qeTevan mWedliSvili-hedrixi Sesavali sisxlis samarTlis ...
Transcript of qeTevan mWedliSvili-hedrixi Sesavali sisxlis samarTlis ...
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qeTevan mWedliSvili-hedrixi
Sesavali sisxlis samarTlis
zogad nawilSi
danaSauli
(leqciebis kursi)
2020-2021 weli
2
avtorisagan
leqciebis es kursi 2020 wels Cemi studentebisaTvis davwere
kovidisas biblioTekis wvdomis SeuZleblobis gamo. 2021 wlis
gazafxulze ki naSroms gadavxede da gadavamuSave. igi SeiZleba
gamoiyenebul iqnas rogorc sisxlis samarTlis TematikaSi
pirveli nabijebis gadasadgmelad, aseve masalis
gadasameorebladac. studentebs vTxov, ar dakmayofildnen
miwvdili informaciiT. am saleqcio kursSi mxolod saWiro da
aucilebeli minimumia ganxiluli.
leqciebis kursi mis srulyofil wignad daxvewamde amgvari
formiT martoden kovidis periodSi arsebuli problemebis gamo
studentebisaTvis xelSewyobis mizniT qveyndeba.
mkiTxvelis akademiuri formiT Camoyalibebul kritikas didi
siamovnebiT miviReb meilze:
qeTevan mWedliSvili-hedrixi
iena, 2021 wlis aprili
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sarCevi
I. Sesavali..................................................................................................................................................7
1 sisxlis samarTlis dogmatika...................................................................................7
2 sisxlis samarTlis funqcia da misi sistema.............................................8
3 sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis sistema da misi adresatebi..........11
4 kanonierebis principi.......................................................................................................12
5 kanonis moqmedeba drosa da sivrceSi...............................................................15
6 normis axsna-ganmarteba da analogia...............................................................24
7 danaSaulis agebuleba.....................................................................................................26
II. qmedebis Semadgenloba.........................................................................................................35
1 sisxlissamarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis armqone qmedeba....................35
2 mizezobrioba..............................................................................................................................41
3 obieqturi Seracxva..............................................................................................................48
III. marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebebi...............................53
1 aucilebeli mogerieba......................................................................................................56
2 ukiduresi aucilebloba................................................................................................75
3 „damnaSavis Sepyroba“..........................................................................................................86
44 marTlzomieri riski..........................................................................................................89
5 movaleobaTa kolizia......................................................................................................91
7. dazaralebulis Tanxmoba.............................................................................................94
8. dazaralebulis savaraudo Tanxmoba.............................................................101
9. „damnaSavis“ ganiaraReba..............................................................................................105
IV brali..................................................................................................................................................106
1 bralis cneba da adgili danaSaulis sistemaSi................................106
2 Seuracxaoba................................................................................................................................111
3 brZanebis an gankargulebis Sesruleba.........................................................122
4 ganzraxva......................................................................................................................................124
5 faqtobrivi Secdoma...........................................................................................................134
6 faqtobrivi Secdomis specialuri SemTxvevebi.....................................137
7 Secdoma akrZalvaSi.........................................................................................................144
8 moCvenebiTi mogerieba......................................................................................................147
9 Bbralis gamomricxveli ukiduresi aucilebloba............................151
10 qvantitatiuri ukiduresi aucilebloba...................................................162
V umoqmedoba.......................................................................................................................................165
1 umoqmedobis dasjadobis Teoriuli safuZvlebi...............................165
52 umoqmedobis mizezobriobis winapirobebi.................................................172
3 umoqmedobis marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamoricxva....................................187
3 bralis problemebi umoqmedobis dros.........................................................190
4 umoqmedobis momzadeba da mcdeloba............................................................193
5 danaSaulze xelis aReba Sereuli umoqmedobisas.............................197
6 Tanamonawileoba Sereuli umoqmedobisas.................................................197
7 Sereuli umoqmedoba gaufrTxilebobiT....................................................198
VI gaufrTxilebloba...............................................................................................................202
1 gaufrTxileblobis dogmatikuri safuZvlebi......................................202
2 gaufrTxilebeli danaSaulis agebuleba...................................................208
3 obieqturi Seracxva gaufrTxileblobisas...............................................212
4 aucilebeli mogerieba gaufrTxileblobiT..........................................217
5 brali gaufrTxileblobisas....................................................................................217
6 paraleluri amsrulebloba.....................................................................................219
7 momzadebisa da mcdelobis SeuZlebloba................................................223
8 ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxileblobis kombinacia..................................224
VII. Tanamonawileoba...................................................................................................................227
1 Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis dogmatikuri safuZvlebi.........227
62 amsrulebeli da Tanaamsrulebeli..................................................................228
3 SualobiTi amsrulebeli..............................................................................................239
4 TanamonawileobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis winapirobebi...........250
5 organizatori............................................................................................................................253
6 wamqezebeli................................................................................................................................256
7 damxmare........................................................................................................................................262
VIII daumTavrebeli danaSauli.......................................................................................267
1 danaSaulis ganviTarebis stadiebi...................................................................267
2 danaSaulis formaluri da materialuri damTavreba..................269
3 daumTavrebeli danaSaulis niSnebi..................................................................271
4 uvargisi mcdeloba...........................................................................................................275
5 momzadebis da mcdelobis dasjis safuZveli........................................279
6 daumTavrebeli danaSaulis problematuri sakiTxebi..................281
7 danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba...................................................286
7
I. Sesavali
1 sisxlis samarTlis dogmatika
termini dogma ZvelberZnulidan momdinareobs da qarTulad
azrs, doqtrinas, regulirebas niSnavs. dogmad mecnierebaSi im
ZiriTad debulebas Tvlian, romlis WeSmariteba sayovelTaodaa
aRiarebuli da romelsac ukritikod iReben. dogmatizmi
zogadad arakritikul azrovnebas ewodeba, xolo dogmatikosi –
dogmebiT anu arakritikulad moazrovnes. sisxlis samarTlis
dogmatika sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis nawilia da ara
arakritikuli azrovnebis wesi. sisxlis samarTlis dogmatika
esaa disciplina, romelic aanalizebs moqmed sisxlis samarTlis
kanonmdeblobas da romelsac sistemaSi mohyavs igi.K
kontinentalevropuli (an romaul-evropuli) sisxlis samarTlis
dogmatikis amocanaa moqmedi normatiuli masalis ganmarteba da
kanonSi arsebuli xarvezebis Sevseba. kontinentalevropuli
sisxlis samarTali samarTlis pozitivizms, anu kanonmdeblobas
eyrdnoba, gansxvavebiT angloamerikuli samarTlisagan, romelic
tradiciuli SemTxvevebis analizzea dafuZnebuli (case law).
sasamarTlo precedents (samagaliTo SemTxvevas) angloamerikul
sisxlis samarTalSi savaldebulo Zala (stare decisis anu laT.
Zvel gadawyvetilebaTa erTguleba) aqvs. precedentuli SemTxveva
samagaliTo iuridiuli SemTxvevaa, romelic sxva msgavs
SemTxvevaTa gadawyvetis masStabs qmnis.K zemdgomi sasamarTlo
iSviaTad kontinetalevropul sisxlis samarTalSic iRebs
qvemdgomi sasamarTloebisaTvis aucilebel precedentul
gadawyvetilebas. amgvari precedentuli gadawyvetilebani an
8metad mniSvnelovan da manamde gadauwyvetel problemebze, anda
kidev gamyarebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis Sesacvlelad miiReba.
2 sisxlis samarTlis funqcia da misi sistema
sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa dacva ZiriTadad Sinagani
kontrolis, anu socializaciis (sazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli
socialuri normebis gaTavisebis) da garegani, anu sazogadoebis
sxvadasxva jgufebis mier ganxorcielebuli kontrolis
(sazogadoebis wevrTa negatiuri da pozitiuri sanqciebis)
saSualebiT xorcieldeba. sisxlissamarTlebrivi sanqcia
adamianis uflebebSi yvelaze ufro metad iWreba, amitomac
saxelmwifom sisxlis samarTlis gamoyenebis sfero unda
SezRudos da adamianTa urTierTobis mosawesrigeblad mxolod
da mxolod maSin gamoiyenos, rodesac socialuri wesrigi
arsebiTadaa xelyofili. sisxlis samarTlis SesazRudad
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo sisxlis samarTlis politikis or
ZiriTad princips iyenebs. esenia mciremniSvnelovnebis da
subsidiarobis principebi.1
mciremniSvnelovnebis principi miuTiTebs imaze, rom
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli mxolod is
samarTaldarRvevaa, romelmac samarTlebrivi sikeTe daaziana.
mciremniSvnelovnebis principi sisxlis samarTalSi
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli proporciulobis
principis gamoxatulebaa. am principis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos
reaqcia moqalaqis mier ganxorcielebuli samarTaldarRvevaze
misi proporciuli unda iyos. saxelmwifom beRuras zarbazani
1 sisxlis samarTlis principebze dawvrilebiT ix. naWyebia, wignSi: naWyebia/Todua (red.),
sisxlis samarTali (saxelmZRvanelo), zogadi nawili, Tbilisi 2016 weli, gv. 49-66.
9ar unda esrolos. ssk me-7 muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT
(sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli) qarTveli
kanonmdebeli mciremniSvnelovan qmedebas danaSaulad ar Tvlis.
es muxli proporciulobis principis sakanonmdeblo aRiarebaa.
sisxlissamarTlebrivi sanqciis gamoyeneba samarTlebriv
saxelmwifoSi mxolod maSin daiSveba, rodesac konfliqtis
mowesrigeba samarTlis sxva dargebis saSualebiT SeuZlebelia.
sisxlis samarTlis, rogorc saxelmwifos mier urTierTobis
mowesrigebis yvelaze mkacri saSualebis gamoyeneba aucilebeli
unda iyos. es imas niSnavs, rom sisxlis samarTals
subsidiaruli2, anu damatebiTi, sarezervo xasiaTi unda hqondes.
Temidas basri maxvili samarTlebriv saxelwifoSi
urTierTobaTa mowesrigebis mxolod da mxolod ukanaskneli
saSualebaa anu ultima ratio (ukanaskneli gamosavali interesTa
konfliqtis dros).
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos sisxlis samarTlis amocanaa
socialurad saSiSi qmedebebis aRkveTa da ara sazogadoebaSi
maRali moraluri standartebis damkvidreba.M sisxlis
samarTali adamianis pirad cxovrebaSi ar ereva da pirs ar sjis,
rodesac is seqsualur partniors wamdauwum icvlis,
crupentelaa da zogadad araa „sando kaci“.
magaliTi: petre qals Sepirda, colad SegirTavo da masTan nebayoflobiT
daamyara seqsualur kontaqti, Semdeg ki colad SerTvaze uari uTxra. mas
am qmedebisaTvis sisxlis samarTali ver dasjis, radgan gaupatiureba (ssk
137-e muxli) seqsualur urTierTobis damyarebaa ZaladobiT, Zaladobis
muqariT, anda dazaralebulis umweo mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT. qalis
2 subsidium laTin. daxmareba, rezervi.
10ndobis borotad gamoyeneba da amgvarad masTan kavSiris damyareba
moralurad gasakicxi qmedebaa, rac sisxlissamarTlebrivad ar isjeba.
magaliTi: petrem mdidar qals Tavi milionerad moaCvena da colobaze
daiyola.Qqalma gaTxovebis Semdeg gaigo, rom bina, romelSic petre
cxovrobda, naqiravebi iyo da manqana, romliTac petre mas daaseirnebda –
misi megobrisa, restornebSi daxarjuli fuli ki petres valad adevs.Qqalma
es valebi nebayoflobiT gaistumra. miuxedavad imisa, rom qals valis
gadaxdiT qonebrivi ziani miadga, petre verc TaRliTobisaTvis (ssk 180-e
muxli) da verc motyuebiT qonebrivi dazianebisaTvis (ssk 185-e muxli) ver
daisjeba, radgan qalisaTvis qonebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb araswori
informaciis mowodeba da misi colobaze dayolieba
sisxlissamarTlebrivad akrZaluli qmedeba araa.
samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi amoralur qcevebze reagireba
mxolod socialuri normebis saSualebiT xdeba.AamasTan,
socialuri jgufebis reaqcia sazogadoebis mier arasasurvelad
aRqmul ama Tu im qmedebaze adamianis uflebebsa da
Tavisuflebebs ar unda xelyofdes.
sisxlis samarTlis amocanaa samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva da
ara sazogadoebrivad saSiSi elementebis winaaRmdeg brZola.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos sisxlis samarTali qmedebis
samarTalia. igi krZalavs da sjis mxolod adamianis
marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleul qmedebas (ssk me-7 muxlis 1-li
nawili), romelic samarTlebriv sikeTes xelyofs an misi
arsebobis safrTxes qmnis da ara adamianis zogad
antisazogadoebriv ganwyobas da mis saSiS fiqrebs.
samarTlebrivi sikeTe sazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli
umniSvnelovanesi idealuri Rirebulebaa. samarTlebrivi sikeTe
da danaSaulebrivi qmedebis obieqti erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba.
samarTlebrivi sikeTea adamianis sicocxle, janmrTeloba,
11Tavisufleba da sxv., danaSaulebrivi qmedebis obieqti ki - misi
sxeulebrivi gamoxatuleba.
3 sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis sistema da misi adresatebi
qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis wyaroa sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsi, romelic miRebulia 1999 wlis 22 ivliss da ZalaSia
2000 wlis 1 ivnisidan.
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ori nawilisagan, zogadi da kerZo
nawilisagan, Sedgeba. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis zogadi
nawili moicavs zogad, „frCxilebs gareT gatanil“ debulebebsa
da cnebebs danaSaulsa da sasjelze, kerZo nawili ki –
calkeuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobebs, umarTlobis Sinaarss, anu
dispoziciebs da sasjelebs, anu sanqciebs.
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss ori adresati hyavs - moqalaqe da
saxelmwifos samarTaldamcavi organoebi. sisxlis samarTali
ukrZalavs adamians, ar Seasrulos esa Tu is qmedeba (ar moklas
kaci, ssk 108-116-e muxlebi), anda misgan moiTxovs ama Tu im
qmedebis Sesrulebas (mag., moyvasis daxmarebas. gansacdelSi
mitoveba ssk 128-e muxli).
sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis adresatia aseve
saxelmwifos samarTaldamcavi organoc, romelic valdebulia
piri sisxlis samarTlis procesSi gaTvaliswinebuli
specialuri proceduris dacviT dasajos, anu martoden maSin, Tu
man sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo nawilSi
gaTvaliswinebuli romelime qmedeba ganaxorciela.
124 kanonierebis principi
kanonierebis principis mokle formulaa - ar aris danaSauli, ar
aris sasjeli kanonis gareSe – laTinurad - Nullum crimen sine lege,
nulla poena sine lege. kanonierebis principi Camoayaliba Cezare
bekariam, misi es Tanamedrove formulireba ki germaneli
mecnieris, anselm foierbaxis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli.3
sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba pirovnebis garantiebs
swored kanonierebis principis safuZvelze qmnis. samarTlebriv
saxelmwifoSi kanonierebis princips konstituciuri rangi
eniWeba. igi gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos konstituciis 31-e
muxlis me-9 punqtSi da aseve reglamentirebulia saqarTvelos
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-2 muxlis 1-l nawilsa (sisxlis
samarTlis kanonis moqmedeba droSi) da me-7 muxlis 1-l
nawilSi (sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli).
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo Tavis YZalauflebas kanoniT boWavs
da aRiarebs kanonierebis princips, romelic oTx akrZalvas
moicavs. es akrZalvebia:
nullum crimen sine lege scripta – araa danaSauli kanonis gareSe -
kanonierebis principis erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa. qmedebis
danaSaulebriobas da dasjadobas mxolod da mxolod
kanonmdebeli gansazRvravs. dauwereli, CveulebiTi samarTlis
normis gamoyeneba piris sazianod sisxlis samarTalSi
dauSvebelia.
CveulebiTi samarTlidan momdinare marTwinaaRmdegobis
gamomricxveli garemoebaa dazaralebulis Tanxmoba da
3 anselm foierbaxi cnobili germaneli filsofosis, ludvig foierbaxis mama gaxldaT.
13dazaralebulis savaraudo Tanxmoba, rac piris sasargeblod
gamoiyeneba. CveulebiT samarTalze dafuZnebuli
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebad iTvleboda
bavSvis cema „arawori qmedebisaTvis“ aRmzrdelobiTi mizniT
mSoblis an maswavleblis mier. dReisaTvis bavSvis cema ojaxuri
Zaladoba da danaSaulia.
nullum crimen sine lege certa – ganusazRvreli normebis Seqmnis
akrZalvas moiTxovs. kanonmdebeli valdebulia, akrZaluli
qmedeba da masTan dakavSirebuli sanqcia zustad Camoayalibos,
raTa sazogadoebis wevrebma es akrZalva gaacnobieron da maT
amgvarad kanonis Sesabamisad moqmedebis SesaZlebloba hqondeT.
