Relating Science and Technology

科學與科技的關係

Science and Technology (S4-5)Teacher Development Programme 2006

Science <+=> Technology

Definition

Technology is a word with origins in the Greek word technologia (techne “craft” and logia “saying.”) It is a broad term dealing with the use and knowledge of humanity's tools and crafts.

Adapted from: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology

Similarities Between Science and Technology

Science Planned and

organised process Build upon previous

discoveries Relies on creativity to

formulate new hypothesis

Endless quest

Technology Planned and

organised process Build upon previous

inventions Relies on creativity to

generate new solution Forever perfection

Differences Between Science and Technology

Science Explains and predicts Establishes laws and

theories Intangible Measured by how well it

predicts Less direct benefits and

devastations to our lives Common to the humanity

Technology Improves the quality of

lives Delivers products and

Processes Tangible and intangible Measured by how big the

improvement and how small the drawback

More direct benefits and devastations to our lives

Often proprietary

The Economy of Science and Technology

Activity: Have you heard of?

Chief Technology Officer 数码21

2006-2020年国家信息化发展战略

国家高技术产业发展项目计划

自主创新 Incubators

863计划

Technology Evangelists

The Long Tail

Institutionalisation of Technological Innovation

Individual effort before Industrial Revolution Industrial Enterprises and Modern University

took up the role After WWII big investment not affordable by

individuals or private sector Government coordination in the form of National

innovation strategy Shall we prioritise pure-science researches by

their potential benefit?

Organisation of Research and Development

Social-economic NeedsUltimate Answer

Corporate Research

Product Development

FundamentalResearch

AppliedResearch

Corporate Research and Development

(R&D)

National Innovation

Strategy

Corporate Research

Product Development

FundamentalResearch

AppliedResearch

Partial Physics and Super-Conductivity

LHC Collider, CERN, EU

Genetics and Computing

Corporate Research

Product Development

FundamentalResearch

AppliedResearch

Blue Gene, IBM

Human Genome Project, DOE, USA

Biological-Nano-Information-Cognitive Technologies

Corporate Research

Product Development

FundamentalResearch

AppliedResearch

Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance, NSF/DOC, USA

Micro-Fabrication Technologies

Corporate Research

Product Development

FundamentalResearch

AppliedResearch

Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration

Thomas A. Edison

Micro-level

Macro-level

Activity: Patent Champions

Patent application is a common indicator of technological innovation performance. On the worksheet is a list of 2005 world top 50 patent applicants

How many countries does the top 50 belong to and who are they?

Which country has the most champions? How many companies have you heard of? Can you spot any Chinese champion? Which one do you think is the patent champion?

