Review Session Midterm 1

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9/30/2014 1 EconS 301 Problem 3.21 Suppose a consumer’s preferences for two goods can be represented by the CobbDouglas utility function U = Ax α y β where A, α, and β are positive constants. The marginal utilities are MU x = αAx α –1 y β and MU y = βAx α y β –1 . Answer the following questions. Problem 3.21(a) Is the assumption that more is better satisfied for both goods? Yes, the “more is better” assumption is satisfied for both goods since both marginal utilities are always positive. Problem 3.21(b) Does the marginal utility of x diminish, remain constant, or increase as the consumer buys more of x? Explain. Since we do not know the value of α, only that it is positive, we need to specify three possible cases: When α൏1, the marginal utility of x diminishes as x increases. When αൌ1, the marginal utility of x remains constant as x increases. When α1, the marginal utility of x increases as x increases.

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Review Session Midterm 1

Transcript of Review Session Midterm 1

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EconS 301

Problem 3.21Suppose a consumer’s preferences for two goods can be represented by the Cobb‐Douglas utility function 

U = Axαyβ

where A, α, and β are positive constants.  The marginal utilities are 

MUx = αAxα – 1yβ and   MUy = βAx

αyβ – 1. 

Answer the following questions.

Problem 3.21(a)Is the assumption that more is better satisfied for both goods?

Yes, the “more is better” assumption is satisfied for both goods since both marginal utilities are always positive.

Problem 3.21(b)Does the marginal utility of x diminish, remain constant, or increase as the consumer buys more of x? Explain.

Since we do not know the value of α, only that it is positive, we need to specify three possible cases:

When α 1, the marginal utility of x diminishes as  xincreases.

When α 1, the marginal utility of x remains constant as xincreases.

When α 1, the marginal utility of x increases as xincreases.

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Problem 3.21(c)What is MRSx,y?

1

, 1x

x yy

MU Ax y yMRS

MU Ax y x

Problem 3.21(d)Is the MRS diminishing, constant, or increasing as the consumer substitutes x for y along an indifference curve?

As the consumer substitutes  for x for y, the MRSx,ywill diminish because x is in the denominator and drives down the entire fraction.

Problem 4.2The utility function that Ann receives by consuming food F and clothing C is given by 

U(F,C) = FC + F 

The marginal utilities of food and clothing are 

MUF = C + 1 and MUC = F

Food costs $1  a unit, and clothing costs $2 a unit. Ann’s income is $22. Answer the following questions.

Problem 4.2(a)Ann is currently spending all of her income. She is buying 8 units of food. How many units of clothing is she consuming?

If Ann is spending all of her income then…

7

142

2228

222

C

C

C

CF

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Problem 4.2(b)Graph her budget line. Place the number of units of clothing on the vertical axis and the number of units of food on the horizontal axis. Plot her current consumption basket. 

Remember: Use the Budget Line and set the quantity of good y equal to zero to find the horizontal intercept, and then the quantity of good x equal to zero to find the vertical intercept.

Problem 4.2(b, cont.)

0

2

4

6

8

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12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Clo

thin

g

Food

Problem 4.2(c)Draw the indifference curve associated with a utility level of 36 and the indifference curve associated with a utility of 72. 

Are the indifference curves bowed‐in toward the origin?

0

10

20

30

40

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60

70

80

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Food

Clo

thin

g

U=36

U=72

Problem 4.2(c, cont.)Yes, the indifference curves are convex,i.e., bowed in toward the origin. Also,note that they intersect the F‐axis; acommon property in quasilinear utilityfunctions as the one in this exercise.

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Problem 4.2(d)Using a graph (and no algebra), find the utility‐maximizing choice of food and clothing. 

That is, find the tangency between the budget line and the indifference curves.

Problem 4.2(d, cont.)

0

10

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60

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80

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Clo

thin

g

Food

U=36

U=72

Optimum at F=12, C=5

Problem 4.2(e)Using algebra, find the utility maximizing choice of food and clothing.

Problem 4.2(e, cont.)The tangency condition requires that:

Plugging in the known information yields:

Substituting this result into the budget line results in:

C

F

C

F

P

P

MU

MU

FCF

C

222

11

5

204

222)22(

C

C

CC

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Problem 4.2(e, cont.)

Finally, plugging this result, C=5 units, back into thetangency condition 2C+2=F, yields

F=2(5)+2=12.

