induced a particular frame of mind in the reader.

4. dismiss: vt. put away from the mind; stop thinking or talking about 不再考虑或谈论

The theories are dismissed by a number of nautical authorities. 这些理论为一些航海权威所摒弃。

He just laughed and dismissed the idea as impossible. 他对这个想法付之一笑，认为不可能。

5. evoke: v. call up, bring out 召唤，引起

His comment evoked protest from the listeners. 他的评论引起听众的抗议。

A good joke evokes a laugh. 好笑话逗人笑。

6. refresh: vt. give new strength to; make fresh 给予新力量；使精神爽

A nap at noon always refreshes me. 午睡总使我精神振作。

I think I’ll just refresh myself with a cup of tea. 我想我还是喝杯茶提神。

7. inhuman: a cruel, unfeeling 残忍的，无情的

Only an inhuman mother would desert her child. 只有铁石心肠的母亲才会遗弃自己的孩子。

Treatment of prisoners in that jail was considered inhuman. 那所监狱对待犯人是不人道的。

8. muster: v. call, collect or gather together 召集，集合

If he could muster up more strength, he might pull through. 假如他再鼓把劲，也就可以度过难

关了。

Go and muster all the men you can find. 去把能找到的人都集合起来。

9. torment:

1) v. cause severe suffering to; annoy 使痛苦；折磨

Don’t torment yourself by thinking of the past. 别再回忆过去来折磨自己了。

2) n. severe bodily or mental pain or suffering 烦恼，痛苦

She suffered torment from her headache. 她忍受着头疼的折磨。

10. remonstrate: v. make a protest 抗议

We remonstrate against his cruelty to old people. 我们抗议他虐待老人。

Remonstrance: n. protest 抗议

The people who make remonstrance against were arrested. 抗议政府的人被逮捕了。

11. defy: v. resist openly, refuse to obey 公然反抗，不服从

If you defy the law, you may find yourself in prison. 如果你不服从法律，你就可能会坐牢。

defiance: n. resistance or open disobedience 公然反抗，不服从

No one in the army acted in defiance of orders. 军队中没有一个人行动违抗命令。

12. meditate: v. think about, consider 沉思，考虑

He sat there meditating his plan. 他坐在那儿思考着他的计划。

He meditated on the sacred mysteries. 他沉思冥想众神的神秘。

meditation: n. meditating沉思，考虑

She has been deep in meditation when I walked into the office. 我走进办公室时，她陷入了沉思。


1. get off: (cause sb to) fall asleep （使某人）入睡

I had great difficulty getting off to sleep last night. 昨天晚上我翻来覆去无法入睡。

She got the baby off to sleep at last. 她终于把婴儿哄睡着了。

2. cast up: add up； direct upward 加起来；使向上

I’ll cast up these figures and tell you the total. 我要把这些数字加起来，然后把总数告诉你。

She cast her eyes up proudly. 她神气活现地把两眼往上一抬。

3. of no avail: not helpful, not effective

Their efforts were of no avail. 他们的努力不起作用。

Their attempts to explain were of no avail; she refused to believe them. 他们试着进行解释，但

是毫无用处，她不相信他们。

4. come upon: meet by chance 偶然遇到，偶然碰到

I came upon him in town last week. 上星期我在城里碰见他。

In reading the Bible, I came upon this verse. 在读圣经时我无意中发现了这一句。

5. act upon: have an effect on 对……起作用；对……有效

The music acted stirringly on the emotions of the audience. 音乐使观众情绪激动。

This medicine acts on the heart. 这药对心脏有功效。

6. thanks to: owing to; as the result to 由于，因为

He passed the exam thanks to the help of the teacher and students. 由于老师合同学的帮助，他通

过了考试。

We finished the task ahead of schedule thanks to our hard work. 由于努力工作，我们提前完成

了任务。


1. contrariness, contradiction

contrariness: 形容词 contrary的名词形式，用作不可数名词。

contradiction: direct opposition between things compared （不可数名词）矛盾，对立

a statement, action, or fact that contradicts （可数名词）对立的事物

There is no contradiction between my behavior and my principles. 我的行为和我的原则不矛

盾。

That’s a flat contradiction of what you said before. 这可和你以前说得恰恰相反。

2. dark, dim

dark: with no or very little light 黑暗的

It’s getting too dark to take photographs. 天色太暗，不能照相。

dim: not bright, not clearly to be seen 不亮的，朦胧的

We can only see the dim outline of buildings on dark night. 在黑夜里我们只能看到建筑物朦

胧的轮廓。

3. abuse, torment

abuse: tread badly, ill-treat 虐待

The woman was abused by her husband. 那个女人受到丈夫的虐待。

torment: cause severe suffering to; annoy 使受折磨，

Stop tormenting your father by asking silly questions. 别在问一些愚蠢的问题折磨你父亲了。

4. induce, tempt

induce: persuade or influence; bring about 劝诱，导致

We couldn’t induce the old lady to travel by air. 我们无法劝服老太太乘飞机旅行。

Your illness was induced by overwork. 你的病是工作过度引起的。

tempt: persuade sb to do sth wrong or foolish

He was tempted into making a false step. 他被引诱做了一件傻事。

5. wonder, meditate

wonder: feel curiously; ask oneself 想知道，自忖

I was wondering how to get there quickly. 我想知道怎么才能很快到达那里。

meditate: think about; consider 想，考虑

He sat there meditating upon his misfortunes. 他坐在那儿沉思自己的不幸遭遇。

6. literal, exact

literal: correspondingly exact to the original 完全按照原文的

A literal translation is not always the closest to the original meaning. 直译并不总是最贴近原

义。

exact: correct in every detail 精确的，正确的

Give me his exact words. 把他的话一字不差的告诉我。

7. imaginary, imaginative

imaginary: existing only in the mind, unreal 想象中的，不真实的

This story id not real; it is only imaginary. 这个故事不是真的，只是想象的。

imaginative: having or using imagination 想象的，有想象力的

The artist’s imaginative use of color delighted the critics. 评论家很喜欢艺术家富有想象力的

运用色彩。

8. twist, crook

twist: turn and curve in different directions 盘旋，曲折

The road twists and turns up the side of the mountain. 这条路沿着山坡弯来弯去。

“弯曲的道路” 可说 a twisty road

crook: bend into the shape of a curve 使弯曲

The stream crooks though the valley. 小溪弯弯曲曲流过山谷。

“弯曲的” 可说 crooked，如：a crooked lane 弯曲的小巷


1. But let me between the sheets at a late hour, and I can do anything but sleep.

If I go to bed late at night, I can do anything else except sleep.

但要是让我晚点睡觉，我除了睡觉别的都什么能做。

2. Nothing stands between me and half-a-dozen imperishable masterpieces but pens, ink, and paper.

I can easily produce several great works, if only I had pens, ink, and paper.

如果有笔、有墨水和纸，没有什么能阻止我写出几本不朽之作。

3. …no difficulty in plunging their earthly parts into oblivion

no difficulty in completely forgetting their functions in this world (no difficulty in falling sleep)

毫不费力地忘却凡间琐事而入睡。

4. …lest too light winning make the prize light

For fear that if something is won too easily, it won’t be treasured.

唯恐得来太易，身价太轻。

5. I suspect their taste in higher matters.

I feel doubtful whether they have any taste in art and literature.

我怀疑他们对高品位事物的欣赏力。

6. …there is no comparing notes with them.

You can’t exchange ideas with them.

无法与他们交流思想。

7. …no casting up the balance of the day’s pleasure and pain

You are not able to calculate whether you have more pleasure than pain or vice versa in a day’s

life.

不能衡量白天的欢乐与痛苦。

8. …leaving you to your own mental devices

They leave you alone mentally to find ways to deal with your own problem.

留下你自己在那儿胡思乱想。

9. I have literally found it answer…

I have found this method actually worked.

我发现这个方法确实有效。

10. …whose talk, bare of anything like fancy and wit…

Whose talk, being without anything like fancy and wit, is boring and therefore able to induce sleep.

他们的谈话缺乏情趣和想象。


论入睡

J·B·普里斯特利

人真是有着一大堆矛盾！不错，幽默能帮我们解嘲，没有它我们真会烦死了。对于我来说，

最能说明事物对立性的莫过于睡觉。比如说，如果我想写一篇文章，而且墨水、钢笔和几张白

纸已经摆在面前。你看好啦，我还没写多少准会感到很想睡觉，也不管是一天中的什么时

刻。我盯着似乎在责备我的白纸，直到视线和声音变得模糊不清，这时惟有凭着意志力我才

得以继续。即使是继续着，我也是三心二意，处于半梦半醒的状态之中。但是，如果让我在晚

上躺在被子里，我就变得什么事都能做，就是睡不着觉。那时每隔一个小时，我就能“写几

十页的文章。吸引人的题目，以及各种新奇的想法纷沓而来，而且每个都具备恰到好处的比

喻和到位的表达。如果有笔、墨水和白纸，没有什么能阻碍我写出六本不朽的名著。

如果我们的思维和想象真能成为未来人可以清楚地看见的东西，就像我们的书和图片一

样，那么在那里我就会比现在有名得多。让我在床上辗转反侧地躺上一两个小时，我就能志

得意满地解决人类的所有困惑。当我有兴致时，我能谱写出宏伟的交响曲，画出壮丽的图画。

我能同时成为莎士比亚、贝多芬和米开朗基罗。然而这此并不能让我满意，因为我做不到的

一件事就是入睡。

躺在床上，五官就该休息了。在我认识人中，这时大都能毫不困难地忘却凡间琐事而入

睡。但我可不一样，睡眠对于我来说，就像一个忸怩作态的情妇，爱反复无常地挑逗我，以

让我不停地向她求爱——“惟恐得来太易，身价变轻。”我过去常怀着惊奇的心情去读吹捧

克伦威尔、拿破仑等人的文章，他们这些好战分子，破坏世界和平的要人，凭着他们钢铁般

的意志，竟能够躺下去就立刻进人熟睡状态，而且能在规定时间起来，又精神抖擞。记住这

些神话，我决定照着去做。上床后，我就咬紧牙关，似乎在黑暗中较劲，命令睡眠立刻出现。

但是老天！越是精力集中，越是让我更加清醒，我就会无眠地度过备受折磨的几个小时。我

忽视了必须要有钢铁意志的前提，也忘记了我的意志力几乎不具备这种特殊的钢铁品质。但

是要与这些钢铁意志的人住在一起。一定极不舒服。谁打算和他们争辩呢？这比用大锤砸铁砧

还要糟糕。我得承认，我总是对那些自吹一上床就能睡着的人感到怀疑—一对那些“头一碰

到枕头就能睡着”的家伙感到怀疑。对于我来说，这种做法有点无情，有点冷漠，而且几乎

是有点迟钝。我怀疑他们对高品味事物的鉴赏力。抛开钢铁意志暂且不谈，那人一定缺少同情

心和思想深度。这样才能在抛开衣服的同时，抛开他清醒的感觉与思想，完全忘记那些记忆

与幻想。那些记忆与幻想本应

“有时突然跃出。

从十年前深藏的地方。”

和这样一个人同住将会对人的本质失去信心。因为就算是度过了很有意义的一天，也不能

和他们交流思想，没有夜半的谈心，没有回顾白天喜乐得失的机会。他们倒下，立刻就傻乎

乎地睡着了，留下你自己在那儿胡思乱想，而且他们大都打呼噜，真是讨厌！

人为催眠的方法不胜枚举，只是都一样无效。在《拉沃歌罗》（或者是《吉普赛绅士》）中有

一个虚构的人物，一个患了失眠症的人，他发现华兹华斯的一本诗集是最可靠的安眠药。但

那是博罗搞的恶作剧。过去比较有名的数跳圈羊的方法对我从未生过效。我放着想象中的羊，

直到它们非得变成白色的熊或蓝色的猪。我倒要看看有哪个有理智的人能一边放天蓝色的小

猪一边大睡。

不久前，和一个老朋友谈到这个问题，她教给我一个对她从未失效过的治失眠的方法，就

是想象自己正在一遍又一遍地做一些琐事，直到她心里这种单调的事感到厌烦，睡眠自然就

会来临。她最喜欢的方式是想象一幅在墙上挂歪了的画，然后想象着去把它挂正。这个我也试

过—一尽管我没有把画扶正的习惯——但是没有作用。我想象挂在墙上的画倒是没有问题，

然后我熟练地去扶正它。这会使我想到通常见到的画，然后我想起一个艺术展，那是和我的

朋友 T一起去的。我记得他说过什么话，然后我又说了什么话，然后我开始想 T这一段时间

会怎么样了，他的儿子是否还在念书。就这样继续下去，直到我不知不觉地想到奶酪或是唯

灵论，或者落基山脉——就是睡不着！在《被释放的普罗米修斯》里地母描述的地狱边缘的某

处，那个模糊的充满着

“梦幻和人们轻松想象”

的地带里有一幅挂歪的画，那可怕的影像落在恐怖的墙上。让它留在那儿吧，因为我已经用

不上了。

但是我仍没放弃寻找一种有效催眠的希望。还有一线希望，因为重读（不是第一次，天啊！

也别是最后一次）兰姆的信笺，读到她给骚塞的便条时，我发现了下面一段：“可我的办公

室有一个人，一个叫H的先生。他从早到晚地闲扯，从没离开过肉体和物质这些事情……当

我晚上睡不着时，我想象与H先生谈话，就一个话题一直闲聊，直到我大笑起来或是睡着为

止。我发现这方法实在有效……”这方法会很不错，我们身边都有一个H先生，他们的谈话

缺乏情趣和想像力，就像一剂鸦片酊一样会对我们起作用。就在今天晚上，我不会想象什么

没劲的跳圈养和扶正的画，也不会去招来那个压倒一切的烦人的巨大鬼影。


Icebergs are among nature's most spectacular creations, and yet most people have never seen one. A

vague air of mystery envelops them. They come into being—somewhere in faraway, frigid waters,

amid thunderous noise and splashing turbulence, which in most cases no one hears or sees. They

exist only a short time and then slowly waste away just as unnoticed.

Objects of sheerest beauty, they have been called. Appearing in an endless variety of shapes, they

may be dazzlingly white, or they may be glassy blue, green or purple, tinted faintly or in darker

hues. They are graceful, stately, inspiring in calm, sunlit seas.

But they are also called frightening and dangerous, and that they are—in the night, in the fog, and in

storms. Even in clear weather one is wise to stay a safe distance away from them. Most of their bulk

is hidden below the water, so their underwater parts may extend out far beyond the visible top. Also,

they may roll over unexpectedly, churning（搅动) the waters around them.

Icebergs are parts of glaciers that break off drift into the water, float about awhile, and finally melt.

Icebergs afloat today are made of snowflakes hat have fallen over long ages of time. They embody

snows that drifted down hundreds, or many thousands, or in some cases maybe a million years ago.

The snows fell in polar regions and on cold mountains, where they melted only a little or not at all,

and so collected to great depths over the years and centuries.

As each year' s snow accumulation lay on the surface, evaporation and melting caused the

snowflakes slowly to lose their feathery points and become tiny grains of ice. When new snow fell

on top of the old, it too turned to icy grains. So blankets of snow and ice grains mounted layer upon

layer and were of such great thickness that the weight of the upper layers compressed the lower

ones. With time and pressure from above, the many small ice grains joined and changed to larger

crystals, and eventually the deeper crystals merged into a solid mass of ice.

1. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A. The Melting of Icebergs

B. The Nature and Origin of Icebergs

C. The Size and Shape of Icebergs

D. The Dangers of Icebergs

2. The author states that icebergs are rarely seen because they are____.

A. veiled by fog

B. hidden beneath the mountains

C. located in remote regions of the world

D. broken by waves soon after they are formed

3. The passage mentions all of the following colours for icebergs EXCEPT_____.

A. yellow B. blue C. green D. purple

4. According to the passage, icebergs are dangerous because they____.

A. usually melt quickly

B. can turn over very suddenly

C. may create immense snowdrifts

D. can cause redundant avalanches (雪崩)

5. According to the passage, icebergs originate from a buildup of____.

A. turbulent water B. feathers

C. underwater pressure D. snowflakes

课后练习答案 (Key to the exercises)A.

1. The author thinks that humor: can save grace of us and weshould die of vexation without it.

2.Yea. 3.No. .

4. No.

5. No.

6. The author thinks that the matter of sleep can best illustrate the contrariness of things.

7. He can do anything but sleep when he lies between the sheets at a late hour.

8. The author thinks that the best way of inducing sleep is to imagine a dialogue with a friend,

whose task ,without anything like fancy and wit, is boring.

B. 1．人是一个矛盾的集合体！

2．我们的思想和头脑中的意象是完全有形的东西。

3．我过去常常怀着惊奇的心情去读那些吹捧好战的超人的故事……

4．人为的催眠法有很多，但都不灵。

5．当她的大脑对这种单调的生活感到厌倦时，睡眠自然就会来。

6．她最喜欢的方法就是想象一幅画在墙上没挂正，她去把它弄正。

7．但是我还没有放弃寻找加快睡眠的方法。

8. 今天晚上，我就要抛弃诸如数跳羊和扶歪画之类的想象。

C. 1. clenched 2. refreshed 3. straighten 4. remonstrated

5. of no avail 6. eventual 7. meditated 8. inhuman

D. 1. contradiction 2. dim 3. tormented 4. induces

5. meditated 6. literal 7. imaginary 8. crooked

E. 1. the opposites in a contradiction

2. go on shilly-shally

3 .inconsistent provocation

4. come in continuous crowds

5. coming out

6. considering these words to be true, I would do according to the fables.

7. protest

8.lulling

F.

Someone will sleep as soon as his head touches the pillow. Someone will pass hours in

sleeplessness in bed. The very act of concentration makes him more wakeful than ever. 1 belong to

the latter. I die of sleepiness when I write. But when I get into bed, 1 can do anything but sleep. I

can compose grand symphonies, paint magnificent pictures and write wonderful articles. The

artificial ways of inducing sleep are legion but are only alike in their ineffectuality. When 1 can't

sleep at night, I imagine a dialogue with an imaginary friend till 1 either laugh or fall asleep. I find

that it answers to induce sleep.

G.

In this essay, sleeplessness is talked about ironically. Therefore, touches of humour and

exaggerations can be seen here and there.

For instance, "… stare at the reproachfully blank paper …", "sleep is a coy mistress, much given to

a teasing inconsistency …" Reading these, the audience can' t help laughing. In the mean time, the

author's meaning is forcefully conveyed.

One example will suffice to show that the author is a master of exaggeration. In the essay, he said,

"When I am in the humour, I can compose grand symphonies …" In this way, the author's ideas are

vividly presented.

According to the author, insomnia is an agony. But it is praiseworthy. It shows the man lacks no

sympathy or depth if he suffers from sleeplessness. On the other hand, those who find no difficulty

in falling asleep are inhuman and are lacking in depth.

补充练习答案

1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. D

Lesson Twelve

Why I Write


He was born Eric Arthur Blair in Motihari, Bengal, India. After attending Eton college on a

scholarship in 1917, he went to Burma in 1922 as a police officer. Orwell was an English novelist

and essayist, best known as the author of Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty - Four. His writings,

both fiction and nonfiction, reflect his lifelong belief in the decency of ordinary people and a hope

that they will survive attacks by the greedy and powerful. The Publication of Down and Out in Paris

and London, a book of repontage based on his experiences among the poor, began the establishment

of his reputation. He drew on his experiences in Burma for his first novel, Burmese Days and for

two of his most famous early essays, " Shooting an Elephant" and "A Hanging". He became better

known with the publication of The Road to Wigan Pier, a report on his travels in northern England

and the desperate state of the economy there.


According to George Orwell, political purposes and artistic purposes should be fused into one

whole. Political writing must be turned into an art. He is opposed to the modernists' devoting their

works to probing into people' s inner world. He takes up writing because he has some lie to expose,

and some fact to which he wants to draw attention. If a writer lacks a political purpose, he will be

betrayed into purple passages.

