R. W. Erickson
Transcript of R. W. Erickson
R. W. Erickson Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering
University of Colorado, Boulder
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 1
ECEN 5807!Modeling and Control of Power Electronics Systems
Instructor: Robert Erickson• Offices: ECOT 356, ECEE 1B55• Email: [email protected]• Office hours:
Course web site:• http://ecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5807• Announcements, course materials, assignments
D2L course site• Log into https://learn.colorado.edu with your identikey• Course lectures, submission of assignments, solutions, grades, discussion forum
Textbook:• Erickson and Maksimovic, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, 2nd edition
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 2
Power Electronics Courses at the University of Colorado, Boulder
ECEN 2260 Circuits 2
ECEN 3250 Circuits 3
ECEN3170 Energy Conversion
ECEN 4797/5797 Intro to Power Electr.
ECEN 5807 Modeling and Control of
Power Electronics Systems
ECEN 5817 Res. and Soft-Sw. Tech
ECEN 4517/5517 Power Electronics Lab
ECEN 4827/5827 Analog IC Design
ECEN 5837 Mixed-Signal IC Design
ECEN 4167/5737 Energy Conversion 2
ECEN 5737 AC Drives
graduateundergraduate
ECEN 2250 Circuits 1
ECEN 5017 Pwr Elect for Electric
Drive Vehicles
Professional certificate in power electronics
Graduate certificate in electric drivetrain technology
Power management
Coursera (MOOC): Introduction to Power Electronics
Prerequisite for either ECEN 5807 or ECEN 5817: ECEN 5797
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 3
Assignments
Weekly homework sets, 50% of total gradeMidterm exam (open book/notes, take home), 17% of gradeFinal exam (comprehensive, open book/notes, take home), 33% of grade All assignments and due dates will be posted on course web siteYou must scan your homework or exam into a pdf
• Black-and-white, no color or grayscale• 200-400 dpi is sufficient• Upload a single pdf file to the Dropbox in D2L• Due dates are typically at the start of Friday lecture; no late assignments will be accepted and the Dropbox will
close automaticallyDue date and time for CAETE students and on-campus students are the same
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 4
Required Software
A version of Spice• You can download LTSpice for free. See course Vitals page for a link• Examples in class will use LTSpice. PSpice files will also be linked on website.
MATLAB/Simulink• Available in most department labs• You can buy the student version from Mathworks• We will use: Matlab, Simulink, and the Control Systems Toolbox. The student version of Matlab includes all of
these and much more.
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 5
Topics
1. Simulation and averaged switch modeling• CCM, DCM, and other examples• Simulation
2. Techniques of design-oriented analysis, with application to switched-mode converter systems• Middlebrook’s feedback and extra-element theorems• Input filter design• Writing complex transfer function expressions by inspection
3. Current-programmed control of PWM converters4. Introduction to digital control of PWM converters5. Rectifiers
• Rectifier harmonics in power systems• Low-harmonic rectifiers and power factor correction converters
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 6
1. Simulation and Averaged Switch Modeling
• Additional notes, Section 7.4, Chapter 11, and Appendix B• Averaged switch modeling is another approach to derive the averaged model of a PWM
converter.• Well suited to Spice modeling of PWM converters• We will use this approach to model CCM, DCM, and current-programmed converters• Also useful for incorporation of ac losses (switching loss, core loss) into averaged models of PWM converters
• Computer simulation of small-signal transfer functions• Objectives of simulation• Spice models• Simulink models
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 7
Averaged Switch Modeling and Simulation
ECEN5807, Spring 2007
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 8
2. Techniques of Design-Oriented Analysis
Chapter 10, Appendix C, and supplementary notes on websiteNull double injection methods for analysis of complex analog systems• Converter applications
Input filter design
Exact analysis of a fifth-order converter system
• Middlebrook’s extra element theoremHow to easily determine the effect of an added element on a circuit transfer function, without starting the analysis all over again
• The n extra element theoremHow to write complicated transfer functions by inspection, in rational form
• Middlebrook’s feedback theoremHow to easily construct the loop gain and transfer functions of a complex feedback circuit
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 9
Middlebrook’s Extra Element Theorem
Appendix CHow a transfer function G(s) is modified by addition of an extra element Z(s):
Transistor voltage:
v
Q1(t) = V
Q1 + v
Q1(t)
where V
Q1 = hvQ1(t)i (dc component)
and hvQ1(t)i = 0 (v
Q1(t) is the ac component)
Similarly, the transistor current is
i
Q1(t) = I
Q1 + i
Q1(t)
The power p
Q
(t) flowing into the transistor is:
p
Q
(t) = v
Q1(t)iQ1(t) = 0 =
�V
Q1 + v
Q1(t)� ⇣
I
Q1 + i
Q1(t)⌘
Now multiply out and average over one period:
0 = V
Q1I
Q1 + hvQ1(t)iQ1(t)i
The transistor “consumes” power at DC,
and “generates” power at the switching
frequency. The transistor functions as an
inverter.