„kauCukis“ an „rezinis“ norma kanonierebis dacvas ki ara, aramed
sayovelTao SiSis damkvidrebas emsaxureba. amgvari kanonebi
totaluri saxelmwifoebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
1960 wlis qarTuli sabWoTa sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsidan
yvelaze gansusazRvrel Semadgenlobad SeiZleba miviCnioT
xulignobis Semadgenloba (ssk 228-e muxli), romlis mixedviTac
isjeboda xulignoba, anu ganzraxi qmedeba, rac uxeSad arRvevs
sazogadoebriv wesrigs da gamoxatavs aSkara upativcemulobas
sazogadoebisadmi. Tu rodis iyo sazogadoebrivi wesrigis
darRveva uxeSi da rodis gamoxatavda piri sazogadoebisadmi
aSkara upativcemulobas, sasamarTlos gansjis sakiTxi iyo.
amgvarad, danaSaulis Semadgenlobis es SefasebiTi niSnebi
mosamarTles kanonis farTo interpretaciis da sxvagvarad
moazrovneTa dasjis saSualebas aZlevda.
aseve ganusazRvreli iyo bolSevikuri epoqis gariJraJze
miRebul sisxlissamarTlebriv aqtebSi mocemuli sanqciebic.
14sanqcia „revoluciuri kanonebis mTeli sisastikiT dasja“,
„sastik pasuxisgebaSi micema“ (da ara mag., Tavisuflebis aRkveTa
amdeni da amdeni wliT da sxv.) mravlad gvxvdeboda 20-iani
wlebis sabWoTa periodis sisxlis samarTlis kanonebSi. 1960
wlis saqarTvelos ssk kanonierebis princips aRiarebda da
amgvar ganusazRvrel sanqciebs ukve aRar iTvaliswinebda.
nullum crimen sine lege stricta – kanonierebis principis gamoxatulebaa
da kanonis analogiis akrZalvas niSnavs. analogia kanonSi
gaTvaliswinebuli normis gamoyenebaa msgavs, magram ara kanonSi
zustad gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebze. sisxlis samarTalSi
kanonis analogia piris sazianod akrZalulia, dasaSvebia kanonis
analogiis gamoyeneba piris sasargeblod. mag., ssk 30-e muxli
moicavs marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel zekanonur
garemoebebs, ssk 38-e muxli ki – bralis gamomricxvel zekanonur
garemoebebs. kanonmdebeli am muxlebiT uSvebs sisxlis
samarTlis kanonis gamoyenebas analogiiT piris sasargeblod.
akrZalulia piris sazianod kanonis sityvasityviTi
mniSvnelobidan gadaxveva rogorc kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
qmedebis sazRvrebis gafarToebiT (analogia), aseve kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis sazRvrebis daviwroebiT
(aucilebeli mogeriebis uflebis SezRudva, teleologiuri
reduqcia).
sabWoTa sisxlis samarTlis, iseve, rogorc nacisturi germaniis
totalitaruli saxelmwifos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba,
1958 wlamde piris sazianod analogiis gamoyenebas
iTvaliswinebda.Ddasjadi iyo nebismieri sazogadoebrivad saSiSi
qmedeba da ara qmedeba, rac sisxlis samarTlis kanonSi iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli. qmedebis danaSaulebriobis sakiTxs amitomac
15mosamarTle wyvetda da ara kanonmdebeli. amgvarad erTmaneTSi
ireoda saxelmwifo xelisuflebis StoTa funqciebi.
saqarTvelos 1960 wlis kodeqsma sabolood akrZala analogia
da aRiara kanonierebis principi.
nullum crimen sine lege praevia – kanonierebis principis kidev erTi
gamoxatulebaa da kanonis ukuZalis akrZalvas niSnavs. kanons,
romelic afuZnebs qmedebis dasjadobas, an amkacrebs sasjels,
ara aqvs ukuZala.Ksisxlis samarTlis kanoni mxolod im
qmedebaTa dasasjelad gamoiyeneba, romelic pirma am kanonis
miRebamde Caidina. kanons ukuZala mxolod maSin aqvs, rodesac
igi auqmebs qmedebis danaSaulebriobas an amsubuqebs sasjels
(ssk me-3 muxlis 1-li nawili).
5 kanonis moqmedeba drosa da sivrceSi
kanonis moqmedeba droSi kanonis ukuZalis akrZalvis problemas
ukavSirdeba, rac kanonierebis principis erT-erTi
gamoxatulebaa.Akanonis ukuZalis akrZalva niSnavs Semdegs:
kanonebi, romlebic aweseben dasjadobas, momavliskenaa
mimarTuli. isini sjian mxolod im qmedebebs, romlebic sisxlis
samarTlis am kanonis miRebis Semdeg ganxorcielda - nullum
crimen sine lege praevia (ssk me-2 muxlis 1-li nawili). pirs ver
vusayvedurebT, rom man sisxlis samarTlis norma daarRvia, Tu
Sesabamisi qmedeba misi Cadenisas akrZaluli saerTod ar iyo.
rogor unda daemorCilos moqalaqe kanons, Tu es kanoni
saerTod ar arsebobs?
danaSaulis Cadenis dro ssk me-2 muxlis 1-li nawiliT kanoniT
akrZaluli qmedebis ganxorcielebis droa. ssk me-2 muxlis me-2
nawiliT danaSauli Cadenilia maSin, rodesac moqmedebda
16amsrulebeli an Tanamonawile, anda, umoqmedobis SemTxvevaSi, unda
emoqmeda mas. kanonmdebeli danaSaulis Cadenis drod ar Tvlis
Sedegis dadgomis dros (ssk me-2 muxlis me-2 nawilis me-2
winadadeba).
ssk me-3 muxlis 1-li nawilis 1-li winadadebis mixedviT ukuZala
aqvs kanons, romelic auqmebs qmedebis danaSaulebriobas
(dekriminalizacia) an amsubuqebs sasjels (depenalizacia). ssk
me-3 muxlis 1-li nawilis me-2 winadadebiT, kanons, romelic
awesebs qmedebis dasjadobas (kriminalizacia) an amkacrebs
sasjels (penalizacia), ukuZala ara aqvs.
magaliTi: petrem 2000 wlis 30 maiss gazeTSi pavles Seuracxmyofeli
statia gamoaqveyna. 2000 wlis 2 ivniss pavlem es statia waikiTxa da Tavi
Seuracxyofilad igrZno. SesaZlebelia Tu ara petres dasja?
Seuracxyofa 1960 wlis ssk 138-e muxlSi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. axali
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi am qmedebas aRar sjis, anu moxda am qmedebis
dekriminalizacia. kanonmdebelma SeinarCuna mxolod samxedro
mosamsaxuris Seuracxyofis dasjadoba misi samsaxurebrivi saqmianobis
SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT (ssk 387-e muxli, samxedro mosamsaxuris
Seuracxyofa). pavle araa samxedro mosamsaxure. petrem aRniSnuli qmedeba
(Seuracxyofa) Zveli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis moqmedebis dros
ganaxorciela. axali ssk 2000 wlis 1-l ivniss Sevida YZalaSi. kanons,
romelmac Seuracxyofis dasjadoba gaauqma, ssk me-3 muxlis 1-li nawilis 1-
li winadadebis mixedviT, ukuZala mieniWeba da piri SeuracxyofisaTvis
sisxlissamarTlebrivad ar daisjeba. es imas rodi niSnavs, rom
Seuracxyofili Tavs veranairad ver daicavs.Mmas SeuZlia
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi wesiT, samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsis me-18
muxlis meore nawiliT miyenebuli moraluri zianis anazRaureba
moiTxovos. sasamarTlos mier sarCelis dakmayofilebas SeiZleba
SeuracxmyofelisaTvis metad mtkivneuli materialuri Sedegi mohyves.
17danaSaulis Semadgenlobis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsidan
amoReba zogjer ar niSnavs qmedebis dekriminalizacias anu
qmedebis danaSaulebriobis da dasjadobis gauqmebas. 1960 wlis
qarTuli ssk iTvaliswinebda Tavisuflebis aRkveTis specialur
Semadgenlobas - qalis motacebas masTan qorwinebis mizniT
(Zveli ssk 134-e muxli). dRevandeli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi
am Semadgenlobas aRar moicavs, magram qalis motaceba masTan
qorwinebis mizniT mainc dasjadia da Tavisuflebis ukanono
aRkveTis (ssk 143-e muxli) zogadi normiT dakvalificirdeba.
Tu qmedebis ganxorcielebidan sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvamde
kanoni ramdenjerme Seicvala, gamoiyeneba is kanoni, romelic
yvelaze ufro msubuq sasjels iTvaliswinebs. am kanons sisxlis
samarTlis TeoriaSi „Sualed kanons“ uwodeben. e.i. Sualedia
kanoni, romelic arc qmedebis ganxorcielebisas moqmedebda da
arc ganaCenis gamotanisas moqmedebs.
rodesac Akanons xandazmulobis axali, gamkacrebuli vadebi
Semoaqvs, igi amiTi piris mdgomareobas auaresebs. kanons ukuZala
eqneba, Tu xandazmulobis vadebi kanonis Secvlisas jer kidev ar
iyo gasuli. xandazmulobis Sesaxeb axal kanons, romelic piris
mdgomareobas amZimebs, ukuZala mxolod maSin ar mieniWeba,
rodesac axali kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlisas xandazmulobis vada
ukve gasulia.4
4 sulaqveliZe, sisxlis samarTlis kanonis ukuZalis Sesaxeb – komentari sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos gadawvetilebaze „sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mimoxilva“, 2010, 2, gv. 144-157;
eremaZe, mosazrebebi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawvetilebebis Sesaxeb – pasuxi d.
sulaqveliZis komentarze, „sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mimoxilva“, 2010, 2, gv. 158-172;
samarTalSedarebiT WrilSi - turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 116.
18Tu Zveli kanoni pirobiTi msjavris gamoyenebas iTvaliswinebs,
axali kanoni ki mas auqmebs da amiTi piris mdgomareobas
amZimebs, axal kanons, romelic piris mdgomareobas auaresebs,
ukuZala ar mieniWeba. sasamarTlom amgvar SemTxvevaSi unda
gamoiyenos qmedebis ganxorcielebis dros arsebuli kanoni,
romelic pirobiT msjavris gamoyenebas uSvebda.5
sasamarTlos mier sisxlis samarTlis kanonis ganmartebis da
gamyarebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis Secvlas braldebulis
sazianod sisxlis samarTalSi dasaSvebad Tvlian, radgan am
dros kanoni ar icvleba da ukuZalis akrZalva kanonierebis
principiT mxolod sisxlis samarTlis kanons exeba da ara
sisxlis samarTlis praqtikas.
sisxlis samarTlis procesi damamZimebeli kanonis ukuZalas ar
adgens. saproceso moqmedebis ganxorcielebisas yovelTvis is
saproceso norma gamoiyeneba, romelic am konkretul momentSia
ZalaSi.
kanonis sivrceSi moqmedeba ssk me-4 da me-5 muxlebSia
gaTvaliswinebuli. rogorc wesi, saqarTvelos iurisdiqcias
daemorCileba is, vinc danaSaulebriv qmedebas (moqmedebas Tu
umoqmedobas) saqarTvelos teritoriaze ganaxorcielebs. rodis
iTvleba danaSauli saqarTvelos teritoriaze Cadenilad? ssk
me-4 muxlis me-2 nawilis 1-li winadadebis mixedviT, danaSaulis
Cadenis adgilisaTvis gadamwyvetia rogorc danaSaulebrivi
qmedebis ganxorcielebis, aseve danaSaulebrivi Sedegis dadgomis
adgili. e.i. danaSauli saqarTveloSi Cadenilad CaiTvleba, Tu
5 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 114.
19qmedeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze ganxorcielda, gagrZelda,
anda Sedegi saqarTvelos teritoriaze dadga.6
magaliTi: petre mkvlelobis mizniT pavles saqarTveloSi Sxamiani sokoTi
gaumaspinZlda. pavle mowamvlis dRes belorusiaSi gafrinda da iq
gardaicvala. ssk me-4 muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT, danaSaulis Cadenis
adgilia saqarTvelo, radgan danaSaulebrivi moqmedeba - Sxamiani sokiTi
gamaspinZleba mkvlelobis mizniT - petrem saqarTveloSi ganaxorciela. D
da piriqiT – Tu petrem pavles minskSi Sxamiani soko aWama mkvlelobis
mizniT da pavle am Sxamis zemoqmedebis Sedegad saqarTveloSi
gardaicvala, ssk me-4 muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT, danaSaulis Cadenis
adgili iqneba saqarTvelo, radgan danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Sedegi
saqarTveloSi dadga. am muxlis Tanaxmad, piri saqarTvelos iurisdiqcias
unda daemorCilos. danaSaulis Cadenis adgilad saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsiT ar iTvleba mxolod danaSaulebrivi qmedebis
ganxorcielebis adgili (qmedebis Teoria), arc mxolod Sedegis dadgomis
adgili (Sedegis Teoria), aramed orive, rogorc qmedebis ganxorcielebis,
aseve Sedegis dadgomisa adgili.
almis principis mixedviT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo almiT an
amosacnobi niSniT mosargeble sahaero da wylis xomaldebi
saqarTvelos teritoriad iTvleba da masze saqarTvelos
iurisdiqcia vrceldeba. problma warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac
saqarTvelos sahaero an wylis xomaldi sxva saxelmwifos
teritoriaze imyofeba.
magaliTi: saqarTvelos moqalaqe petrem aseve saqarTvelos moqalaqe pavle
sasikvdilod daWra. SemTxvevis dros isini saqarTvelos almis matarebel
wylis xomaldze imyofebodnen, romelsac TurqeTis navsadgurSi hqonda
Ruza CaSvebuli. ssk me-4 muxlis me-3 nawilis mixedviT, petre saqarTvelos
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT daisjeba.
6 saqarTvelos teritoriis moculobaze ix. gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi 2008, gv. 62-64.
20amgvar SemTxevebs «ormagi teritoriis» SemTxvevebs uwodeben.
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, gavrceldeba Tu ara am qmedebaze xomaldis
adgilsamyofelis iurisdiqcia, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
dogmatikaSi araa sabolood gadawyvetili. gamyreliZis azriT,
amgvari ormagi iurisdiqcia mxolod saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis
saSualebiT miiRweva. turavas praqtikuli da gasaziarebeli
mosazrebiT, damnaSavis dasjis ufleba msgavs SemTxvevaSi orive
qveyanas aqvs da pirs is qveyana dasjis, romlis xelSic
aRmoCndeba igi. amasTan, damnaSavis gadacemis samarTlebrivi
valdebuleba am saxelmwifos ar warmoeSoba.7
teritoriulobis principidan arsebobs gamonaklisi. ssk me-4
muxlis me-3 nawilSi reglamentirebuli eqsteritoriulobis
principis mixedviT saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ar
vrceldeba sxva saxelmwifoTa diplomatiur warmomadgenlebze,
e.i. im pirebze, romlebic diplomatiuri imunitetiT sargebloben.
ssk me-5 muxlis 1-li da me-2 nawilis mixedviT, romelSic aqtiuri
personalurobis anu moqalaqeobis principia asaxuli,
saqarTvelos iurisdiqcias emorCileba saqarTvelos moqalaqe da
saqarTveloSi mudmivad mcxovrebi moqalaqeobis armqone piri,
Tundac mas es danaSauli sazRvargareT anda neitralur
teritoriaze hqondes Cadenili. dasaxelebuli muxlis Tanaxmad,
am pirTa mier sazRvargareT Cadenil danaSaulTa
dasjadobisaTvis Semdeg garemoebebs unda mieqces yuradReba:
1. imisaTvis, rom piri sazRvargareT Cadenili
danaSaulisaTvis saqarTveloSi daisajos, qmedeba
7 gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi
2008, gv. 66; turava, sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamocema, Tbilisi
2010, gv. 42.
21danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze, im sxva saxelmwifoSic
dasjadi unda iyos.