词汇 (Vocabulary)

1. isolate: v. separate, put or keep apart from others 使隔离，使隔绝

When a person has an infectious disease, he is usually isolated. 当一人患传染病时，他通常要被

隔离起来。

Several villages in the north have been isolated by heavy snowfalls. 北部有几个村庄因大雪而与

外界隔绝了。

2. thrill: vt. Make greatly excited 使及其兴奋

We are immensely thrilled to learn of your success. 听说你获得成功，我们真是兴奋极了。

She was thrilled at (by) the invitation. 她因受到邀请而感到兴奋。

3. shiver: vi. Tremble, esp. From cold or fear 颤抖

The divers were shivering with cold. 潜水员冷得直打颤。

She shivered at the thought of going into the dark house alone. 他想倒要独自走进那所黑洞洞的

房子里去就不寒而颤。

4. compulsion: n. Compelling or being compelled 强迫，被迫

The government of Qing Dynasty signed a lot of unequal treaties under compulsion. 清政府被迫

签了许多不平等条约。

You need feel under no compulsion to accept. 你不必勉强接受。

compulsive: a. 强迫性的

This is a compulsive measure. 这是一项强迫性措施。

compulsory: a. 必做的，必修的

English is a compulsory subject for the students. 英语使学生的必修课。

5. fluctuate: v. move up and down, be irregular 波动；不规则

You can’t march in a straight line to the victory; you fluctuate to it. 你不可能一帆风顺地走向胜

利，而是经过许多波折才能达到胜利。

Prices fluctuate according to the relationship between supply and demand. 物价随着供求关系的

变化而波动。

6. reconcile: v. bring into harmony with, cause to agree with 使和谐，使一致

How can this decision be reconciled with justice? 这个决定怎么能符合公道呢？

I can’t reconcile what you say with the facts of the case. 我看不出你所说的与该案件的事实相符。

7. outgrow: v. grow too large or too tall for 长得太大或太高而不合适。

The boy has outgrown this suit. 男孩已长大，穿不上这套衣服了。

Our family has outgrown our house. 我家人口增多，房子住不下了。

8. outweigh: v. be greater in weight, value, or importance 比……更重，更有价值

We can carry out the plan because the advantages of it outweigh the disadvantages. 我们可以实施

这个计划，因为它利大于弊。

This outweighs all other considerations. 这一点是首先要考虑得。

9. efface: v. rub or wipe out, make indistinct 抹掉，使不清楚

The old man did not like it to be effaced from the memory of his juniors. 老人不愿他得后辈忘掉

这件事。

Someone has effaced part of the address on this letter. 有人把信封上的住址擦掉了一部分。

10. betray: vt. Deceive, mislead 把……引入歧途

He was betrayed by his own enthusiasm. 他的热情使他犯了错误。

He was betrayed into error. 他受蒙骗而犯错误。


1. in so far as: to the degree or extent that 到……程度，在……范围内

In so far as you are a student, you are allowed to travel cheaply on our railways. 只要你是学生，

乘我们的火车便可享受削价优待。

We will succeed only in so far as we are prepared to sacrifice secondary objectives. 我们成就的大

小，只能取决于我们准备牺牲多少次要目标。

2. settle down: become established in a new way of life 安定，安顿

I have settled down well in a new career. 我已经在新的事业中安顿下来。

His parents were very happy that he settled down to married life. 他的父母很高兴他结婚安定下

来。

3. mix up: mix thoroughly 完全混合

She mixed up salt with sugar when she cooked. 她做饭时把糖和盐调和在一起。

You can’t mix up oil with water. 你不能把油和水相混合。

4. get back: return to power after losing 失而复得

He hoped to get back at the next election. 他希望在下次选举中东山再起。

She got her own back for her depression. 她从沮丧中恢复过来。

5. for the sake of: for the welfare or benefit of; in order to get or keep sth 为……起见；为获得或

保持某事物

I’ll help you for you for your sister’s sake. 看在你姐姐的面上我来帮你。

We must be patient for the sake of peace. 为了和平我们必须有耐心。

6. put aside: lay down, ignore 放在一边；不顾

Putting aside the salary, he found the job challenging. 抛开工资，他觉得那份工作很有挑战性。

Let’s put aside the fact that he has done something wrong before. 先别管他以前做过错事。

7. free from: lacking; without 无……的

You are free from blame. 你没有过错。

He is a man free from prejudice. 他是一个没有偏见的人。

8. as it is: in reality; in fact 事实上

I hoped things would get better, but as it is they are getting worse. 我希望情况会好转，但实际上

是越来越糟。

As it is, I cannot pay you. 事实上，我无法付你钱。

9. come up: arise 出现

I’ll let you know if anything comes up. 如果发生什么事我会通知你。

We’ll write to you if a vacancy comes up. 如有空缺，我们写信给你。


1. naïve, immature

naïve: natural and innocent in speech and behavior 天真的，质朴的

She was naïve to trust them. 相信他们她真是太天真了。

immature: not yet fully developed 未成熟的

an immature apple 未成熟的苹果，the immature minds of young children 孩子们未成熟的心

理

2. fluctuate, change

fluctuate: move up and down; be irregular 波动，不规则

The price of vegetables fluctuates according to the weather. 蔬菜价格随天气波动。

All year she has fluctuated between hope and despair. 整年她都徘徊在希望与失望之间。

change: make or become different 改变，变化

The traffic lights changed from red to green. 交通灯由红色变成绿色。

3. force, compulsion

force: strength, power of body or mind 力量，力气，心力

He overcame his bad habits by sheer of will. 他全凭意志力克服了自己的恶习。

compulsion: compelling or being compelled 强迫，被迫

A defeated country usually signs a treaty of peace under compulsion. 战败国通常被迫签订和

约。

4. reconciled, friendly

reconciled: cause to become friends after they have quarreled 和好，和解

He refused to become reconciled with his brother. 他拒绝与兄弟和解。

friendly: showing or expressing kindness 友好的，亲切的

She nodded at me in a friendly fashion. 她友好地向我点点头。

5. downright, thorough

downright: forthright, complete 直爽的，完全的

He is a downright sort of person. 他是个直爽的人。

It’s downright nonsense. 这完全是一派胡言。

thorough: complete in every way, detailed 彻底的，详细的

He has received thorough instruction in English. 他接受过完善的英语训练。

She gave the room a thorough cleaning. 她把房间彻底打扫一遍。

6. metaphor, simile

metaphor: 隐喻

“He has a heart of stone” is a metaphor.

simile: 明喻

“He has a heart like stone” is a simile.

7. tremble, shiver

tremble: shake uncontrollably as from fear, anger, cold, excitement, etc. 发抖（因恐惧、生气、

寒冷、激动等）

We were trembling with cold. 我们冷得发抖。

shiver: tremble, esp. from cold and fear 颤抖（尤指因寒冷或恐惧）

He was shivering all over with cold. 他冷得全身发抖。

shiver 作名词，常用词组：get / have / give / sb the shivers 使人发抖

8. readable, understandable

readable: that is easy to read 易读的

This is a readable article on metal, without too many scientific words. 这篇有关金属的文章很

好读，没有太多的科学词汇。

understandable: that can be understood 可理解的，能领会的

It is understandable that John should want to be like the other boys. 约翰想和其他男孩一样是可

以理解的。


1. …but there was a gap of five years on either side.

I was five years younger than my elder brother and five years older than my younger brother.

我和另外两个各相差 5岁。

2. …my “story” ceased to be narcissistic in a crude way.

My so-called story was no longer self-satisfying work in an offensive and rude way.

我编造的所谓故事不再是粗制滥造的自我陶醉式的作品了。

3. …to get your own back on grown-ups who snubbed you in childhood.

To get revenge on grown-ups who treated you badly in childhood.

想报复在你小时候斥责过你的成年人。

4. And the more one is conscious of one’s political bias, the more chance one has of acting

politically without sacrificing one’s aesthetic and intellectual integrity.

The more one is aware of one’s political bias, the greater is the possibility to write things with

political orientation without giving up one’s aesthetic and intellectual honesty.

一个人越是意识到自己的政治偏见，他就越有机会在作品中表现政治倾向，而不会偏废美

感和才智的完整性。

5. …one can write nothing readable unless one constantly struggles to efface one’s own personality.

Only when one always tries hard not to allow his own personality to appear in his writing, can he

write something readable.

一个人要不断努力消除自己的个性，才能写出可读的作品。


我为什么写作

乔治·奥威尔

我从很小的时候，大概是五、六岁时，就知道自己长大后会成为一个作家。在十七岁到二十

四岁之间，我想打消这个念头，但是我这样做的同时，清醒地认识到我是在违反天性，而且

我早晚得定下心来写书。

我是家中三个孩子中的老二，我和另外两个各相差五岁。我在八岁之前几乎没见过父亲。由

于这一点，以及其它原因，我感到有些孤独，不久就养成了孤僻的性格。这使我在校是一直

不受欢迎。我和别的孤僻的孩子一样，爱编故事，爱和假想的人物对话。我想从一开始我的文

学抱负就掺杂着被孤立和被低估的感觉。我知道我有驾驭文字的能力，有面对不乐观情况的

能力，我感到这给我创造了一个个人的世界，在那里可以补偿我在日常生活中的失败。

……在很小的时候，我常想象自己是罗宾汉，想象自己是惊险传奇故事中的主人公，但是

不久我的‘故事’就不再是粗制滥造的自我陶醉式的作品了，而是越来越多地描述我在做的

和我看见的事情。有时在那么几分钟，这样的话会闪过脑海：“他推开门，走进房间，一缕

金黄的日光，透过纱帘，斜射在桌面上。桌子上有一盒火柴，半开着．放在墨水瓶旁边。他的

右手插在口袋里，走到窗户旁边。一只龟甲色的猫正沿着街道追逐一片落叶，”等等，等等。

这种习惯一直持续到我二十五岁，这段时间我没有从事文学创作。虽然我不得不寻找合适的

词语，而且确实在寻找，但似乎这种下工夫去描述是违背我的意愿的，是一种外界的强制。

我想这“故事”一定反映了我不同年龄阶段崇拜的不同作家的风格。但是据我回想，其一直

没变的特点是那种过分细腻的描述。

当我大约十六岁时，我突然发现了词语本身包含的乐趣，即词的发音及词的结合。《失乐

园》中的诗句——一

“他身负困难和辛劳向前进：

身负困难和辛劳的他。”

现在这诗对于我来说也许不那么精彩了，可当时却使我心灵震颤。而这里的“他”拼写成

“hee”则给了我另一种乐趣。对于什么地方有描述的必要，我已经成竹在胸。如果说我想写书，

我很清楚我想写什么样的书。我想写鸿篇巨制的自然主义小说，有着悲惨的结局，充满细腻

的描写和惊人的比喻，也充满词藻华丽的段落，在这个段落里，用哪个词一部分取决于它的

声音是否动听。实际上，我的第一本完整的小说——《缅甸岁月》就属于这种类型。写它时我

三十岁，但很早以前我就开始构思了。

我写了这么多的背景资料，因为我认为如果不对一个作家的早期发展有个了解，就无法

评价他的写作动机。他的选材取决于他生活的年代——至少在我们这样动乱变革的年代里是

这样的——但是在他动笔之前，已经有一种情感倾向是他无法摆脱的。无可置疑，他有责任

规范自己的气质，使之不会沉溺于某种幼稚的阶段，或是产生反常的心态；但是如果他从早

期的影响中完全摆脱出来，他就会扼杀写作的冲动。先不说写作是为了养家糊口，我认为写

作有四个主要动机，至少对于写散文和小说的情况是这样的。这四种动机不同程度地存在于

每个作家身上，对于任何一个作家，它们比例会不时地随着他所处的环境不同而有所变化。

它们是：

（1）纯粹的自我主义。想显得聪明，想被谈论，想死后被人纪念，想报复那些在你小时

候嘲弄你的大人们，等等，等等。不承认这是一个动机，而且是一个强烈的动机，就是自欺

欺人。

（2）追求美感。感受外部世界的美，或另一方面，体会词语及其巧妙组合的美。喜爱词语

声音相互影响，喜爱好文章的紧凑结构，或是好故事的明快节奏。希望与人分享自认为很有

价值，不应错失的经历。

（3）历史责任感。想看到事情的本来面目，发现真实情况，储存下来，以飨后人。

（4）政治目的———一这里的“政治”一词是其最广泛的含义。想推动世界向某个方向前

进，想改变人们对他们为之奋斗的社会的看法。我还是说，没有一本书能真正脱离政治倾向。

那种认为艺术应与政治脱钩的观点，本身就是一种政治态度。

可以看出这些不同的动机一定会相互抵触。而且根据不同的人、不同的时间而有所变化。从

天性上说——这里的天性指的是你刚成年时达到的状态——就我而言，前三种动机在重要性

上超过了第四种。在和平年代，我本可以写些辞藻华丽或纯粹描写的作品，本可能意识不到

自己在政治上的倾向。结果我被迫成为一个写小册子的人。先是花了五年时间做我不适合做的

事（在缅甸的印度皇家警署），后来尝到了贫穷和失败的滋味。这使我对于官方原本就有仇

恨变本加厉，使我第一次充分意识到工人阶级的存在。在缅甸的工作使我增加了对帝国主义

本质的理解，但是这种经历还没足以让我有明确的政治倾向。后来出了希特勒，西班牙内战

之类的事。到 1935年底，我还没决定下来何去何从。

西班牙内战，以及 1936——1937年间的其他事件扭转了局面，此后我明白了自己的立场。

从 1936年起，我写的严肃作品中的每句话，都直接或间接地反对极权主义，支持我所理解

的民主社会主义。在一个我们这样的时期，谁要说可以不写这种主题的作品，在我看来简直

是胡说八道。每个人都以这样或那样的借口作幌子写这类作品。只不过有个站在哪边和信奉哪

种态度的问题罢了，一个人越是意识到他的政治倾向，他就越有机会在把作品政治化的同时，

不偏废审美和心智的追求。

在过去十年里，我最想办到的事就是把政治作品变为艺术，我的出发点是一种派性意识，

一种不公正感觉。当我坐下来写书时，我不是对自己说，我打算写一本艺术作品，我写它是

因为我想揭露一些谎言，我想让人对某些事实加以关注，我的初衷是想赢得读者。但是如果

不能从中得到审美体验的话，我是不会写这本书的，甚至是长篇的报刊文章我也不写。读我

作品的有心人会发现就算是在十足的宣传作品里，我也会写一些真正的政客认为是毫不相干

的内容。我不能也不想完全抛弃小时候形成的世界观。只要我还活得好好的，我就会一直讲究

文章的风格，一直热爱山川美景，一直对实在的物体和无用的琐碎传闻感兴趣。抑制这种本

能毫无裨益。我要做的是把我根深蒂固的喜恶与这个时代强加于我们身上的政治活动协调起

来。

这并非易事。这会产生构思和语言的问题，并以新的方式提出了真实性的问题……

这个问题就这样又一次以各种形态出现了。而语音的问题更微妙，要花很长时间去研讨。我

只想说，后来我就尽量写些不那么工于描摹而是更准确表达的作品。我发现一旦你使自己的

某种风格臻于完善时，你总是已经超越了这一风格。《动物庄园》一书便是我在写作时有意识

有计划地把政治目的和审美情趣融合为一体的尝试。我已经七年没写小说了，但我希望不久

后会写一部，失败是必然的，每出一本书都是一个失败，但我清楚地知道了我想写什么样的

书。

……写作是个可怕的、耗人的挣扎过程。像某种病痛持续了很长一阵。如果一个人不是受了

难以抵制、莫名其妙的某个恶魔的驱使，绝不会从事这种工作。说下定这恶魔只不过是使婴儿

嚎啕以博得注意的一样的本能。还有一点，人要不断努力消除自己的个性，才能写出可读的

作品。优秀的文章犹如一扇透明的玻璃窗。我不能确切说出我的哪个动机更强烈，但我知道哪

个更值得遵从。回首我的作品，我发现那些缺乏政治观点的作品都是没有生命力

的，通常都会变成华而不实的篇章．充满了描述性的形容词和一些空话。


Here in the United States, before agricultural activities destroyed the natural balance, there were

great migrations of Rocky Mountain locusts ( Melanoplus spretus). Great migrating hordes of these

insects once darkened the skies on the plains east of the Rockies where crops were often destroyed;

the worst years were those from 1874 to 1877. One of these migration swarms was estimated to

contain 123 billion locusts. During another migration in Nebraska it was estimated that the swarm of

locusts averaged half a mile high and was 100 miles wide and 300 miles long. Usually, these

swarms take off from the ground against the wind, but once airborne, they turn and fly with it. Warm

convection (热对流 ) currents help to lift them, often to great heights. During the great locust

plagues the situation in Nebraska became so serious that the original state constitution had to be

rewritten to take care of the economic problems. The new document was known as "The

Grasshopper Constitution. " It is now believed that these locusts were a migratory form or phase of

the lesser migratory locusts, which is still common there. In this respect, the North American

migratory locusts resemble their African relatives. In both regions the migratory forms arise as a

result of crowding and climatic factors. Migratory forms are apparently natural adaptations which

bring about dispersal when locust populations became too crowded.

Fortunately for our farmers, the migratory form —the so-called spretus species —no longer seems

to occur regularly, although there was a serious outbreak as late as 1938 in midwestern United States

and Canada. Actually, there is no reason why the destructive migratory form might not again appear

if circumstances should become favorable.

1. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A. The Life Cycle of Locusts.

B. Migratory Locusts in the United States.

C. Locusts Plagues in Nebraska.

D. The Reproductive Capability of the Locust.

2. It can be inferred from the passage that the state constitution of Nebraska was rewritten in order

to ____.

A. make the constitution more perplex to the public

B. encourage farmers to leave the estate

C. solve difficulties that resulted from loss of crops

D. provide for a regular census of the locust population

3. According to the passage, North American and African migratory locusts are familiar in that

A. they always travel toward mountainous regions

B. their destructive activities occur only in plains areas

C. climates affect their development

D. they are both mentioned in state constitutions

4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as influencing the migration of locusts?

A. Darkness. B. Agricultural activities.

C. Warm air currents. D. Overcrowding.

5. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?

A. The outbreak of locusts in 1938 was more serious than any other in history.

B. Nebraska farmers had no locust problems in the years 1974—1977.

C. There is a possibility that crops in the United States might be destroyed by locusts in the

future.

D. There is a chance that African migratory locusts may take their way to the United States.


A.

1. He wants to write books with a political purpose.

2. The four great motives are:

(1) sheer egoism

(2) aesthetic enthusiasm

(3) historical impulse

(4) political purpose

3. He is against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism.

4. He thinks that the more one is conscious of one's political bias, the more chance one has of

acting politically without sacrificing one's aesthetic and intellectual integrity.

5. The Spanish war and other events in 1936.

6. No. He thinks that by the time you have perfected any style of writing, you have always

outgrown it.

7. He thinks that we shouldn't write sheer purple passage which is meaningless.

8. Yes.

B.

1．而后形成了不讨人喜欢的癖性，使我在整个学生生涯中都不受欢迎。

2．作为一个小孩，我常常想象着自己是令人激动的冒险故事的主角。

3．一缕金黄的阳光透过平纹薄棉布窗帘，斜射在桌子上。

4．他写作的主题是由他生活的时代所决定的。

5．我认为有四种写作动机，至少写散文是这样。

6．认为艺术应当与政治无关的观点本身就是一种政治态度。

7．这更加深了我对当局本能的憎恨，第一次真正意识到了工人阶级的存在。

8．1936年至 1937年发生的西班牙战争和其他一些事件改变了这种情况，我了解了我的立

场。

C

1. effaced 2. slant 3. outgrown 4. perverse

5. shivering 6. outweighs 7. reconciled 8. undervalued

D.

1. immature 2. fluctuated 3. force 4. reconciled

5. downright 6. simile 7. shiver 8. readable

E.

1. unsociable deisposition2. people who are imagined, not real people

3. the usual kind of writing that I was obliged to do

4. attract listeners

5. those most respected in society

6. collect them for the future use by the descendants

7. the same group, party or cause

8. knew by chanceF.

As a very small child, I made up my mind to become a writer in future. When I became a writer,

what I have most wanted to do is to make political writing into a work of art. The opinion that art

should have nothing to do with politics is wrong. Writing is exposing lies, protecting truth and also

an aesthetic experience. Animal Farm was the book in which I tried to fuse political purpose and

artistic purpose into one whole. Writing should serve the society and the public. This is the principle

I must follow. If a writer lacks political purpose, he will only write some purple passages, even some

humbug.

G.

According to Orwell, no book is genuinely free from political bias. The opinion that art should have

nothing to with politics is itself a political attitude. If a writer lacks a political purpose, he will write

lifeless books and be betrayed into purple passages.

On the other hand, aesthetic experience must be taken into consideration. If it were not for an

aesthetic experience, he wouldn't be able to write anything. He said he couldn't and wouldn't

abandon the world view that he acquired in childhood. He would like to feel strongly about the

prose style.

What is important is that political purpose and aesthetic considerations must be perfectly combined.

The more one is conscious of one's political bias, the more chance one has of acting politically

without sacrificing one's aesthetic intellectual integrity.

One word, political purpose and artistic purpose must be fused into one whole.

补充练习答案

1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. C

单元测验 3 Quiz Three

A. Text-related Part.



undo appeal prose notes confirm casual decivilizing abandon owner nature

confidence enmity casual complexity settle victim slumber writer novelty

waistcoat faith balance humbug consciousness

I believe that TV’s __1__ to the short attention span is not only inefficient communication but

__2__ as well. Consider the __3__ assumptions that television tends to cultivate: that __4__ must be

avoided, that visual stimulation is a __5__ for thought, that verbal precision is an anachronism.

The mayor began to __6__ his watch: the discovery that his rival was safe seemed to __7__ his

belief that as the __8__ of time he was bound to be next __9__. He looked from face to face and

chose Chavel, perhaps because he was the only man with a __10__ fit to take the chain.

To share a bedroom with one of these fellows is to lose one’s __11__ in human nature, for,

even after the most eventful day, there is no comparing __12__ with them, no midnight __13__, no

casting up the __14__ of the day’s pleasure and pain. They sink, at once, into stupid, heavy __15__,

leaving you to your own mental devices.

From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knew that when I grew up I should be a

__16__. Between the ages of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to __17__ this idea, but I did

so with the __18__ that I was outraging my true __19__ and that sooner or later I should have to

__20__ down and write books.

II . Fill in the following blank in each sentence with the best word or expression from the list below:

divert sum up implore meditate efface skeptical of no avail compassionate

outweigh for the sake of anachronism reconcile

1. My love for her _____ everything else.2. While it was raining out, the children _____ themselves by playing games in their room.

3._____ the mind's peace, one ought not to inquire into such things too closely.

4. The _____ judge gave the young offender a light sentence.

5. She often implored her husband not to go out, but her words were _____. 6.1 am rather _____ of your prospects of success.

7. How can their aggressive actions be _____ with their talk of peace and brotherhood?

8. It takes many years to _____ the unpleasant memories of a war.

9. The prisoner _____ the judge to let him go home to see his sick wife.

10.He sat there _____ on his misfortunes.