1 NL KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS ELECTRONICS N.V.

2492

2 JP MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.

2021

3 DE SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT 1402

4 FI NOKIA CORPORATION 898

5 DE ROBERT BOSCH GMBH 843

6 US INTEL CORPORATION 691

7 DE BASF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT 656

8 US 3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY 603

9 US MOTOROLA, INC. 580

10 DE DAIMLERCHRYSLER AG 567

11 US EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY 531

12 US HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC. 518

13 SE TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON (publ)

510

14 KR SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD. 483

15 US THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY 461

16 JP SONY CORPORATION 449

17 JP MITSUBISHI DENKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA 436

18 US E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY 423

19 JP TOYOTA JIDOSHA KABUSHIKI KAISHA 399

20 FR THOMSON LICENSING S.A. 390

21 US QUALCOMM INCORPORATED 379

22 US INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

374

23 JP FUJITSU LIMITED 358

24 US HEWLETT-PACKARD DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, L.P.

358

25 JP NEC CORPORATION 353

26 DE INFINEON TECHNOLOGIES AG 345

27 US THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

343

28 US KIMBERLY-CLARK WORLDWIDE, INC. 336

29 KR LG ELECTRONICS INC. 332

30 US GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY 321

31 DE PHILIPS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY & STANDARDS GMBH

319

32 DE BAYER HEALTHCARE AG 310

33 JP JAPAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENCY 304

34 JP OLYMPUS CORPORATION 295

35 JP CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA 269

36 JP SHARP KABUSHIKI KAISHA 269

37 CN HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. 249

38 US MEDTRONIC, INC. 245

39 JP PIONEER CORPORATION 240

40 CH NOVARTIS AG 227

41 JP HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD. 224

42 SE ASTRAZENECA AB 216

43 DE BSH BOSCH UND SIEMENS HAUSGERÄTE GMBH

215

44 US CISCO TECHNOLOGY, INC. 212

45 JP TOKYO ELECTRON LIMITED 205

46 FR COMMISSARIAT A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE 202

47 US HALLIBURTON ENERGY SERVICES, INC. 200

48 JP SHOWA DENKO K.K. 194

49 JP DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD. 194

50 US MERCK & CO., INC. 189

Adapted from: World Intellectual Property Organization

Discussion

The list of champion countries do not match the G8* list, why?

Why there’s few defence industries on the list?

Can you think of a better technological innovation indicator?

*The Group of Eight (G8) consists of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Together, these countries represent about 65% of the world economy

Recap

Technological Innovation is becoming the prime driving force behind economic growth

Scientific inquiry and technological innovation is becoming so expensive that it cannot be sustained alone by either governments, universities, or private sectors

Innovation must be Strategized and Managed by governments as well as corporate

Technological InnovationS-curve

From Research to Market

Development is equally important as Research The successful conversion of a piece of scientific

and technological finding into a product in our everyday life needs to take into consideration of factors such as cost, risks, benefits, ethical issues, marketing strategies, etc. Innovator / Entrepreneur is the person who pushes the technology into realisation

The conversion and subsequent utilization of technologies can be characterized by an S-Curve

Technology S Curve

Time

Utilization

Take off

Mature

Obsolescent

Niche

Failure

Re-introduction

Introduction

Introduction

There is a group of users call early-adopters who are willing to try just anything new on the market

Early adopters make up the majority of users at the Introduction stage

Companies provide incentives to attract adopters

Success in this stage is important but does not guarantee later success

Can you think of early-adopters in Environmental and health fields?

RFID application, Prada Epicenter

Motorola iDEN Technology Joba, Panasonic

Niche and Failure

A lot of technologies never take-off. Their funding dried-up and the companies pull them off the shelf

Different technologies fail differently. Common reasons are high price and incorrect prediction of market size

One interesting reason of failure is its incapability to break the lock-on effect created by existing technology

In some cases although the technology lacks the critical-mass to take-off, the technology can sustain its existence by selling to a niche market

Newton PDA, Apple Computer

Concord

EV1, General Motor

Viagra, Pfizar

Take-off

A few lucky technologies will be able to leap through the chasm and experience a phase of exponential growth

The take-off is typically fueled by the Network Effect, which means every extra adopter will double the benefit of the entire adopter community

The network effect will suck up almost all the profit in its path and drive many old technologies into obsolescent

The technology improvement during the take-off and mature stage is usually evolutionary, or sustaining

The change brought by the take-off of some technologies were great enough to trigger Creative Destruction, which can shape the development of our society

Octopus Card

Mobile Phone

Oral Contraceptive

Low fuel-consumption engine

Peer-to-peer networks

Obsolescent

All technologies will be obsoleted eventually New entrant will bring more superior

technology to the market Social-economical changes will diminish or

wipe away the market entirely

More and more companies accept the fate and take pre-emptive measures to control the effect of technology obsolescent, which sometime called Planned obsolescent

Polaroid Discman, Sony

Video Cassette Recorder 35mm filmroll

Re-introduction

By retargeting a technology, it is possible to find new growth and avoid obsolescent

Technologies can be re-introduced to the same market but targeting different segment, or introduced to a new market

Some of the re-introduction are disruptive or revolutionary in nature, in this can the history may come a full-circle and a new take-off is born

Cellulose, Eastman 3G Mobile Phone

Prius Hybrid Car, Toyota Wii, Nitendo

Recap

The conversion and subsequent utilization of technologies can be characterized by an S-Curve

The successful conversion of scientific and technological finding into a product needs to take into consideration of factors such as cost, risks, benefits, ethical issues, marketing strategies, etc.

Corporate must strategize and manage a health supply of new innovation to replace obsoleted technologies