2. Tu sazRvargareT Cadenili qmedeba im saxelmwifoSi
dasjadi araa, pirze mxolod maSin gavrceldeba
saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia, rodesac es qmedeba saqarTvelos
interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul mZime an gansakuTrebiT
mZime danaSauls warmoadgens (danaSaulis kategoriebad
dayofa ix. ssk me-12 muxlSi.)
magaliTi: saqarTvelos moqalaqe petrem ruseTSi germaniis moqalaqe pavle
mokla da saqarTvelos Seafara Tavi. mkvleloba dasjadia rogorc
ruseTSi (danaSaulis Cadenis adgilas) aseve saqarTvelosa (romlis
moqalaqecaa petre, anu aqtiuri personalurobis principis mixedviT) da
germaniaSi (romlis moqalaqecaa pavle, anu pasiuri personalurobis
principiT). saqarTvelo Tavis moqalaqes ar gadascems ucxo saxelmwifos
da aqtiuri personalurobis anu moqalaqeobis principidan gamomdinare, mas
ssk me-5 muxlis 1-li nawiliT da ssk 108-e muxliT Tavad dasjis.
teritoriulobisa da pasiuri personalurobis principiT qmedebis mimarT
ruseTisa da germaniis iurisdiqciac gavrceldeba.
ssk me-5 muxlis me-3 nawilSi gaTvaliswinebuli dacvis principis
mixedviT ucxoeTis moqalaqe da moqalaqeobis armqone piri,
romelic mudmivad ar cxovrobs saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos
iurisdiqcias mxolod maSin daemorCileba, rodesac man
sazRvargareT saqarTvelos interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
mZime an gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSauli Caidina.
ssk me-5 muxlis me-3 nawilSi mocemuli dacvis principi moicavs
rogorc universalur, aseve individualur samarTlebriv sikeTes.
ucxoeTis moqalaqe da moqalaqeobis armqone piri, romelic
mudmivad ar cxovrobs saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos iurisdiqcias
22maSinac daemorCileba, Tu igi saqarTvelos moqalaqis an
saqarTveloSi mudmivad mcxovrebi moqalaqeobis armqone piris
individualur samarTlebrivi sikeTes xelyofs da mZime an
gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSauls Caidens. dacvis principis am
variacias pasiuri personalurobis principsac uwodeben.
magaliTi: germaniis moqalaqe petrem saqarTvelos moqalaqe pavles
germaniaSi studentTa saerTo sacxovrebelSi safule mohpara.Mman ssk 177-e
muxlis 1-li nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba – qurdoba
ganaxorciela.QqurdobisaTvis gansazRvruli sasjeli eqvsi Tvidan erT
wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTa migvaniSnebs imaze, rom am SemTxvevaSi adgili
aqvs naklebad mZime danaSauls. ssk me-12 muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT
naklebad mZimea danaSauli, romlis CadenisaTvis saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli maqsimaluri sasjeli xuTi wliT
Tavisuflebis aRkveTas ar aRemateba. saqarTvelos ssk me-5 muxlis me-3
nawilis pirveli alternativiT, ucxo qveynis moqalaqe an moqalaqeobis
armqone piri, romelic mudmivad ar cxovrobs saqarTveloSi, maSin agebs
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT pasuxs, Tu man Caidina
saqarTvelos interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli mZime da gansakuTrebiT
mZime danaSauli. germaniis moqalaqe petrem germaniaSi qarTuli ssk-iT
gaTvaliswinebuli naklebad mZime danaSauli ganaxorciela saqarTvelos
moqalaqis winaaRmdeg, amitomac misi qmedeba saqarTvelos iurisdiqcias ar
daeqvemdebareba.
magaliTi: safrangeTis moqalaqe petrem saqarTvelos moqalaqe pavle
wamebiT mokla. damamZimebel garemoebaSi Cadenili mkvleloba ssk me-12
muxlis me-4 nawilis mixedviT gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulia, radgan ssk
109-e muxlis me-3 nawilis b) punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli sanqcia aT welze
metia. safrangeTis moqalaqe petres qmedeba saqarTvelos iurisdiqcias
daeqvemdebareba.
universalurobis principi gamomdinareobs ssk me-5 muxlis me-2
nawilis bolo winadadebidan da ssk me-5 muxlis me-3 nawilis
bolo winadadebidan, romelTa mixedviTac qmedeba maSin
23daeqvemdebareba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis iurisdiqcias,
rodesac sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli.8
monacvleobiTi marTlmsajulebis principis mixedviT
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT daisjeba danaSaulis Camdeni sxva
qveynis moqalaqe an moqalaqeobis armqone piri, romelic
saqarTvelos Semoexizna da romlis gadacema sxva
saxelmwifosaTvis ssk me-6 muxlis me-3 nawilSi kazuisturad,
amomwuravad CamoTvlili garemoebebis arsebobisas dauSvebelia.
es garemoebebia:
1. piri sxva saxelmwifoSi idevneba politikuri mrwamsis gamo
2. mis mier Cadenili qmedeba araa danaSauli saqarTvelos
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT da
3. mis mier Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis sxva saxelmwifo
sikvdiliT dasjas awesebs.
magaliTi: musulmanuri qveynis moqalaqem saqarTvelos Seafara Tavi, radgan
mas Tavis qveyanaSi gamoqveynebuli romanis gamo RvTis gmobisaTvis
sikvdiliT dasja emuqreba. am qveyanam saqarTvelos Tavisi moqalaqis
gadacema mosTxova. saqarTvelo am moTxovnas ar Seasrulebs, radgan RvTis
gmoba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT danaSaulad ar
iTvleba (ssk me-6 muxlis me-3 nawilis meore alternativa) da imitomac, rom
Cadenili qmedebisaTvis pirs Tavisi qveynis sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT
sikvdilis dasja emuqreba (ssk me-6 muxlis me-3 nawilis mesame alternativa).
8 universalurobis principze dawvrilebiT ix. turava, sisxlis samarTali, zogadi
nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamocema, Tbilisi 2010, gv. 49-53; misive, danaSaulis moZRvreba,
Tbilisi 2011, gv. 144-149.
24danaSaulis Cadenis adgilis klasikuri sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT
problematuri gaxda Tanamedrove mediis saSualebiT
gamoyenebuli qmedebebis dasjadobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.9
6 normis axsna-ganmarteba da analogia
samarTalSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben kanonis axsna-
ganmartebis (interpretaciis) oTx saxes. esenia:
1. gramatikuli anu sityva-sityviTi, anu semantikuri
2. sistemuri
3. istoriuli kanonmdeblis neba kanonis gamocemisas)
4. teleologiuri kanonis mizani Tanamedrove poziciidan
literaturaSi miuTiTeben, rom kanonis ganmartebis xerxebs
Soris araviTari ierarqia ar arsebobs da samarTlis Sefardeba
„meToduri pluralizmis“ safuZvelze xorcieldeba.10 Tumca
kanonis gamartebis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan xerxad mainc
teleologiuri ganmartebaa aRiarebuli. amasTan teleologiuri
ganmarteba mxolod kanonis sityvasityviTi mniSvnelobis
farglebSi gamoiyeneba da ara mis sawinaaRmdegod da kanonis
ganmartebis danarCeni saxeebis sazRvars swored normis
gramatikuli (sityva-sityviTi, semantikuri) ganmarteba adgens.
qarTul sisxlis samarTlis TeoriaSi sworad miuTiTeben imaze,
rom normis sityviTi JReradoba „aris amosavali wertili
9 dawvrilebiT am sakiTxze - danaSaulis Cadenis adgili da Tanamedrove media ix. qeTevan
mWedliSvili-hedrixi, danaSaulis Cadenis adgilis problemisaTvis Tanamedrove sisxlis
samarTalSi, wignSi: akaki labartyava, 80 weli, mamuliSvili, pedagogi, mecnieri, Tbilisi
2013, gv. 230-243.
10 xubua, samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi 2004, gv. 160.
25normis arsis samosamarTleo gamokvlevisaTvis da imavdroulad
gansazRvravs misi interpretaciis sazRvrebs“ da rom "sisxlis
samarTalSi normis sityva-sityviTi mniSvnelobis ignorireba
akrZalulia.11 Tu semantikuri (gramatikuli) ganmartebis Sedegad
dadginda, rom mocemuli SemTxveva da sisxlis samarTlis
normaSi gaTvaliswinebuli winapirobebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva,
am normis gamoyeneba mocemuli SemTxevis mimarT sisxlis
samarTalSi dauSvebeli analogia iqneba, Tu igi piris
mdgomareobas auaresebs. kanonSi xarvezis Sevseba sisxlis
samarTalSi samarTlis analogiis da kanonis analogiis
saSualebiT mxolod subieqtis sasargeblodaa daSvebuli.
kanonis analogia gansxvavdeba kanonis ganvrcobiTi axsna-
ganmartebisagan. ganvrcobiTi axsna-ganmartebis dros kanonis
ganmmartebeli kanonis SesaZlo sityvieri mniSvnelobis
ukidures zRvramde midis, arsebuli norma am ganmartebis
safuZvelze faqtobrivi urTierTobis maqsimalurad farTo wres
moicavs.12
teleologiuri reduqcia mizniT SezRudvas niSnavs. kanonis
ganmmartebeli normis (sityvasityviTi) mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebis
sferos zRudavs da amgvarad piris mdgomareobas amsubuqebs.
teleologiuri reduqcia maSin gamoiyeneba, rodesac normis
sityvasityviTi mniSvneloba im urTierTobebsac moicavs, romlic
mas (normis miznidan gamomdinare) ar unda moecva. ssk me-18
muxlis teleologiuri reduqciis saSualebiT qarTuli sisxlis
11 gvenetaZe/turava, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze gadawyvetilebis miRebis meTodika,
Tbilisi 2005, gv. 30.
12 xubua, samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi 2004, gv. 154.
26samarTlis Teoria da praqtika SesaZlebels xdis gamoiricxos
Soreuli mosamzadebeli qmedebebis dasjadoba da dasjadad
mxolod is mosamzadebeli qmedebebi CaiTvalos, romlebic
danaSaulis mcdelobasTan axlos dganan.
teleologiur reduqcias da analogias Soris Semdegi sxvaobaa:
teleologiuri reduqcia gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac norma
urTierTobebis metad farTo wreze vrceldeba, analogia ki
maSin, rodesac normis CarCoebi ufro viwroa, vidre
mosawesrigebel urTierTobaTa wre.
teleologiuri reduqcia da kanonis SezRudviTi ganmarteba ki
erTmaneTisagan Semdegnairad unda gaimijnos: SezRudviTi
ganmarteba sistemuri ganmartebis kerZo SemTxvevaa. SezRudviTi
ganmartebisas sityvis mniSvnelobas faqtobrivi urTierTobebis
viwro wreze avrceleben.13 am dros mosamarTle kanonis sityvieri
mniSvnelobis sazRvars ar scildeba. SezRuduli ganmartebis
dros kanonSi naxmari sityva viwrod (da ara sityvasityviTi
mniSvnelobis sawinaaRmdegod) ganimarteba, teleologiuri
reduqciis dros ki kanoni ar gamoiyeneba, Tumca misi
sityvasityviT mniSvnelobis mixedviT mosamarTles igi unda
gamoeyenebina.
7 danaSaulis agebuleba
sisxlis samarTlis dogmatikaSi erTmaneTisagan SeiZleba
ganvasxvaoT danaSaulis erTsafexuriani, orsafexuriani da
samsafexuriani agebuleba.
danaSaulis erTsafexuriani agebuleba sabWoTa sisxlis samarTlisaTvis
pirveli periodisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. bolSevizmis pirvel etapze
13 xubua, samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi 2004, gv. 154.
27danaSaulad yvela sazogadoebrivad saSiSi qmedeba iTvleboda, miuxedavad
imisa, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo Tu ara es qmedeba sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsSi. sisxlis samarTali politikurad arakeTilsaimedo, anu
sazogadoebrivad saSiS pirTa dasjis saSualeba iyo. saqarTvelos 1922
wlis da 1928 wlis kodeqsebi iTvaliswinebdnen kanonis analogiis
gamoyenebas piris sazianod. sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba
braleuli personaluri pasuxismgeblobis principis magier
Suasaukuneobrivi koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis principze iyo
dafuZnebuli.14
1958 wlis sabWoTa kavSirisa da mokavSire respublikebis „sisxlis
samarTlis kanonmdeblobis safuZvlebi“, romlis mixedviTac 1960 wels
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi iqna miRebuli, krZalavda sisxlis
samarTlis kanonis analogiiT gamoyenebas da afuZnebda braleuli da
personaluri pasuxismgeblobis princips. ra Tqma unda, es kodeqsi ar iyo
klasobrivi ideologiisagan Tavisufali, magram winamorbed sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsebTan SedarebiT igi progresul movlenas warmoadgenda,
radgan danaSaulis Cadena (1960 wlis ssk me-3 muxli) sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlad iyo aRiarebuli, danaSauli ki kanonmdeblis
mier ganimarteboda rogorc sazogadoebrivad saSiSi, sisxlis samarTlis
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli da sazogadoebrivad saSiSi qmedeba (1960 wlis
ssk me-8 muxli). danaSaulis agebuleba amjerad orsafexurianad
moiazreboda. danaSaulis Semadgenlobis niSnebad aRiarebuli iyo obieqti,
obieqturi mxare, subieqti da subieqturi mxare.15 danaSaulis am formaluri
niSnebis dadgenis Semdeg sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisaTvis
aucilebeli iyo Cadenili qmedebis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis dadgena
(1960 wlis ssk me-3 muxli da me-8 muxlis 1-li da me-2 nawilebi). me-8 muxlis
me-2 nawiliT, danaSaulad ar CaiTvleboda qmedeba, romelic, Tumca
formalurad Seicavda sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli raime
14 gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi
2008, gv. 10.
15 surgulaZe, sisxlis samarTali, danaSauli (leqciebi), Tbilisi 2005, gv. 68.
28qmedebis niSnebs, magram qmedebis mcire mniSvnelobis gamo ar warmoadgenda
sazogadoebriv saSiSroebas.
danaSaulis obieqtad sabWoTa sisxlis samarTlis TeoriaSi iTvleboda
sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT daculi sazogadoebrivi urTierToba,
danaSaulis obieqturi mxared ki – danaSaulebrivi qmedeba (moqmedeba an
umoqmedoba) da mizezobrivi kavSiri qmedebasa da Sedegs Soris. danaSaulis
subieqtad aRiarebuli iyo Seracxadi da srulwlovani piri.
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba mZime danaSaulisaTvis 14 wlis
asakidan iwyeboda. danaSaulis subieqturi mxare moicavda bralsa da mis
formebs – ganzraxvasa da gaufrTxileblobas, agreTve zogierT SemTxvevaSi
danaSaulis SemadgenlobaSi gaTvaliswinebul mizansa da motivsac. am
niSanTagan erT-erTis gamoricxvisas danaSaulis Semadgenlobac
gamoiricxeboda. amasTan, mosamarTlis mier qmedebis danaSaulad
cnobisaTvis es qmedeba sazogadoebrivad saSiSi unda yofiliyo,
sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis ararseboba ki danaSaulsac gamoricxavda (1960
wlis ssk me-8 muxlis me-2 nawili).
danaSaulis orsafexuriani sabWoTa agebulebis kritika: rodesac
dispoziciaSi gaTvaliswinebul qmedebas suliT avadmyofi
ganaxorcielebda, danaSaulis Semadgenlobac gamoiricxeboda danaSaulis
subieqtis ararsebobis gamo. amgvarad, am piris mimarT ssk me-13 muxlis
Tanaxmad daniSnul samedicino xasiaTis iZulebiTi RonisZiebas
samarTlebrivi safuZveli ar hqonda. amasTan marTlwinaaRmdegobis da
bralis gamomricxavi garemoebebi erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdeboda.Aam
garemoebebs sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis gamomricxav garemoebebSi
aerTianebdnen.
angloamerikul sisxlis samarTalSi danaSaulis agebuleba
orsafexuriania.Aam safexurebs warmoadgens – garemoebebi, romlebic
afuZneben sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas (ofences) da garemoebebi,
romlebic am pasuxismgeblobas gamoricxaven (defences). Tavis mxrv,
garemoebebi, romlebic sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas afuZneben, or
jgufad iyofa – qmedebis obieqtur mxared (actus reus) da qmedebis subieqtur
mxared (mens rea). rac Seexeba pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel garemoebebs,
29esenia, qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi amJamad miRebuli terminologiis
gamoyenebiT, rogorc marTlwinaaRmdegobis, aseve bralis da
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli sxva garemoebebi
(mag., xandazmuloba). Tanamedrove internacionaluri sisxlis samarTali
danaSaulis am orkvalian cnebas iziarebs.16
danaSaulis angloamerikuli agebulebis kritika: danaSaulis am
orkvaliani agebulebis mTavari problema, iseve rogorc erTkvaliani
sistemisa, marTlwinaaRmdegobisa da bralis gamomricxveli garemoebebis
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebis SeuZleblobaa.
germanul sisxlis samarTalSi danaSauli samsfexuriania da qmedebis
Semadgenlobis, marTlwinaaRmdegobisa da bralisagan Sedgeba. danaSaulis
samsafexuriani agebuleba Tavdapirvelad germanul sisxlis samarTalSi
mecxramete saukunis bolos da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi danaSaulis
klasikurma sistemam Semoitana.Lmisi fuZemdeblebi arian germaneli sisxlis
samarTlis Teoretikosebi franc listi da ernst belingi. qmedebis
Semadgenloba danaSaulis klasikuri modelis mixedviT, mxolod obieqturi
niSnebisagan Sedgeba. qmedebis Semadgenloba aerTianebs yvelafer
obieqturs, subieqturi ki bralSia ganTavsebuli.Gganzraxva, danaSaulis
klasikuri agebulebis mixedviT, bralis elementia.DdanaSaulis klasikur
sistemas bralis fsiqologiuri Teoria Seesabameba, anu brali aq gagebulia
rogorc piris fsiqikuri damokidebuleba mis mier ganxorcielebul
qmedebasTan.
danaSaulis klasikur agebulebas, romelic qmedebis SemadgenlobaSi
mxolod obieqtur niSnebs iTvaliswinebs, mizniT dafuZnebuli qmedebebis,
mag., qurdobis arsis dogmatikurad axsna ar SeuZlia. miTvisebis mizani
qurdobis qmedebis Semadgenlobis niSania, Sesabamisad qmedebis
Semadgenloba mxolod obieqturi niSnebiT ver dakmayofildeba. danaSaulis
klasikurma agebulebam amitomac danaSaulis neoklasikuri agebulebas
dauTmo adgili, romlis mixedviTac qmedebis Semadgenloba or nawilad
iyofa - qmedebis obieqtur da subieqtur Semadgenlobad. qmedebis
16 Dubber, Einführung in das US-amerikanische Strafrecht, München 2005, S. 42-52.
30subieqturi Semadgenloba danaSaulis neoklasikur agebulebaSi mxolod
qmedebis mizans moicavs.17
danaSaulis rogorc klasikuri, aseve neoklasikuri modeli qmedebis
kauzalur moZRvrebas efuZneba, romlis Tanaxmadac, qmedeba adamianis
nebelobiTi qcevaa, romelic gare samyaroSi Sedegs mizezobrivad iwvevs.
moqmedebis kauzaluri moZRvrebisaTvis gadamwyvetia Tavad nebelobis aqti.
is, Tu ra surda pirs, bralis etapze unda gadawydes. ganzraxva orive
modelis mier bralis elementad aRiqmeba, brali ki fsiqologiur-
normatiulad, rogorc gasakicxi fsiqikuri damokidebuleba qmedebisadmi.
qmedebis kauzaluri moZRvrebis kritika: kauzaluri umarTloba mxolod
obieqturi niSnebisagan Sedgeba da umarTlobis xarisxebs (ganzraxi an
gaufrTxilebeli umarTloba) erTmaneTisagan ar ganasxvavebs. qmedebaze
finaluri Teoria amitomac qmedebis kauzalur moZRvrebas akritikebs da
miuTiTebs, rom adamianis qmedeba mxolod Sedegis mizezobrivi gamowveva
araa da igi nebis Sinaarssac unda moicavdes.
ganzraxi damTavrebuli danaSaulis sqema neoklasikuri sistemis mixedviT18
I. qmedebis Semadgenloba
1. qmedebis obieqturi mxare – danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, Sedegi,
mizezobrivi kavSiri
2. qmedebis subieqturi mxare – mizani - miTvisebis mizani qurdobis
dros
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba
III. brali
1. bralunarianoba
2. ganzraxva da gaufrTxilebloba
17 erTaderTi akademiuri saxelmZRvanelo germaniaSi, romelic danaSaulis neoklasikuri
sistemas eyrdnoba - Baumann/Weber/Mitsch, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, Bilefeld 2003.