III. Tick the square in front of the right word or expression:

1. His remarks left us ([A] incredulous [B] incredible).2. The poet has written a few poems at his ([A] leisure [B] spare time)

3. He wrote partly in ([A] poem [B] poetry) and partly in prose.

4. He is an ([A] intelligent, [B] intellectual) person and is interested in mental work.

5. She was ([A] ashamed, [B] shameful) of her husband' s conduct.

6. Every one of us should be ([A] conscious, [B] aware)of their own shortcomings.

7. It isn't real —— it' s only ([A] imaginative, [B] imaginary).

8. Mary had ([A] planned, [B] meditated) on doing some work this afternoon.

9. With prices ([A] fluctuating [B] changing) so much, it’s hard to plan a budget.

10. This is a ([A] literal [B] exact) translation in French of an English proverb.

IV. Translate the following from Chinese into English: 1．他长得肥胖，因此在办公室常被人取笑。 2．大使就学生示威提出抗议。 3．他眼中露出一种厌倦而满不在乎的神色。 4．战事终止，我们应当摈弃一切报复的意念。 5．这些有时带有舞蹈动作的表演唱很有表现力，很生动。 6．在美国存在着读写能力地危机。据一项研究估计，大约有三千万美国成年人是“技能文盲”，凭他们地读写能力无法回答招聘广告，或读懂药瓶上的说明。

B. Proficiency Part


Learning the Difference between Play and SportI like-pain. This is an acquired taste and can be overdone, but pain is important to me. This rather

bizarre taste makes me an avid player of all sports and a fantastic spectator. Pain raises sport from

the level of entertainment to that of human achievement, and I consider it central to a humane

education.

I became conscious of the difference between play and sport when I helped organize a sandlot

football team at the age of 12. Since this was a "child-directed" (i. e., our parents didn't know where

we were) activity, we had to figure out what we would do. The first thing was to schedule a game

with a similar team from a nearby town.

It never, occurred to as to practice or prepare for the game except to do what we had done for years -

run around, pass the football and yell. The result was catastrophic. Our opponents were prepared.

They slaughtered us. Half the team was injured, and all of us were. humiliated.

It dawned on us that we were engaged in a sport, not in play. If we were to play decently, let alone

win, we would have to prepare, and the only way, was to learn the discipline of practice.

Looking back, I realize that at that moment we underwent a profound experience. 'We entered into a

social contract that bound us together with ties still, strong after more than 30 years.

Our quarterback imposed his rule on us. He was never elected captain or coach, but simply assumed

these offices. His voice was stentorian, and his will was indomitable. He focused my attention on

the importance of pain and the reaction to it.

We had been pushed around unmercifully by a larger and stronger opponent. On our 5-yard line, he

told the team he would take the ball on every play until we lost it. And, from the look in his eyes, we

all knew we had better not lose it. He was not large, and it seemed folly to plunge into the center of

the line, especially since he had no pads or helmet to protect him.

The first rush caught the other team by surprise, and he went for 10 yards. On the second plunge,

they stiffened, but we still moved. For 60 yards, we inched forward. After the first few rushes, it was

clear that our offense consisted of one play — up the center. By the time we had penetrated to their

30-yard-line, our quarterback was covered with dust and blood, but still giving the same command:

"Snap the ball to me on three. "

A surprising thing happened. The opposition collapsed. We moved 5, then 10, then 15 yards until the

touchdown was made.

One boy, determined to break his opponents regardless of personal agony, had demoralized 11 other

boys, all as big as (or bigger than) he, and as good (or better) football players. Their undoing was

their inability to understand how the human will can drive the body to do things that defy reason.

I have never forgotten that day and the lesson I learned. Like my teammates, I had a healthy fear of

pain, but I realized that this fear- could be overcome and that the man who could overcome it had a

distinct advantage. At that moment, I became a sports nut.

In the years since, I have used that lesson well. Pain of one sort or another is everywhere. It is

painful to confront a problem in mathematics that you cannot solve. It is excruciating to roll blank

paper into a typewriter and have no words come for hours. It hurts to give a lecture that puts

students to sleep or, worse, that is terrible but applauded.

These are mental agonies, but they are no less real than the physical-, and I am convinced that

learning to live with and transcend physical pain can give one the strength to conquer the mental

variety.

avid a. 渴望的

sandlot n. 空旷沙地catastrophic a. 灾难性的quarterback n. （球赛中的）四分卫stentorian a. 声音洪亮的

indomitable a. 不可屈服的touchdown n. 触地得分

demoralize v. 使士气低落excruciating a. 极痛苦的

1. Choose the correct answer according to the content:(1) The main idea of this article is that ____.

A. sports are a lot of fun

B. sports help develop determination and character

C. competitive sports are not good for people, especially children

(2) The lesson of the importance of overcoming pain can be applied to ____. A. all

physical activities

B. all mental activities

C. both A and B

(3) The quarterback, of the team ____.

A. was elected to the position, of captain or coach by his teammates

B. was a very shy person and refused to take the position of captain or coach C. selected himself to be the captain or coach

(4) How did the writer of this article feel about the quarterback?

A. He hated him because he-was loud and bossy and domineering.

B. He was afraid of him because the-quarterback was bigger and stronger than he.

C. He admired and respected him because he set a powerful example for the other team

members to follow. .

(5) The quarterback's actions in the game show the importance of _____.

A. persistence and determination in spite of pain

B. being bigger and stronger than the others

C. knowing when to quit because you can't possibly win

2. Choose the best answer for the underlined part;

(1) Pain is central to & humane education.

A. neutral B. important C. related D. connected(2) If we were to play decently, let alone win, we would have to prepare.

A. and if we were to win B. and perhaps win

C. and perhaps not win D. not to even mention winning

(3) He focused my attention on the importance of pain and the reaction to it.

A. attention B. importance

C. pain D. the importance of pain

(4) For 60 yards, we inched forward.

A. moved forward a little bit

B. moved forward by the inch

C. moved forward one inch at a time

D. moved forward slowly

(5) At that moment, I became a sports nut.

A. became hateful to sports

B. became insane about sports

C. became insane because of sports

D. became deeply enthusiastic about sports

(6) Pain of one sort or another is everywhere.

A. Sometimes you get pain all over your body after doing sports.

B. Whatever you do and wherever you go, you can encounter pain.C. There are different kinds of pain.

D. Some experiences are more painful than the others.

(7) I admit that .my taste for pain is bizarre, but I can explain it.

A. quite insane B. disgusting C. very strange D. very funny

(8) The other team slaughtered us.

A. killed cruelly B. made fun of

C. looked down upon D. beat (us) badly(9) Half of the members of our team were, injured, and all of us were humiliated.

A. looked down upon B. laughed at

C. beaten D. disgraced

(10) It dawned on us then that if we wanted to play well, we would have to prepare.

A. it happened to us B. we didn't know

C. we realized D. It dodged us

3. Translate from English into Chinese:(1) Pain raises sport from the level of entertainment to that of human achievement, …

(2) I became conscious of the difference between play and sport when I helped organize a sandlot

football team at the age of 12.

(3) Our quarterback imposed his rule on us.

(4) Their undoing was their inability to understand how the human will can drive the body to do

things that defy reason.

(5) These are mental agonies, but they are no less real than the physical, ...

4. Answer the following question in English within 80 ~ 100 words:

Why did the writer say that pain is central to a humane education since he had a fear of pain?

‘

Key to Quiz ThreeA. Text-related Part

I. 1. appeal 2. decivilizing 3. casual 4. complexity 5. substitute

6. undo 7. confirm 8. owner 9. victim 10. waistcoat

11. faith 12. notes 13. confidence 14. balance 15. slumber

II. 1. outweighs 2. diverted 3. For the sake of 4. compassionate 5. of no avail

6. skeptical 7. reconciled 8. efface 9. implored 10. meditating

III. 1. incredulous 2. leisure 3. poetry 4.intellectual 5. ashamed

6. conscious 7. imaginary 8. planned 9. fluctuating 10. literal

IV.

1. His fatness exposes him to a lot of joking at the office.2. The ambassador complained about the student demonstrations.

3. His eyes assumed a weary, indifferent look.4. When a war ends, we should dismiss all thought of revenge.

5. The songs, sometimes accompanied with dance movements, were expressive and delightful.

6. There is a crisis of literacy in this country. One study estimates that some 30 million adult

Americans are “functionally illiterate” and cannot read or write well enough to answer the want ad

or understand the instructions on a medicine bottle.

Proficiency Part


1. B 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. A


1. B 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. C


（l）痛苦使运动从娱乐的层次上升到了人类成就的层次……

（2）我在 12岁帮忙组织一支沙地橄榄球队时开始懂得了玩耍和运动的区别。

（3）我们的四分卫强制性地把我们管起来。

（4）他们的败绩是由于他们无法理解人的意志力竟能驱使肉体作出难以想象的事情来。

（5）这些都是精神上的痛苦，它们像肉体痛苦一样真实。

4. Answer the following question in English within 80—100 words:

Fear could be overcome» and the man who could overcome it had a distinct advantage. Pain of one

sort or another is everywhere. When a man transcended physical pain, he could also

conquer the mental pain. To know what one is capable of, both mentally and physically, is to know

the possibilities of the man. In this sense, pain could help to build up human determination and

character; therefore» it is a fundamental part of education.

Lesson Thirteen

WorkBackground knowledge

Bertrand Russell (b. May 18, 1872, Trelleck, Monmouthshire, Eng.--d. Feb. 2, 1970, near

Penrhyndeudraeth, Merioneth, Wales), English logician and philosopher, one of the most

productive writers and thinkers of his time, best known for his work in mathematical logic and for

his social and political campaigns, including his advocacy of both pacifism and nuclear

disarmament. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950. Russell gained an unusually

wide international readership not only in scholarly circles but among the general public. After long

years of labor, he and Alfred North Whitehead produced their monumental treatise Principia

Mathematics. The Principia was of epoch-making importance to philosophy because of its new

view of the status of mathematical knowledge and the impetus it gave to the development of

mathematical logic. One of his original works in philosophy was Human Knowledge. After World

War I, Russell gave increased attention to moral and social issues.


writer of the 20th century, work is very important and valuable to people. In this essay, he analyses

the advantages of work. First of all, work prevents boredom. Provided work is not excess in

amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness. Secondly, work

provides chances of success and opportunities for ambition. However dull work may be, it

becomes bearable if it is a means of building up a reputation, whether in the world at large or only

in one's own circle. Finally, and more importantly, one's satisfaction or happiness in life is closely

related to whether his work is interesting or not. And two chief elements make work interesting:

the exercise of skill and construction, which are regarded as the two of the most important sources

of happiness in life.

词汇 (Vocabulary)

1. irk: v. annoy, make sb feel troubled 使苦恼，使厌烦

It irks her to do the housework at home all day. 整天在家做家务使她感到厌烦。

irksome: a. annoying, troublesome 令人厌烦的

It is irksome to do the same work every day for ten years. 十年来每天都做同样的工作令人厌

烦。

2. provided: providing, on the condition that 如果，假如

Provided that you work hard enough you will pass the exam. 只要你够努力，你会通过这次考

试的。

I’ll go abroad for further study next year provided I pass the TOEFL. 如果通过托福考试，我明

年将赴国外深造。

3. procure: v. obtain by effort 取得，实现

How can he procure that rare stamp? 他是怎样得到那张罕见邮票的？

The book is out of print and difficult to procure. 那书已绝版，很难弄到手。

4. pretense: n. false appearance 虚伪，伪装

He made a pretense of being happy at the party. 晚会上他假装很高兴。

pretend: v. give an appearance that is not true. 伪装

She pretended to think for a while when I asked her. 我问她时，她假装想了一会儿。

5. outlet: means of releasing; way out 发泄的途径；出路，出口

Children need an outlet for their energy. 儿童的精力需要发泄出来。

Switzerland has no outlet to the sea. 瑞士没有入海口。

6. outwit: win or defeat by being cleverer or more cunning than sb 以智胜过

Two prisoners outwitted their guards and got away. 有两个囚犯设计欺骗了警卫逃走了。

The store outwitted the robbers by putting phony jewels in the display case. 商店把假珠宝放在

陈列盒里骗过了盗贼。

7. exercise: make use of, employ 应用，运用

I’m exercising my right to ask for the receipt. 我在行使索要发票的权利。

China resumed exercising its sovereignty over Hong Kong in July, 1997. 中国于 1997年 7月恢

复对香港行使主权。

8. demolish: v. destroy or tear down 摧毁，拆除

The old building was demolished and a new one will be put up. 旧楼被拆除，新楼即将建立。

demolition: n. the action of demolishing 破坏，毁坏

There were some demolitions of public property in the school. 学校的公共财产遭到破坏。


1. to begin with: firstly, in the first place 首先，起初

I can’t go for a picnic. To begin with, I am not feeling well. 我不能去野餐，首先我身体不

好。

To begin with he was penniless, but later he became a millionaire. 起初他一文不名，但后

来却成了百万富翁。

2. at a loss: puzzled, not knowing what to do or say 茫然，不知所措

He was suddenly at a loss to say anything. 他顿时语塞。

The little girl was frightened and was at a loss what to do. 小女孩被吓坏了，不知所措。

3. busy with / at sth, be busy doing sth.: having much to do, working on sth. 忙于某事，忙着干

The manager is busy preparing for the negotiation, please don’t disturb him. 经理正忙于准备谈

判，请不要打扰他。

He is busy at his homework. 他正忙着做家庭作业。

4. at large: free; at full length; in general 自由的；详细的；总的来说

The escaped prisoner is still at large. 那个越狱犯仍然在逃。

The question is discussed at large in my report. 我在报告中对该问题作了详细说明。

The army at large is loyal to the country. 军队总的来说是忠于国家的。

5. in the long run: ultimately, eventually 从长远看，终究

Smoking in the long run is bad to your health. 抽烟最终对你的健康有害。

It pays in the long run to buy the big house. 买大房子终究是上算的。

6. derive sth from sth.: obtain sth. from sth.；trace sth from 得到；追根求源

Not all students can derive pleasure from their studies. 不是所有的学生都能从学习中获得乐趣。

Many English words derive from Latin. 许多英语单词来源于拉丁语。

7. call for sth.: require, demand or need sth. 要求，需要

The situation there calls for immediate action. 那里的形势需要立即采取行动。

The modern society calls for those who knows English and computer very well. 现代社会要求

人们熟练掌握英语和计算机。

8. at one’s best: in the best condition 处于最佳状态

He was not at his best in the last game. 他上次比赛状态不佳。

He was at his best in the debate yesterday and got applause from time to time. 他在昨天的辩论

中表现出最佳状态，并不时赢得掌声。

9. apt to do: likely to do 易于做……，趋于……

He is apt to get angry. 他动不动就生气。

The naughty boy is apt to make trouble in class. 那个淘气的男孩爱上课捣乱。

10. without regard to: regardless of, without paying attention to 不顾，不理会

He continued speaking without regard to my feeling on the matter. 他不顾我对此事的感情而继

续说下去。

He blurted out the truth without regard to the consequences. 他不考虑后果便脱口说出了真相。


1. desirable, desirous

desirable: to be desired, worth having, satisfactory 想要的，值得有的，不错的

There are several desirable houses in this street. 这条街有几幢不错的房子。

desirous: feeling desire 向往的，渴望的

He is desirous of obtaining a position in the Civil Service. 他非常想在政府机关谋取一个职

位。

2. be about, be apt

be about to: be just going to do 即将，正要

He met her in the doorway just as she was about to go away. 她正要离开，他在门口碰到她。

be apt to: likely to do 易于

He is a clever boy but apt to get into mischief. 他是个聪明的孩子，但是好捣乱。

3. actual, literal

actual: existing in fact, real 实在的，真实的

Can you give me the actual figures. 你能给我确切的数字吗？

literal: taking words in their usual and obvious sense 按照字义的

The literal meaning of the word “cat” is an animal not a girl. “Cat”的本义是动物而不是女孩。

4. varied, variable

varied: of different sorts 各种不同的

He had had a varied training, and had held many offices. 他受过各种训练，担任过许多工

作。

variable: varying, changeable 变化的，可变的

The weather is extremely variable here. 这里的天气变化无常。

5. unless, provided

unless: if not, except when 若不，除非

Unless bad weather stops me, I go for a walk every day. 除非天气阻碍，我每天都出去散步。

provided: on condition that 如果，假如

We’ll visit Europe next year, provided we have the money. 如果有钱，明年我们将访问欧洲。

6. pretence, excuse

pretence: make-believe 伪装，掩饰

She isn’t really ill; it’s only pretence. 她没有真病，只是装的。

excuse: reason given to explain one’s conduct 借口，托词

He is always making excuses for being late. 他总是为迟到找借口。

7. require, acquire

require: need 需要

We require extra help. 我们需要额外帮助。

acquire: gain by skill or ability 获得，得到

The ability to use language can be acquired only by the act of using the language. 使用语言

的能力只有通过使用语言才能获得。

8. kill, spend

kill time: find ways of passing the time without being bored 消遣，消磨时光

The train was very late, so we killed time by playing cards. 火车太慢，所以我们打牌消磨

时间。

spend time: 度过

He spent a weekend in London. 他在伦敦度过周末。


1. And whatever they decide on, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have

been pleasanter.

No matter what they have decided to do, they are troubled because they feel that something else

would be enjoyable than what they have decided to do.

不管他们决定做些什么，都会感到不安，总觉得做别的事情可能会更令人高兴。

2. Provided a man doesn’t have to work so hard as to impair his vigor, he is likely to find far more

zest in his free time than an idleman could possibly find.

If a man doesn’t work so hard that he may damage his physical energy, it is likely that he will

find much greater enjoyment in his spare time than a man who has nothing to do all day long.

一个人如果不是工作太辛苦而伤了元气，与无所事事的人相比，在闲暇时间会有更多的兴

趣。

3. It is only where the best work is concerned that this measure ceases to be the natural one to

apply.

Only when the best work is concerned, may we stop using income as a natural measure to see

whether a person is successful or not.

只有关系到最卓越的工作时，这一衡量标准才不适用。

4. The domesticated wife doesn’t receive wages, has no means of bettering herself, is taken

granted by her husband.

The housewife doesn’t get any pay for what she does, has no way to improve her condition. And

her husband thinks that it is something she should do.

家庭主妇没有报酬，无法改善现状。丈夫认为她做家务是分内事。

5. I imagine that an able surgeon, in spite of the painful circumstances in which his work is done,

derives satisfaction from the exquisite precision of his operations.

I think that a competent surgeon takes pleasure in operations he has performed skillfully and

precisely though his work is done in painful circumstances.

我们可以想象一个能干的外科医生，不管他的工作环境多么令人痛苦，都能从其精湛的手

术中得到满足。

6. But not infrequently a man will engage in activities of which the purpose is destructive without

regard to any construction that may come after.

But very often a man will take part in activities whose object is just to destroy something without

considering any construction that may follow.

但是有人从事的活动往往以破坏为目的，根本不考虑以后的建设。

7. The work of construction, … when completed, is delightful to contemplate, and moreover is

never so fully completed that there is nothing further to do about it.

The work of construction, when it is finished, is very pleasant to look at. Besides, it is completed

not so perfectly that there is no way to improve it.