V
Q1I
Q1 = �hvQ1(t)iQ1(t)i
v
out
(s)v
in
(s)=
G(s)
�����Z(s)!1
!0BBBBBBBBBBBB@
1 +Z
N
(s)Z(s)
1 +Z
D
(s)Z(s)
1CCCCCCCCCCCCA
1
Simple methods to find ZN(s) and ZD(s) using null double injectionHow to design circuits so that the extra element doesn’t significantly change G(s):
Transistor voltage:
v
Q1(t) = V
Q1 + v
Q1(t)
where V
Q1 = hvQ1(t)i (dc component)
and hvQ1(t)i = 0 (v
Q1(t) is the ac component)
Similarly, the transistor current is
i
Q1(t) = I
Q1 + i
Q1(t)
The power p
Q
(t) flowing into the transistor is:
p
Q
(t) = v
Q1(t)iQ1(t) = 0 =
�V
Q1 + v
Q1(t)� ⇣
I
Q1 + i
Q1(t)⌘
Now multiply out and average over one period:
0 = V
Q1I
Q1 + hvQ1(t)iQ1(t)i
The transistor “consumes” power at DC,
and “generates” power at the switching
frequency. The transistor functions as an
inverter.
V
Q1I
Q1 = �hvQ1(t)iQ1(t)i
v
out
(s)v
in
(s)=
G(s)
�����Z(s)!1
!0BBBBBBBBBBBB@
1 +Z
N
(s)Z(s)
1 +Z
D
(s)Z(s)
1CCCCCCCCCCCCA
kZ( j!)k � kZN
( j!)k kZ( j!)k � kZD
( j!)k
1
Transistor voltage:
v
Q1(t) = V
Q1 + v
Q1(t)
where V
Q1 = hvQ1(t)i (dc component)
and hvQ1(t)i = 0 (v
Q1(t) is the ac component)
Similarly, the transistor current is
i
Q1(t) = I
Q1 + i
Q1(t)
The power p
Q
(t) flowing into the transistor is:
p
Q
(t) = v
Q1(t)iQ1(t) = 0 =
�V
Q1 + v
Q1(t)� ⇣
I
Q1 + i
Q1(t)⌘
Now multiply out and average over one period:
0 = V
Q1I
Q1 + hvQ1(t)iQ1(t)i
The transistor “consumes” power at DC,
and “generates” power at the switching
frequency. The transistor functions as an
inverter.
