Semantiskais tmeklisSemantic WebAndrejs Lesovskis

Lekcijas plns

OntoloijasTaksonomijasTzauriOWL valoda

Semantisk tmeka slni

Ontoloija un ontoloijas (1)Ontoloija defin terminus, kas tiek izmantoti, lai apraksttu un attlotu zinanu nozariOntoloija ar ir modelis (konceptu kopa), kas satur o terminu jdzienus Tdejdi, ontoloija defin vrdncu un vrdncas jdzienu.Cilvki, datu bzes un programmas izmanto ontoloijas, lai apmaintos ar informciju no noteiktiem domniemDomns: konkrt zinanu nozare (piemram, medicna, nekustams paums, finansu prvaldba, utt).Ontoloijas iekauj domna konceptu defincijas un relcijas starp iem konceptiem, kuras var izmantot datoriTs iekod domna zinanas (modular)Zinanas, kas aptver domnus (composable)Zinanas var tikt atkrtoti izmantotas (reusable)

Ontoloija un ontoloijas (2)"Ontoloijas defin pamatkonceptus un attiecbas, kas veido konkrtas nozares tematisku vrdncu, un noteikumus konceptu un attiecbu apvienoanai, lai nodefintu vrdncas paplainjumus."

"Ontoloija ir formla, skaidra koplietojamas konceptualizcijas specifikcija."

Ontoloiju pielietoana (1)BioinformtikOpen Biomedical Ontologies Consortium (GO, MGED)Gene Ontology ProjectSequence Ontology Project

Ontoloiju pielietoana (2)MedicnTerminoloiju izveidoana un uzturana. Piemram, Snomed, NCI un Galen.

Ontoloiju pielietoana (3)Saretas un daji strukturtas informcijas organizana:UN-FAO, NASA, Ordnance Survey, General Motors, Lockheed Martin,

"Big O" Ontoloija un "small o" ontoloija"Big O" Ontoloija ir filozofijas disciplna."Little o" ontoloija ir informcijas tehnoloiju disciplna.

Ontoloija un ontoloijas (2)Terminu ontoloija izmanto, lai apraksttu modeus ar atirgm detalizcijas (struktrizcijas) pakpm:Mazka d. p.: taksonomijas (Semio/Convero, Yahoo hierarchy, UNSPSC), datu bzes shmas un metadatu shmas (ICML, ebXML, WSDL).Lielka d. p.: tzauri (WordNet, CALL, DTIC), konceptulie modeli (OO models, UML).Vl lielka d. p.: loisks teorijas (Ontolingua, TOVE, CYC, Semantic Web).

Ontoloiju spektrs (1)Vj semantikaStipr semantikaIs Disjoint Subclass of with transitivity propertyModal LogicLoisk teorijaTzaursHas narrower meaning thanTaksonomijaIs sublassification ofKonceptuls modelisIs subclass ofDB Schemas, XML SchemaUMLFirst Order LogicRelationalModel, XMLERExtended ERDescription LogicDAML+OIL, OWLRDF/SXTMSyntactic InteroperabilityStructural InteroperabilitySemantic Interoperability

Ontoloiju spektrs (2)Vj semantikaStipr semantikaIs Disjoint Subclass of with transitivity propertyModal LogicLoisk teorijaTzaursHas narrower meaning thanTaksonomijaIs sublassification ofKonceptuls modelisIs subclass ofDB Schemas, XML SchemaUMLFirst Order LogicRelationalModel, XMLERExtended ERDescription LogicDAML+OIL, OWLRDF/SXTMSyntactic InteroperabilityStructural InteroperabilitySemantic InteroperabilityProblma: oti visprjaSemantisk ekspresivitte: oti augstaProblma: visprjaSemantisk ekspresivitte: augstaProblma: visprjaSemantisk ekspresivitte: vidjaProblma: loklaSemantisk ekspresivitte: vja

Jgas (signifikcijas) trsstrisTerminsKonceptsRels pasaules referentsAprakstsNorde/Apzmjums

John + SmithSintakse:SimboliSemantika:JdziensPragmatika:PielietoanaPaplainjums

Termins un konceptsTermins (terminoloija): Dabisks valodas vrdi vai frzes, kas norda jdzienu.Sintakse, kura aizstj vai indic semantiku (jdzienu).Koncepts: Semantisk vienba (jdziens), mezgls (enttija) vai saite (attiecba) zinanu attloanas modeosTermins AutomanaTermins AutomobilisKoncepts AutomobilisKoncepts TransportldzeklisKoncepts AutotransportsTermins Transportldzeklis

Taksonomija"Taksonomija (vispr.) zintnisks klasificanas pamatprincipu ptana; sistemtisk klasificana; piemrm: sakrtot augu un dzvnieku klasificana, kas atbilst to dabiskm attiecbm."" Taksonomija (inf. tehn.) informcijas enttiju klasificana hierarhijas form, lai t atbilstu attiecgajm rels pasaules enttiju attiecbm."

Vjs taksonomijasPiemrs: direktoriju struktraPiemrs: UNSPSCNav nav stingri noteiktas semantikas vecks-brns attiecbm: nenoteiktas apakklasificanas attiecbas.Nav visprinanas / specializcijas taksonomija.

Segment

Family

Class

Commodity

Title

10

00

00

00

Live Plant and Animal Material and Accessories and Supplies

10

10

00

00

Live animals

10

10

15

00

Livestock

10

10

15

01

Cats

10

10

15

02

Dogs

Stipras taksonomijasSaskang semantika vcks-brns attiecbm: Narrower than (terminiem) vai Subclass (konceptiem) attiecbas.Visprinanas/specializcijas taksonomija.