建设性工作完成之后，看上去令人赏心悦目，何况它也不会完全结束，总还有事要做。


论工作

伯特兰·罗素

工作到底是幸福之源，还是痛苦之渊？这个问题或许很难回答。可以肯定的是很多工作

是乏味的，而且过量的工作总是非常痛苦的。然而我想，对于大多数人来说，只要工作不

是过多，即使是做最无聊的工作，也比无所事事好过得多。工作能给人带来愉悦的程度各

不相同，从仅能解闷到带来极大的乐趣，因工作的性质和工作者的能力而异。大多数人必

须做的大部分工作本身并没什么意思，但是就算是这样的工作也有很多的优点。首先，它

填满了

一天里的好几个小时，人们就不必去想这几个小时应该做点什么了。大多数人在可以根据

个人意愿自由安排个人时间时，就会想不出什么事足够有趣，值得一做。不管他们决定做

些什么，他们都总会想着做别的事可能会更有趣一些。只有达到高度的文明人们才能有意

义地安排业余时间。现在，极少数的人可以达到这个水平。何况选择的过程本身就很乏味。

因而若没有远见卓识，有人告诉自己每天的每个时刻做些什么还是件很令人愉快的事，只

要那种安排不太难以接受就行。大多数无所事事的阔佬免受干单调乏味工作之苦，却要以

忍受难以言表的无聊作为代价。有时他们会到非洲打猎或环游世界，以此来解闷。但是这样

的刺激数量有限，青春一去不返以后，更是如此。于是，聪明一些的富翁工作非常努力，

简直好像自己是个穷人，而多半的富婆就一直忙于做自以为惊天动地的琐碎事情。

因而工作还是令人向往的。首先，也是最重要的，是因为它能预防无聊感出现。比起终日

无所事事而造成的无聊感来，人们为了谋生而做乏味工作时的无聊感，简直不算什么。与

这一好处有关的还有另外一个优点，也就是工作的人会度过格外美妙的假日。如果一个人

不是拼命工作到大伤了元气的话，他就会在业余时间找到很多的乐趣，这是一个无所事事

的人比不了的。

大多数有偿的工作和一些无偿的工作具备的第二个优点是，它们提供了成功的机会和施

展抱负的机会。绝大多数工作成功与否是用工资衡量的。这在我们资本主义社会中是不可避

免的。在没有考虑到最佳工作的时候，就会自然采用这种衡量手段。人们非常希望加薪，这

一方面说明他们想通过高工资获得更多的舒适条件，另一方面也说明他们想获得成功，只

要工作能让人树立名声，在全世界也好，在自己的社交圈里也好，不管它有多么无聊。都

是可以忍受的。归根结底，幸福的必要因素之一便是坚守一个目标。对于大多数人来说，主

要是在工作时要始终如一地坚守一个目标。从这点来看，那些家务缠身的妇女要比男人不

幸得多，比那些在外工作的妇女也要不幸。这些家庭妇女得不到工资，不具备提高自己水

平的手段，她们的丈夫还认为她们做的事是理所当然的（丈夫们几乎看不到她们所做的

事），而且丈夫并不是用家务来衡量她，而是用一些别的品质来衡量。当然对那些家里足

够富裕，把

房子、花园收拾得很漂亮，令她们的邻居嫉妒的妇女来说，情况不是如此，但是这样的妇

女相当少。大多数的家务能带给她们的满足感根本比不上其它的工作带给男人和职业妇女

的满足感。

多数工作能消磨时间，而且给人们实现抱负提供某种（可能是微不足道的）机会，这种

满足感足以让一个做无聊工作的人比一个无事可做的人快乐。但是如果是一项有趣的工作

它能给人更高层次的满足感而不只是解闷了。有某种乐趣的工作可以排成一个等级表。我将

从那些一般有趣的说起，以那些值得伟大人物投入全部精力的工作结束。

两大因素使工作有了乐趣：首先，是它能应用技能；其次是它富有建设性。

每个拥有绝技的人都愿意表演这种绝技、直到它变得不再稀奇，或是直到他本人再无法

提高。这种表现欲是小时候就有的：能倒立的小男孩就不愿意正立着。许多工作能给人的乐

趣就像从技能比赛中获得的乐趣一样，律师或政客的工作一定和打桥牌一样地有趣，或许

更有趣。在这种工作中，不仅有技能的应用，更有将遇良才，更胜一等的乐趣。即便是不存

在竞争性的因素，单是这种高难技巧的表演就能令自己心情舒畅。一个能在飞机上表演特

技

的人会发现这事非常有趣，甚至愿为此冒生命危险。我想象着如果一个外科医生十分能干

不管他的工作环境多么令人痛苦，他总能因为手术做得极其精确而获得满足感，从许多微

不足道的工作中也能获得同样的乐趣，只是没有这样强烈罢了。所有的技巧性工作都能使

人高兴，只要是这种技巧富于变化或能够无限制地提高，如果不是具备这些条件，结果人

们能达到极限水平，那时，这工作就失去乐趣了。一个三公里赛的运动员如果过了可以打

破以前纪录的年龄，他就不再对这个职业感兴趣了。幸运的是，有相当数量的工作在新的

环境中需要新的技能。这样人们可以不断进步，可以对付到他们中年的时候。一些需要技巧

的工作，譬如说政界，人们好像是在 60到 70岁之间的时候才达到事业顶峰。原因是这些职

业必须要从别人那儿获得广博的经验。因此，成功的政治家在 70岁时会感到更快乐，而同

年龄的其它人可能不是如此。在这方面可以与之相比的只有那些大企业的大老板。

然而，最佳工作还有另一个要素，它比应用技能更能给人带来快乐，这就是建设性要素。

某些工作（绝不是多数工作）在工作结束以后会象纪念碑一样存留下去。我们可以通过下

列标准区分建设与破坏。在建设中，事物的最初状态是相当杂乱无章的，而最后状态是有

目的性的；在破坏中，情况刚好相反，事物的最初状态是有目的性的，而最后状态是杂乱

无章的。也就是说，破坏者的目的是造成一种没有目的性的状态。这个标准适用于最初级也

是最明

显的例子中，也就是修建或破坏建筑物的例子中。在修建建筑物时，实行事先拟好的计划。

而在破坏建筑物时，没人准确地知道在拆毁以后那些残砖碎瓦将摆成怎样的形状。当然破

坏常是下一步建设的必要准备，在那种条件下，它是整个建设中的一部分。但是通常有人

从事的活动目的就是破坏，根本没考虑过下一步有什么建设。这样的人通常会隐藏这一点

让人相信他只是扫清道路，以图重建，但是只要问问他下一步的建设是什么样的，就完全

可以揭

穿他的面具。如果那是面具的话，谈到这个问题，他会支支吾吾，没有热情，而对于之前

的破坏，他会说得十分明确也很有热情。不少革命尚武分子及另外一些暴力信徒就是如此

他们受了仇恨的驱使，而通常他们自己并不知道；破坏他们所忿恨的东西是他们的真正目

的。而他们对于下一步的计划非常不感兴趣。我无法否认在破坏性的工作中和在建设性的工

作种一样有乐趣。那是一种狂暴的快乐，可能有时会更强烈，但是却不能尽兴，因为破坏

者无法

从其结果中寻找到任何的满足感。你杀死了你的敌人，他死后你就没事了，你从胜利中获

得的满足感迅速消失了，而另一方面，建设性的工作．一想起来就会使人愉快。而且永远

也不会彻底地结束，总还有要做的事。最令人尽兴的就是那些可以让人持续不断地成功而

绝不会陷入绝境的目标。在这方面，可以发现建设比破坏更能给人带来快乐。再准确点说，

可能就是那些满足于建设的人比那些爱破坏的人更满足。因为一旦你充满仇恨，你就很难

像别人一样从建设中得到乐趣。


Computers monitor everything in Singapore from soil composition to location of manholes. At

the airport, it took just 15 seconds for the computerized immigration system to scan and approve

my passport. It takes only one minute to be checked into a public hospital.

By 1998, almost every household will be wired for interactive cable TV and the Internet, the

global computer network. Shoppers will be able to view and pay for products electronically. A 24-

hour community telecomputing network will allow users to communicate with elected representa-

tives and retrieve information about government services. It is all part of the government's plan to

transform the nation into what it calls the "Intelligent Island."

In so many ways, Singapore has elevated the concept of efficiency to a kind of national ideo logy .

Forthe past ten years, Singapore' s work force was rated the best in the world—ahead of Japan and

the U. S. —in term of productivity, skills and attitude by the Business Environment Risk

Intelligence service.

Behind the "Singapore miracle" is a man Richard Nixon described as one of "the ablest leaders I

have met, " the one who "in other times and other places, might have attained the world stature of

a Churchill." Lee Kuan Yew led Singapore's struggle for independence in the 1950s, serving as

Prime Minister from 1959 until 1990. Today (1995), at 71, he has nominally retired to the office of

Senior Minister, where he continues to influence his country's future. Lee offered companies tax

breaks, political stability, cheap labor and strike-free environment.

Nearly 90 percent of Singaporean adults now own their own homes and thanks to strict adherence

to the principle of merit, personal opportunities abound. "If you've got talent and work hard, you

can be anything here, " says a Malaysian-born woman who holds a high-level civil-service

opposition.

Lee likes to boast that Singapore has avoided the "moral breakdown" of western countries. He

attributes his nation's success to strong family ties, a reliance on education as the engine of

advancement and a social philosophy that he claims is superior to America's.

In an interview with Reader's Digest, he said that the United States has "lost its bearings" by

emphasizing individual rights at the expense of society. "An ethical society, " he said, "is one

which matches human rights with responsibilities.

1. What characterizes Singapore's advancement is its____.

A. computer monitoring B. work efficiency

C. high productivity D. value on ethics

2. In Mr. Lee Kuan Yew's view, the American society lacks____.

A. personal opportunities B. family education

C. responsibilities D. efficiency

3. In Paragraph 7, "lost its bearings" may mean____.

A. become impatient B. failed to find the right position

C. lost its foundation D. grown bad-mannered

4. The principles of merit most probably include the following except

A. work attitude B. efficiency

C. education D. social status

5. In Singapore, the concept of efficiency ____.

A. has been highlighted throughout the country

B. has become an essential quality for citizens to aim at

C. is brought forward by the government in order to compete with America

D. is known as the basis for building the "Intelligent Island"


A.

1. To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one

shall do. Moreover the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome.

2. Because whatever they decide to do for themselves, they are troubled by the feeling that

something else would have been pleasanter.

3. I think idleness is more unbearable than boredom from doing tedious work because idleness

is a waste of time and life. Since an idle man is not doing anything and not accomplishing

anything, he can' t derive any feeling of accomplishment, success or satisfaction.

4. In the view of the author, the housewives do not receive wages, have no means of bettering

themselves, are taken granted by their husbands, and are valued by them not for their

housework but for quite other qualities. I agree with him in this respect .because housewives

have no chances of success just by doing housework, especially when success in most work

is measured by income.

5. All work can offer continuous pleasure to the worker provided that the skill required is either

variable or capable of indefinite improvement.

6. In construction the initial state of affairs is comparatively haphazard, while the final state of

affairs embodies a purpose. In destruction the reverse is the case; the initial state of affairs

embodies a purpose, while the final state of affairs is haphazard, that is to say, all that is

intended by the destroyer is to produce a state of affairs which does not embody a certain

purpose.

7. In Russell' s view constuctiveness is the most powerful motive for work.

8. In my opinion, the elements that make work interesting include: the exercise of skill, and the

feeling of accomplishment, success and satisfaction.

B.

1．只有在高度文明的社会中人才会很好地利用闲暇的时间，而目前很少有人能达到这个

水平。

2．因此人们需要工作。首先它可以避免无聊感。因为一个人从事必需但无兴趣的工作带

来的无聊感，同整日什么也不做产生的无聊感相比起来，也就不算什么了。

3．但是尽管这种工作很枯燥，如果它能提高一个人的声誉，不管是笼统地说整个世界，

还是在自己的小圈子里，它都变成可以忍受的了。

4．那些家庭主妇没有工资，也没有办法改善自己的生活，她们的劳动被丈夫认为是理所

当然的，丈夫所重视的不是她做的家务，而是她的其他品质。

5．律师或政治家的工作必须以更令人愉快的方式，包括从玩桥牌中获得的同样的快乐。

6．我可以想象出一个能干的外科医生，不管他工作的地方条件多么艰苦，他从精湛、准

确的手术中得到满足。

7．令人庆幸的是，还有相当一部分工作新的条件要求新技术，这样人们可以继续提高，

至少可以到中年时期。

8．在建筑物的建造过程中，以前制定好的计划得以实施，而在拆除过程中，没有人明确

规定拆除工作结束后，那些残瓦碎片如何摆放

C.

1. by means of 2. actuated 3. taken for granted 4. outwit

5. irked 6. by no means 7. procure 8. by all means

D.

1. desirable 2. is apt 3. literal 4. variable

5. provided 6. pretenses 7. requires 8. kill

E.

1 .work that is quite annoying, too much in number

2. by going after the big animals

3. is judged by salary

4. can be put in grades

5. there is no this competing feature

6. in this field, in this aspect

7. It is never completely finished and there is nothing left to do.

8. reaching the stage that further progress appears impossible

F.

The first thing Russell thinks is the most ordinary function of work, namely the relief of tedium.

He thinks even the dullest work is less painful than idleness to most people. Then he talks about

how the work can provide the people with opportunities for their ambitions. Man, as a member of

the society, hopes that he can procure more and more social achievements. He points out that most

women are so unfortunate that they can not work outside their homes. They are deprived of this

chance.

It seems that different kinds of work give people satisfaction to different degrees. Russell studies

the concerning two chief elements, that is the exercise of skill and construction. When he analyzes

the latter, Russell finds an opportunity to express his profound hatred to the war and social

violence.

G.

As a great thinker, Bertrand Russell had his own views on man’s motives in work.

Firstly, he thinks work prevents boredom. This is obviously true when we compare the feeling of

those who have nothing to do with his days with that of those who are busy with their work all day

long. Another advantage associated with this is that it makes holidays much more delicious when

they come.

Secondly, Russell thinks that work provides people with opportunities for success and the

realization of ambition. This is also true because success can't be separated from one' s work and it

is only through work that one can have a chance of success and thus realize his ambition.

Finally, Russell thinks interesting work makes it possible for people to enjoy the feeling of

satisfaction. Certainly, one can feel satisfied or happy when he can exercise his skills or construct

anything, and interesting work, composing of the above two chief elements, makes it possible for

one to enjoy the feeling of satisfaction or happiness.

补充练习答案

1. D 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. B

Lesson Fourteen

I Would Like to Tell You Something


Vietnam War (1955-75), a protracted and unsuccessful effort by South Vietnam and the United

States to prevent the communists of North Vietnam from uniting South Vietnam with North

Vietnam under their leadership

Vietnam had been America's longest and most divisive war, and public and congressional opinion

flatly opposed any resumption of the agony. The 1973 accords, therefore, were a fig leaf hiding the

fact that the United States had just lost its first war despite an estimated expenditure of

$155,000,000,000, 7,800,000 tons of bombs (more than all countries dropped in all of World War

II), and some 58,000 American lives. Estimates of Vietnamese dead (North and South) totaled

more than 2,000,000 soldiers and civilians. In its proportional impact on Vietnamese society, the

Vietnam War, 1955-75, was the fourth most severe in the world since 1816.

The end of U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia also brought to a close 15 years of astounding

change in world politics that featured the arrival of the space and missile age. In 1969, the very

moment when astronauts were setting foot on the Moon to fulfill Kennedy's pledge to prove

American superiority, Nixon and Kissinger were struggling to adjust to the new realities and

manage a limited American retreat. They succeeded brilliantly in establishing a triangular

relationship with Moscow and Peking and appeared to have replaced Cold War with détente.

Likewise, they appeared to have escaped from Vietnam and implemented the Nixon Doctrine.

New crises and reversals were in the offing, however, that would prove that the American decline

had not yet been arrested. Given these reversals, détente might be judged as much an exercise in

American presumption as the Vietnam War. The U.S.S.R. could not be expected to cease its quest

for real values in world competition just because the United States was prepared to acknowledge it

as a military equal. Rather, with the United States less able to cope, that very equality opened up

new opportunities for Soviet expansion. Khrushchev's boast about the new correlation of forces in

the world may have brought the Soviets a series of embarrassments from 1957 to 1962, but a

decade later it seemed perversely justified.


John. F. Kerry was a Vietnam veteran, who took part in the investigation in Detroit in December of

1970. He thought the purpose of the veterans to take part in it was not to spill out their hearts or

purge their souls, but to tell the American people that it was the U. S government, not just the

soldiers, that should be held responsible for the war crimes. He criticized the depersonalization of

the American people and pointed out the hypocrisy of the American government's policy. They

regarded the soldiers who were in the war as the "best men", but when they returned from the war,

they were treated badly, and were faced with the sickening situation: being racially discriminated,

misunderstood, unemployed, and unable to get better medical treatment, etc.

The war brought great damages to both the American soldiers and the Vietnamese and the

Laotians. The veterans were bored with the war. So are the people who love peace. They were

marching on Washington, demanding an immediate withdrawal from Vietnam. They wouldn't

move until the American government set a date for withdrawal from Vietnam. They would be

demanding the judiciary of this country to declare the Vietnam war unconstitutional. They would

place all they knew about the war before the people of the country, telling it like it really was.

词汇 (Vocabulary)

1. testify: v. bear witness, give evidence 作证，提供证据

He testifies under oath that he had not been at the scene of the crime. 他发誓作证他当时并不在

犯罪现场。

testimony: n. declaration testifying that sth. is true 证言

The witness’s testimony was proved to be false. 证人的证词被证实是不真实的。

2. prosecute: v. start legal proceedings against 检举，起诉

The former leader was prosecuted for the embezzlement. 前任领导因贪污被起诉。

prosecution: v. prosecuting or being prosecuted 起诉，告发

The old man started a prosecution against his son for the ill-treatment. 老人因为受到虐待而起

诉他的儿子。

3. stage: v. arrange for sth to take place; carry out 实行，举行

The industrial workers decided to stage a strike. 产业工人们决定举行罢工。

The former world champion is to stage a come-back after retiring for 3 years. 这位前世界冠军

在退役三年后又要复出了。

4. cover: v. report on sth 报道

Three journalist were sent to cover the Labour Party’s annual conference. 三名记者被派去报道

工党年会新闻。

The presidential election is widely covered by the press. 总统选举被新闻媒体广泛报道。

5. accredit: v. believe 相信，认可

Until now I have always accredited you with more scene. 直到现在我一直都认为你不至于这

么糊涂。

accreditation: n. belief, appointment 认可；任命

If you want to start the publication of certain newspaper, you must get the accreditation from the

government. 如果你想创刊一份报纸，必须得到政府的认可。

6. differentiate: v. show to be different 区别，辨别

Can you differentiate Jim from his twin brother? 你能区分吉姆和他双胞胎的弟弟吗？

differentiation: n. sth different 区别

There is no differentiation without contrast. 没有比较就看不出区别。

differential: a. showing a difference 有分别的

The two answers are differential. 这两个答案是有区别的。

7. glamorize: v. make glamorous 使有魅力

Some magazines glamorize the lives of the film stars. 一些杂志把明星的生活描写得十分动人。

glamorous: a. full of glamour 富有魅力得

Many young people adore the glamorous film stars. 许多年轻人崇拜富有魅力的影星。

glamour: n. charm; power of beauty 魅力；迷人的力量

She likes the glamour of moonlight on the sea. 她喜欢海上迷人的月光。

8. distort: v. give a false account of 歪曲

You have distorted what I meant. 你曲解了我的意思。

distortion: n. distorting or being distorted 歪曲

Their distortion of the facts made us very angry at them. 他们对事实的歪曲使我们非常生气。

9. justify: v. to show that is right or reasonable 证明

It’s hard for you to justify your behavior. 你很难证明你的行为是正当的。

justification: n. sth that justifies 理由

The justification of his stealing was that his mother was seriously ill. 他偷窃的理由是他妈妈病

的很重。

10. rationalize: v. bring into conformity with reason 使合理

The students try to rationalize their behaviors. 学生们试图合理解释他们的行为。

She rationalized her decision to abandon her baby by saying she could not afford to keep it. 她为

抛弃婴儿之事辩称自己抚养不起。

11. dormant: a. in a state of inactivity but awaiting development. 潜伏的，蛰伏的

There are many dormant volcanoes in the world. 世界上有许多休眠火山。

Many plants lie dormant throughout the winter. 许多植物冬天呈休眠状态。


1. be guilty of: to blame for sth; feeling or showing guilt 对……有罪责；感到内疚的

The jury had found him guilty of murder. 陪审团裁定他犯有谋杀罪。

He is guilty of telling lies to his parents. 他为对父母撒谎而感到内疚。

2. sink into: be absorbed, be fully understood 被吸收；被完全理解

The rain sank into the dry ground. 雨水渗入干燥的土地。

My warning obviously hasn’t sunk into your thick skull. 我的警告，你显然全不理解。

3. pull out: remove sth by pulling; leave (a station)

He suddenly pulled out a gun. 他突然掏出一支枪。

Hardly had I reached the station when the train pulled out of the platform. 我刚到车站，火车就

驶出了站台。

4. charge sb. for sth.: ask … as a price 要价

I was charged 25 dollars for this pair of glasses. 这副眼镜他们要了我 25美元。

Excuse me, how much do you charge for this dictionary? 请问，这本字典你要多少钱？

5. in terms of: as regard, as far as … be concerned 在……方面就……来说

I have little in terms of work experience. 就工作经验而言我几乎没有。

Think of it in terms of investment. 从投资的角度来考虑那件事。

6. stand up for: speak, work in favor of 为……说话或工作

Customers must stand up for their rights. 消费者一定要维护自己的权利。

We will always stand up for you. 我们永远都会支持你。

7. blame sth. on sb. / blame sb. for sth.: consider or say that sb is responsible for sth done or not

done 指责；归咎于

He blamed the failure of their marriage on her. 他把婚姻的失败归咎于她。

The party blamed corruption on the government. 该党指责政府腐败。

8. end with: finish with 以……结束；以……而告终

The meal ended with coffee and brandy. 这顿饭最后上的是咖啡和白兰地。

Their plan ended with a failure. 他们的计划以失败而告终。

9. pay homage to: pay respect to, pay tribute to 向……致敬或致哀

We pay homage to the genius of Shakespeare. 我们对莎士比亚的天才表示敬仰。

They stood in silent homage round her grave. 他们站在她的墓周围向她默哀。

10. part and parcel of sth: an essential or main part of sth 主要部分，重要部分

Keeping accounts is part and parcel of my job. 我的主要工作是记账。

The engine is the part and parcel of the car. 发动机是汽车的主要部分。


1. spend, squander

spend: pay out for sth 用钱，花钱

She spends too much money on cosmetics. 她花在化妆品上的钱太多。

squander: waste 浪费

He squandered all the money which his father gave him. 他把父亲给的钱都挥霍掉了。

2. transcript, manuscript

transcript: sth copied 抄本，副本

I was not present at the meeting. I’d like a transcript of her speech. 我没有出席会议，我想

要一份她讲话的副本。

manuscript: sth as first written out or typed 手稿，原稿

I must return this manuscript to the author. 我必须把原稿还给作者。

3. indignity, indignation

indignity: rude or unworthy treatment causing shame or loss of respect 侮辱，轻蔑

She suffered an indignity of being searched in a supermarket. 她在超市受到了搜身之辱。

indignation: anger caused by injustice 愤慨，义愤

They felt strong indignation against their boss. 他们对老板感到强烈愤慨。

4. clean, purge

clean: make clean 弄干净，使清洁

Wash your hands and clean your nails. 洗洗手，把指甲弄干净。

purge: make clean of physical or moral impurity 清除身上或道德上的不洁

King Arther tried to purge his land from sin. 亚瑟王试图清除他国家的罪恶。

5. preserve, protect

preserve: keep from harm or decay 保护，保存

We must preserve our natural resources. 我们必须保护我们的自然资源。

protect: keep safe from danger, enemies, etc. 保护，防御

They are fighting to protect their country. 他们正在战斗，保卫国家。

6. dormant, unimportant

dormant: in a state of inactivity but awaiting activity 潜伏的

Seeds remain dormant in the earth during winter. 种子冬天在泥土中休眠。

unimportant: not important 不重要的

His brother-in-law has an unimportant job with the firm. 他的舅兄在公司有份无关紧要的工

作。

7. mistake, distortion

mistake: wrong opinion, idea or act 错误

We all make mistakes occasionally. 我们偶尔都会犯错。

distortion: giving a false account of sth 歪曲，曲解

It is hopeless distortion of the truth. 这完全是歪曲事实。

8. glamorize, praise

glamorize: make sth appear better than in reality 美化，使有魅力

Newspapers often glamorize the lives of film stars. 报纸经常美化电影明星们的生活。

praise: speak with approval 称赞，赞美

The publishers had praised his novel pretty highly. 出版商对他的小说大加赞赏。


1. The investigation was not staged so that veterans could spill out their hearts or purge their souls.

The veterans held the investigation not to give themselves a chance to express their deepest

feelings, tell people about all the terrible things they had done in Vietnam, or relieve themselves

of their guilty feelings, so that they could have peace of mind.