V
Q1I
Q1 = �hvQ1(t)iQ1(t)i
v
out
(s)v
in
(s)=
G(s)
�����Z(s)!1
!0BBBBBBBBBBBB@
1 +Z
N
(s)Z(s)
1 +Z
D
(s)Z(s)
1CCCCCCCCCCCCA
kZ( j!)k � kZN
( j!)k kZ( j!)k � kZD
( j!)k
1
Design-oriented result: construct Bode plots of above equations, and use to shape Z(s)
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 10
Input Filter Design
ECEN 5807 : Introduction� 8�
Input filter design�
•� Filter can seriously degrade converter control system behavior�
•� Use extra element theorem to derive conditions which ensure that converter dynamics are not affected by input filter�
•� Must design input filter having adequate damping�
+–
Inputfilter
Converter
T(s)
Controller
vgZo(s) Zi(s)
H(s)
d
v
f
�� Gvd �� � Gvd
0˚
– 360˚
– 540˚
0 dB
– 10 dB
20 dB
30 dB
100 Hz
40 dB
1 kHz 10 kHz
– 180˚
10 dB
�� Gvd ��
� Gvd
ECEN 5807 : Introduction� 8�
Input filter design�
•� Filter can seriously degrade converter control system behavior�
•� Use extra element theorem to derive conditions which ensure that converter dynamics are not affected by input filter�
•� Must design input filter having adequate damping�
+–
Inputfilter
Converter
T(s)
Controller
vgZo(s) Zi(s)
H(s)
d
v
f
�� Gvd �� � Gvd
0˚
– 360˚
– 540˚
0 dB
– 10 dB
20 dB
30 dB
100 Hz
40 dB
1 kHz 10 kHz
– 180˚
10 dB
�� Gvd ��
� Gvd
• Input filter can seriously degrade control system behavior and cause instability
• Use Extra Element Theorem derive conditions that ensure that input filter does not disrupt dynamics of control system
• Must design input filter having adequate damping
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 11
Design of Input Filters that Do Not Degrade Converter Transfer Functions
ECEN 5807 : Introduction� 9�
Design of damped input filters that don’t degrade converter transfer functions�
-20 dB�
-10 dB�
0 dB�
10 dB�
20 dB�
1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz
Section 1
alone
Cascaded
sections 1 and 2
30 dB�
�� ZN ��
�� ZD ��
fo
+–
vg
L1
n1L
1R
1
C1
L2
n2L
2R
2
C2
6.9 �F
31.2 �H
15.6 �H1.9 �0.65 � 2.9 �H
5.8 �H
11.7 �F
Design criteria derived via Extra
Element theorem:�
Two-section damped input filter
design:�
Z( j�) > ZN( j�)
Z( j�) > ZD( j�)
Design criteria derived via Extra Element Theorem:
Two-section damped input filter design:
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 12
Write the line-to-output transfer function by inspection
ECEN 5807 : Introduction� 10�
Write the line-to-output transfer functionby inspection�
+–
+–
L
RC
1 : D D' : 1Lf
RfCf
Cb
vg(t) I d(t)
(Vg
– V)d (t)
I d(t)
Solution: use n extra element theorem�
Example: buck-boost with input filter�Example: buck-boost with input filter
Solution: use n extra element theorem
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 13
3. Current-Programmed Control
ECEN 5807 : Introduction� 11�
3. Current Programmed Control�
+–
Buck converter
Current-programmed controller
Rvg(t)
is(t)
+
v(t)
–
iL(t)
Q1
L
CD1
+
–
Analogcomparator
Latch
Ts
0
S
R
Q
Clock
is(t)
Rf
Measureswitch
current
is(t)Rf
Controlinput
ic(t)Rf
–+
vref
v(t)Compensator
Conventional output voltage controller
•� Chapter 12�
•� A very popular method for controlling PWM converters�
•� Transistor turns off when its current is(t) is equal to the
control input ic(t) �
•� Simpler dynamics, more
robust compensator�
Switchcurrentis(t)
Control signalic(t)
m1
t0 dTs Ts
on offTransistor
status:
Clock turnstransistor on
Comparator turnstransistor off
ECEN 5807 : Introduction� 11�
3. Current Programmed Control�
+–
Buck converter
Current-programmed controller
Rvg(t)
is(t)
+
v(t)
–
iL(t)
Q1
L
CD1
+
–
Analogcomparator
Latch
Ts
0
S
R
Q
Clock
is(t)
Rf
Measureswitch
current
is(t)Rf
Controlinput
ic(t)Rf
–+
vref
v(t)Compensator
Conventional output voltage controller