Summarizing, at the optimum the consumerchooses:

C=5, i.e., 5 units of clothing, and

F=12, i.e., 12 units of food.

Problem 5.19Lou’s preferences over pizza (x) and other goods (y) are given by 

U(x,y)=xy, 

with associated marginal utilities 

MUx=y and MUy=x. 

His income is $120.

Problem 5.19(a)Calculate his optimal basket when Px=4 and Py=1.

Using the tangency condition, y/x=4, and the budget constraint, 4x+y=120,

Lou’s initial optimum is the basket (x, y) = (15, 60) with a utility of 900.

15

1208

12044

x

x

xx

60

120)15(4

y

y

Problem 5.19(b)Calculate the income and substitution effects of a decrease in the price of food from $4 to $3.

First we need to find the decomposition basket. This would satisfy the new tangency condition, y/x=3, i.e., y=3x. In addition, it would give him as much utility as before the price change, i.e. xy=900. 

32.17

300

900)3(

3

2

x

x

xx

xy

9.51

90032.17

y

y

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Problem 5.19(b, cont.)This gives (x,y)=(10√3,30√3 , or approximately (17.3,51.9). Now we need the final basket, which satisfies the same tangency condition as the decomposition basket and also the new budget constraint, 3x+y=120:  

Together, these conditions imply that (x, y) = (20, 60). The substitution effect is therefore 17.3 – 15 = 2.3, and the income effect is 20 – 17.3 = 2.7.

20

1206

12033

3

3

x

x

xx

xyx

y

60

120)20(3

y

y

Problem 5.19(c)Calculate the compensating variation of the price change.

The compensating variation is the amount of income Lou would be willing to give up after the price change to maintain the level of utility he had before the price change. 

This equals the difference between the consumer’s actual income, $120, and the income needed to buy the decomposition basket at the new prices. 

This latter income equals: 

3*17.3 + 1*51.9 = 103.8. 

Therefore, the compensating variation is 

CV=120 – 103.8 = $16.20.

Problem 5.19(d)Calculate the equivalent variation of the price change.

The equivalent variation is the amount of income that Lou would need to be given before the price change in order to leave him as well off as he would be after the price change.

After the price change his utility level is 20(60)=1,200. Therefore the additional income should be such that it allows Lou to purchase a bundle (x, y) satisfying the initial tangency condition with this utility.  

This implies (x,y)=(10√3,40√3 ,orapproximately (17.3, 69.2).  How much income would Lou need to purchase this bundle 

under the original prices? He would need 4(17.3) + 69.2 = 138.4.  That is, he would need to increase his income by 

EV=138.4 – 120=$18.40 dollars in order to be as well off as if the price of pizza were to decrease instead.

Problem 5.20Carina buys two goods, food F and clothing C, with the utility function 

U=FC+F

Her marginal utility of food is MUf= C+1 and her marginal utility of clothing is MUc=F. 

She has an income of $20. The price of clothing is $4.

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Problem 5.20(a)Derive the equation representing Carina’s demand for food, and draw this demand curve for prices of food ranging between 1 and 6.

MUF = C + 1                   MUC = F

Tangency: MUF/MUC = PF / PC, or  (C + 1)/ F = PF/4, implying 4C + 4 = PFF.  (Eq1)

Budget Line:    PFF + PCC = I, which implies PFF + 4C = 20.  (Eq2) 

Substituting (Eq1) into (Eq2): 4C + 4 + 4C  = 20.   Thus C = 2, independent of PF.

From the budget line, we see that PFF + 4(2) = 20, which simplifies to PFF = 12. 

Solving for F we obtain the demand for F,

F = 12/PF

Problem 5.20(a, cont.)

12 F 4 2

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1

3

6

4

5

6

Demand for food PF

The figure plots F = 12/PF. Note that, since the price is in the vertical axis, we first need to solve for the price PF, which yields an inverse demand function 

PF = 12/F 

Problem 5.20(b)Calculate the income and substitution effects on Carina’s consumption of food when the price rises from 1 to 4.

Draw a graph illustrating these effects.  [Your graph does not need to be to scale, but it should be consistent with the data.]

Problem 5.20(b, cont.)Initial Basket: From the demand for food in (a), F = 12/1 = 12, and C = 2.Also, the initial level of utility is U = FC + F = 12(2) + 12 = 36.