进行这项调查并不是为了让老兵们吐露心声，净化灵魂。

2. …but said it would never get by his desk because the Army would rescind the magazine’s

accreditation to cover the war.

If that reporter let this article be published, the army would take away the magazine’s right to

send reporters to Vietnam.

但是他说这样的文章永远也不会离开他的办公桌，因为一旦发表，军方就会取消这本杂志

报导战争的权利。

3. …the helicopter crews fill the same body bags as the ground troops.

The helicopter crews can be killed too, just like the ground troops have been killed.

直升机上的人也会死，和地面部队士兵一样装进尸体袋。

4. …the kind of criminal hypocrisy that has torn this country apart.

The issue of racial discrimination and racial segregation existed in U.S. while it was supposed to

be a country where everyone enjoyed freedom and equality. When the black people started the

Civil Rights Movement, the whole country was roused, either supporting or opposing it.

玩弄这种可耻的虚伪，使这个国家分成两派。

5. … it didn’t matter how many American bodies were provided to prove that point.

In order to prove that point, it was not important how many American soldiers had to die.

为了证明这一点，死多少美国人都没关系。

6. …he found himself doing to the Vietnamese exactly what had been done to his people and what

he had been conditioned by America to applaud.

He found himself doing to the Vietnamese the things that the white people in America had done

to the American Indians, and he also found himself doing the things that America had trained

him to think it was right to do.

他发现自己对越南人的所作所为与自己的民族过去的遭遇一样，这正是美国人所受的教育，

认为是正确的事。


我有话要说

约翰·F·克里

经历了一场我们并不真心想打的战争，我们重归故园，现在我想告诉你们退伍老兵在这

个国家做些什么，·及其感受如何。

一个多星期前我们在底特律市进行了一项调查。一百五十多名光荣退役的老兵，其中许

多人被授予过各种勋章，都为在印度支那犯下的战争罪行作了证实一—这并不是个案，而

是在各级军官完全知晓的情况下每天都在发生的罪行。

进行这项调查的目的并不是为了使退伍军人能说出心里话或消除心中的负罪感、这样做

的目的是为了证明美国在印度支那实行的政策近乎种族灭绝政策，对于那里所发生的一切

应负责任的不仅有士兵，而且还有每一个允许这种兽行和失去人性继续下去的每一个美国

人。这样做还为了表明，无论威廉·凯利有多大的罪过，对他提出起诉是无济于事的，你还

要对怂恿这种罪行的人提出起诉。这样做也为了表明，不是有一个迈莱，而是有无数个迈

莱，而且迈莱式的大屠杀每天都在进行着。这些退伍军人的证词几乎被实行了彻底的新闻

封锁。

但对我们这些参加过战争的人来说，这种新闻封锁不是什么新鲜事。我还记得自己去了

西贡，想和统帅海军部队的海军上将谈谈，告诉他我们的所作所为是错误的。我记得去找

一个全国性杂志的撰稿人，告诉他在越南发生的一切应当让美国人民知道。他同意我的观

点，但对我说这样的文章就别指望有人会从他的桌上拿走，因为若哪家杂志愿意登载，军

方就会取消它报导战争的权利。而如果不对这场战争进行报导．杂志就卖不出去．如果不

卖杂志，美国人就会因一无所知而以为天下太平了，因为美国人就是那样的。

但在美国，新闻界并不是唯一对这种麻木不仁听之任之的部门。我去找过总部设在纽约

的一家大公司的董事会主席，要求他资助我们以便能把证词是送给国会议员，使他们人手

一册，从而敦促召开我们要求的公开意见听取会，他严肃地对我说：“我想你们不能把战

争罪行当作商品——你知道，那样就成了销售。”然后他紧接着对副总经理说：“见鬼，

我们在二战时就这么干的．有什么新鲜的？”

众所周知，在美国，这种消磨知觉的做法早已出现，但是对士兵们采取的方式更恶劣。

在新兵训练营中，每个十兵都能看到挂在营房里的一张招贴画，画着被捆绑在十字架上的

越南人，下面写着：“杀死越南佬。”这种含意逐渐深入其心，在训练过程中要做四拍一

节的健身操，到第四拍时人人都跳起来并高喊：“杀！”在彭德尔顿营地受训的海军陆战

队队员们在开赴越南之前，受到极为特殊的招待：中士手拿一只活兔子，扒下皮来．将兔

子撕开，扯出内脏扔向集合的士兵们，并说：“在越南就是这么干的。如果你是海军陆战

队队员，就去杀死那么人吧。”

就这样我们在国内突然面临一个可憎的局面，这儿不再存在义愤填膺的感觉；即便有，

也是那些被过去遭受的侮辱折磨得筋疲力尽的人有。这个国家似乎是在俯首贴耳地接受老

挝这样严重的问题，正如我们曾把巴基斯坦七十万人丧生的所谓的历史上最大的灾难轻易

勾消了一样。我认为我们现在正处在破上最大的灾难之中，因为在远方每天仍有人在死去。

而且我指的不光是美国青年。

在国内，人们确实对此漠不关心。反正你可以不看电视新闻，而去看迪克·凡·戴克的节

目。我们还未实行食物定量配给。人们仍可将嫖妓的费用记在信用卡上；那么，在无法挽回

的局面下用一些人的生命来挽回美国的面子，又能怎么样呢？要美国人民看出地面部队与

直升飞机部队之间没有差别不应当是件难事，然而我们接受了政府告诉我们的差别。在老

挝没有地面部队，因此通过遥控屠杀老挝人是可以的。可直升飞机上的人也会死，和地面

部队的士兵一样装进尸体袋，而他们也一样对越南农村和老挝人民造成破坏。美国人居然

愿意接受这样伪善的说法，真令人无法相信。

但是美国没有意识到这几百万的战斗人员，他们受过战争的洗礼，他们曾有机会为历史

上最大的无谓之举去牺牲，而他们也成了美国自己制造的可怕力量。我们重返家园，充满

了愤怒和被出卖的感觉，而却无人知晓。对于政策这个问题，我们大家有同样感到愤怒的

地方——我们的愤怒更强烈些，因为用以检验这些政策的东西是我们的生命。

但使我们愤怒的还有那些声明，例如副总统阿格纽一九七 O年在西点军校讲话时所作的

声明。他谈到某些人何其美化那些与社会格格不入的可耻人物，而优秀分子为了保卫自由

牺牲在亚洲的稻田里，可这种自由却被那些可耻人物滥用了。让我们支持在越南战斗的青

年吧。但是对于我们，这些在越南战斗过的青年，应当得到美国支持的人们来说，阿格纽

的讲话是种可怕的歪曲，我们从中得到的只能是极度的反感。

这是一种歪曲，因为我们根本不认为自己是美国的“优秀分子”；因为他称之为与社会

格格不入的那些人却在以国内无人敢用的方式支持着我们；因为我知道那些牺牲的人如能

回来，许多是会加人他们的行列的；因为我们许多人确实回来了，并要求立即从越南撤军

也是因为许多“优秀分子”缺臂断腿、四肢瘫痪地回来，结果是躺在腐臭冲天的医院里，

那里还飘扬着阿格纽先生非常珍视的那面旗帜。

当我们对自己应召到亚洲后的所作所为感到羞耻、悔恨时，不可能自认为是“优秀分

子”。如果为了企图证明任何一个美国人的牺牲都是必要的，不管是在越南、柬埔寨、老挝

或印度支那的某个地方，或世界上的某个地方，甚至说就是在美国，把那样的牺牲说成与

保卫自由有关，那就是在玩弄虚伪的把戏，与那些分裂国家的罪恶一样。

使我们愤怒的不只是简单的政策问题。我们愤怒的是，我们到了越南后，发现对我们说

的有关越南的一切全是假的。我们发现，因为得不到我们所谓的盟国的支援，美国士兵经

常死在稻田里。我们亲眼看到你们纳税人的钱被一个腐败的独裁政权所挥霍。我们看到关于

谁在那面旗帜下享有自由这一点上，阿格纽的看法片面的，因为伤亡人员中黑人所占地比

例最高。

我们看到美国的炸弹和搜索歼灭行动，与越共恐怖分子对越南造成同样的破坏，而我们

却听任美国把一切归咎于越共。我们眼睁睁地看到毁灭村庄，却硬说成是拯救它们。看着美

国在无动于衷地接受迈莱事件，同时拒绝放弃美国士兵施舍口香糖和巧克力的形象，我们

看到了美国道德感的沦丧。

我们眼睁睁地看着为了维护自尊，无关紧要的战斗升级为战争中的最重要的抵抗，因为

我们既不能打败仗，又不能退却。而为了证明这一点死多少美国人都没有关系。而现在有人

告诉我们，为了能实行那骄横得令人难以置信的使越南人越南化的做法，我们必须静观不

语。

退伍军人不只是愤怒。全国今天每十个失业者中就有一个是越战退伍兵。也就是说有百分

之二十二点五的退伍兵失业，其中百分之三十三是黑人。有的退伍军人不得不起诉退伍军

人管理局才能获得假肢。住进医院的人中有百分之五十七想到过自杀，百分之二十七的人

企图自杀过。在越南的士兵中百分之六十八的人吸毒，这些吸毒成瘾的人回国后就几乎没

人管了。

我们将对此采取行动。现在我们已有七千人，而且越来越多的越战退伍军人反战组织成

员将在四月十九日向华盛顿进军——穿着制服，戴着勋章。我们将在阿灵顿向阵亡将士致

敬，然后和其它战争的退伍军人，和阵亡者的家属、战俘的家属以及一切愿意加人我们行

列的人一起，向国会进军。我们将在那儿停驻，要求满足我们的请求。但最重要的是，如果

他们不规定从越南撤军的日期，我们就绝不离开。

我们还将把自己的军功章交还给国会，要求美国的司法部门就宣布越战违反宪法的马萨

诸塞法案作出裁决，我们请求开展和平运动的一切部门支持我们，因为我们认为现在不是

按兵不动的时候。战争就是我们力图要向美国人民说明一切的核心，越南的问题不仅仅是

战争和外交的问题，它是美国理想主义的根本问题，我们正是对此有所疑问。

我有一位朋友是美国印第安人、退伍军人及埃尔卡特拉兹印第安部落联盟的成员。他把这

个问题谈得再简单调了不过了。他告诉我，当他小时候在印第安看电视时，看到牛仔们在

一次埋伏中杀死了印第安人，他是怎样地欢呼雀跃。然后突然有一天他在越南醒悟了过来

发现自己对越南人的所作所为与别人对自己民族的所作所为毫无二致，而在美国的熏陶下

他认为应当为之欢呼鼓掌。我想那道出了一切。老兵们已经被无情地利用了，

但现在他们要采取行动了。他将把自己军装所象征的一切美好东西、代表家园的苹果饼与

母爱及为国效力时所得的勋章统统带去放在美国人民面前，向他们讲述事实的真相。


With its common interest in lawbreaking but its immense rage of subject-matter and widely-

varying methods of treatment, the crime novel could make a legitimate claim to be regarded as a

separate branch of literature, or, at least, as a distinct, even though a slightly disreputable, off-

shoot (分枝) of the traditional novel.

The detective story is probably the most respectable (at any rate in the narrow sense of the word)

of the crime species. Its creation is often the relaxation of University dons ( 住校生 ), literary

economists, scientists or even poets. Fatalities（灾祸） may occur more frequently and myste-

riously than might be expected in polite society, but the world in which they happen, the village,

seaside resort, college or studio, is familiar to us, if not from our own experience, at least in the

newspaper or the lives of friends. The characters, though normally realized superficially, are as

recognizably human and consistent as our less intimate associates. A story set in a more remote

environment, African jungle or Australian bush, ancient China or gaslit London, appeals to our

interest in geography or history, and most detective story writers are conscientious in providing a

reasonably authentic background. The elaborate, carefully-assembled plot, despised by the modern

intellectual critics and creators of "significant" novels, has found refuge in the murder mystery,

with its sprinkling of clues, its spicing with apparent impossibilities, all with appropriate solutions

and explanations at the end. With the guilt of escapism from Real Life nagging (责骂) gently, we

secretly revel (以……为乐) in the unmasking of evil by a vaguely super-human sleuth

(警犬), who sees through and dispels the cloud of suspicion which has hovered so unjustly over

the innocent.

Though its villain also receives his rightful deserts, the thriller presents a less comfortable and

credible world. The sequence of fist fights, revolver duels, car crashes and escapes from gas-filled

cellars exhausts the reader far more than the hero, who, suffering from at least two broken ribs,

one black eye, uncountable bruises and a hangover, can still chase and overpower an armed villain

with the physique of a wrestler. He moves dangerously through a world of ruthless gangs,

brutality, a vicious lust for power and money and, in contrast to the detective tale, with a near-

omniscient (无所不知) arch-criminal whose defeat seems almost accidental. Perhaps we miss in

the thriller the security of being safely led by our imperturbable（镇静的） investigator past a

score of red herrings (青鱼 ) and blind avenues to a final gathering of suspects when an

unchallengeable elucidation (阐明) of all that has bewildered us is given and justice and goodness

prevail. All that we vainly hope for from life is granted vicariously.

1. The crime novel may be regarded as ____.

A. a not quite respectable form of the conventional novel

B. not a true novel at all

C. related in some ways to the historical novel

D. an independent development of the novel

2. The passage suggests that intellectuals write detective stories because ____.

A. the stories are often in fact very instructive

B. they enjoy writing these stories

C. the creation of these stories demands considerable intelligence

D. detective stories are an accepted branch of literature

3. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as one of the similarities between the detec-

tive story and the thriller?

A. Both have involved plots.

B. Both are condemned by modern critics.

C. Both are forms of escapist fiction.

D. Both demonstrate the triumph of right over wrong.

4. One of the most incredible characteristics of the thriller plot is ____.

A. the eventual defeat of the villain

B. the type of society described

C. the effect of the story on the reader

D. the fact that the villain is clever

5. In what way are the detective story and the thriller unlike?

A. In introducing violence.

B. In providing excitement and suspense.

B. In appealing to the intellectual curiosity of the reader.

D. In ensuring that everything comes right in the end.


A.

1. Over 150 honorably discharged veterans.

2. They exposed the war crimes committed in Indochina.

3. To prove the policy of the United States in Indochina is tantamount to genocide, and that not

only the soldiers but also the U. S. government should be responsible for the war; that those

who encouraged the situation should really be prosecuted, and that the war crimes are

continuing every single day.

4. The American government. Yes, I do.

5. What the soldiers were doing in the war was wrong.

6. Because he was insensitive to the war crimes as the US troops used to do so.

7. Before they depart for Vietnam, they were conditioned to kill the Vietnamese like rabbits.

8. It's a distortion because we in no way considered ourselves the "best men" in this country,

because those he called misfits were standing up for us in a way nobody else in this country

dared to, because we know that so many who died would have come back to join die misfits,

and because so many of us have actually returned to this country to demand an immediate

withdrawal from Vietnam. And because so many of those "best men" have returned as

amputees and quadraplegics to lie in rancid hospitals which fly the flag that Mr. Agnew holds

so close.

9. They were unemployed, racially discriminated, addicted to drugs and unable to get better

medical care.

10. The de-sensitive attitude of the Americans, the hypocrisy of the U. S government, the

miserable situation of the Vietnam veterans, and their strong determination to demand the

withdrawal of U. S. troops from Vietnam.

B.

1．150多名光荣退役的老兵，其中的许多人曾被授予过各种勋章,证实了他们在印度支那

犯下的战争罪行。

2．这项调查并不是为了让老兵们倾吐心声，净化灵魂。

3．允许这种残忍、失去人性的行为继续进行的每一个美国人都应该负责任。

4．如果不报导战争杂志就卖不也去，如果杂志卖不出去，那就什么事也没有发生，因为

这是美国的一贯做法。

5．但是美国人不知道的是美国教唆成百万的士兵从事暴力，让他们冒着生命危险参加历

史上最无意义的战争，使他们成为一种可怕的力量。

6．现在要求我们默默地注视着美国人丧生，我们就能实施令人难以置信的“越南战争越

南化”的计划了。

7．老兵的问题不只是愤怒。

8．突然有一天，他在越南觉醒了，发现自己对越南人所做的一切就如同自己民族过去遭

受的一样，这正是美国人所受的教育，认为是正确的事情。

E.

1. people who are formerly in one of the armed services

2. killed by being nailed or tied to a cross

3. to be submitting to sth. obediently and humbly

4. given to

5. were supporting

6. said that the side which should be responsible for it was

7. to be developed more tense to be

8. an essential part

F.

John Kerry was a Vietnam Veteran, and he entered the investigation which was held in Detroit in

December, 1970. He thought that the veterans didn't only enter the investigation so that they could

spill out their hearts or purge their souls. Also not only a certain person was responsible for the

war crimes, but also American Government. He wished to awoke the sense of responsibility in

American people. He criticized the insensitivity of everyone from all walks of life in America and

pointed the hypocrisy of the policy set by American Government. He exposed the situation that the

veterans were terribly treated back to America: race discrimination, addicting to dope,

unemployment, bad medical treatment, etc. At last he told us that members of Vietnam Veterans

Against the War were marching on Washington and on the Capitol. Their most important demand

was that .the government set a date for withdrawal of troops from Vietnam. Otherwise they would

stay there and would never move.

G.

The author told the war crimes of the U. S troops, not just to spill out their hearts or purge their

souls. He wanted to prove that the policy of American in Indochina was tantamount to genocide,

that not only the soldiers were responsible for what was happening in Vietnam, but that the whole

American people were responsible for the war crimes in Vietnam.

The veterans placed it before the people of this country, telling it like it really was in order to let

the American people know the truth about the Vietnam war and other wars. The American

government had lied to the people, and the American people didn't know at all. The American

people thought the American troops were right, in fact, they were not. The war brought massive

damage not only to the native people, but also to the American soldiers.

The Americans are indifferent. The veterans called on the American people and all the people who

love peace to fight

against the war, and demanded American government withdraw troops from Vietnam immediately.

Veterans were suffering in America. When they returned from Vietnam, they were faced with

the sickening situation:

unemployment, racial discrimination, addiction to drugs, and failure to get the proper medical

treatment, etc.

补充练习答案

1. D 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. A

Lesson Fifteen

The Beauty Industry


Aldous Huxley, an English novelist, poet and essayist, was born at Godalming, Surrey. He

graduated from Balliol College, Oxford in 1915. He published his fast book, The Burning Wheel, a

volume of poetry, in 1916. He in his most famous works expressed in scathing, witty terms, his

disillusionment with the values of 20th century society. One of his major concerns was the

dehumanizing effect on people of many aspects of science and technology. He is perhaps best

known for his satirical novel Brave New World, which portrays a bizarre, mechanized, emotionless

society of the future.

Huxley' s first published novel was Crome Yellow (1921), Mortal Coils, a volume of stories

appeared in 1922 and Antic Hay, a second novel, came out in 1923. Other important works of the

1930' s are the collections of essays Music at Night and Beyond the Mexique Bay, the novels

Eyeless in Gaza and After Many a Summer Dies the Swan. In the early 1940' s, Huxley became

increasingly fascinated with Eastern mysticism, an interest that is reflected in such works as The

Perennial Philosophy.


Beginning with the beauty industry, Aldous Huxey discusses the matter of beauty. He points out

that American and European women spend much money on cosmetics and try every possible

measures to make themselves look younger and more beautiful. This modem cult of beauty is due

in part to the diffusion of wealth, and the changes in women's position and in our attitude towards

the physical body. People succeed in achieving beautiful appearance, but not real beauty. For real

beauty is as much an affair of the inner as of the outer self. The appearance of human beings is

affected by the nature of its spiritual contents. However beautiful appearance one may have, he or

she is not really and perfectly beautiful as long as disharmonies, i.e., spiritual emptiness and

ugliness, continue to exist. What makes people really beautiful is not cosmetics but social

arrangements that give every one an opportunity to live completely and harmoniously.