Stipru taksonomiju piemri

Tzaurs"Tzaurs ir prvaldma vrdnca, kas ir sakrtota noteikt secb un strukturt t, lai vartu attlot un identifict ar standartiem attiecbu indikatoriem ekvivalentas, homogrfiskas, hierarhiskas un asociatvas attiecbas starp terminiem.

ANSI/NISO Monolingual Thesaurus Standard

Tzauru terminu attiecbas

Semantisks attiecbas

Defincija

Piemrs

Sinonms

Viends ar, Ekvivalents

Terminiem X un Y ir ldzga nozme.

Automana ir sinonms vrdam automobilis

Homonms

Raksta viendi,

Homogrfisks

Terminus X un Y raksta viendi, bet tiem ir atirgas nozmes.

Rota var apzmt rotas lietas vai bruotu spku apakvienbu.

Plaks nek

(Hierarhij: vecks)

Terminam X ir plak nozme nek terminam Y.

Tranportldzeklis ir plaks nek automobilis.

aurks nek

(Hierarhij: brns)

Terminam X ir aurk nozme nek terminam Y.

Automobilis ir aurks nek transportlzeklis.

Asocicija

Saisttie

Ir relcija

Termins X ir saistts ar terminu Y.

asija ir saistta ar ldmanu.

Tzaura piemrs no CALLmoving target indicatorsimageryaerial imageryinfrared imageryradar imageryradar photographyimaging systemsintelligence and electronic warfare equipment imaging radarinfrared imaging systemscombat supportequipment

Tzaurs un ontoloijaKonceptsSemantisks attiecbas:Equivalent =Used For (Synonym) UFBroader Term/BTNarrower Term/NTRelated Term/RTTzaursOntoloijaTerminu Semantika(vja)Loisk-konceptula Semantika(stipra)Semantisks attiecbas:Subclass OfPart OfArbitrary RelationsMeta-Properties on RelationsTerminiRelcijasPrvaldm vrdncaTerminsRels pasaules referentiEnttijasRelcijaspabasAksiomasLogical Concepts

WordNet Princeton WordNet (PWN) tiek defints k leksikaliztu jdzienu semantisks tkls.Tika izstrdts Prinstonas universitt psiholoijas profesora D. Millera vadb. PWN ir nekomercils, atvrts projekts.

WordNet

Konceptulais modelis (UML piemrs)

Ontoloiju attloanas lmeni*Meta-Level to Object-LevelMeta-Level to Object-LevelValodaOntoloijas(Visprjs)Zinanu bze(Konkrts zin.)

Lmeni

Piemri

Knowledge Representation (KR) Language (Ontology Language) lmenis:

ir meta lmenis Ontology Concept lmenim

Class, Relation, Instance, Function, Attribute,

Property, Constraint, Axiom, Rule

Ontology Concept (OC) lmenis:

ir objektu lmenis KR Language lmenim un ir meta lmenis Instance lmenim

Person, Location, Event, Parent, Hammer, River, FinancialTransaction, BuyingAHouse, Automobile, TravelPlanning.

Ontology Instance (OI) lmenis:

ir objektu lmenis Ontology Concept lmenim

Harry X. Landsford III, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Person560234, PurchaseOrderTransactionEvent6117090, 1995-96 V-6 Ford Taurus 244/4.0 Aerostar Automatic with Block Casting # 95TM-AB and Head Casting 95TM

Web Ontology Language (OWL)

Ir DAML+OIL valodas revzija.Ir W3C rekomendcija.Eksist 3 valodas versijas:OWL LiteOWL DLOWL Full

OWLam izvirztie mri

Labi definta sintakseEfektvas sprieanas atbalstsFormls semantikasPietiekami izteiksmga valoda

RDFS trkumi

Nav eksistences/kardinalitts ierobeojumuNav transitvu, inversvu un simetrisku pabu;Specilas pabu iezmbas;Saretk atbalstt sprieanu.

OWL enttijas un to attiecbas

owl:TransitiveProperty

Activity

owl:SymmetricProperty

owl:DatatypeProperty

rdf:Property

owl:ObjectProperty

owl:Class

rdfs:Class

rdfs:Datatype

owl:DataRange

owl:FunctionalProperty

owl:InverseFunctionalProperty

rdfs:subClassOf

owl:equivalentClass

owl:disjointWith

rdf:domain

owl:inverseOf

owl:equivalentProperty

rdfs:subPropertyOf

rdf:range

x

rdf:subPropertyOf

owl:equivalentProperty

OWL klases

OWL piemrs

OWL piemrs (2)

Carnivores are exactly those animals that eat animals.

OWL piemrs (3)@prefix ex: .

ex:Canine rdf:type owl:Class.ex:Human rdf:type owl:Class.

ex:Spike rdf:type ex:Canine.

ex:Ryan rdf:type ex:Human.

OWL redaktoriProtg (Maryland Information and Network Dynamics Lab),Swoop (Stanford University),Emacs.

Rki un infrastruktra (1)Redaktori/vide:Oiled, Protg, Swoop, Construct, Ontotrack,

Sprieanas sistmasCerebra, FaCT++, Kaon2, Pellet, Racer, PelletRki un infrastruktra (2)

Paldies par uzmanbu!

*2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.***2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.**Graphic showing protein functional domains (sequences of amino acids?); the identifying characteristics of different proteins.*- Example from project to (semi-) automate the annotation of MRI images of the brain- FMA derived ontology used to capture knowledge of brain anatomy **2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.**2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.**2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.**2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.****2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.*