18 Ddidaqtikuri mosazrebidan gamomdinare, sqemebis didi nawili finaluri moZRvrebis
gaTvaliswinebiTaa.
313. bralis gamomricxveli garemoebebis ararseboba
danaSaulis neoklasikurma agebulebam germanul dogmatikaSi danaSaulis
finalur agebulebas dauTmo adgili, romelic qmedebis finalur Teorias
eyrdnoba. finalizmi germaniis sixlis samarTlis dogmatikaSi gasuli
saukunis 30-ian wlebidan ganviTarda da qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis
mecnierebaSi mwvave kritikis sagani gaxda.19 finalizmis Tanaxmad, qmedeba
finaluria, gamizvniTia, e.i. is piris nebasac moicavs.Qaqedan gamomdinare,
qmedebis Semadgenloba danaSaulis finalur agebulebaSi ornawiliani unda
iyos da qmedebis obieqtur da qmedebis subieqtur mxares unda moicavdes.
amasTan, qmedebis subieqturi mxare mxolod qmedebis mizniT ar amoiwureba.
ganzraxva (qmedebis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebis codna da survili)
danaSaulis finalur struqturaSi qmedebis subieqturi mxaris ganuyofeli
niSania. ganzraxva da gaufrTxilebloba araa bralis formebi. wminda
finalistebi ganzraxvas ormag funqcias ar aniWeben, mas mxolod qmedebis
subieqtur mxareSi ganixilaven da ara erTdroulad qmedebis subieqtur
mxaresa da bralSi.20 gaufrTxileblobas (danaSaulebriv TviTimedovnebas)
finalizmSi subieqturi mxare ar gaaCnia.21
bralis Semadgenlobidan ganzraxvis gamotana Sesabamisad bralis cnebis
modifikaciasac iwvevs. brali finalizmSi ganimarteba rogorc
gasakicxaoba da ara rogorc piris gasakicxi fsiqikuri damokidebuleba
qmedebisadmi. brali amgvarad normatiul kategoriad gadaiqceva. qmedebis
kauzaluri gagebidan qmedebis finalur gagebaze gadasvlas Sesabamisad
bralis fsiqologiuri cnebis bralis normatiuli cnebiT Canacvlebamde
mivyavarT.22
19 wereTeli/tyeSeliaZe, moZRvreba danaSaulze, Tbilisi 1969, gv. 186-195.
20 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 27.
21 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 254.
22 germanul sauniversiteto swavlebaSi danaSaulis teleologiuri agebulebaa
gabatonebuli. danaSaulis teleologiuri sistemis mixedviT ganzraxva da
gaufrTxilebloba ara mxolod qcevis formebi, aramed agreTve bralis formebicaa da
maT ormagi funqcia eniWebaT. qmedebis subieqtur mxareSi isini qcevis xasiaTs
32ganzraxi damTavrebuli danaSaulis sqema finaluri sistemis mixedviT
I. qmedebis Semadgenloba
1. qmedebis obieqturi mxare
(1) danaSaulebrivi qmedeba
(2) Sedegi
(3) mizezobrivi kavSiri
(4) obieqturi Seracxva
2. qmedebis subieqturi mxare
(1) ganzraxva, rogorc qcevis forma
(2) mizani – MmiTvisebis mizani qurdobis dros
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba
III. brali
1. bralunarianoba
2. marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba, rogorc bralis elementi
3. bralis gamomricxveli garemoebebis ararseboba.
„dogmatikur-akademiuri samyarosagan“ gansxvavebiT germanuli sisxlis
samarTlis praqtika danaSaulis neoklasikur agebulebas eyrdnoba. aseve
neoklaskur „relsebze dgas“ iaponiis sisxlis samarTali da italiis,
espaneTis da niderlandebis sisxlis samarTlis TeoretikosTa nawilic.23
qarTuli sisxlis samarTalSi germanuli sisxlis samarTlis zegavleniT
danaSaulis samsafexuriani modeli TinaTin wereTelma SemoiRo axali
termini „qmedeba“, romelic rogorc moqmedebas, aseve umoqmedobasac moicavs
da gansazRvra igi, rogorc adamianis Segnebuli da mizandasaxuli qceva.24
wereTliseuli qmedebis cneba SeTavsebadia rogorc danaSaulis
gansazRvraven, bralSi ki - bralis formebad gadaiqcevian.
23 Jescheck, Allgemeiner Teil, Berlin 1988, S. 186, Fn. 47.
33neoklasikur, iseve finalur agebulebasTan. qmedebis definiciaSi
mizandasaxulobis gaTvaliwinebiT mas qmedeba, rogorc gvareobiTi cneba,
xelidan gamoecala, radgan gaufrTxileblobis dros danaSaulebrivi
daudevroba mizandasaxuli qceva araa.
danaSaulis wereTliseuli struqtura, miuxedavad imisa, rom man qceva
finalistebis msgavsad gansazRvra, araa calsaxad finaluri.
mizandasaxuloba wereTelma mxolod zogierTi mizniT dafuZnebuli
(mizniT determinirebuli) deliqtis umarTlobis Semadgenel nawilad
miiCnia (mag., miTvisebis mizani qurdobis dros). danaSaulis Cadenis
kognitiuri da voluntatiuri elementebi (ganzraxva) ki mas umarTlobaSi
ar gadautania. misi azriT, im danaSaulis umarTloba, romelic rogorc
ganzrax, aseve gaufrTxileblobiT SeiZleba iqnas Cadenili (mkvleloba,
janmrTelobis dazianeba), aseve eventualuri ganzraxviT da
gaufrTxleblobiT Cadenili danaSaulebis umarTloba, mxolod obieqturi
niSnebisagan Sedgeba.25 maSasadame, wereTelma mis mier Camoyalibebuli
qmedebis finalurad Seferili definicia danaSaulis neoklasikur models
daudo safuZvlad.
danaSaulis turavaseuli agebuleba qmedebis wereTliseul
ganmartebas eyrdnoba. amasTan turava iziarebs germanul
sisxlis samarTalSi gabatonebul azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom
danaSaulis neoklasikuri sistema „naxevar gzazea gaCerebuli“
da qmedebis Semadgenloba ganzraxvasac unda moicavdes. turava
adasturebs Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb, romG qmedebis
Semadgenlobis etapze gansaxilveli ganzraxva piris fsiqikuri
damokidebulebaa Cadenili qmedebis obieqturi Semadgenlobis
24 wereTeli/tyeSeliaZe, moZRvreba danaSaulze, Tbilisi 1969, gv. 165; am Tvalsazriss
iziareben surgulaZe da tyeSeliaZe ix. surgulaZe, sisxlis samarTali, danaSauli
(leqciebi) Tbilisi 2005, gv. 44; tyeSeliaZe, wignSi: naWyebia/dvaliZe (red.) sisxlis
samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tbilisi 2007, gv. 117.
25 wereTeli, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis dafuZveli da danaSaulis cneba,
„pravovedenie“, 1980, 2, gv. 84-85 (rus.).
34mimarT. garda amisa, mas ganzraxvis mesame niSani,
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba, bralis etapze gadaaqvs.
danaSaulis turavaseul struqturaSi uaryofilia germanel
TeoretikosTaUumravlesobis Sexeduleba imasTan dakavSirebiT,
rom qmedebis Semadenlobis obieqturi da subieqturi mxare
mxolod ganzrax danaSaulebs axasiaTebs da aRiarebulia
germanel TeoretikosTa umciresobis Sexeduleba
danaSaulebrivi TviTimedovnebis subieqturi mxaris qmedebis
subieqtur mxareSi ganxilvis aucileblobis Sesaxeb.26
sakiTxavia, danaSaulis romel sistemas iziarebs Tanamedrove
qarTveli kanonmdebeli? ssk me-7 muxlis 1-li nawili germanuli
sisxlis samarTlis zegavleniT danaSaulis samsafexurian
agebulebas gvTavazobs. danaSaulis samsafexuriani sistemis
Sinagani struqturis analizi ki mxolod ganzraxvis da
Secdomis definiciis gamowvlilviT Seswavlis safuZvelzea
SesaZlebeli. ssk me-9 muxlSi ganzraxva sami niSniT,
voluntatiuri (neba) da kognitiuri (codna) elementebiT da
marTlwinaaRmdegobis SegnebiT xasiaTdeba. Sesabamisad, ganzraxva
qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi boroti ganzraxvaa (dolus malus,).
qmedeba ganzraxaa Cadenili, Tu pirma icis, rom igi sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsSi mocemuli qmedebis Semadgenlobas
axorcielebs, surs an egueba Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebas.
amasTan ssk 36-e muxlSi (Secdoma akrZalvaSi,
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis ararseboba) akrZalvaSi
misatevebeli Secdomis dros brali gamoricxeba, miutevebeli
Secdomis dros ki gaufrTxileblobisaTvis dasjadobaa
26 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 86.
35gaTvaliswinebuli. kanonmdeblis mier boroti ganzraxvis
aRiareba da Secdomis amgvari daregulireba qarTul sisxlis
samarTalSi danaSaulis neoklasikur agebulebis aRiarebis
mimaniSnebelia.
II. qmedebis Semadgenloba
1 sisxlissamarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis armqone qmedeba
piri sisxlissamarTlebrivad pasuxs agebs mxolod maSin, Tu man
Caidina danaSauli, anu sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli, marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli qmedeba,
moqmedeba an umoqmedoba (ssk me-7 muxlis 1-li nawilis 1-li
winad.). danaSaulis pirveli damfuZnebeli niSani
qmedebaa.QimisaTvis, rom qmedeba sisxlissamarTlebrivad
mniSvnelovani (relevanturi) iyos, igi Semdeg Tvisebebs unda
akmayofilebdes:
sisxlissamarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani qmedebis pirveli niSania
is, rom qmedeba adamianis qcevaa. amgvarad sisxlis samarTlis
sferoSi araa moqceuli bunebrivi katastrofa da cxovelis mier
miyenebuli ziani.
magaliTi: miwisZvris Sedegad pavles da misi ojaxis wevrebis janmrTeloba
mZimed dazianda. am SedegisaTvis pasuxs veravin agebs.Aaseve veravin miecema
sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi, Tu pavle sanadirod wava da mas daTvi
datoravs.
Tu petre pavles mkvlelobis mizniT ZaRls miuqsevs da ZaRli
pavles marTlac moklavs, petre mkvlelobisaTvis miecema
sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi (ssk 109-e muxlis me-3 nawilis
36b) punqti, gansakuTrebuli sisastike). ra Tqma unda, ZaRlis
gamoyeneba danaSaulis Casadenad araa danaSaulis SualobiTi
amsrulebloba da ZaRli ar iqneba „cocxali iaraRi“. ssk 22-e
muxlis mixedviT SualobiT amsruleblobas mxolod maSin aqvs
adgili, rodesac piri danaSauls sxva piris meSveobiT sCadis. am
sxvaSi adamiani (piri, romelsac ssk 22-e muxlis Tanaxmad, ar
daekisreba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba asakis,
Seuracxaobis an sxva garemoebis gamo) igulisxmeba da ara
cxoveli. saganTa da cxovelTa „sisxlis samarTlis
pasuxisgebaSi micema“ primitiuli sisxlis samarTlisaTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli.
sisxlis samarTali mxolod adamianis qcevas sjis. Tu piri
danaSaulis Cadenaze mxolod ocnebobs, Tu mas zogadad
danaSaulis Cadenis ganwyoba aqvs, igi sisxlis samarTlis
pasuxisgebaSi ver miecema, radgan ocneba, ganwyoba da danaSaulis
Cadenis litoni survili qceva araa. danaSaulis Cadenis
survili mxolod maSin miiRebs sisxlissamarTlebriv
mniSvnelobas, rodesac piri sisxlissamarTlebrivad
mniSvnelovan qmedebas ganaxorcielebs da konkretuli qmedebis
ganxorcielebis survili ganzraxvis niSnad iqceva qmedebis
ganxorcielebis codnasTan erTad.
adamianuri qceva mxolod maSinaa sisxlissamarTlebrivad
mniSvnelovani, rodesac igi nebelobiTia. nebelobiToba
sisxlissamarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani qmedebis meore
damfuZnebeli niSania. qmedeba nebelobiTia maSin, rodesac
adamianis Tavis tvini mis qcevas akontrolebs.
sisxlissamarTlebriv mniSvnelobas ver SeiZens adamianis
37sxeulebrivi moZraoba, romelic misi nebiT araa marTuli, misi
Tavis tviniT araa kontrolirebuli (an kontrolirebadi).Anebis
gareSe ganxorcielebul amgvar sxeulebriv moZraobas
sisxlissamarTlebrivad umniSvnelo qmedebas, anu ara-qmedebas
uwodeben.Aesenia:
1. refleqsuri moqmedebebi
2. wminda instiqturi SiSis reaqciebi
3. dauZleveli Zala anu vis absoluta
4. moqmedebani ZilSi da cnobierebis dakargvisas
(pasuxismgeblobis simZimis centri gadadis moqmedebaze,
romelic daZinebamde an cnobierebis dakargvamde
ganxorcielda)
5. sxeulebrivi moZraoba hipnozisas (sadavoa)
refleqsuria moqmedeba, romlis drosac SegrZnebis centri
fiziologiur aRgznebas cnobierebis CarTvis gareSe moZraobis
centrs gadascems.Aamgvarad fiziologiuri aRgzneba unebur
moZraobad gardaiqmneba. amisi yvelaze naTeli magaliTia myesis
refleqsi eqimis mier refleqis gasinjvisas anda pirRebineba.
magaliTi: petres uecari Zlieri pirRebineba daemarTa, misi naRebinari sxvis
kompiuteris daesxa da sruliad moSala. petres sisxlissamarTlebrivad
mniSvnelovani qmedeba ar ganuxorcielebia, radgan pirRebineba refleqsuri
qmedebaa. misi pasuxismgebloba samoqalaqo samarTlis sferoSia.
wminda instiqturi SiSis reaqciebi, romlebsac sisxlis
samarTlis dogmatikosTa nawili refleqsur (refleqtorul)
qmedebebs miekuTvnebs, adamianis Segnebuli kontrolis sferoSia
38araa moqceuli da amitomac sisxlissamarTlebrivad moqmedebad
ar CaiTvleba.
magaliTi: petre da pavle gaWedili avtobusiT mgzavrobdnen. mkveTri
damuxruWebisas avtobusis kari uceb gaixsna. petrem, romelic gaxsnil
karTan idga, Tavi ver Seikava, avtobusidan gadavardnisas mis win mdgar
pavles instinqturad xeli mosWida da isic Tan gadaiyola. pavle asfalts
daenarcxa da mxari moitexa. petre sisxlissamarTlebrivad pasuxs ar agebs
pavles janmrTelobis gaufrTxileblobiT dazianebisaTvis (ssk 124-e
muxli), radgan mas sisxlissamarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani qmedeba ar
ganuxorcielebia. misi reaqcia ara-qmedeba, wminda instinqturi SiSis
reaqcia iyo, romelic Tavis tvinis kontrols ar emorCileba.
wminda instinqturi SiSis reaqciebi unda ganvasxvaoT marTvadi
spontanuri reaqciebisagan, romlebsac qmedebisaTvis mzaoba
udevs safuZvlad (avtomaturi qcevebisas27). magaliTisaTvis
germanuli sisxlis samarTlis dogmatikaSi gabatonebuli
Sexedulebis momxreebi asaxeleben krazanis mogeriebas,
avtomanqaniT manevrirebas elviseburi siswrafiT da msgavs
SemTxvevebs.28
dauZleveli Zala anu vis absoluta. AdauZleveli Zalis dros
adamianis sxeuli ver ewinaaRmdegeba meore piris mier
gamoyenebul YZalas an bunebriv movlenas (mag., fexis acureba
yinulze). am dros piris cnobiereba CarTulia, magram
nebelobiTad qcevis SesaZlebloba, dauZleveli ZalisaTvis
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari pirs ara aqvs.