词汇 (Vocabulary)

1. transform: v. completely change the appearance, character or function of sth. or sb. 完全改变外

观，特性或功能

The waste land has been transformed into fertile fields. 这片不毛之地已变成良田。

Marriage seems to have transformed him into another person. 结婚之后他好像变了个人似的。

2. expend: v. spend; use up 花费；用光

He expends all his money on stocks. 他用所有的钱去炒股。

They expended all their stores. 他们用尽了所有的储备。

3. cultivate: v. give care, thought, time in order to develop 培养；陶冶

He tried to cultivate the people who can be useful to him in his business. 他试图培养对他的事

业有用的人。

She often reads the best authors in an attempt to cultivate her mind. 她常为陶冶情操而阅读最

优秀作家的作品。

4. preoccupy: engage sth so that he cannot think of other things 占据思想

Health worries preoccupied him for the whole holiday.整个假期他一直为健康状况而担忧。

The scientist was preoccupied with his research work all day long. 这位科学家整天醉心于自己

的研究。

5. diffuse: v. send out, spread, in every direction 散布，传播

He diffused knowledge all over the country. 他在全国各地传播知识。

diffusion: n. diffusing or being diffused 散布，传播

The diffusion of knowledge is through books and lectures. 知识的传播是通过书和讲座进行的。

6. retrench: v. cut down, make economies 节省开支，缩减支出

We must retrench now in order to buy a new big house. 为了买一套大房子，我们现在必须节

省开支。

We had to retrench our expenditure because of inflation. 因通货膨胀我们不得不减少开支。

7. symptom: n. change in the body that indicates an illness; sign of the existence of sth 症状；征

兆

Chest pain may be a symptom of heart disease. 胸痛可能是心脏病的一个症状。

As a leader, you should pay attention to the symptoms of dissatisfaction among the workers. 作

为领导，你应该注意工人所表现出来的不满的征兆。

symptomatic: a. serving as a symptom 有征兆的

Cough and headache may be symptomatic of a cold. 咳嗽、头疼可能是感冒的症状。

8. concede: v. admit, allow, grant 承认，容许，让与

You must concede that we have tried our best to do this work. 你们必须承认我们已经尽力做了。

concession: n. conceding 妥协，让步

At last, one party made the concession. 最后，一方做出了让步。

9. consummate: v. make complete or perfect 使完整或圆满

This award consummated my life’s work. 这个奖是我一生努力的圆满结果。

His desire was consummated at last. 他的愿望终于实现了。

10. transfigure: v. change the appearance of sb or sth esp. so as to make better 改变外表；美化

The young man’s face became almost transfigured. 年轻人的脸几乎完全变了样。

She was transfigured by love. 爱情使她容光焕发。


1. in any case: at any rate, whatever may happen 无论如何；不管怎样

In any case, you can have a try. 无论如何你可以试一试。

You’ve tried your best, in any case. 总之，你尽力了。

2. due to: caused by, because of 由于，因为

His success was largely due to his diligence. 他的成功很大程度上是由于他的勤奋。

The failure of the experiment was due to his mistake. 由于他的错误造成试验失败。

3. in part: partly; to some extent 部分地；某种程度上

His success was due in part to luck. 他的成功部分原因是运气好。

She looks in part like her grandmother. 她有几分像她的祖母。

4. badly off: in a poor position, esp. financially; in want of money 贫困潦倒；缺钱

We shouldn’t complain about being poor---many family are much worse off. 我们不应该因为穷

而叫苦连天，许多人的家境还要糟得多。

In the cities, the poor are as badly off as they were in the villages. 在城里，穷人们还象他们在

农村时一样贫穷。

比较：be badly off for sth: be in nee of sth 需要……

The refugees are badly off for blankets, and even worse off for food. 难民需要毯子，更需要食

物。

5. in the way of: in the respect of 就……而言，在……方面

We can help you in the way of technology. 在技术方面我们可以帮助你。

She received very little in the way of wages. 她得到的薪水微乎其微。

6. within the reach of: extent to which a hand can be reached out 伸手可及

I’d like to have my books within my reach. 我喜欢把书放在我伸手可取的地方。

beyond / out of reach 手不可及

Please keep the medicine out of reach of the children. 请把药放在孩子够不到的地方。

7. demand sth of sb.: require sth of sb., need 需要；要求

Does this letter demand an immediate answer of the manager? 这封信需要经理立即答复吗？

Teaching demands great patience of the teacher. 教学需要教师有极大的耐心。

8. in so far as: to the extent that, within the range or limit of sth. 达到……程度；在……范围内

Liberty is cherished only in so far as it costs nothing. 自由只是在不付出任何代价的情况下才

受到珍视。

This is the truth in so far as I know. 就我所知，这是真实情况。

9. in turn: one after the other; in succession 依次；逐个地

He has been in turn a peasant, teacher, and a writer. 他先后当过农民，教师和作家

The applicants were interviewed in turn by the manager. 求职者逐个接受经理的面试。

10. make no difference: be of no importance; have no effect 对……不重要，没影响

It will make no difference whether the meeting will be held today or tomorrow. 今天开会还是明

天开会没多大关系。

The weather made no difference to the game. 天气对比赛没有影响。

make some difference: 对……有些影响

The medicine made some difference to his health. 这药对他的健康有所改善。

11. feel / be justified: have good reasons for doing sth. 有充分理由做……

Customers are always justified in complaining about goods of poor quality. 消费者总是有正当

理由投诉劣质商品。

Are you justified in suspecting her of having taken the money? 你有充分的理由怀疑是她偷了

钱吗？

12. turn out: prove to be 证明是……，结果是……

Everything turns out to be satisfactory. 一切令人满意。

It turned out that the task was harder than we had thought. 这项任务结果比我们想的要难。


1. intrinsic, instinctive

intrinsic: belonging naturally, existing within 故有的，内在的

There is no intrinsic shortage of water in England. 英格兰并非天然缺水。

instinctive: not coming from training or teaching 本能的，天生的

Animals have an instinctive dread of fire. 动物天生怕火。

2. occupy, preoccupy

occupy: take up; fill (space, time, the mind) 占据，填满

He was occupied with a translation of an English novel. 他正忙于翻译一本英文小说。

preoccupy: take all the attention of sb so that attention is not given to other matters 使全神贯

注

He was preoccupied with thoughts of the coming holidays. 他一心一意想着即将来临的假期。

3. indistinct, indistinguishable

indistinct: not distinct 不清楚的，模糊的

The figures in the fog are indistinct. 雾中的人影模模糊糊。

indistinguishable: that cannot be distinguished 不能分辨的

The material is indistinguishable from real silk, but much cheaper. 这材料与真丝没什么不同，

但便宜的多。

4. as long as, in so far as

as long as: on condition that; provided that 只要，如果

You may borrow the book as long as you don’t lend it to anyone else. 只要你不把书借给别

人，你就可以借。

in so far as: to the extent that 在……范围内

In so far as you are a student, you are allowed to travel cheaply on our railways. 只有你是学

生，乘我们的火车就可以享受优惠。

5. imitate, mimic

imitate: copy the behavior of 模仿

Children like to imitate adults. 小孩喜欢模仿大人。

mimic: ridicule by imitating 以模仿取笑

The boy made all his friends laugh by mimicking the teacher’s slow and solemn way of

talking. 男孩模仿老师缓慢严肃的说话把他的朋友都逗笑了。

6. affect, effect

affect: have an influence on; act on 影响

Will the changes in taxation affect you personally. 税法的变更将会影响你个人吗？

effect: bring about; accomplish 产生，实现

The war effected changes all over the world. 战争使世界各地发生了变化。

7. preserve, reserve

preserve: keep in good condition 保护，保存好

Ancient Egyptians knew of means to preserve dead bodies from decay. 古埃及人知道保存尸

体不腐烂的方法。

reserve: keep for a special purpose 特别保留

I reserve the right to make my own decisions. 我保留自己作决定的权利。


1. Europe is poor, and a face can cost as much in upkeep as a Rolls-Royce.

Europe is less rich than America. To keep a face beautiful by means of cosmetics may cost as

much as to keep a luxury car in good working condition.

欧洲较穷，保养一张脸花的钱和保养一辆劳斯莱斯车差不多。

2. Women are retrenching on other things than their faces.

Women cut down expenses on other things, but they spend just as much money on cosmetics as

before.

女人在其他方面紧缩开支，而在脸上可不是这样。

3. We concede that the Matron is morally justified in being preoccupied with her personal

appearance.

We admit that the British women are morally right for thinking about their own appearances.

我们承认，英国妇女注重仪表还是很正派的。

4. Beauty that is merely artificial shadow of these symptoms of health is intrinsically of poorer

quality than the genuine article.

To use artificial means to imitate the indications of good health so as to appear beautiful naturally

can never be as good as real health.

仅仅是表面的人为健康美当然比不上自然的健康美。

5. The surface of the human vessel is affected by the nature of its spiritual contents.

The appearance of the human body is influenced by the qualities contained in the spirit or soul.

人体的外表受其精神实质的影响。

6. Still commoner and no less repellent is the hardness which spoils so many pretty faces.

What is more common and disgusting is the unfeeling air which ruins the beauty of so many

pretty women.

更为常见并令人反感的是那种冷漠的表情，它毁掉了许多漂亮的脸蛋。


化妆品工业

奥尔德斯·赫胥黎

在美国，如果说有一个产业没有受到经济危机的影响，那就一定是化妆品工业。美国妇

女在她们的脸上和身体上花的钱和大萧条前一样多——大约是每周三百万英磅。这些数字

和资料是“官方”提供的，姑且可以认为是真实的。看到这些资料，我感到惊讶的是，花

销竟能这样少。美国杂志上充斥着数量惊人的美容用品广告，通过这一点，我猜想美容业

一定高居美国产业的群雄之首——可以与贩造私酒业、诈骗业、电影业及汽车业相提并论或

仅次于它们。但每年一亿五千六百万英磅的花销已经很可观了。我如果没记错的话，那比印

度的年收人的两倍还要多。

我不知道欧洲方面的数字。但无疑要少得多。欧洲很穷，而保养一张脸简直和养一辆劳斯

莱斯车花的钱一样多。大多数欧洲妇女常只是洗洗脸，然后听天由命。可能香皂会大做广告；

可能香皂能让欧洲妇女变得和各招贴栏上那些秀丽迷人的女郎一样，笑起来艳若桃李，美

若珠玑。反过来说，也可能不会有这种效果。不管怎样，昂贵一些的美容项目对于欧洲妇女

来说还是像大马力汽车和电冰箱一样承受不起。但就算是在欧洲，花在美容上的钱也比以

前多得多。总的来说，没美国那么多，但也不少。而各地无疑都在此方面增加了大笔开销。

这一事实是很重要的。其原因何在？我认为，部分是因为普遍的繁荣景象。富人们总是追

求仪表。财富的扩散——也不过一部分而已——现在让那些比父辈好过些的穷人们也上行

下效了。

但很显然，这不是全部原因。现代人追求美，不完全按经济情况选择相应的化妆品。如果

不是这样的活，美容业也会跟别的产业一样在经济危机中受到强烈冲击了。而我们都知道

美容业并未遭受这样的冲击。女人们在别的方面紧缩开支，在脸上可不是这样。因而对美的

追求受的影响一定是经济范畴之外的。受什么变化的影响呢？我猜是受妇女地位变化的影

响；受我们对“不过是凡身”这一观点的态度变化的影响。

显然，女人比过去自由得多了。不仅自由到可以做迄今为止仅限于男人的，通常不值得

羡慕的工作，还可以享用打扮迷人的女性特权。就算她们和祖母辈的人一样守妇道，也可

以打扮得不那么贞淑。英国的主妇，不久以前还是神色严厉，外表恐怖，现在却设法获得

祖先们描述荡妇的那样一张脸并一直保持下去。她们常常可以达到目的。但我们不感到震惊

—— 反正不会在道德感上感到震惊。在审美感上是有些震惊——没错；有时如此。但在道德

感上没有。我们承认，主妇们注重仪表打扮，还是很正派的。这种让步是基于另一种对凡身

（这里的凡身是摩尼教戒律中的含义）的让步。我们现在认为凡身有自己的权利。不仅有权

利，还有义务，的确是义务。比如说，它有尽力使自己具有力与美的义务。基督教的禁欲主

义不再烦扰我们了。我们要求像对待灵魂一样为凡身正名。因此，大发其财的有护肤品厂商，

美容专家，橡胶减肥腰带经销商，按摩器经销商，洗发水专利人，保持腹部线条的指导书

作者等等。

现代人对美的追求有何实际效果？锻炼与按摩，保健器和护肤品，这些会带来什么？

女人们比以前漂亮了吗？这些让她们花了大量精力、时间、金钱去追求美丽的过程给她们带

来成果了吗？这些问题很难回答。因为事实是她们自己也感到很矛盾。这场美容运动似乎是

获得了巨大的成功，又似乎是惨遭失败。关键在于你怎么看待其结果。

它的成功在于女人们比过去更能留驻青春容颜。“老女人’，已经越来越少了。我们完

全可以确信，几年以后，“老女人”就会灭绝。头发花白，满脸皱纹，脊背弯曲，两颊塌

陷，这种外表被认为是中世纪的老古董了。将来的老太婆有着卷曲的金发，红润的嘴唇，

苗条的身材，而且手脚很利索。在将来的画展上，《艺术家母亲肖像》就会与《艺术家女儿肖

像》难以区分。这种令人羡慕的完美成果一方面是靠护朕品、石腊注射，外科整容、泥浴和彩

妆；另一方面也是因为身体素质提高了，生活方式越来越趋向合理化。丑陋是疾病的外在

表现，而美丽是健康的表现。现在追求美的运动也是追求健康的运动。这是值得赞赏的，而

且在某种程度上，它确实成功了。仅仅是表面看来健康的美丽当然比不上真正的健康。但是，

它常常能足以以假乱真。现在中等富裕的人也能买得起使自己外表健康的美容仪器，使自

己真正健康起来的技巧也越来越多。无可置疑，终有一日，大家都受到影响，当那个幸福

的日子来临时，每个女人都会变漂亮吗？——都有端正漂亮的五官（可能是经过外科手术

或化学制品的处理，也可能没有）吗？可能吗？

答案是肯定是不能。因为真正的美丽既是外在的，又是内在的。陶罐美在外形；美在颜色，

美在表面的质地。而这个罐子可能是空的、可能住了不少蜘蛛，可能满是蜜汁或臭泥，这并

不对它的美丑有任何影响。但是女人是活的，因而她的美丽不是表面的。人这一容器的表面

受她精神实质的影响。我见过一些女人，她们按陶器专家的标准，真是美得诱人。她们的线

条，她们的肤色以及她们的外表都无可挑剔。然而她们不美。出为这样美丽的花瓶不是缺乏

内在就是装满了腐朽的思想。精神的空虚与丑陋能透过外表显示出来的。反过来说，心灵的

光芒能使那些被纯唯美主义者看作有缺陷或简直丑陋无比的人有所改观。

心灵的丑陋有许多种形式。例如，有丑在愚蠢的。有丑在没有自知之明的（让人苦恼的是，

这在漂亮女人中很普遍），也有丑在贪婪，丑在淫荡的。确实，所有这些致命的罪过，都

自有它损坏美丽的地方。特别是在那些企图不停“享乐”的人的漂亮脸蛋上，人们常看到

一种厌烦感，这让她们的魅力大减。我记得特别清楚的是我在北非遇到过的两个年轻的美

国女孩。根据陶器专家的观点，她们是美丽的。但是我刚才说过的那种闷闷不乐的厌烦感在

她们清新的面孔上有着明显的痕迹，她们的举止显得极其无精打采，以致于看她们一眼都

受不了。这些漂亮家伙确实令人反感。

更常见的同样让人反感的是漂亮脸蛋上那冷酷的表情，简直是毁了那张脸。的确，这种

冷酷表情常不是内在造成的，而是当代过度化妆的结果。在巴黎，这种过度化妆是很流行

的。许多女人看起来都有点不像人了。涂上白粉，又打上厚厚的腮红、口红，她们像是戴着

面具。人们得贴近看才能找到彩妆下面那张柔软而有生命力的脸。但是这张脸常常并不柔软，

也不那么有活力。冷酷而木然的表情就是从这样一张脸上透出的。它们是某种不和谐的感情

或是天生的不协调的外在表现，可以认为是一种慢性疾病特征。无需一个弗洛伊路式的心

理分析家，我们都知道这种不和谐常是与性问题有关。

只要这种不和谐一直存在，只要值得去闷闷不乐，只要人们对自己的偏执狂可以容忍，

对美的追求就注定是徒劳无益的。别看人们留住了青春的容颜，或是得到了健康的外表，

是真格的还是冒充的先不管，这场美容运动归根结底是失败的。它起的作用并没有触及到

美的根本——那种感受中的灵魂。人类的美丽不是靠改进了的护肤品、卷发器就能得到的，

也不是靠降价的健身机和电子剃毛器得到的；甚至也不是靠提高身体素质得到的。只有在

社会制度让每个人都能活得完善和谐的时候，只有在没有了环境的压力，也没有了变成偏

执狂的遗传因素的时候，男男女女才能都漂亮起来。换句话说，并不是所有的人都能变漂

亮。但是要让世界上的丑人变少可能比较容易。我们不能有过高要求。


The forest from which Man takes his timber is the tallest and most impressive plant commu-

nity on Earth. In terms of Man's brief life it appears permanent and unchanging, save for the

seasonal growth and fall of the leaves, but to the forester it represents the climax of a long succes-

sion of events.

No wooded landscape we see today has been forest for all time. Plants have minimum re-

quirements of temperature and moisture and, in ages past, virtually every part of Earth's surface

has at some time been either too dry or too cold for plants to survive. However, as soon as climatic

conditions change in favour of plant life, a fascinating sequence of changes occurs, called a pri-

mary succession.

First to colonize the barren land are the lowly lichens（地衣）, surviving on bare rock. Slowly,

the acids produced by these organisms crack the rock surface, plant debris accumulates, and

mosses establish a shallow root-hold. Fems（羊齿植物) may follow and, with short grasses and

shrubs, gradually form a covering of plant life. Roots probe even deeper into the developing soil

and eventually large shrubs give way to the first trees. These grow rapidly, cutting off sunlight

from the smaller plants, and soon establish complete domination—closing their ranks and forming

a climax community which may endure for thousands of years.

Yet even this community is not everlasting. Fire may destroy it outright and settlers may cut it

down to gain land for pasture or cultivation. If the land is then abandoned, a secondary succession

will take over, developing much faster on the more hospitable soil. Shrubs and trees are among the

early invaders, their seeds carried by the wind, by birds and lodged in the coats of mammals.

For as long as it stands and thrives, the forest is a vast machine storing energy and many elements

essential for life.

1. Why does the forest strike mankind as permanent?

A. The trees are so tall.

B. It is renewed each season.

C. Our lives are short in comparison.

D. It is an essential part of our lives.

2. What has sometimes caused plants to die out in the past?

A. Interference from foresters.

B. Variations in climate.

C. The absence of wooded land.

D. The introduction of new types of plants.

3. In a "primary succession" (the last line of paragraph two), what makes it possible for mosses to

take root?

A. The type of rock.

B. The amount of sunlight.

C. The amount of enclosure.

D. The effect of lichens.

4. What conditions are needed for shrubs to become established?

A. Ferns must take root.

B. The ground must be covered with grass.

C. More soil must accumulate.

D. Smaller plants must be detached.

5. Why is a "secondary succession" (in the 4th paragraph) quicker?

A. The ground is more suitable.

B. There is more space for new plants.

C. Birds and animals bring new seeds.

D. It is supported by the forest.


A.

1. One hundred and fifty-six million pounds.

2. Because the sums expended was comparatively smaller than I had thought.

3. Because Europe was poor.

4. The modern cult of beauty is not exclusively a function (in the mathematical sense) of

wealth. 5. People have now come to admit that the body has its rights.

6. It is a success in so far as more women retain their youthful appearance to a greater age than

in the past.

7. No. Because a woman is alive and (he surface of the human vessel is affected by the nature of

its spiritual contents.

8. When the social arrangements give to every one of them an opportunity to live completely

and harmoniously, when there is no environmental incentive and no hereditary tendency

towards monomaniacal vice.

B.

1．欧洲比较穷，保养一张脸花的钱与保养一辆罗尔斯·罗伊斯牌汽车的钱一样多。

2．因此、对美的狂热追求是经济领域以外发生的有代表性的变化。

3．如果她们不比她们的祖母缺少贞节，至少她们有权利显得不那么贞节。

4．例如，人体有责任在力与美方面尽其所能使自己得到满足。

5．从更多的妇女比过去能更长时间的保持青春这一点看，它是成功的。

6．目前为止争取美的运动也是争取更健康的运动；是令人赞美的，在某种意义上，是真

正的成功。

7．当这个高兴的时刻来临时，每个女人都会变漂亮吗？无论使用还是不用整容和化妆品

的帮助，她会像她的本来面貌一样漂亮吗？

8．更为常见和令人反感的是损害许多漂亮脸蛋的冷漠。

C.

1. upkeep 2. cult 3. listless 4. preoccupied

5. diffusion 6. expend 7. indistinguishable 8. ineffectual

D.

1. instinctively 2. preoccupied 3. indistinguishable 4. intrinsic

5. In so far as 6. mimicking 7. affect 8. preserve

E.

1. submit to the will of God

2. good result

3. been after

4. strict appearance.

5. but it can mix the spurious with the genuine.

6. undoubtfully, people will be influenced widely.

7. it doesn't matter to its beauty or ugliness.

8. according to the porcelain specialists

F.

The author first suggested that American and European women wanted to make themselves look

younger and more beautiful by spending much money on beauty. People would not think, as in the

19th century, that only a Lost Woman could use cosmetics. But what the author worried about was

that women only cultivated their personal appearance, neglecting the importance of improving

their spiritual ugliness-He thought that people would be really beautiful only when everyone had

an opportunity to live harmoniously. But the author didn't believe that it could be realized.

G.

To make themselves look more beautiful people have adopted all possible measures. They spend

money on cosmetics, soap, face - cream, hair - lotions, on rubber reducing belts and massage

machines, and on books on the culture of the abdomen, on health motors and the skin foods, even

on plastic surgery. And they have succeeded, up to a point, in beautifying their appearance.

However, it is not enough for one to have mere physical beauty. For real beauty is as much an

affair of the inner as of the outer self. It is not skin deep. The appearance of the human being is

affected by the nature of its spiritual contents. However beautiful one may look, he or she is not

genuinely and perfectly beautiful so long as spiritual emptiness or ugliness continue to exist.

To be really beautiful, people should try every possible means to beautify their inner self besides

their appearance. They will be genuinely and perfectly beautiful only when the social -system

have given every one of them an opportunity to live completely, and harmoniously, when they

have improved their spiritual contents, removed the psychological emptiness and ugliness.