Final Basket:  From the demand for food in (a), we know that F = 12/4 = 3, and C = 2.  And the final level of utility is,

U = 3(2) + 3 = 9.

Decomposition Basket: Must be on initial indifference curve, with U = FC + F = 36  (Eq 3)

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Problem 5.20(b, cont.)Tangency condition satisfied with final price: 

MUF/MUC = PF / PC.     (C + 1)/ F = 4/4    =>   C + 1 = F.  (Eq 4)

Eq 3, FC + F = 36, can be written as F(C + 1) = 36. 

Plugging Eq 4 into the rewritten Eq 3 we have  

(C+1)(C+1)=(C + 1)2 = 36, and thus, C = 5.  

Also, by Eq 4, C + 1 = F, or 5+1=F, entailing F = 6. 

Summarizing, the decomposition basket is F = 6, C = 5.

Problem 5.20(b, cont.)

Income effect on F: 

Ffinal basket – Fdecomposition basket = 3 – 6 = ‐3.

Substitution effect on F: 

F decomposition basket – Finitial basket = 6 – 12 = ‐6.

Problem 5.20(b, cont.)Problem 5.20(c)Determine the numerical size of the compensating variation (in monetary terms) associated with the increase in the price of the good from $1 to $4.

PFF + PCC = 4(6) + 4(5) = 44. 

So she would need an additional income of 24 (plus her actual income of 20).

The compensating variation associated with the increase in the price of food is  ‐24.

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Problem 5.28Consider Noah’s preference for leisure (L) and other goods (Y),  . The associated marginal utilities are:

Suppose that PY=$1. Is Noah’s supply of labor backward bending?

YLYLU ),(

YMUand

LMU YL

2

1

2

1

Problem 5.28 (cont.)If Noah’s wage rate is w, then the income he earns from working is (24 – L)w. 

Since PY = 1, the number of units of other goods he purchases is Y = (24 – L)w. 

Also, the tangency condition gives us  / . 

Combining the two conditions gives us  24or, solving for L,  

24/ 1 .

Problem 5.28 (cont.)Given that the optimal amount of leisure (L) he consumes is

24/ 1 .

Leisure decreases with an increase in the wage rate, w, and this is true no matter what the wage rate is; as depicted in the next slide.

2 4 6 8 10

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Problem 5.28 (cont.)Since the amount of labor that Noah supplies equals 

24 – L= 24 24/ 1 )=24 / 1 .

we see that his supply of labor always increases with an increase in the wage rate, w

Hence, his labor supply curve is always positively sloped –that is, it is not backward bending. 

Let’s plot it.

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2 4 6 8 10

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Amount of labor that Noah supplies,  , as a function of w.

Problem 6.19

A firm produces quantity Q of breakfast cereal using labor Land material M with the production function

The marginal product functions for this production functionare:

125

125

2/1

2/1

M

LMP

L

MMP

M

L

1/250( )Q ML M L

Problem 6.19(a)Are the returns to scale increasing, constant, or decreasing for thisproduction function?

To determine the nature of returns to scale, increase all inputs by somefactor λ and determine if output goes up by a factor more than, less than,or equal to λ.

Thus, by increasing all inputs by a factor λ, output goes up by a factor of λ.Since output goes up by the same factor as the inputs, this productionfunction exhibits constant returns to scale.

Q

LMML

LMML

LMML

LMLMQ

2/1

2/1

2/12/12/1

2/1

)(50

)(50

)(50

)(50

Problem 6.19(b)Is the marginal product of labor ever diminishing for this productionfunction? If so, when? Is it ever negative, and if so, when?

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Exercise 2A firm produces quantity Q of breakfast cereal using labor Land material M with the production function

The marginal product functions for this production functionare:

b) Is the marginal product of labor ever diminishing forthis production function? If so, when? Is it evernegative, and if so, when?

125

125

2/1

2/1

M

LMP

L

MMP

M

L

.)(50 2/1 LMMLQ

AnswerDon’t forget,

SupposeM>0. Holding M constant, increasing L will decreasethe MPL. The marginal product of labor is decreasing for alllevels of labor. The MPL, however, will never be negative sinceboth components of the equation will always be greater orequal to zero. In fact, for this production function, MPL ≥ 1.

1252/1

L

MMPL