27 http://dictionary.css.ge/content/automatic-processes (31.03.2021)
28 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 22; Hilgendorf/Valerius, Strafrecht Allgemeiner
Teil, München 2013, S. 36, Rn. 20; Heinrich, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart 2010, S. 72, Rn. 208.
39magaliTi: plaJze moseirne petrem pavles xeli hkra. pavle dabarbacda,
plaJze moseirne bavSvs daeca da xeli mostexa. pavle nebelobiTad ar
moqmedebda da misi sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ar
dadgeba.
magaliTi: petrem pavles xel-fexi Seukra da misi coli gaaupatiura.
pavles, rogorc garants ar daekisreba sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgebloba gaupatiurebaSi umoqmedobiT daxmarebisaTvis (ssk 24-e
muxlis me-3 nawiliT da 137-e muxlebiT), radgan mas petres mier
ganxorcielebuli dauZleveli Zalis gamo moqmedebis SesaZlebloba ar
hqonda.
dauZleveli Zalisagan gansxvavdeba gatexili neba, anu vis
compulsiva, rodesac maiZulebeli fizikuri Tu fsiqikuri
zemoqmedebis saSualebiT piris moqmedebas Tavisi survilis
Sesabamisad warmarTavs. gatexili neba SeiZleba gamoricxavdes
brals anda amsubuqebdes mas.
magaliTi: petrem scema pavles da ase cema-tyepiT aiZula, misTvis kacis
mosaklavad pistoleti mieca. petrem am pistoletiT kaci mokla. pavle
pistoletis micemiT danaSaulis CadenaSi daexmara petres. igi danaSaulSi
daxmarebisaTvis agebs pasuxs (ssk 24-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT da 108-e
muxlebiT).Mmisi „gatexili neba“ ki sasjelis daniSvnisas unda iyos
gaTvaliswinebuli, rogorc bralis da Sesabamisad sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba.
moqmedebani ZilSi da cnobierebis dakargvisas, Tumca
sisxlissamarTlebrivad umniSvneloa, radgan piri Sedegis
dadgomisas ugono mdgomareobaSi iyo, magram misi
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba im moments
daukavSirdeba, rodesac igi nebelobiTad moqmedebda.
magaliTi: petre sastumroSi yofnisas SezarxoSda da loginSi sigaretis
mowevisas daiZina. Zilisas sigareti mas xelidan gauvarda da jer logins
40waekida cecxli da Semdeg – sastumros oTaxsac. cecxli maleve Caaqres da
petre sikvdils gadaarCines, magram sastumros oTaxSi arsebuli aveji da
iataki ganadgurda. agebs Tu ara pasuxs petre pasuxs ssk 188-e muxlis me-2
nawiliT (nivTis dazianeba an ganadgureba gaufrTxileblobiT, cecxlTan
gaufrTxilebeli mopyrobT)?Ppetres advokats SeuZlia Tqvas, rom
moqmedebani ZilSi araa nebelobiTi qmedebani, radgan Tavis tvini Zilis
dros piris qcevas ver akontrolebs da Sesabamisad amtkicos, rom petres
gaufrTxileblad ar umoqmedia. es Sexeduleba ar iqneba swori, radgan
petres kanoni sayvedurobs ara imas, rom mas eZina da amitom qmedebas ver
akontrolebda, aramed imas, rom man daZinebamde ar Caaqro sigareti. e.i.
petrem windaxedulobis norma daarRvia maSin, rodesac mas eRviZa, anu roca
mas nebelobiTi qmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba hqonda.
sisxlissamarTlebrivi braldeba daeyrdnoba ara mis qcevas ZilSi, romelic
araa kontrolirebadi, aramed mis qcevas RviZilisas.
sxeulebrivi moZraoba hipnozisas SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc
sisxlissamarTlebrivad umniSvnelo qmedeba, anu ara-qmedeba da
aqedan gamomdinare, qmedebis Semadgenloba gamoiricxos.
SesaZlebelia meore Sexedulebis ganviTarebac da mtkiceba imisa,
rom dahipnozebuli piri qmedebis Semadgenlobis Sesabamisad da
marTlsawinaaRmdegod moqmedebs, pasuxismgebloba ki bralis
safexurze, fsiqikis droebiTi aSlilobis gamo (ssk 34-e muxli)
gamoiricxeba. es meore Sexeduleba mxardaWeras imsaxurebs,
radgan igi dahipnozebulis mimarT aucilebeli mogeriebis
uflebas ar gamoricxavs. dahipnozebulis qmedeba
sisxlissamarTlebrivad umniSvnelo, anu ara-qmedeba rom iyos,
piri, romelsac igi dazianebas daupirebda, misi mogeriebis gamo
sisxlissamarTlebrivad agebda pasuxs.
412 mizezobrioba
mizezobrioba Sedegian deliqtebSi damdgar Sedegsa da
ganxorcielebul qmedebas Soris qmedebis obieqturi mxaris
aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia. Sedegian deliqtebs
miekuTvneba rogorc xelyofis, aseve konkretuli safrTxis
deliqtebi. abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtebSi mizezobriobis
dasabuTeba alogikuria, radgan kanonmdebeli mxolod qmedebis
ganxorcielebas sjis, yovelgvari Sedegis gareSe.
samarTlis mecnierebaSi mizezobriobis ramdenime Teoriaa
cnobili. esenia:
1. relevantobis
2. adeqvatobis da
3. eqvivalentobis da
4. kanonzomieri pirobis Teoriebi
qarTuli ssk me-8 muxli mizezobriobis eqvivalentobis, anu
pirobaTa Teorias iziarebs. am Teoriis mixedviT, qmedeba maSin
warmoadgens Sedegis dadgomis aucilebel pirobas, anu maSinaa
SedegTan mizezobrivad dakavSirebuli, rodesac Tu mis gareSe
amjerad es Sedegi ar ganxorcieldeboda an aseTi (konkretuli)
safrTxe ar Seiqmneboda. eqvivalentobis Teoria mizezobrivi
kavSiris dasadgenad azrobrivi gamoricxvis (anu hipoTeturi
eliminaciis) meTods iynebs. eqvivalentobis Teoriis laTinuri
formulaa conditio sine qua non, rac qarTulad aucilebel pirobas
niSnavs.
42aucilebeli pirobis (eqvivalentobis) Teoriis mixedviT
mizezobrivi kavSiris jaWvi metad grZelia. eqvivalentobis
Teoriis usazRvroebis SezRudvisaTvis germanul sisxlis
samarTalSi winaT adeqvatobis an relevantobis Teorias
iyenebdnen.
adeqvatobis Teoriis mixedviT, qmedeba SedegTan mxolod maSinaa
mizezobrivad dakavSirebuli, rodesac piroba Sedegis
adeqvaturia. amgvarad mizezobriobis jaWvidan gamoiricxeba is
mizezobriobebi, romlebic movlenaTa atipur ganviTarebas
efuZneba. gadamwyvetia is, qmedebis Cadenis dros damdgari
Sedegis gamowveva zogadi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan
gamomdinare, raime xarisxiT savaraudo iyo Tu ara. am TeoriiT
piroba maSinaa Sedegis adeqvaturi, anu mxolod maSinaa SedegTan
mizezobriv kavSirSi, Tu am pirobam Sedegis dadgomis obieqturi
SesaZleblobis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad gazarda. adeqvatobis
Teoria iTvaliswinebs yvela im garemoebas, romelic qmedebis
ganxorcielebisas damnaSavis rolSi myof gonier adamians ar
gamoepareboda da agreTve amsruleblis specialur codnasac.
adeqvatobis Teoriis sisuste mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis kategoriis usazRvro
mizezobriobas SefasebiTi elementebiT zRudavs da
mizezobriobaSi subieqturi elementi - codnis elementi Seaqvs.
dReisaTvis adeqvatobis Teoria germanul samoqalaqo
samarTalSia gabatonebuli.
relevantobis Teoria pirobaTa Teoriis da adeqvatobis Teoriis
nazavia. igi kumulaciurad moicavs condicio sine qua non pirobas da
qmedebis relevanturobas. pirvelad dgindeba, iyo Tu ara qmedeba
43condicio sine qua non kavSirSi SedegTan, Semdeg ki, Tu Sedegi
qmedebis Semadgenlobis adeqvaturi araa, mizezobrioba
gamoiricxeba.
relevantobis Teoriis sisustec, rogorc adeqvatobis Teoriisa,
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi mizezobriobas SefasebiTi
kriteriumiT – qmedebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi mniSvnelobiT
(relevanturobiT) zRudavs.
sisxlis samarTalSi gabatonebuli eqvivalentobis Teoriis
usazRvroebis SezRudva obieqturi Seracxvis
sisxlissamarTlebrivi figuriTaa SesaZlebeli.
sisxlis samarTalSi erTmaneTisagan mizezobriobis Semdeg kerZo
SemTxvevebs (saxeebs) ganasxvaveben: alternatiul (anu ormag),
kumulaciur, hopoTetur, atipur, mravaljerad, gamswreb da
Sewyvetil mizezobriobas. sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi
SeiZleba Segvxvdes agreTve mizezobriobis specialuri saxe -
«Secodebis gamo Careva ukve Seqmnil mizezobriobaSi» (sadavo).
alternatiuli anu ormagi mizezobrioba moicavs ori an
ramdenime pirobis mizezobriobas, romelTagan TiToeuli
sakmarisia Sedegis gamosawvevad.
alternatiuli mizezobriobis klasikuri magaliTi: petre da pavle
erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad sasmelSi sawamlavs Cauyrian ivanes. ivane
sasmels dalevs da gardaicvleba. eqspertiza daadgens, rom sawamlavis
erTi doza sakmarisi iyo Sedegis dasadgomad (ivanes mosaklavad).
alternatiuli mizezobriobis sxva, gacilebiT ufro realisturi magaliTi:
kenWis yris Sedegad miRebuli gadawyvetilebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba,
rodesac calkeuli xmis gareSec igive Sedegi dadgeboda.
44alternatiuli mizezobriobisas eqvivalentobis Teoriis
azrobrivi gamoricxvi meTodi (qmedebis gamoricxva gamoricxavs
Sedegsac) ar funqcionirebs, radgan Tu erT qmedebas
gamovricxavT, romelsac (eqspertizis daskvniT) Sedegis
damoukideblad gamowveva SeeZlo, Sedegi mainc ar gamoiricxeba.
aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebeli xdeba eqvivalentobis Teoriis
modifikacia. alternatiuli anu ormagi mizezobriobis dros
piroba maSinaa SedegTan mizezobriv kavSirSi, rodesac misi
alternatiulad, magram ara kumulatiurad (sxvasTan erTad)
gamoricxviT Sedegic gamoiricxeba.
kumulaciuri mizezobrioba gvaqvs maSin, rodesac or an
ramdenime pirobas Sedegis gamowveva mxolod erTad SeuZliaT.
klasikuri moxetale magaliTi: petre da pavle erTmaneTisagan
damoukideblad ivanes sasmelSi sawamlavs Cauyrian. ivane sasmels dalevs
da gardaicvleba. eqspertiza daadgens, rom ivanes mosaklavad am ori dozis
urTierTqmedeba iyo saWiro.
kumulaciuri mizezobriobis es magaliTi mkvlelobis
mcdelobis magaliTia (ssk me-19 da 108-e muxlebi). kumulaciuri
mizezobriobisas mcdelobaa imitom, rom pirebi erTmaneTisagan
damoukideblad, erTmaneTis qmedebis codnis gareSe moqmedebdnen.
maT erTmaneTis qmedebis Sesaxeb rom scodnondaT da Sesabamisad
saerTo miznis misaRwevad erTad emoqmedaT, qmedebis
Semadgenloba erTad ganexorcielebinaT, maT erTmaneTis qmedeba
SeeracxebodaT da Tanaamsruleblebi iqnebodnen.
hipoTeturi mizezobrioba gvaqvs maSin, rodesac erTma pirobam
Sedegi ki gamoiwvia, magram sxva pirobac mcire xnis Semdeg
swored amgvar Sedegs gamoiwvevda.
45magaliTi: petrem pavle aeroportSi mokla. sul cota xnis Semdeg
TviTmfrinavi, romeliTac pavle unda gafreniliyo, asafren bilikzeve
afeTqda da yvela mgzavri daiRupa. petres pavle rom ar moekla, pavle
mainc TviTmfrinavis afeTqebisas mokvdeboda. petres qmedebis
mizezobriobas sxva hipoTeturi, SesaZlo mizezobrioba ver gamoricxavs.
petre Tavs ver gaimarTlebs imiTi, rom mas rom msxverpli ar moekla,
msxverpli mainc mokvdeboda.
hipoTetur mizezobriobas sisxlis samarTalSi rogorc wesi,
mcire mniSvneloba eniWeba. igi sisxlisamarTlebriv
mniSvnelobas iZens:
1. gadamrCeni mizezobriobis jaWvis gawyvetisas.
magaliTi: pavles apendicitis Seteva daemarTa. ojaxma saswrafo daxmarebis
manqana gamoiZaxa. PpavlesTan stumrad misulma eqTanma sidedrma pavles
mokvlis miznT saswrafo daxmarebis manqana ukanve gauSva da saswrafos
eqims uTxra, rom pavle ukve kargad grZnobda Tavs, rac sinamdviles ar
Seesabameboda pavle gardaicvala. Eeqspertis daskvniT, am saswrafo
daxmarebis manqaniT hospitalizaciis da samedicino Carevis Sedegad pavle
realobasTan axlos mdgomi albaTobis maRali xarisxiT gadarCeboda.
2. umoqmedobis mizezobrioba hipoTeturi mizezobriobaa,
romelic sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas afuZnebs.
magaliTi: petrem avadmyof mwoliare cols saWmeli, sasmeli da wamali ar
misca, Tumca mas es SeeZlo. petre colis umoqmedobiT mkvlelobisaTvis
agebs pasuxs (ssk me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili da 109-e muxlis me-2 nawilis b)
punqtis me-2 alternativa).
atipuri mizezobriobisas Sedegi pirvel pirobasTan
dakavSirebulia, magram am Sedegs meore, cxovrebiseul
gamocdilebasTan metad Sors myofi (atipuri) piroba iwvevs.
magaliTi: petrem mokvlis mizniT pavle msubuqad daWra. saswrafo
daxmarebis manqana, romelsac pavle saavadmyofoSi unda mieyvana,
46teroristebma daakaves da pavle mZevlad aiyvanes, Semdeg ki mokles.
atipuroba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom yvela msxverpli, romelic saswrafo
manqaniT gadahyavT, teroristebis xeliT ar kvdeba.
Sewyvetilia mizezobrioba, rodesac pirvel mizezobriobas,
romelsac Sedegi SeiZleba gamoewvia, axali mizezobrioba cvlis,
romelic Sedegs pirvelisagan damoukideblad iwvevs.
magaliTi: petrem ivane mokvlis mizniT msubuqad daWra. poliklinikaSi
mimavalma ivanem gzaSi vadagasuli Tevzi daagemovna da botulizmiT
gardaicvala. am magaliTiSi petres moqmedebas (ivanes daWras) Sedegis
dadgomisaTvis xeli ar Seuwyvia.
Sewyvetili mizezobriobis magaliTebi Semdegnairad
dakvalificirdeba: pirvelmoqmedi (petre) mkvlelobis
mcdelobisaTvis (ssk me-19 da 108-e muxlebi) daisjeba. Tu Sedegi
(piris sikvdili) sxva pirma ganzrax an gaufrTxileblad
daafuZna, igi damTavrebuli (ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli)
mkvlelobisaTvis daisjeba.
gamswrebi, anu mravalsafexuriani mizezobriobisas Sedegi im
moqmedebiT dgeba, romlis ganxorcielebac wina mizezobriobis
gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
magaliTi: colma karatisti petre mowamla. colis moqmedebisagan
damoukideblad petres mZarcvelebi daesxnen Tavs da mokles. petre
mowamvliT dasustebuli rom ar yofiliyo, mas mZarcvelebi ver moklavdnen.
gamswrebi, anu mravalsafexuriani mizezobriobis (anu
«Tanamizezobriobis») kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb ori sxvadasxva
Sexedulebis ganviTareba SeiZleba:
471. pirvelmoqmeds damdgari Sedegi obieqturad ar Seeracxeba.
igi mxolod mcdelobisaTvis agebs pasuxs (ssk me-19, 108-e
muxlebi).
2. radgan pirveli moqmedebis gareSe meore moqmedeba ver
ganxorcieldeboda orive, rogorc pirvelmoqmedi, aseve
Sedegis uSualod gamomwvevi, damTavrebuli
danaSaulisaTvis agebs pasuxs.29
mizezobriobis specialuri saxe - «Careva ukve Seqmnil
mizezobriobaSi Secodebis gamo» saxezea maSin, rodesac pirobas
TavisTavad Sedegi unda mohyves, magram axali qmedeba am Sedegs
daaCqarebs Secodebis gamo.
magaliTi: petre cecxlwakidebul manqanaSia CaWedili da mas wamebiT dawva
elis. petres misi megobari erTi gasroliT moklavs, radgan mas petres
wamebiT tkivilis Tavidan acileba surs.
mkvleloba Secodebis gamo «Cveulebriv» mkvlelobad
kvalificirdeba, Tu ar arsebobs ssk 110-e muxlis (mkvleloba
msxverplis TxovniT) winapirobebi.
sazRvargareTis qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikam eqvivalentobis
Teoriaze mizezobriobis dadgenisas uari Tqva Semdeg
SemTxvevebSi: konterganis procesi 70-iani wlebis germaniaSi,
«tyavis spreis (sawmendi siTxis) saqme» germaniaSi - sakiTxi
exeboda tyavis spreis mier momxmarebelTa janmrTelobis
dazianebas, «xis damcavi saSualebis saqme» germaniaSi, rapsis
29 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 208.