补充练习答案

1.C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. A

Lesson Sixteen

A Job Interview


John Grisham was born in 1955 in Arkansas but grew up in Southaven, Miss. After he was

admitted to the Mississippi bar in 1981, he practiced law and served (1984-89) as a Democrat in

the Mississippi state legislature. Then, inspired by a trial he had observed in 1984, Grisham took

three years to write his first novel, A Time to Kill, which deals with the legal, social, and moral

repercussions when a black man is tried for the murder of two white men who raped his 10-year-

old daughter. Despite good reviews for its skillfully crafted dialogue and sense of place, the novel

failed to sell. Grisham vowed to "take a naked stab at commercial fiction" with his next novel, The

Firm, about a law-school graduate who is seduced into joining a Memphis law firm that turns out

to be a front for the Mafia. The film rights were sold to Paramount Pictures Corp. for $600,000,

prompting a bidding war for publishing rights, which Doubleday won for $200,000. Within weeks

of its release in 1991, the novel appeared on the New York Times best-seller list, where it stayed

for nearly a year, allowing Grisham to give up his law practice and move with his family to a 28-

ha (70-ac) farm in Oxford, Miss. In the meantime, A Time to Kill was reissued in paperback, and

over three million copies were sold.


Mitchell McDeere, a top graduate from Harvard, intelligent, ambitious, and handsome, came (o

the firm to take the job interview. The interview was conducted by three interviewers, Qliver

Lambert, Royce Mcknight and Lamar Quin, who had studied Mcdeere's resume many times and

intended to hire him. At the interview, Mcdeere was concealed from the real business of the firm

which in fact made huge profits by doing illegal work like evading tax, washing money, etc. The

three interviewers asked him questions about his educational background, his interests, hobbies,

and his marriage. Then it was his turn to ask about the firm, the initial work he should do,

particularly how much money he could be paid. The interviewers informed him he could get a

base salary of eight thousand dollar, plus bonuses, a low interest house mortgage and a luxurious

BMW car. If he worked hard, he could make partner in ten years, and in ten more years he could

become a multimillionaire. Attracted by such a well— paid job, he agreed to take it readily because

he was hungry for money.

词汇 (Vocabulary)

1. project: v. represent sb. to others in a way that creates a strong or favorable impression 向……

表现以产生深刻或良好印象

He had projected himself as a reformer. 他曾表现为一位改革者。

Does the BBC World Service project a favorable view of Great Britain? 英国广播公司的对外广

播是否使听众对英国产生好感？

2. mandatory: a. compulsory, obligatory 命令的，强制的

The law of the country is mandatory to every one. 国家法律对每个人都具有强制性。

Attendance is mandatory at all meetings. 所有会议皆不得缺席。

3. cordial: a. warm and sincere 热诚的

When we arrived at the airport, they gave us a cordial welcome. 我们到达机场时，他们给我们

以热诚的欢迎。

cordiality: n. expression of warm feeling 热诚的表示

I can read the cordiality from his letter. 我能从信中读出他的热诚。

4. mortgage:

1) v. give sb. a claim on property as a security for payment of a debt of loan. 抵押

The factory mortgaged their equipment to the bank for the loan. 工厂把设备抵押给银行来贷

款。

2) n. agreement about this 抵押

It is difficult to get a mortgage on an old house. 以旧房作抵押很难获准。

5. composure: n. condition of being composed in mind, calmness 镇定，沉着

Facing danger, he behaves with great composure. 面对危险，他态度极为镇定。

He showed great composure in a difficult situation. 他在困难的环境中表现得很沉着。

6. solicit: v. ask for earnestly; try to obtain 恳求给予

Both candidates solicited my opinion about the election. 两位候选人都来征求我对选举得意见。

The boy solicited money from his father / solicited his father for money. 男孩向父亲要钱。


1. frown on sth.: disapprove of sth. 不赞成；不允许

Many parents frown on their children’s coming home late at night. 许多父母不赞成子女晚归。

Gambling and drug taking are frowned upon by the local government. 当地政府不允许赌博和

吸毒。

2. in demand: much wanted, popular 非常需要的；受欢迎的

Industrial products are in demand in this area. 这个地区需要工业品。

The records of the famous singers are in constant demand. 著名歌手的唱片一直很畅销。

3. be / go in search of: searching for；looking for 寻找；搜寻

The family went in search of their lost pet dog everywhere. 一家人四处寻找走失的宠物狗。

The policemen stopped the ship in search of contraband. 警察让船停住，搜查违禁品。

4. long for: desire earnestly; want very much 渴望；盼望

The children are longing for the holiday. 孩子们盼望放假。

Tom longed for his father to buy him the toy plane. 汤姆渴望父亲给他买玩具飞机。

5. take pride in: be proud of 对……感到自豪

She takes great pride in her son who has just been admitted to Fudan University. 她对刚考上复

旦大学的儿子感到无比自豪。

The parents always take pride in the achievements of their children. 家长总是对孩子所取得的

成绩感到自豪。

6. play along: pretend to cooperate 假装与……合作；假意参与某事

Mitchell was just playing along with the interview. 米歇尔只是假意参与这次面试。

He intended to give up the job, but now he had to play along with the boss before he found a new

one. 他打算放弃这份工作，但在找到新工作之前，他不得不假意与老板合作。

7. blurt sth. out: say sth suddenly and tactlessly 脱口说出

The little girl blurted out the answer before the teacher finished the question. 老师还没把问题说

完，这个小女孩就脱口说出了答案。

He blurted out the bad news on seeing his father. 他一见到父亲就脱口说出这个坏消息。

8. on behalf of: as the representative of 代表某人

I came to the meeting on behalf of my colleagues. 我代表我的同事来参加会议。

The manager is out, so the secretary signed the paper on his behalf. 经理不在，因此秘书代签

了名。

9. live with sth: accept or tolerate sth. 接受；忍受

The residents near the airport have to live with the loud noise from the jet planes. 机场附近的居

民不得不忍受喷气式飞机发出的巨大噪音。

Can you live with the humid climate here? 你能忍受这潮湿的气候吗？

10. approve of: agree with, accept as correct 同意；批准

Her parents don’t approve of her engagement to John. 她的父母不同意她和约翰订婚。

The school approved of her application for studying abroad. 学校批准了她出国学习的申请。


1. spacious, huge

spacious: having much space 空间大的，宽敞的

The rooms of the palace were spacious. 宫殿的房间很宽敞。

huge: very great 巨大的（可指具体或抽象）

The room is dominated by a huge fireplace. 房间被一个庞大的壁炉占据了。

The demonstration was a huge success. 示威运动获得巨大成功。

2. recruit, register

recruit: enlist; take in new members 招收新成员

The men for the Navy were recruited from the men on merchant ships. 海军人员是从商船人

员中招募的。

register: make a written and formal record in a list 记录，登记

I am a foreigner here. Must I register myself with the police? 我在这儿是外国人，我必须向

警方登记吗？

3. biography, autobiography

biography: a person’s life-history written by another 传记

He gave me several biographies of Lu Xun. 他给我好几种鲁迅的传记。

autobiography: story of a person’s life written by himself 自传

Will you please give me a copy of your autobiography? 请给我一本你的自传好吗？

4. blunt, blurt

blunt: without a point or sharp edge 不尖的，钝的

This knife is blunt. 这把刀钝了。

blurt: tell sth suddenly, often thoughtlessly 脱口而出

He blurted out the secret. 他不慎说出了秘密。

5. ratio, rate

ratio: a figure showing the number of times one quantity contains another 比，比率

The ratios of 1 to 5 and 20 to 100 are the same. 1与 5和 20与 100的比率是相同的。

rate: a value, cost, speed, etc. measured by its relation to some other amount 率，比率

They walked at the rate 3 miles an hour. 他们以每小时 3英里的速度行走。

He bought eggs at the rate of 5 yuan a dozen. 他以每一打 5元钱的价格买鸡蛋。

6. reward, compensation

reward: recompense for service or merit 报酬，报偿

He got very little in reward for his hard work. 他虽辛苦工作，得到的报酬却很少。

compensation: sth given to make up for loss, injury, etc. 赔偿，补偿

He received $5000 as a compensation for the loss of his left hand. 他失去左手，获得五千美

元的赔偿。

7. demand, command

demand: act of asking for sth 要求

The workers’ demands for higher pay were refused by the employers. 工人们增加工资的要

求被雇主拒绝了。

command: order 命令

His commands were quickly obeyed. 他的命令很快就执行了。

8. play down, play along

play down: cause to seem less important 降低重要性

They have consistently tried to play down his part in the scheme. 他们总是想贬低他在这项

规划中的作用。

play along: pretend to agree 假装同意

They are just playing along and have no real intention of accepting his suggestion. 他们只是

耍滑头，并没有接受他建议的真心实意。


1. The firm also frowned heavily on divorce, as well as womanizing and drinking.

The firm strongly disapproved of divorce, as well as chasing women and getting drunk.

公司还强烈反对离婚，追求女色，酗酒过度。

2. Mcdeere was now a seasoned veteran in the search of employment.

Mcdeere was now a very experienced person in searching for jobs, for he had already had several

job interviews with three good job offers.

迈克迪尔通过找工作已经成了经验丰富的老手。

3. We don’t advertise openings and we don’t solicit applications.

We don’t use advertisements to make known we have open positions and ask people to apply for

them.

我们没有打广告公开招聘。

4. We keep a low profile…

We keep a low posture so as to be less noticed.

我们保持低姿态。

5. Had it not been for that, college would’ve been impossible.

If it had not been for the full scholarship, I would not have been able to attend college.

要不是那笔全额奖学金，我就不可能上大学。

6. It was a standard, nonsacred area explored by every firm.

It was the usual subject matter that every firm would inquire about.

这是没家公司都要问的问题，很正常，没什么大不了。

7. But, he knew, like all the other firms they had to shadowbox around the issue until things got

awkward…

But he knew, like all the other firms, they had to avoid talking about money directly until the

interviewer had to ask awkwardly about it.

但是他知道，像其他公司一样，事情不到难以应付时，他们是不会直接谈钱的问题。

8. You’ve got to pay your dues…

You have got to put in a lot of hard work before you become a partner.

你必须付出艰辛的努力。

9. They watched him carefully to make sure all of this sank in.

They watched him carefully to make sure that everything they had said was fully understood by

Mcdeere.

他们仔细观察他，看他是否完全理解他们所说的一切。


求职面试

约翰·克里香

高层合伙人把那张简历研究了 100遍，也没发现那位米切尔·Y·迈史迪尔有什么地方让他

不喜欢的，至少表简历上没发现。他有头脑，有抱负，有潇洒的外表。他急得钱；他的背景

使他只能这样。他结婚了。那是合法的。公司也坚决反对离婚，与玩女人和酗酒同样看待。合

同中规定受聘雇员必须接受是否吸毒的检验。他有会计证书，他想做税务律师，这当然也

符合税务公司的要求。他是白人，公司也从不雇用黑人。他是男性，公司里也没有女职员。

从简历上看，他还不错。他是今年的首选雇员。

执行业务管理的合伙人，罗伊斯·麦克耐特对一份标有“米切尔·Y·边克迪尔——哈佛”

的档案进行了研究。这份档案是一家私人情报公司的几个前情报局特工准备出来的。另外，

他们了解到，他有三份工作可供选择，两个在纽约，一个在芝加哥。他很受欢迎。而且他还

欠了近 23000美元的助学贷款。他急需钱。

麦克耐特微微一笑。迈克迪尔正是他们想要的。

拉马尔·奎恩，三十二岁，还不是合伙人。他长得年轻，表现得年轻，为“班迪尼-兰伯

特-洛科公司”塑造了一个年轻的形象。实际上，这个公司也是年轻的，因为大多数合伙人

在四十五岁之后或五十几岁时就带着大把的钱退休了。

两点半时，有人准时敲门。拉马尔把门打开了。

“是米切尔·迈克迪尔吗？”他咧开嘴笑问道，并把手伸出去。

“是的。”他们使劲握了握手。

“很高兴见到你，米切尔。我叫拉马尔·奎恩。”

“幸会，叫我米切好了。”他走进来。

“当然可以，米切。”拉马尔搂住他的肩膀，带他走进那间宽敞的房间，在那里合伙人分

别做了自我介绍。他们极其热情。迈克迪尔现在通过找工作已经成了经验丰富的老手了。他

很放松。有全国最负盛名的三家公司提供的工作，他本不需要面试，不需要进这家公司。他

出于好奇去了那儿，而且他喜欢温暖一些的气候。

“你对面试厌烦了吗？”奥利弗·兰伯特问道。他是负责招人的高层合伙人。

“还没有。它是工作的一部分。”

是的，是的。他们都表示同意。

“我可以问个问题吗？”米切问道。

“当然可以。”

“为什么要在这个旅馆的房间里面试？别的公司都在学校的工作安置办公室面试的。”

“问得好，米切，”罗伊斯·麦克耐特说，他是执行业务管理的合伙人。“你得理解我们公

司。我们与众不同，并为此而骄傲。本公司有 41名律师，所以和别的公司相比，我们公司

很小。我们不在雇太多的人，大约每隔一年招一个。我们这儿的工资和福利待遇是全国最高

的，我可不是吹牛。所以我们很挑剔。最终选中了你。你上个月接到的信是我们把各名校的

两千名法律系三年级学生进行筛选后发出的。只发了这一封信。我们没有打广告公开招聘，

而采取了低姿态，我们与众不同，就是这样的。”

“这就够了，这是什么公司？”

“税务公司。也有一些保险、房地产和银行业务，但 80％是税务工作。就是因为这我们才

想找你米切。你有相当强的税务基础。”

“你为什么去了西肯塔基大学念书？”奥利弗·兰伯特问道。

“很简单。他们为了让我打橄榄球，答应给我全额奖学金。要不是有全额奖学金，我也不

会上大学。”

“米切，我们公司在孟斐斯”拉马尔说，“这有妨碍吗？”

“一点不妨事。我不喜欢冷天。”

“你去过孟斐斯吧？”

“没去过。”

“我们不久就会带你去那儿。你会喜欢那儿的。”

米切笑着点点头，假装同意。这些家伙是来真格的吗？他怎么可能考虑这么一个小城里

的小公司？那边华尔街还等着呢！

“你在班上排名怎样？”兰伯特先生问道。

“前五名。”不是前 5％，而是前 5名。这回答对他们来说已经足够了。三百名中的前五名。

“你为什么选样哈佛？”

“实际上是哈佛选中了我。我申请了七所学校，到处都要我。哈佛提供的补助多些。我那时

认为它是最好的大学。现在也这样认为。”

“你的税务与保险课分数极高。”

“那是兴趣所在。”

“米切，现在谈谈你的妻子。”罗伊斯·麦克耐特说。这是每个公司都要问的问题，很正常，

没什么大不了的。

“她叫阿比。她在西肯塔基大学获得了基础教育学位。这三年，她一直在波士顿大学附近

的私人幼儿园教书。”

“婚姻状况—一”

“我们很幸福。我们中学时就很熟了。”

“我认为西肯塔大人学算不上一个像样的学校。”兰伯特不加思索地说，同时傻乎乎地

笑了笑。说完后恨不得马上收回这句话。

“跟堪萨斯州立大学差不多。”米切回答。三人一时愣住了，不敢相信地互相看看。迈克

迪尔这家伙竟知道拉马尔·奎恩过堪萨斯州大学。他又从没见过拉马尔·奎恩，也根本不会知

道谁会出面代表公司来主持面试。可是，他的确知道。他查过他们的底。他已经查阅了公司

41名律帅的全部简历，而在这一霎那，他竟然记起拉马尔·奎恩上过堪萨斯州大学。对于他

们的情况他记得一清二楚。

“找想我不该那样说。”拉马尔道歉说。

“没关系。”米切温和地笑笑。算是不当回事了。

奥利弗·兰伯特清了清喉咙，打算再问些个人情况。“米切，我们公司坚决反对酗酒和玩

女人这种事，而且认为公司利益高于一切。我们采取低姿态，努力工作，所以赚了不少

钱。”

“我可以照办。”

“我们保留为受聘雇员进行是否吸毒的药检权利。”

“我不吸毒。”

“好的。我们问这些问题的原因是我们需要家庭稳固的雇员。幸福的律帅才能出成果。”。

米切笑着点点头。他以前听过这类话。

三人互相看了看，又看了米切一眼。这表明面试到了应聘者提出一两个明智的问题的阶

段。米切把一条腿搭在另一条腿上。钱，这时是个大问题，尤其是与另几份工作相比怎么样。

但是，他知道，像其他公司一样，在应聘者尴尬提出之前，他们会在这个问题上绕弯子。

很显然，他们会谈论世界上所有的事情，就是不谈钱。所以先用一个轻松点儿的问题试探

一下他们。

“我首先要做什么样的工作？”

他们点点头，认为这问题不错。兰伯特和麦克耐特看了看拉马尔。这个应该由他回答。

“我们有两年的类似培训的阶段，但我们不叫它培训期。我们会派你去世界各地听税务讲

座。如果你想在税务方面得到硕士学位，我们会付钱供你去读。在税务实践开始之前的两年

不会太有意思。你要做大量的调查，还要搜集一些乏味的材料，但你的收人会很可观。”

“多少？”

拉马尔看着罗伊斯·麦克耐特，麦克耐特看着米切说，“我们等你到了孟斐斯再谈薪金和

福利待遇的问题。”

“我想知道一个数字，否则我不会去孟斐斯。”他笑了笑，有点傲慢，但还是和善的。他

说话的语气就像是有三份工作在手的人。

合伙人都面面相觑，还是兰伯特先开了口。“好吧，第一年八万元的底薪，另有奖金。第

二年八万五，也是另加奖金。还可以贷到低息的抵押贷款，这样你就可以买一所房子。给你

办两个乡村俱乐部的会员卡。给你一辆新的宝马。当然，你自己挑颜色。”

“简直难以置信。”他嘟哝道。

“还有一些福利待遇将在孟斐斯详谈。”

他突然极其想去孟斐斯。它是在河边吗？

他收起笑容，又板起面孔。“谈谈你们公司吧。”

“本公司共有 41名律师。去年我们每个律师赚的都比差不多大的公司里的职员多得多。甚

至可以把国内的各大公司也算在内。我们只接纳富裕的客户——公司、银行以及一些付给我

们大笔费用而毫无怨言的人。我们专接国际税务，既刺激又有钱可赚。我们只和付得起钱的

人打交道。”

“多长时间才能成为合伙人？”

“一般情况下是十年。艰辛的十年。我们的合伙人一年赚五十万的并不少见，而且多数人

在五十岁之前就退休了。你得付出代价，要每周工作八十个小时。但如果你能成为合伙人，

这些都是值得的。”

“公司里有多少合伙人？”

“现在有二十个。我们尽量保持准会员与合伙人一对一。在这一行上这算是非常高的比

率了，但我们愿意这样做。这又是我们与众不同的地方。”

“我们所有的合伙人到 45岁时都是千万富翁了。”罗伊斯·麦克耐特说。

“所有的？”

“是的。我们不打保票，但是如果你加入我们公司，投入 10年，成了合伙人；再投入 10

年，45岁时你没能成为千万富翁，你就是这二十年里的头一个。”

“这个统计结果很能打动人。”

“这就是一个诱人的公司，米切，”奥利弗·兰伯特说，“我们深感自豪。我们公司小，彼

此可以照顾。对于挑选雇员我们一向很认真。我们的目标是尽快使每个新会员都成为合伙人。

有律师离开我们的情况很少见，极其少见。就没听说过。我们让大家开心，并且认为这是最

有回报的做法。”

他们仔细观察他，想搞清是否所有这些他都往心里去了。他们现在已尽其所能地作了解

释。接下来还会有进一步的解释。

“你愿意来加入我们吗？”奥利弗·兰伯特问道。

“什么时候？”米切问，同时梦想着一辆黑色的带大窗的 3I8i型宝马车。


How efficient is our system of criminal trial? Does it really do the basic job we ask of it —

convicting the guilty and acquitting the innocent? It is often said that the British trial system is

more like a game than a serious attempt to do justice. The lawyers on each side are so engrossed in

playing hard to win, challenging each other and the judge on technical points, that the object of

finding out the truth is almost forgotten. All the effort is concentrated on the big day, on the

dramatic cross examination of the key witnesses in front of the jury. Critics like to compare our

"adversarial" system (resembling two adversaries engaged in a contest) with the continental

"inquisitorial" system, under which the judge plays a more important inquiring role.

In early times, in the Middle Ages, the systems of trial across Europe were similar. At that time

trial by "ordeal" —especially a religious event—was the main way of testing guilt or innocence.

When this was eventually abandoned the two systems parted company. On the Continent church-

trained legal officials took over the functions of both prosecuting and judging, while in England

these were largely left to lay people, the Justices of the Peace and this meant that all the evidence

had to be put to them orally. This historical accident dominates procedure even today, with all

evidence being given in open court by word of mouth on the crucial day.

On the other hand, in France for instance, all the evidence is written before the trial under

supervision by an investigating judge. This exhaustive pretrial looks very undramatic; much of it

is just a public checking of the written records already gathered.

The Americans adopted the British system lock, stock and barrel and enshrined it in their

constitution. But, while the basic features of our systems are common, there are now significant

differences in the way serious cases are handled. First, because the U. S. A. has virtually no con-

tempt of court laws to prevent pretrial publicity in the newspaper and on television, Americans

lawyers are allowed to question jurors about knowledge and beliefs.

In Britain this is virtually never allowed, and a random selection of jurors who are presumed not to

be prejudiced are empaneled (列入陪审团名单 ). Secondly there is no separate profession of

barrister in the United States, and both prosecution and defense lawyers who are to present cases

in court prepare them themselves. They go out and visit the scene, track down and interview wit-

nesses, and familiarize themselves personally with the background. In Britain it is the solicitor

who prepares the case, and the barrister who appears in court is not even slowed to meet witness

beforehand. British barristers also alternate doing both prosecution and defense work. Being kept

distant from the preparation and regularly appearing for both sides, barristers are said to avoid be-

coming too personally involved, and can approach cases more dispassionately. American lawyers,

however, often know their cases better.

Reformers rightly want to learn from other countries' mistakes and successes. But what is clear is

that justice systems, largely because they are the result of long historical growth, are peculiarly

difficult to adapt piecemeal (零碎的).