•� Chapter 12�
•� A very popular method for controlling PWM converters�
•� Transistor turns off when its current is(t) is equal to the
control input ic(t) �
•� Simpler dynamics, more
robust compensator�
Switchcurrentis(t)
Control signalic(t)
m1
t0 dTs Ts
on offTransistor
status:
Clock turnstransistor on
Comparator turnstransistor off
• Chapter 12• A very popular method for controlling PWM converters• Transistor turns off when its current is(t) is equal to a
control signal ic(s)• Simpler dynamics, more robust compensator
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 14
Effect of current programming on converter transfer functions!Buck converter example
ECEN 5807 : Introduction� 12�
Effect of current programming on transfer functionsBuck converter example�
�� Gvd ��
� Gvd
f
0˚
–90˚
–180˚
� G
–20 dB
–40 dB
0 dB
20 dB
40 dB
10 Hz 100 Hz 10 kHz 100 kHz1 kHz
�� G ��
–60 dB
�� Gvc ��
� Gvc
21
345
CCM-DCM1
+–
+–
35 �H
100 �F
Vg
12 V
L
C R
vc
+
v
–
iLOAD
CPM
control current 1 2
d
+
–
+
–
+
–
iL RL1 2 3 4
d
Rf iL v(1)–v(3) v(3)
0.05 �
10 �
Rf = 1 �
fs = 200 kHz
L = 35 ��
Va = 0.6 V
Xcpm
Xswitch
fs = 200 kHz
L = 35 ��
EiE1 E2
Comparison of control-to-output
transfer functions�
Averaged switch model used in
PSPICE simulations�Comparison of control-to-output transfer functions Averaged switch model used in spice simulations
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 15
Digitally Controlled Buck Converter!Simulink ModelCoPEC
5ECEN5807
Digitally Controlled Buck ConverterSimulink Model
• The buck converterblock is the same as in the continuous-time system
• Note the parts of the system that model the digital controller including:
– A/D converter– Discrete-time
compensator, and – Digital PWM
Digital PWM
Discrete-time compensator
A/D converter
• Buck converter block is same as in continuous-time system
• Note the parts of the system that model the digital controller, including:• A/D converter• Discrete-time compensator• Digital PWM
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 16
4. Modern Rectifiers, Power System Harmonics, and Low-Harmonic Rectifiers
ECEN 5807 : Introduction� 13�
4. Modern rectifiers, power system harmonics, and low harmonic rectifiers�
100%
91%
73%
52%
32%
19%15% 15% 13%
9%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Harmonic number
Harm
onic
am
pli
tude,
per
cen
t o
f fu
nd
am
enta
l
THD = 136%Distortion factor = 59%
• The traditional peak-detection rectifier injects very large harmonic currents into the ac power line.
• At substantial power levels, this type of rectifier is not allowed
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 17
The Ideal Rectifier
ECEN 5807 : Introduction� 14�
The Ideal Rectifier�
+–
1 : M(D)
Vg R
+
V
–
Re(vcontrol)
+
–
vac(t)
iac(t)
vcontrol
v(t)
i(t)
+
–
p(t) = vac
2 / Re
Ideal rectifier (LFR)
acinput
dcoutput
Modeling the basic functions of ideal converters�
Dc-dc converter:
dc transformer�
Ac-dc rectifier: “loss-free resistor”�
Modeling the basic functions of ideal converters
DC-DC converter: DC transformer
AC-DC rectifier: “Loss-free resistor”
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 18
Controlling a DC-DC Converter to Behave as an Ideal Rectifier
ECEN 5807 : Introduction� 15�
Controlling a dc-dc converterto behave as an ideal rectifier�
1 : M(d(t))
dc-dc converter
controller
d(t)
Rvac(t)
iac(t)+
vg(t)
–
ig(t)
ig
vg
+
v(t)
–
i(t)
C
Controller varies d(t) as necessary, to cause ig(t) to
be proportional to vg(t)�
Controller varies d(t) as necessary, to cause ig(t) to be proportional to vg(t)
ECEN 5807, Spring 2015 19
Next Lecture
Begin with circuit averaging and averaged switch modelingAssignment: read Sections 7.4 and 7.5