48(kanolis) zeTis magaliTi espaneTSi. gamosakvlevi iyo sakiTxi
imis Sesaxeb, gamoiwvia Tu ara rapsis zeTma adamianTa sikvdili.30
sisxlis asamarTali icnobs aseve wamqezeblis mier dafuZnebul
fsiqikur mizezobriobasac (ssk 24-e muxlis me-2 nawili).
3 obieqturi Seracxva
sisxlis samarTali adamianis uflebebis xelmyofi yvelaze
ufro mkacri sanqciebiTaa aRWurvili, amitomac eqvivalentobis
anu pirobaTa Teoriia, romelic mizezobriobas usazRvrod
afarToebs, uciloblad unda SeizRudos.31 am mizniT germanul
sisxlis samarTalSi am bolo dros obieqturi Seracxvis
Teoria ganviTarda.
erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT Seracxvis sami safexuri:
1. obieqturi
2. subieqturi da
3. individualuri Seracxva.
obieqturi Seracxva pasuxs scems kiTxvaze, Tu visma qmedebam
gamoiwvia Sedegi. subieqturi Seracxva ganzraxvis dasabuTebaa,
anu dadgena imisa, moqmedebda Tu ara piri ganzrax qmedebis
SemadgenlobasTan mimarTebaSi. individualuri Seracxva ki
30 mWedliSvili-hedrixi, wignSi: naWyebia/Todua (red.), sisxlis samarTali (saxelmZRvanelo),
zogadi nawili, Tbilisi 2016 weli, gv. 129-130; turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011,
gv. 210-215.
31 dawvrilebiT ix. mWedliSvili-hedrixi, wignSi: naWyebia/Todua (red.), sisxlis samarTali
(saxelmZRvanelo), zogadi nawili, Tbilisi 2016 weli, gv. 123-126.
49qmedebis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebisaTvis piris personalur
pasuxismgeblobas usvams xazs da gamoiricxeba bralis
gamomricxveli kanonismieri da zekanonuri garemoebebisas.
obieqturi Seracxva qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi Tavdapirvelad
piris bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobad aRiqmeboda. obieqturi
Seracxva axali gagebiT pasuxs scems Semdeg kiTxvaze - aris Tu
ara damdgari Sedegi piris qmnileba? obieqturi Seracxvis am
institutis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba pasuxismgeblobis
adreul etapze gamoricxva, amitomac igi sisxlis samarTlis
ekonomiurobis principis gamoxatulebas warmoadgens.
obieqturi Seracxva Semdegnairad ganimarteba: Sedegi pirs
obieqturad maSin Seeracxeba, rodesac man Tavisi qmedebiT
samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani safrTxe Seqmna, romelic SedegSi
ganxorcielda. Tu pirs Tavisi qmedebiT samarTlebrivad
mniSvnelovani safrTxe ar Seuqmnia, anda man es safrTxe ki Seqmna,
magram safrTxe am konkretul SedegSi ar ganxorcielebula, pirs
es Sedegi obieqturad ar Seeracxeba.
obieqturi Seracxvis gamoricxvis pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba
SemTxvevebi, rodesac pirs Tavisi qmedebiT samarTlebrivad
mniSvnelovani safrTxe ar Seuqmnia.
1. arasasurveli Sedegi dasaSvebi (socialurad adeqvaturi)
riskiT dadga, anu pirs obieqturad ar Seeracxeba Sedegi,
romelsac socialurad dasaSvebi qmedeba iwvevs. culis
gamkeTebeli pasuxs ar agebs am culiT Cadenili
mkvlelobisaTvis.
502. riskis Semcireba
moxetiale magaliTi: yaCaRis mier moqneuli najaxis asacileblad colma
qmars xeli hkra da kibeze daagora, ris Sedegadac kacma fexi ki moitexa,
magram sikvdilsac gadarCa. cols janmrTelobis dazianeba obieqturad ar
Seeracxeba, radgan man ufro mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi sikeTe
(sicocxle) gadaarCina.
obieqtur Seracxvas ar gamoricxavs safrTxis qvantitatiuri
Semcireba
magaliTi: Tu meisre mgzavrebiT savse matarebels, romelic sabargo
matarebels unda dajaxeboda, sxva, saTadarigo liandagis mimarTulebiT
gauSvebs, sadac xuTi xelosani saqmianobs, mgzavrebiT savse matarebeli
xelosnebs gadauvlis da moklavs, meisre amgvarad aseulobiT adamianis
sicocxles gadaarCens ramdenime adamianis sicocxlis xarjze. meisres
damdgari Sedegi obieqturad Seeracxeba daculi da xelyofili
samarTlebrivi sikeTeebis (adamianis sicocxle) TanabarmniSvnelovnebis
gamo. SesaZlebelia mas es qmedeba epatios bralis gamomircxveli
zekanonuri kvantitatiuri ukiduresi aucileblobis sisxlissamarTlebriv
institutze dayrdnobiT.
obieqturi Seracxvis gamoricxvis meore jgufi aerTianebs
SemTxvevebs, rodesac Seqmnil samarTlebrivad mniSnelovan
(relevantur) safrTxesa da damdgar Sedegs Soris kavSiri ar
arsebobs. obieqturi Seracxvis gamoricxvis am jgufs
miekuTvneba:
1. atipuri mizezobrioba - SedegSi xorcieldeba ara piris
mier marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebiT Seqmnili sikvdilis
safrTxe, aramed zogadi cxovrebiseuli safrTxe. obieqturi
Seracxvis institutis ganviTarebamde pasuxismgebloba
amgvar SemTxvevebSi ganzraxvis ararsebobaze dayrdnobiT
gamoiricxeboda, radgan pirma ar icoda, rom msxverpli
51amgvarad gardaicvleboda da arc surda misi amgvarad
gardacvaleba.
magaliTi: petrem mokvlis mizniT daWra pavle. pavle saswrafod
saavadmyofoSi gaaqanes, sadac igi maniakma meddam balisiT daaxrCo.
2. Segnebuli TviTdazianeba msxverplis mier
magaliTi: pirma meore pirisagan narkotiki iyida da zedozirebiT
gardaicvala. narkotikebis gamyidveli sicocxlis gaufrTxilebeli
mospobisaTvis pasuxs ar agebs, radgan gardacvlili TviTdamzianebel
moqmedebas Segnebulad axorcilebda.
3. Segnebulad da nebayoflobiT moqmedi mesame piris Careva
mizezobrivi kavSiris ganviTarebaSi. pirs Sedegi
obieqturad ar Seeracxeba, Tu qmedebam samarTlebrivad
relevanturi safrTxe ki Seqmna, magram Sedegi mesame piris
Segnebuli qmedebis saSualebiT dadga.
magaliTi: petres colma petre mowamla. wamlis zemoqmedebamde jer kidev
janze myofi petre misma mezobelma fanjridan gadaagdo da mokla. petres
coli pasuxs mxolod mkvlelobis mcdelobisTvis agebs (me-19 da 108-e
muxlebi) da ara damTavrebuli mkvlelobisaTvis (108-e muxli).
4. normis dacvis mizani. Tu damdgari Sedegi piris mier
darRveuli normiT araa moculi, mas es Sedegi obieqturad
ar Seeracxeba maSinac ki, rodesac mis mier Cadenli qmedeba
raime valdebulebas arRvevs.
magaliTi: ori velosipedisti Rame, erTmaneTis miyolebiT Suqis gareSe
moZraobs. pirveli velosipedisti uSuqobis gamo avariaSi mohyveba da
gardaicvleba. meore velosipedists pirveli velosipedistis sicocxlis
mospoba obieqturad ar Seeracxeba, radgan mis mier darRveuli normis
mizani misive dacvaa da ara sxvisi.
525. valdebulebis darRvevasa da Sedegs Soris kavSiris
ararseboba. pirs Sedegi maSin ar Seeracxeba, rodesac man
valdebuleba daarRvia, magram es Sedegi valdebulebis
darRvevis gareSec dadgeboda, anu piri am Sedegs Tavidan
maSinac ver aicilebda, valdebuleba rom ar daerRvia.
magaliTi: avtomanqanis gadaWarbebuli siCqariT marTvisas mTvrali fexiT
mosiarule uxeSad daarRvevs saavtomobilo gzaze gadasvlis wess da
borblebSi Cauvardeba manqanas, romelic gadametebuli siCqariT moZraobs.
eqspertTa daskvniT, mZRols siCqarisaTvis rom ar gadaeWarbebina, avaria
mainc moxdeboda.
amgvarad, Sedegis obieqturad SeracxvisaTvis unda dasabuTdes
Semdegi:
1. vin Seqmna safrTxe? Tu mizezobriobis ganviTarebaSi Tavad
msxverpli, anda mesame piria CarTuli, anu safrTxe
msxverplma an mesame pirma sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT
Seqmna, damdgari Sedegi pirs ar Seeracxeba.
2. iyo Tu ara piris mier Seqmnili es safrTxe
samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani? Tu riski nebadarTulia,
socialurad adeqvaturia, pirs Sedegi obieqturad ar
Seeracxeba.
3. arsebobs Tu ara kavSiri risksa da Sedegs Soris? Tu es
kavSiri ar arsebobs, pirs Sedegi obieqturad ar Seeracxeba.
4. Seamcira Tu ara pirma safrTxe am qmedebiT? Tu piri
qmedebis SemadgenlobiT gaTvaliswinebul msubuq Sedegs
iwvevs, magram amgvarad Tavidan icilebs mZime Sedegs, mas es
msubuqi Sedegi obieqturad ar Seeracxeba.
53
III. marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebebi
danaSaulis samsafexuriani agebulebis mixedviT qmedebis
Semadgenlobis dadgenis Semdeg unda gaanalizdes, moqmedebda Tu
ara piri marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel romelime
garemoebisas. Tu marTlsawinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli
romelime garemoeba arsebobs, pirs umarTloba ar Caudenia da
igi sisxlissamarTlebrivad pasuxs ar agebs. kazusis amoxsnisas
saqmis garemoebaTa ganxilvas vwyvetT da vaskvniT, rom pirs
danaSauli ar Caudenia.
praqtikaSi ki Tu dadgindeba, rom pirs umarTloba (qmedebis
Semadgenloba + marTlwinaaRmdegoba) ar ganuxorcielebia, mas
sasamarTlo damnaSaved ver scnobs da amitomac mis mimarT
gamamarTlebel ganaCens gamoitans.
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebebis arsebobis
dadasturebas mniSvneloba aqvs aseve TanamonawileTaTvisac,
radgan ar arsebobs Tanamonawileoba sisxlissamarTlebrivi
gagebiT, Tu amsrulebels sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT
gaTvaliswinebuli ganzraxi marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli
qmedeba (ssk 23-e muxli) ar Caudenia.
im piris mimarT, romelic umarTlobas ar axorcielebs,
dazaralebuls ar aqvs ufleba, ganaxorcielos aucilebeli
mogerieba. mas Tmenis valdebuleba ekisreba.
54
magaliTi: petre Tavs daesxa pavles. pavlem aucilebeli mogeriebis yvela
winapirobis dacviT misi Tavdasxmis mogerieba daiwyo. petre pavles mimarT,
romelic mis Tavdasxmas igeriebs, aucilebeli mogeriebis ufleba ar aqvs.
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs marTlwinaaRmdegobis
gamomricxvel garemoebaTa mxolod sanimuSo da ara amomwurav
CamonaTvals. saxeldebiT CamoTvlil garemoebaTa gverdiT
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis VIII Tavi (marTlwinaaRmdegobis
gamomricxveli garemoebebi) marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel
zogad normasac moicavs (ssk 32-e muxli, sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufleba sxva marTlzomieri
qmedebis dros), romelic SesaZleblobas iZleva, piris
sasargeblod umarTlobis gamosaricxad analogiiT iqnas
gamoyenebuli marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli zekanonuri
garemoebebi.
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebebi SesaZlebelia
samarTlis sxva dargidanac iqnas gadmoRebuli, radgan is, rac
samoqalaqo samarTalsa da sajaro samarTalSi marTlzomieria,
marTlwesrigis erTianobis principidan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba
daisajos sisxlis samarTalSi da piriqiT, sixlis samarTalSi
arsebuli gamamarTlebeli garemoebebi unda moqmedebdes mTliani
marTlwesrigisaTvis.
sisxlis samarTali marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamoricxvis Semdeg
or ZiriTad safuZvels icnobs:
1. qmedebis Semadgenlobis Sesabamisi qmedebiT sxva
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva, marTlwesrigis dacva.
55
2. samarTlebrivi sikeTis matareblis Tanxmoba am sikeTis
xelyofaze (dazaralebulis/pacientis Tanxmoba, savaraudo
Tanxmoba da ukanasknel periodSi medicinis sisxlis
samarTalSi - pacientis hipoTeturi Tanxmoba). am
magaliTiSi moqmedebs principi – „volenti non fit iniuria“ (mis
mimarT, vinc Tanxmobas acxadebs, umarTloba ar
xorcieldeba, Zv. w.-aRricxviT me-3 saukune, ulpiane).
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel
Semdeg kanonismier garemoebebs iTvaliswinebs:
1. aucilebeli mogerieba (ssk 28-e muxli)
2. damnaSavis Sepyroba (ssk 29-e muxli)
3. ukiduresi aucilebloba (ssk 30-e muxli)
4. marTlzomieri riski (ssk 31-e muxli).
garda amisa, sisxlis samarTalSi cnobilia aseve
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli zekanonuri garemoebebi:
1. dazaralebulis/pacientis Tanxmoba
2. dazaralebulis/pacientis savaraudo Tanxmoba
3. pacientis hipoTeturi Tanxmoba (axali da jerjerobiT
sadavo samarTlebrivi instituti medicinis sisxlis
samarTalSi)
4. movaleobaTa kolizia
56
1 aucilebeli mogerieba
aucilebeli mogeriebis sqema (ssk 28-e muxli)
I. qmedebis Semadgenloba
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba
1. marTlwinaaRmdegobis obieqturi mxare
(1) Tavdasxma
1) imwuTieri
2) marTlsawinaaRmdego
3) realuri
(2) Tavdacva
1) Tavdamsxmelis winaaRmdeg
2) saWiro/aucilebeli
3) mizanSewonili (social-eTikuri SezRudva)
2. marTlwinaaRmdegobis subieqturi mxare
(1) Tavdaxmis codna
(2) Tavdacvis survili
57
aucilebeli mogeriebis obieqturi mxaris niSnebia aucilebeli
mogeriebis mdgomareoba, anu adamianis Tavdasxma (xelyofa) da
Tavdacva.
Tavdasxma adamianisagan unda momdinareobdes da unda iyos:
1. imwuTieri
2. marTlsawinaaRmdego da
3. realuri
Tavdacva unda xasiaTdebodes: Tavdamsxmelis (da ara sxva piris)
dazianebiT
1. Tavdacvis aucileblobiT
2. am TavdacviTi qmedebis mizanSewonilobiT (anu aucilebeli
mogeriebis uflebis socialur-eTikuri SezRudva aucilebeli
mogeriebis farglebis gadacilebisas).
aucilebeli mogeriebis subieqturi mxare moicavs Semdeg niSnebs:
1. sxva piris mier ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmis codna
2. Tavdacvis survili.
aucilebeli mogerieba eyrdnoba samarTlis, anu
marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofisas Tavdasxmis mogeriebiT
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis princips. aucilebeli mogeriebis
dros Tavdaxma samarTliT daculi sikeTis xelyofaa adamianis
58
mier. aucilebeli mogeriebis dros dasaSvebia martoden kerZo
da ara universaluri, sajaro samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva.
magaliTi: petrem gaanadgura pornografiuli xasiaTis Jurnalebi,
romlebsac pavle skolis win jixurSi hyidida da amiTi mniSvnelovani
ziani miayena pavles. petrem amgvarad ganaxorciela ssk 187-e muxlis 1-li
nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis Semadgenloba, sxvisi nivTis
ganadgureba an dazianeba. petres qmedeba, marTalia, SesaZlebelia,
moralurad misaRebi iyos, magram igi Tavs mainc ver imarTlebs imiTi, rom
man amgvarad sazogadoebis zneobis dacvis mizniT aucilebeli mogeriebis
ufleba (ssk 28-e muxli) ganaxorciela, radgan aucilebeli mogeriebisas
dasaSvebia marto kerZo da ara universaluri interesebis (sazogadoebis
zneobis) dacva.
aucilebeli mogeriebisas sakuTari samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva
sxva piris mier ganxorcielebuli xelyofisagan, adamianis
uflebaa da ara movaleoba. ssk 28-e muxlis 1-li nawili
iTvaliswinebs momgeriebelis mier ara mxolod sakuTari, aramed
aseve sxvisi samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofisagan dacvasac.
sxvisi samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva marTlsawinaaRmdego
xelyofisagan xelmyofis dazianebiT aucilebeli daxmarebaa.
aucilebeli daxmarebisas ara aqvs mniSvneloba, piri naTesavis,
nacnobis da megobris samarTlebriv sikeTes icavs Tu sruliad
ucnobisas. igi ssk 28-e muxlis safuZvelze maSinac gamarTldeba,
rodesac igi sruliad ucnobi adamianis samarTlebriv sikeTes
daicavs. aucilebeli mogeriebisas sakuTari samarTlebrivi
sikeTis dacva adamianis uflebaa, dacvis qveS myofi piris da
zogadad, moyvasis daxmareba ki - misi movaleoba.