1. The passage ____.

A. describes how the British legal system works and compares it favorably with other systems

B. compares the legal systems of a number of countries and discusses their advantages and

disadvantages

C. questions whether the system of trial by jury can ever be completely efficient

D. suggests a number of reforms which should be made to the legal systems of various countries

2. "British trial system is more like a game than a serious attempt to do justice." It implies that

A. the British legal system is often considered to be not very fair

B. the British legal system is very efficient

C. the British legal system can do the basic job well—convicting the guilty and acquitting the

innocent

D. the British legal system is worse than the continental legal system

3. Which of the following sentences is NOT TRUE?

A. In the adversarial system, it is the lawyers who play the leading roles.

B. Oral evidence was unnecessary in France because the judges and prosecutors could read.

C. Lawyers in Britain are prepared to lie in order to win their cases.

D. When trial by ordeal was finally abandoned throughout Europe, trial by jury was introduced

in Britain.

4. In Britain, newspapers____.

A. are allowed to publish details about the trial before it takes place

B. are not allowed to publish details about the trial before it takes place

C. are not interested in publishing details about the trial before it takes place

D. do the same as American newspapers do

5. We can infer that American lawyers ____.

A. tend to be more passionately involved in their cases

B. tend to approach cases dispassionately

C. do not attempt to familiarize themselves with cases

D. prepare the cases themselves


A.

1. Because he looked good on paper and was their top and only choice for this year.

2. He came to the interview out of curiosity.

3. It was held in a hotel room. It was held there to avoid public attention.

4. It was a firm dealing with tax, some securities, real estate and banking. No, he wasn't told the

truth.

5. He was told that he would be sent all over the country to tax seminars and would do a lot of

research and generally boring stuff.

6. A base salary of eighty thousand the first year, plus bonuses. Eighty - five the second year, plus

bonuses. A low — interest mortgage for buying a home. Two country club memberships. And a

new BMW. The firm paid him so well because it made huge profits by doing illegal work like

evading tax, washing money, etc.

7. If he joined the firm, and put in ten hard years, he would become a partner first, and if he put in

ten more years, he would be the richest person in twenty years.

8. He was told that the firm was impressive, few lawyers had left the firm, they want their people

happy. They think the most profitable way was to operate.

9. Yes, he did.

B.

1．他聪明，有抱负，并且相貌英俊。

2．除了其他详情，他们还了解到他现在有三份工作的选择，两个在纽约，一个在芝加哥。

3．已经有全国最有声望的三家公司提供的三份工作，他不需要这次面试，不需要这家公

司。。

4．他从来都没见过兰玛·奎因，也不知道谁会代表公司进行面试。

5．这就意味着到了接受面试的人提出一两个明智的问题的时候了。

6．我们会派你到全国各地参加有关税务的研讨会。

7．他读过公司所有 41名律师的简短的背景介绍，一瞬间，他回忆起兰玛·奎因曾就读于

堪萨斯州立大学。

8．我们的合伙人一年赚 50万美元是很平常的事，大多数在 45岁以前就退休了。

C.

1. resume 2. frowned 3. cordial 4. among other things

5. on paper 6. took pride in 7. keep a low profile 8. in charge of

D.

1. huge 2. recruit 3. biographical 4. blunted

5. rate 6. compensation 7. demand 8. play along

E.

1. he was set aS a young representative of the company.

2. We are very critical and have the power to choose.

3. More than two thousand third-year students who studied law were examined and selected.

4. What is your position in your class?

5. He had examined them.

6. We will pay you generously.

7."That's hard to believe," he murmured.

8.The smile disappeared and he became calm again.

F.

The three interviewers hid the truth of the firm to McDeere and only told him that the firm mainly

did tax work. The clients of the firm were all big corporations, banks and wealthy people.

Although the firm was not large in size and only consisted of forty-one lawyers, the salaries and

all other benefits of the members were incredibly high. For the first year, McDeere

could receive a base salary of eighty thousand dollars, plus bonuses, a low-interest mortgage and a

luxurious car. If he worked hard, he would become a partner in ten years. If he put in ten more

years, he could be a millionaire. All these were very appealing to McDeere. He agreed to accept

this job without hesitation. But he could not imagine that he mistakenly went into a lawyer firm

which was controlled by a black organization and specialized in illegal activities.

G.

From the passage I've learned much information, particularly about Mitchell McDeere.

Firstly, I got to know his educational background. He first attended Western Kentucky University

and then attended and graduated from Harvard University.

He made extremely high grades in his tax and securities courses and had a degree in accounting.

He was certainly a top student since he ranked top five out of three hundred. This strong

educational background had been greatly valued by the firms he applied to.

Secondly, I learned about his personality. From the interview, it was easily seen that he was

curious, quick -minded, intelligent, courageous, seasoned and ambitious. He was curious since he

went to the interview out of curiosity instead of immediate want. He was quick - minded and

intelligent since he answered the interviewers' questions cleverly and tactfully. He was courageous

and seasoned because he did his homework before he came to the interview and because he could

keep calm before the three interviewers. He was ambitious because he wanted to rise in the

society.

Thirdly, I also learned about his marriage. His wife was named Abby, who had a degree in

elementary education from Western Kentucky. She had taught at a private kindergarten

near Boston College. They had known each other since high school and they had a happy

marriage.

Finally, as for his financial status, I know he was hungry for money because he still owed close to

$ 23,000 in student loans. To finish his higher education, he also got a full scholarship from

Western Kentucky and some financial assistance from Harvard.

补充练习答案

1. C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. C

单元测试 4 Quiz Four

A. Text-related Part



increase killing monster ambition wealth law terms ambush average violence

interesting order seminars nothing personal outwit apprenticeship avarice research

anger poor blurt taxation significant

The satisfaction of __1__ time and of affording some outlet, however modest, for __2__,

belongs to most work, and is sufficient to make even a man whose work is dull happier on the

__3__ than a man who has no work at all. But when work is __4__, it is capable of giving

satisfaction of a far higher __5__ than mere relief from tedium.

But what this country doesn’t know is that America has created a __6__ in the form of

millions of fighting men who have been taught to deal in __7__, and who have been given a

chance to die for the biggest __8__ in history. We have returned to this country with a sense of

__9__ and betrayal which nobody has yet grasped. We’re angry about the same things you are

in __10__ of policy.

The fact is __11__. To what is it due? In part, I suppose, to a general __12__ in prosperity.

The rich have always cultivated their __13__ appearance. The diffusion of __14__---such as it

is---now permits those of the __15__ who are less badly off than their fathers to do the same.

We have something similar to a two-year __16__, although we don’t call it that. We’ll send

you all over the country to tax __17__. If you want to pursue a master’s in __18__, we’ll pay

for it. As far as practicing __19__, it won’t be very exciting for the first two years. You’ll do a

lot of __20__ and generally boring stuff. But you’ll be paid handsomely.

II . Fill in the following blank in each sentence with the best word or expression from the list

below, changing its form when necessary.

by any means outwit distortion by means of

rationalize differentiate on paper preoccupy

listless in charge of pronounce cordial

1. They managed to trace his whereabouts _____ checking on his credit card

expenditures.

2. If you play chess with the computer, it is not very easy to _____ it.

3. The willful _____ of history in some of the films is appalling.

4. He _____ quitting school by saying that what he needed was practical experience.

5. The overwhelming heat made the office workers _____.

6. He was so _____ with his own thoughts that he didn't even hear the alarm.

7. The summit talk was held in a very _____ and friendly atmosphere.

8. His plan looks good _____, but I doubt it will work.

9. It is wrong to _____ between pupils according to their family background.

10.The judge _____ the man not guilty.

III. Tick the square in front of the right word or expression.

1.The office buildings with their ([A] desirable [B] desired) locations are very much in demand.

2. He said he would go to the dress rehearsal, ([A] unless [B] provided) he was not too busy.

3. The workers were filled with ([A] indignity [B] indignation) when they discovered that they

were secretly watched during working hours.

4. The policemen risked their lives in order to ([A] preserve [B] protect) the children.

5. The ([A] instinctive [B] intrinsic) quality of a person is more important than his/her appearance.

6. She said that she would ([A] preserve [B] reserve) the right to take the issue to a higher

authority.

7. The company is seeking to ([A] recruit [B] register) young managers.

8. He cut stone with a knife and ([A] blunted [B] blurted) the edge.

9. The amount of rain ([A] affect [B] effect) the growth of crops.

10.He has ([A] required [B] acquired) an extraordinary command of the English language.

IV. Answer the following questions in English.

1.What is, in Russell's view, the most powerful motive for work?

2. How were the veterans treated back in the US?

3. On what condition can human beings achieve real beauty, according to Huxley?

4. Why did the firm decide to give McDeere an interview?

V .Translate the following from English into Chinese.

1. However dull work may be, it becomes bearable if it is a means of building up a reputation,

whether in the world at large or only in one's own circle.

2. I imagine that an able surgeon, in spite of the painful circumstances in which his work is done,

derives satisfaction from the exquisite precision of his operations.

3. Over 150 honorably discharged veterans, many of them highly decorated, testified to war

crimes committed in Indochina.

4. The investigation was not staged so that veterans could pill out their hearts or purge their souls.

5. It is a success in so far as more women retain their youthful appearance to a greater age than in

the past.

6. Still commoner and no less repellent is the hardness which spoils so many pretty faces.

7. He had never met Lamar Quin and had no idea who would appear on behalf of the firm and

conduct the interview.

8. It's not unusual for our partner to earn half a million a year and most retire before they are forty-

five.

VI .Translate the following from Chinese into English:

1．能够聪明地填补一个人的闲暇是文明的最后产物，现在还很少有人到此程度。2．美国每一位放任这种残无人道的行为发生的人都应负责。3．例如，肉体有责任尽力使自己保持强壮和美貌。4．这就意味着，面试已进行到受试人应该提一、二个关键问题的地步了。5．因而，工作还是令人向往的。首先，也是最重要的，是因为它能预防无聊感出现。比起

终日无所事事而造成的无聊感来，人们为了谋生而做乏味的工作时的无聊感，简直不算什么。

B. Proficiency Part


Now is the edgy time for Yale seniors. In three weeks they will graduate and join the rest of us out

here in the real world. It is a place that they are intensely afraid of.

Not all of them, of course, will take the icy plunge. Quite a few will stay on the academic

assembly-line—in law school or medical school or graduate school—to. study for three or four

years more.

This doesn't mean' that they necessarily want to be lawyers or doctors or scholars. Some are

continuing their education because their parents want them to. Some are doing it just to postpone

the day of decision. Some are doing it because lawyers and. doctors make a good living. Some are

doing it to acquire still another degree, the lucky ones—really do want to be lawyers, doctors,

scholars or specialists in a field that requires further skill.

But they all are driven—those who are leaving Academia and those who are staying—by one

message; Do Not Fail. It is a message that has been echoing in their heads since they were

admitted to the nursery school of their choice, beating less competitive toddlers. Score high, test

well, play it safe. Next month's graduates have been so obsessively bent for four years on mea-

surable achievement (grades) and a secure future (jobs) that they have hardly had time to favor the

present and to grow as well-rounded people. They know that the outside world is wary of

experimenters, of late starters and temporary losers.

I'm talking about Yale students because I live in their midst and know them well. (I am Master of

Branford College, one of Yale' twelve residential colleges. In our house I can lie awake and listen

to some of the loudest stereo sets in the East. That, in fact, is why I lie awake. ) And I'm-talking

about seniors because they are the ones who are most on my mind right now: panicky that they

won't have enough A's to persuade an employer to hire them, though they are men and women I'd

like to have working for me, if I were an employer, for qualities of intelligence and humor and

humanity that don't show up on any chart.

But I could just as well be talking about Yale's juniors, sophomores and freshmen— or, I suspect,

about the students at most colleges today. They are studying more and enjoying it less. At Yale,

they play in fewer plays and musical groups, join fewer campus organizations, take part in fewer

sports, carve out fewer moments just to linger and talk and put a margin around their lives. They

fare under pressure to do too much work in too little time.

If all their friends are studying in the library until it closes at midnight (and they are), they feel

guilty if they want to go to a Woody Alien movie, though there is as much to be learned from a

Woody Alien movie as from a book—much, in fact, that they will never learn from a book. Not

surprisingly, their emotional health is often far from healthy. I see a lot of psychic disarray.

It is not that I don't wish them fame and fortune, especially the seniors as they lurch toward

graduation, more stuffed with learning and short of money than they probably ever will be again.

Obviously I do. But I also wish them a release from fear of the future. They should know that

fame and fortune are not end products that they will automatically win if they follow a straight and

safe route-, but by-products that will come to them if they dare to poke down the unmarked

side .roads that lead to life's richest surprises.

Home is where" the words-"Do not fail"-are. first instilled and constantly repeated. One of next

month's Yale graduate came to me on her first day as a freshman in 1973 and said, "I want to be a

great journalist— what courses should I take for the next four years?" she wanted a blueprint at

seventeen. Many students come to me in the middle of their sophomore year, afraid of changing

the curriculum that they mapped but no longer think is the one they want to pursue. "If I don't

make all the right choices now," one of them said, "it will be too late."

Too late at eighteen? Sad words. They are growing up old and set in their ways. They have been

told to prepare for one career and to stick to it and succeed. They are not told that they have a right

to try many paths, to stumble and try something else, our Bill of Rights. Today it is more

acceptable to change marriage partners than to change careers.

"Victory has very narrow meanings and can become a destructive force," writes Bill Bradley in his

book, Life on the Run. Bradley was an Ivy Leaguer himself and a Rhodes Scholar— an earlier

member of the same elite that is now so preoccupied with success—before starting his ten-year

career of professional basketball, which has just come to ah end. The taste of defeat," he writes,

"has a richness of experience all its own. To me, every day is a struggle to stay in touch with life's

subtleties. No one grows without failing. "

The fault is not with our children, but with the narrowness of the flowerbed in which we expect

them to germinate. We are stunting their growth if we tell them that there is only one "right" way

to get through their education for to get through life. America has always been nourished by men

and women who are not afraid to go against the grain.

savor vt. 欣赏，品味stereo a. n. 立体声（的）carve vt. 切，刻linger vi. 逗留，徘徊poke vt. 摸索地走elite n. 精英preoccupy vt. 使专心于

nourish vt. 养育


(1) In the third paragraph the author refers to the last category of students as "the lucky ones" for

the reason that ____.

A. they can afford the money to continue their education

B. they will be able to win best-paying jobs

C. they are able to postpone the day of decision

D. they are motivated only by their wish to become qualified professional men

(2) For tour years Yale senior's greatest concern has been

A. laboratory experiments

B. all-round development

C. enough A's and a successful future

D. material well-being

(3) Which of the following does the author think is most likely to lead to success?

A. A straight and safe route

B. Courage to explore untrodden paths.

C. An excellent school record.

D. A well-made study plan in college.

(4) The author doesn't seem to think much of those ____.

A. who are unconventional hi their actions and behavior

B. who possess qualities of intelligence and humor and humanity

C. who endeavor to learn through failures

D. who wish to obey their parents and do honor to them

(5) Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a result of the pressure on college students?

A. Inability to develop in an all-round way.

B. Disorders of the mind.

C. Physical breakdown.

D. Failure to expose themselves to a great variety of experiences.


(1) Now is the edgy time for Yale seniors.

A. bad time for old teachers in Yale.

B. hard time for Yale officials

C. time of nervousness for Yale students in their final year

D. the time when Yale seniors feel dose to the edge .

(2) Not all of them, of course, will take the icy plunge.

A. to enter the real world they are intensely afraid of

B. to pursue further academic studies

C. to work on an assembly-line

D. to stay on as teachers

(3) Next month's graduates have been so obsessively bent for four years on measurable

achievement (grades) and…

A. diligently worked for

B. broke new grounds on

C. exhausting their energy because of heavy burden of study

D. to be obsessionally determined on

(4) Score high, test well, play it safe.

A. make it secure

B. play it with safety .

C. act cautiously without taking unnecessary risks

D. have a good performance .

(5) And I'm talking about seniors because they are the ones who are most on my mind right now…

A. in my memory B. unforgettable

C. in my head D. troubling my thoughts

(6) They are growing up old and set in their ways.

A. having fixed habits and opinions

B. blocking their ways

C. determined to go their own ways

D. being in progress

(7) ... an earlier member of the same elite that is now so preoc cupied with success...

A. busy with B. occupied with

C. absorbed in D. overwhelmed by

(8) America has always been nourished by men and women who are not afraid to go against the

grain.

A. not fearful of confronting difficulties

B. not afraid to be totally different from the commonly accepted customs

C. not afraid to be totally different from the authority

D. not afraid to displease others

(9) They know that the outside world is wary of experimenters, of late starters and temporary

losers.

A. aware of B. conscious of

C. cautious about D. indifferent to

(10) We are stunting their growth if we tell them that there is only one "right" way to ...

A. helping their growth

B. encouraging their growth

C. preventing them from growing

D. endangering their growth


(1) Some are doing it to acquire still another degree to impress a society in which they think

credentials are the only currency.

(2) At Yale, they play in fewer plays and musical groups, join fewer campus organizations, take

part in fewer sports > carve out fewer moments just to linger and talk and put a margin around

their lives.

(3) It is not that I don't wish them fame and fortune, especially the seniors as they lurch toward

graduation, more stuffed with learning and short of money than they probably ever will be

again.

(4) The taste of defeat has a richness of experience all its own. To me, every day is a struggle to

stay in touch with life's subtleties.

(5) America has always been nourished by men and women who are not afraid to go against the

grain.

4. Answer the following question in English within 80 ~ 100 words.

What can you get from the author's discussion about Yale students?

Keys to Quiz Four

A. Text-related PartB.I. 1. killing 2. ambition 3. average 4. interesting 5. order 6. monster 7. violence

8. nothing 9. anger 10. terms 11.significant 12. increase 13. personal 14. wealth

15. poor 16. apprenticeship 17. seminars 18. taxation 19. law 20.

research

II.1. by means of 2. outwit 3. distortion 4. rationalized 5. listless

6. preoccupied 7. cordial 8. on paper 9. differentiate 10. pronounce

III.

1 .desirable 2. provided 3. indignation 4. protect 5. intrinsic

6. reserve 7. recruit 8. blunted 9. affect 10. acquired

IV.

1. In Russell' s view, construction is the most powerful motive for work. . :

2. They were treated very miserably and were faced with such problems as racial discrimination,

addiction to drugs, unemployment, and poor medical care.

3. According to Huxley, human beings can only achieve real beauty on condition that the social

arrangements give every one an opportunity to live completely and harmoniously.

4. The firm decided to give him the interview because of his intelligence, ambition, handsome

appearance, happy marriage, excellent educational background, color, sex etc． In a word he

looked good on paper, and was their top and only choice for the year.

V． 1．无论多么无聊的工作，只要能赖以建立名声，不管是在广大的社会里，或是自己的小

圈子里，这件工作就可以忍受。 2．我猜想一名能干的外科医生，虽然需要在痛苦的情势下进行，照样能以手术技艺精湛

为乐。

3．150多名光荣退伍的军人到场，其中大部分都获得过各种勋章，大家证明了美军在印度支那犯下的罪行。

4．举行这次调查会的目的不是为了让退伍军人坦白自己的罪行以洗涮负罪的心灵。 5．更多的妇女能够在更高的年龄阶段保持富有青春活力的容貌，从这个意义上来说追求美貌的运动是成功的。

6．更常见且更令人可恶的是那种冷酷的表情，它破坏了许多女人漂亮的面孔。 7．他从未见过兰姆·奎恩，也不知道谁会出面代表事物所进行面试。 8．对于我们的合伙人而言，每年挣 50万美元，多数人在 45岁之前退休，这些都是很常见的。

V． 1. To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few

people have reached this level.

2. Everyone here in America who has allowed the brutalization and depersonalization to go on

should be responsible.

3. It has，for example，a duty to do the best it can for itself in the way of strength and beauty. 4. This meant they had reached the point in the interview where the interviewee was supposed to

ask one or two intelligent questions.

5. Work therefore is desirable, first and foremost, as a preventive of boredom, for the boredom

that a man feels when he is doing necessary though uninteresting work is as nothing in

comparison with the boredom that he feels when he has nothing to do with his days.

B．Proficiency Part

1. Choose the correct answer according to the content：（1）D （2）C （3）B （4）D (5) C

2．Choose the best answer for the underlined part：（1）C （2）A （3）D （4）C （5）D （6）A （7）C （8）B （9）C （10）C

3．Translate from English into Chinese：(1) 而有些人这样做只是为了再获得一个学位，好让这个他们认为只认证书的社会刮目相看。

（2）在耶鲁，他们排演戏剧和音乐节目的时间少了，参加校园社团和体育运动的机会少了，连抽点时间散散步，聊聊天也很难得，几乎无法给自己的生活稍留空隙。

（3）并非我不希望他们名利双收，尤其对那些正迈着蹒跚的步子走向毕业关口的四年级学生，我更同情；他们满腹经纶却又囊中羞涩，而以后他们也许再也不会像现在这样了。

（4）失败的滋味本身就蕴含着十分丰富的体验。对我而言，每天都是一场与难以捉摸的生活接触而进行的斗争。

（5）美国的繁荣始终得益于不怕离经叛道的男女志士们。

4. Answer the following question in English within 80 ~ 100 words.

At the beginning of the article the author points out one fact that most Yale students do not study

out of their own will, but are driven by one message: Do Not Fail. Since this message is

entrenched in their lives since childhood, they tend to keep imposing pressure upon themselves,

thus in Yale students are studying more and enjoying it less. If we take a deeper look at this issue,

we can see that home is where this message "Do Not Fail" is first instilled. So not surprisingly,

students will grow up old and be set in their ways for they are told that they have no right to try

many paths, let alone fail. At last the author argues that the fault is not with our children, but with

the narrowness of the flowerbed, that is to say, the social attitude of America as a whole.

Shangc

Education

Transcript of Shangc