59
sxva pirisaTvis daxmarebis gawevis samarTlebriv movaleobas
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ramdenime muxlSi iTvaliswinebs.
piri, romelic sxvas ar daexmareba, garemoebebisda mixedviT,
pasuxs agebs ssk 128-e muxliT (gansacdelSi mitoveba) an ssk 129-e
muxliT (dauxmarebloba), anda Sereuli umoqmedobisaTvis (ssk
me -8 muxlis me-3 nawili da kerZo nawilis Sesabamisi muxli).
pirs, romelsac exmarebian, daxmarebis miRebis survili unda
hqondes.
magaliTi: petrem pavles sila gaawna. pavlem Tavdacvis magier petres
silis gasawnavad meore loyac miuSvira. vasom petres meore silis gawvna
ar daacada da maTavdamsxmels lazaTiani uTavaza. radgan pavles
Tavdacvis survili ar hqonda, vasos mier ganxorcielebuli qmedeba
aucilebeli mogeriebiT (ssk 28-e muxli) ar gamarTldeba da misi qmedeba
Zaladobad (ssk 126-e muxli) dakvalificirdeba.
piris mier cxovelis Tavdasxmis mogeriebisas, rodesac realuri
da imwuTieri safrTxe arsebobs, qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba
gamoiricxeba ara aucilebeli mogeriebis (ssk 28-e muxli), aramed
ukiduresi aucileblobis (ssk 30-e muxli) safuZvelze, magram Tu
pirma TavdasxmisaTvis cxoveli gamoiyena, adgili eqneba
aucilebel mogeriebas (ssk 28-e muxli).
magaliTi: petrem pavles moCxubari qofaki ZaRli mosaklavad miuqsia.
pavlem ZaRli joxiT moigeria da mokla. Aam magaliTiSi petre ZaRlis
saSualebiT Tavs daesxa pales da pavles mier ZaRlis mokvla aucilebeli
mogeriebis (ssk 28-e muxli) farglebSi ganxorcielebuli qmedebaa.
marTalia, imwuTieri da realuri safrTxe ZaRlis mier iyo Seqmnili, magram
am magaliTiSi ZaRls petre iaraRad iyenebda da amgvarad ssk 28-e muxlis 1-
l nawilSi (aucilebeli mogerieba) gaTvaliswinebul marTlsawinaaRmdego
60
xelyofas axorcielebda. is faqti, rom ZaRli cocxali arseba iyo, mas
„cocxal iaraRad“ ver aqcevs da petres mier ZaRlis miqseva SualobiTi
amsruleblobiT ganxorcielebul Tavdasxmad ver Sefasdeba.
marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofa (Tavdasxma) SesaZlebelia
ganxorcieldes rogorc moqmedebiT, aseve umoqmedobiTac. Ppiri
Tavdasxmas umoqmedobiT axorcielebs maSin, rodesac mas
moqmedebis valdebuleba ekisreba da ar moqmedebs.
magaliTi: maspinZeli stumars, romelsac wasvla surs da karis saketis
gaxsna ar icis, kars ganzrax ar gauxsnis. am dros maspinZeli umoqmedobiT
Tavs esxmis stumris Tavisufali gadaadgilebis uflebas (Tavisuflebis
ukanono aRkveTa, ssk 143-e muxlis 1 -li nawili). Tu stumari gasaRebis
warTmevisas binis patrons daazianebs, igi aucilebeli mogeriebis (ssk 28-e
muxli) mdgomareobaSi imoqmedebs.
Tavdasxma aucilebeli mogeriebisas imwuTieria, rodesac igi es-
esaa iwyeba, an xorcieldeba, mis srul damTavrebamde. Tu
Tavdasxma damTavrda, piris moqmedeba, romlis samarTlebrivi
sikeTec dazianda, Tavdasmxis mogeriebad ki ara, ganzrax,
SurisZiebis motiviT Cadenil danaSaulad CaiTvleba.
magaliTi: petrem pavles moCxubari qofaki ZaRli mosaklavad miuqsia.
pavlem ZaRli joxiT moigeria da mokla. pavles mier ZaRlis mokvlis
Semdeg petre gaiqca. pavle mas gamoekida da igi mZimed daaziana (ssk 117-
emuxlis 1-li nawili). pavle aucilebeli mogeriebis mdgomareobaSi ar
moqmedebda, radgan maSin, rodesac man petre daaziana, petre garboda da
Tavdasxma ukve damTavrebuli iyo.
Tu Tavdamcveli xelyofis imwuTierobaSi dauSvebs Secdomas,
adgili eqneba aucilebeli mogeriebis «eqstensiur eqscess».
amgvari Secdoma, iseve, rogorc moCvenebiTi (anu putatiuri)
61
mogerieba, bralis gamomricxveli Secdomaa akrZalvaSi (ssk 36-e
muxli).
prevenciuli ucilebeli mogerieba, anu mosalodneli Tavdasxmis
Tavidan acileba potenciuri Tavdamsxmelis xelyofiT, qmedebis
marTlwinaaRmdegobas ar gamoricxavs, radgan samarTlebrivi
sikeTis xelyofa jer imwuTieri araa. rodesac arsebobs
Tavdasxmis realuri safrTxe (da ara imwuTieri Tavdasxma) da
mocda Tavdasxmis imwuTierobamde samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis
Sansebs minimumamde Seamcirebda, amasTan es qmedeba
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis erTaderTi saSualebaa,
marTlwinaaRmdegoba gamoiricxeba ara aucilebeli mogeriebiT,
aramed ukiduresi aucileblobiT.
Tavdacvas xafangis dagebiT, avtomaturad gamsroli
mowyobilebis damontaJebiT, «anticipirebuli» (winasawar
dagegmili) aucilebeli mogerieba ewodeba. amgvari «aucilebeli
mogerieba» sisxlis samarTalSi gakrtikebulia Semdegi
mosazrebebiT:
1. damontaJebisas araa safrTxe imwuTieri – amis sapasuxod
unda iTqvas, rom SesaZlebelia avtomatis imgvarad
damontaJeba, rom tyvia mxolod Tavdasxmisas gavardes.
2. mciremniSvnelovani xelyofisas SeiZleba avtomaturi
meqanizmis CarTviT aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebis
gadacileba. amis sapasuxod unda iTqvas is, rom Tu
safrTxeSi myofs amgvari saSualebis gamoyenebis ufleba
62
imwuTieri Tavdasxmisas hqonda, anticipirebuli aucilebeli
mogeriebac dasaSvebi iqneba (e.i. Tu safrTxis efeqturad
Tavidan acileba mxolod amgvarad SeiZleboda). rodesac
pirs TavdacvisaTvis gasrolis ufleba aqvs, misi qmedeba –
qalis mier mZinare „ojaxis tiranis“ mkvlelobis SemTxvevebSi
(rodesac qmari „hpirdeba“ qals, rom gamoiZinebs da mere qals
moklavs), martodmarto maSin, Tu saxelmwifoc ki uZluri iyo
moZalade ojaxis wevris winaSe, qalis mier qmris mokvlis
magaliTiSi SeiZleba gamoiricxos brali ssk 38-e muxlis
(sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxva sxva
arabraleuli qmedebis dros, bralis gamomricxveli zekanonuri
ukiduresi aucilebloba) safuZvelze da ara
marTlwinaaRmdegoba.32 arsebuli safrTxe (da ara Tavdasxma)
amgvar uaRresad gamonaklis magaliTiSi gangrZobad imwuTier
safrTxed iTvleba, radgan „ojaxis tiranma“ SeiZleba nebismier
wuTs gaiRviZos da qali marTlac mZimed daazianos an moklas.
Tu qals saxelmwifosgan daxmarebis miRebis (anda gaqcevis)
saSualeba hqonda, magram man mainc mokla «ojaxis tirani“,
qmedeba «Cveulebriv» mkvlelobad dakvalificirdeba. misi
ukuduresi mdgomareoba martoden sasjelis zomaze moaxdens
zegavlenas.
Sekvecil SemadgenlobebSi danaSaulis formaluri damTavrebis
(anu sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo nawilSi
gaTvaliswinebuli dispoziciis ganxorcielebis) Semdeg
32 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 354.
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aucilebeli mogerieba daSvebulia. mag., qarTul sisxlis
samarTalSi yaCaRoba damTavrebulad iTvleba Tavdasxmis
ganxorcielebisas, magram dazaralebuls aucilebeli mogeriebis
ganxorcielebis ufleba yaCaRobis Semadgenlobis
ganxorcielebis, anu Tavdasxmis Semdegac aqvs. Tu Tavdamsxmelis
dazianeba yaCaRuri TavdasxmisTanave xorcieldeba da warTmeuli
nivTis dabrunebas isaxavs miznad, qmedeba aucilebeli mogeriebis
farglebSia Cadenili (ix. 28-e muxlis me-2 nawili).
aucilebeli mogeriebis uflebas warmoSobs ara mxolod
sisxlissamarTlebrivi xelyofa, aramed samarTlis sxva normebis
xelmyofi qmedebanic.
magaliTi: pirs proporciuli aucilebeli mogeriebis ufleba aqvs suraTis
gadamRebi fotografis mimarT (ufleba sakuTar suraTze). ra Tqma unda,
momgeriebelma am dros aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebs ar unda
gadaacilos.
aucilebeli mogerieba dasaSvebia aseve Seuracxadis an
SezRuduli Seracxadobis mqone piris (arasrulwlovani,
fsiqikurad daavadebuli da sxv. ssk 33-e, 34-e muxliT
gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebi) mier ganxorcielebuli
Tavdasxmis drosac, radgan aucilebeli mogeriebisas piri
umarTlobisagan icavs Tavs da ara danaSaulisagan.
dauSvebelia aucilebeli mogerieba marTlzomieri Tavdasxmisas.
kanoni am daTqmas ssk 28-e muxlSi calsaxad iTvaliswinebs.
Sesabamisad dauSvebelia aucilebeli mogerieba aucilebeli
mogeriebis winaaRmdeg da sxva im qmedebebis winaaRmdeg,
64
romlebic ssk VIII TavSi marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel
garemoebad iTvleba.
auclebeli mogeriebisas xelyofa realuri unda iyos. xelyofa
maSinaa realuri, rodesac igi sinamdvileSi arsebobs da ara
mxolod momgerieblis warmodgenaSi. rodesac Tavdasxma araa
realuri, anu Tavdasxma sinamdvileSi ki ara, aramed mxolod
Tavdamcvelis warmodgenaSi arsebobs, anu moCvenebiTia, gvaqvs
moCvenebiTi anu putatiuri aucilebeli mogerieba.
magaliTi: pirs Seatyobines, rom mis Zmas viRac Tavs daesxa da mokvlas
upirebda. man xanjals xeli staca da Zmis misaSveleblad gaiqca. gzad mas
gamvleli Semoxvda, romelsac egona, rom piri mis mokvlas apirebda.
gamvlelma qvas staca xeli, pirs TavSi Caartya da daaziana. gamvleli am
dros moCvenebiTi mogeriebis (da ara aucilebeli mogeriebis)
mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. igi sisxlissamarTlebrivad pasuxs ar agebs
misatevebeli Secdomis (marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis arasebobis gamo
bralis gamoricxvis) gamo. Secdoma misatevebelia, radgan mis adgilze
yvela sxva adamiani amgvar Secdomas dauSvebda da Tavs daicavda.
moCvenebiTi (putatiuri aucilebeli) mogeriebisas Tavdasxma araa
realuri da amitomac TavdacviTi qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba
ssk 28-e muxlis mixedviT (aucilebeli mogerieba) ar
gamoiricxeba. moCvenebiTi mogeriebis problema unda gadawydes
samarTlebrivi Secdomis (ssk 36-e muxli) safuZvelze (ix.
bralSi).
dasaSvebia aucilebeli mogerieba moCvenebiTi (putatiuri
aucilebeli) mogeriebis winaaRmdeg, radgan moCvenebiTi mogerieba
imwuTieri da realuri safrTxea. Tumca, moCvenebiTi (putatiuri)
65
aucilebeli mogeriebis winaaRmdeg mxolod TavdacviTi
aucilebeli mogeriebis ganxorcielebaa dasaSvebi da ara
TavdasxmiTi aucilebeli mogeriebisa.
Tavdacva aucilebeli mogeriebis dros Tavdamsxmelis mimarT
unda ganxorcieldes da ara mesame piris mimarT.
magaliTi: petre pavles daesxa Tavs. pavlem am Tavdasxmis mogeriebis magier
petres Zmas gaartya, waaqcia da amgvarad mas janmrTeloba msubuqad
dauziana (ssk 120-e muxli). petrem pavleze Tavdasxma maSinve Sewyvita da
sakuTar Zmas daexmara wamodgomaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom pavles qmedebiT
petres Tavdaxma Sewyda, pavles am magaliTiSi aucilebeli mogerieba ar
ganuxorcielebia, radgan igi Tavdamsxmels ki ar igeriebda, aramed Tavad
axorcielebda marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas. Mmisi qmedeba ssk 120-e muxliT
(janmrTelobis ganzrax msubuqad dazianeba) dakvalificirdeba.
aucilebeli mogeriebisas Tavdacva saWiro (aucilebeli) da
mizanSewonili (aucilebeli mogeriebis social-eTikuri
SezRudva) unda iyos. aucilebeli mogeriebisas Tavdacva saWiroa
(aucilebelia), rodesac Tavdacvas Tavdasxmis myisieri da
saboloo aRkveTa SeuZlia da arsebuli SesaZleblobebidan
yvelaze ufro msubuqia. rodesac momgeriebeli dacvis ramdenime
efeqturi SesaZleblobidan TavdasxmiT gamowveuli
eqstremaluri situaciidan gamomdinare, Tavdacvis yvelaze ufro
mavne saSualebas SearCevs, anu rodesac Tavdacva aSkarad ar
Seesabameba Tavdasxmis xasiaTsa da saSiSroebas (ssk 28-e muxlis
me-4 nawili), misi qmedeba aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebis
gadacilebad («intensiur eqscesad») dakvalificirdeba.
aucilebeli mogeriebisas «intensiuri eqscesi» pasuxismgeblobis
Semamsubuqebeli garemoebaa. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi
66
aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebis gadacilebis or privilegiur
Semadgenlobas iTvaliswinebs. esenia: mkvleloba aucilebeli
mogeriebis farglebis gadacilebiT (ssk 113-e muxli) da
janmrTelobis mZime an naklebad mZime dazianeba aucilebeli
mogeriebis farglebis gadacilebiT (ssk 122-e muxli). qarTuli
ssk intensiuri eqscesis winapirobad ar Tvlis momgerieblis
asTeniur afeqts (SiSi, dabneuloba),33 aramed moiTxovs
eventualur ganzraxvas Sedegis mimarT.34
aucilebeli mogerieba dasaSvebia aseve cecxlsasroli
iaraRiTac. cecxlsasroli iaraRiT aucilebeli mogeriebisas
moiTxoven Tavdacvis sam safexurs: pirveli safexuri –
gamafrTxilebeli gasrola, meore safexuriß- srola fexebSi da
mesame ß- srola janmrTelobisa da sicocxlisaTvis
mniSvnelovan organoebSi.
aucilebeli mogeriebisas (Tavdacvisas) SesaZlebelia, piri
Tavdacvis nawilSi marTlzomierad moqmedebdes, magram
paralelurad sxva raime kanons arRvevdes. magaliTad, Tu igi
Tavdasxmas moigeriebs da Tavs daicavs iaraRiT, romlis tarebis
uflebac mas ar hqonda. igi am magaliTSi aucilebeli
mogeriebis mdgomareobaSi moqmedebs da mxolod iaraRis ukanono
Senaxvis an tarebisaTvis SeiZleba daisajos (ssk 236-e muxlis 1-
33 arsebobs aseve sTeniuri afeqti, romlis drosac piri moqmedebs gabrazebis da
siZulvilis grZnobiT.
34 Todua, wignSi: mamulSvilia/Todua (red.), sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni I,
meSvide gamocema, Tbilisi 2019 weli, gv. 93; gv. 160.
67
li da me-2 nawili). uaRresad gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, rodesac
pirma iaraRi aralegalurad konkretuli safrTxis Tavidan
asacileblad SeiZina, Seinaxa, atara an daamzada da es qmedeba
safrTxis Tavidan acilebis ukanaskneli saSualeba iyo,
konkretuli SemTxvevis garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tavad am
qmedebis dausjelobis mtkicebac ki SeiZleba piris mier
sxvagvarad moqmedebis, samarTlisadmi damorCilebis
SeuZleblobis mtkicebiT gamomricxvel zekanonur garemoebaze
dayrdnobiT ssk 38-e muxliT (sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufleba sxva arabraleuli qmedebis
dros).
28-e muxli termins „aucilebeli mogeriebis subieqturi mxare“
saxeldebiT ar iTvaliswinebs, magram moicavs mas, radgan am
muxlSi miTiTebulia, rom piri samarTlebrivi sikeTis dasacavad
unda moqmedebdes. viTarebiTi brunva (dasacavad) swored piris
mizanze migvaniSnebs. aucilebeli mogeriebisas pirma unda
icodes, rom mas Tavs esxmian da igi Tavadasacavad moqmedebdes.
magaliTi: qalma qmris mokvla gadawyvita, oTaxSi Suqi gamorTo, aguriT
SeiaraRebuli karis ukan daimala da qmars SemosvlisTanave TavSi aguri
Caartya. sinaTlis anTebis Semdeg qalma daadgina, rom qmars datenili
iaraRi eWira xelSi da mkvdari iyo. amgvarad aRmoCnda, rom misi mokvla
qmarsac hqonda gadawyvetili, rac man ar icoda.
rodesac pirma obieqturad aucilebeli mogerieba ganaxorciela,
magram man amis Sesaxeb ar icoda da Sesabamisad, mas arc
Tavdacvis survili hqonda, anu rodesac saxezea aucilebeli
mogeriebis mxolod obieqturi mxare, subieqturi ki – ara,
68
gabatonebuli mosazrebiT, amgvari qmedeba damTavrebul
danaSaulad dakvalificirdeba. mosamarTle amasTan sasjelis
daniSvnisas gaiTvaliswinebs, rom pirma faqtiurad
samarTlebrivi sikeTe daicva. sisxlis samarTlis praqtika ar
iziarebs mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom amgvari qmedeba
mcdelobad unda dakvalificirdes, radgan, mcdelobis msgavsad,
qmedeba uRirsia da Sedegi - ara.
aucilebeli mogeriebis uflebis teleologiuri reduqciiT
SezRudvis da gamoricxvis sagamonakliso SemTxvevebs
miekuTvneba is SemTxvevebi, rodesac Tavdamsxmeli Seuracxadi an
SezRuduli Seracxadobis mqone piria da es Tavdamcvelma icis
kidec. amgvar situaciaSi Tavdamcvels mxolod TavdacviTi
aucilebeli mogeriebis ufleba unda hqondes da ara
TavdasxmiTi. SesaZleblobis arsebobisas igi unda ganeridos
Seuracxad an SezRuduli Seracxadobis mqone Tavdamsxmels da
Tavi martoden maSin daicvas, rodesac mas sxva gamosavali ukve
aRar aqvs. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, agresiuli Tavdacva
Seuracxadis an SezRuduli Seracxadobis mqone Tavdamsxmels
ukanaskneli saSualeba (ultima ratio) unda iyos.
sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi gamoTqmuli azriT, Tu pirma
Tavisi braluunaroba socialurad saziano qmedebiT, alkoholis
an narkotikis miRebiT, Tavad gamoiwvia, mis mimarT aucilebeli
69
mogeriebis ufleba ar unda SeizRudos, radgan es pirebi kanonis
gansakuTrebuli dacvis qveS ar imyofebian.35
aucilebeli mogeriebis ufleba SezRudulia aseve aucilebeli
mogeriebis provokaciisas.36 sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi
aucilebeli mogeriebis provokacias ar iTvaliswinebs.
mecnierebaSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben aucilebeli
mogeriebis ganzrax da gaufrTxilebel provokacias.
aucilebeli mogeriebis ganzraxi, gamiznuli provokacia saxezea
maSin, rodesac aucilebeli mogeriebis ganxorcielebis mizniT
piri Tavdasxmis provocirebas awyobs. aucilebeli mogeriebis
ganzraxi provokaciisas provokatoris qmedeba (Tavdamsxmelis
dazianeba an mokvla) ganzrax danaSaulad dakvalificirdeba.
provokators mxolod maSin miecema aucilebeli mogeriebis
ufleba, Tu mas Tavdamsxmelis provocireba mxolod cemisaTvis
surda, Tavdamsxmeli ki mas sxeulis mZime dazianebas an mokvlas
daupirebs.
ganzrax gamiznuli aucilebeli mogeriebis provokaciasTan
erTad arsebobs aseve marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli
provokacia, romelic saxezea maSin, rodesac momgeriebelma
icoda, anda sul mcire, mas unda gaecnobierebina, rom igi Tavisi
35 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 354, romelic venis universitetis
profesoris helmut fuqsis Sexedulebas eyrdnoba.
36 xerxeuliZe, wignSi: naWyebia/Todua (red.), sisxlis samarTali (saxelmZRvanelo), zogadi
nawili, Tbilisi 2016 weli, gv. 352.
70
gansazRvruli qmedebiT (dacinva, Seuracxyofa)37 iwvevs situacias,
romlidan Tavis daRweva mas mxolod aucilebeli mogeriebiT
SeuZlia.38
aucilebeli mogeriebis gaufrTxilebeli provokaciisas
aucilebeli mogeriebis ufleba arsebobs, magram misi farglebi
SezRudulia. pirma aucilebeli mogeriebis gaufrTxilebeli
provokaciisas aucilebeli mogerieba sam safexurad unda
ganaxorcielos: jer Tavi aaridos Tavdasxmas an saSvelad
mouxmos sxvas. Tu TavdasxmisaTvis Tavis arideba an maSvelis
moxmoba SeuZlebelia, man mxolod Tavi unda daicvas
(defenziuri qmedebebi). Tu Tavdacva sxvanairad SeuZlebelia,
mxolod maSin gadavides agresiul, Tavdamsxmelis samarTlebrivi
sikeTis xelmyof Tavdacvaze.
aucilebeli mogeriebiT SeiZleba dacul iqnas rogorc
individis sicocxle, janmrTeloba da Tavisufleba, aseve misi
qonebac. Tumca, ar arsebobs erTiani mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,
materialuri samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvisas pirs aucilebeli
mogeriebis ufleba srulad eZleva Tu misi es ufleba
SezRudulia. sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad adamianis uflebaTa konvenciis me-2 muxlis me-
2 abzacis (sicocxlis ufleba) ganmartebas mimarTaven.
37 Jescheck, Allgemeiner Teil, Berlin 1988, S. 311.
38 Hilgendorf/Valerius, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, München 2013, S. 66, Rn. 49.
71
adamianis uflebaTa konvenciis me-2 muxlis me-2 abzaci
(sicocxlis ufleba) CamoTvlis SemTxvevebs, romlis drosac
adamianis sicocxlis xelyofa am muxlis darRvevad ar
ganixileba. am CamonaTvalSi mocemulia is magaliTi, rodesac
adamianis mokvdineba Sedegad mohyva Zalis gamoyenebas, romelic
nebismieri piris dasacavad aramarTlzomieri YZaladobisagan
absolutur aucileblobas warmoadgenda (am konvenciis me-2
muxlis me-2 (a) abzaci).
aucilebeli mogeriebiT qonebrivi interesebis dacvis farglebi
adamianis uflebaTa konvenciis me-2 muxlis me-2 (a) abzaci
(sicocxlis ufleba) sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciidan
gamomdinare, sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba iqnas Camoyalibebuli.39
sisxlis samarTlis dogmatikaSi qonebrivi sikeTis dacvisas
aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebTan dakavSirebiT ZiriTadad
ori radikalurad gansxvavebuli mosazreba ganviTarda. erTi
SexedulebiT, adamianis uflebaTa konvenciis me-2 muxlis me-2 (a)
abzaci boWavs mxolod saxelmwifos da ara kerZo pirs.
Sesabamisad, qonebriv sikeTeze Tavdasxmisas adamianis sicocxlis
xelyofa aucilebeli mogeriebiT gamarTldeba.40
meore, eTikurad misaRebi mosazrebiT, qonebriv sikeTeze
Tavdasxmisas ki aucilebeli mogeriebis ufleba SezRudulia
adamianis uflebaTa konvenciis me-2 muxlis me-2 (a) abzaciT.
39 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 378 da momd.
40 xerxeuliZe, wignSi: naWyebia/Todua (red.), sisxlis samarTali (saxelmZRvanelo), zogadi
nawili, Tbilisi 2016 weli, gv. 349.
72
Tavdamsxmelis sikvdili aucilebeli mogeriebiT gamarTldeba
mxolod maSin, rodesac am Tavdasxmisas adamianis winaaRmdeg
momarTuli danaSauli xorcieldeba. qarTuli sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsis 28-e muxli calsaxa interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas ar iZleva da SesaZlebelia ganviTardes rogorc
erTi, ise meore Sexeduleba.
aucilebeli mogeriebis uflebis gamoricxvis sagamonakliso
magaliTis miekuTvneba aucilebeli mogeriebis uflebis social-
eTikuri SezRudva samarTlebrivi sikeTis metad
mciremniSvnelovani marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofisas.
kanonmdebeli aucilebeli mogeriebisas, gansxvavebiT ukiduresi
aucileblobisagan, xelyofil da dacul samarTlebriv sikeTeTa
Sewonasworebas ar moiTxovs, Tumca gamonaklis magaliTiSi
samarTlebrivi sikeTis metad mciremniSvnelovani
marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofisas pirs aucilebeli mogeriebis
ufleba erTmeva da qmedeba danaSaulia.
magaliTi: etls mijaWvulma invalidma gamafrTxilebeli gasrolis Semdeg
arasrulwlovans esrola, romelmac mis bals iparavda da igi sasikvdilod
daWra.
Tofis srola samarTlebrivi sikeTis dasacavad saWiro
(aucilebeli) qmedeba iyo, radgan pirs gamafrTxilebeli
gasrolis Semdeg samarTlebriv sikeTeze Tavdasxmis myisieri da
saboloo aRkveTis sxva saSualeba ar gaaCnda. miuxedavad amisa,
amgvari qmedeba mizanSeuwonelia da aucilebeli mogeriebis
uflebis social-eTikuri SezRudvis gamo aucilebeli
mogeriebis farglebis gadacileba (Tavdacvis aSkara Seusabamoba
73
Tavdasxmis xasiaTTan da saSiSroebasTan, ssk 28-e muxlis me-4
nawili) ki ara, danaSaulia da piri mkvlelobisaTvis daisjeba.
sakiTxavia, aqvs Tu ara pirs aucilebeli mogeriebis ufleba,
rodesac mas policielis daxmarebis myisieri miReba SeuZlia?
SesaZlebelia Semdegi mosazrebis ganviTareba: Tu pirs
policielis myisieri daxmarebis miRebis SesaZlebloba aqvs, man
es SesaZlebloba unda gamoiyenos da aucilebel mogeriebas ar
unda mimarTos.41 es Sexeduleba Semdagnairad dasabuTdeba:
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva saxelmwifos prerogativaa da igi
mxolod maSin aZlevs moqlaqes TavdacvisaTvis Zalis
gamoyenebis uflebas, rodesac mas sakuTari moqalaqis dacva
Tavad ar SeuZlia. rac Seexeba kanonis daTqmas imis Sesaxeb, rom
aucilebeli mogeriebis ufleba arsebobs maSinac, rodesac pirs
SeuZlia, xelyofa Tavidan aicilos an saSvelad sxvas mouxmos
(ssk 28-e muxlis me-2 nawili), aq xelyofis Tavidan acilebaSi
„sircxviliani“ gaqceva igulisxmeba, „sxvaSi“ ki – fizikuri piri
da ara saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli. PolicielisaTvis
daxmarebis Txovna amgvar „sircxvilian“ gaqcevad ar unda iqnas
CaTvlili.42
sakamaToa aseve sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenadaa dasaSvebi
aucilebeli mogeriebis SezRudva im urTierTobebisas, romlis
drosac pirebi erTmaneTTan garantis movaleobiT arian
41 prof. moris SalikaSvilis mosazreba, piradi saubridan.
42 gansxvavebuli mosazreba ix. gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi 2008, gv. 223.
74
dakavSirebuli. am dros koliziaSia garantis valdebuleba,
daicvas misi dacvis qveS myofi piris samarTlebrivi sikeTe
(solidarobis valdebuleba) da aucilebeli mogeriebis ufleba
(samarTlis dacvis ufleba). erTi (sadavo) Sexedulebis mixedviT,
mWidro ojaxuri urTierTobisas aucilebeli mogeriebis ufleba
SezRudulia da ojaxis wevris mier ojaxis wevris mimarT
ganxorcielebuli Tavdacva Tavdasxmis proporciuli unda iyos.
momgeriebelma Tavi Tavdamsxmelis sikvdiliT ar unda daicvas,
Tu ojaxis wevris Tavdasxmisas misi sicocxle araa safrTxeSi,
Tu sasikvdilo dartymis gareSe aucilebeli mogerieba
SeuZlebelia, man am mogeriebas SesaZleblobis arsebobisas Tavi
unda aaridos (gaiqces saxlidan).43
sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi gamoTqmuli sawinaaRmdego
mosazrebiT, piri, romelic mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi itans
ojaxur Zaladobas, aRaraa dakavSirebuli moZaladesTan
garantis solidaruli valdebulebiT da mas aqedan gamomdinare,
mas aucilebeli mogeriebis ufleba ar unda SeezRudos.44
diskusia mimdinareobs aseve sajaro xelisuflebis
warmomadgenelTaTvis (policieli) ucilebeli mogeriebis
uflebasTan, gansakuTrebiT ki policielis mier aucilebeli
mogeriebis/aucilebeli daxmarebissas cecxlsasroli iaraRis
43 am Sexedulebas iziarebs germanuli sisxlis samarTlis praqtika. ix. BGH, NJW 1975, 62;
BGH, NJW, 1984, 986.
44 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 79.
75
gamoyenebis SezRudvasTan dakavSirebiT.45 mraval mosazrebaTa
Soris mxardaWeras imsaxurebs is Sexeduleba, romlis
mixedviTac policielis mier ganxorcielebuli aucilebeli
mogerieba marTlzomieria, Tu igi Tanazomierebis princips
daicavs.
2 ukiduresi aucilebloba
ukiduresi aucileblobis sqema (ssk 30-e muxli)
I. qmedebis Semadgenloba
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba, ukiduresi aucilebloba
1. ukiduresi aucileblobis obieqturi mxare
(1) ukiduresi mdgomareoba = imwuTieri safrTxe
(2) imwuTieri safrTxiT gamowveuli moqmedeba
1) ukiduresi mdgomareobiT gamowveuli moqmedeba – qmedeba
saWiroa (anu safrTxis Tavidan acileba sxva saSualebiT
SeuZlebeli unda iyos)
2) samarTlebriv sikeTeTa rangireba: daculi samarTlebrivi
sikeTe ufro mniSvnelovani unda iyos, vidre xelyofili.
2. ukiduresi aucileblobis subieqturi mxare.
(1) samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis safrTxis arsebobis codna
45 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 380 da momd.
76
(2) samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis survili.
ukiduresi aucilebloba samarTlebrivi sikeTis upiratesobis
princips eyrdnoba. ssk 30-e muxli dasaSvebad miiCnevs erTi
samarTlebrivi sikTis gadarCenas meoris xarjze, Tu gadarCenili
samarTlebrivi sikeTis SenarCunebis interesi xelyofili
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis interess mniSvnelovnad
gadawonis. aucilebeli mogeriebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis
drosac samarTlebriv sikeTeebs Soris kolizia erTi mxaris
(Tavdamsxmelis) mier ganxorcielebul Tavdasxmas efuZneba,
ukiduresi aucileblobisas, rogorc wesi, orive mxareze
samarTlebrivi siekTis dacvis legitimur interesTan gvaqvs
saqme. swored amitomac ukiduresi aucileblobisas
kolidirebul, xelyofil da dacul samarTlebriv sikeTeTa
Soris ierarqiis dacvaa saWiro. ukiduresi aucileblobis yvela
winapirobis arsebobisas samarTlebrivi sikeTis upiratesobis
principTan erTad daculia aseve aucilebeli mogeriebis
damfuZnebeli principi, samarTlis dacvis principi.46
ukiduresi aucilebloba, iseve rogorc aucilebeli mogerieba,
unda Seicavdes obieqtur da subieqtur mxares. ukiduresi
aucileblobis obieqturi mxarea ukiduresi mdgomareoba,
romelic moicavs imwuTier safrTxes da samarTlebrivi sikeTis
dasacavad ganxorcielebul saWiro (aucilebeli) qmedebas.
ukiduresi aucileblobis subieqturi mxare ki ukiduresi
mdgomareobis codna da samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis survilia.
46 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 80 f.
77
ukiduresi aucileblobis mdgomareoba imwuTier safrTxes
gulisxmobs. safrTxe ukiduresi aucileblobisas niSnavs
mdgomareobas, rodesac faqtobrivi garemoebis safuZvelze zianis
dadgomis seriozuli saSiSroeba arsebobs.
ukiduresi aucileblobisas safrTxe obieqturi damkvirveblis ex
ante perspeqtividan unda Sefasdes. esaa Sefaseba ukiduresi
aucileblobis qmedebis ganxorcielebisas. safrTxes am dros ar
vafasebT ex post, anu am qmedebis ganxorcielebis Semdeg, im codnis
safuZvelze, romelic qmedebis ganxorcielebis Semdeg gaxdeba
cnobili. safrTxis Sefasebisas gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas
Tavad ukidures aucileblobaSi moqmedi piris specialuri
codnac.
ukiduresi aucileblobisas safrTxe imwuTieri unda iyos.
safrTxe maSinaa imwuTieri, rodesac saqmis garemoebebis
daubrkolebeli ganviTarebisas raime RonisZiebis miRebis gareSe
zianis dadgoma ar daayovnebs.
imwuTieri safrTxisagan unda ganvasxvaoT gangrZobadi safrTxe.
safrTxe maSinaa gangrZobadi, rodesac mdgomareoba, romelsac
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dazianeba SeuZlia, droSia gawelili.
samarTlebrivi sikeTe nebismier momentSi SeiZleba iqnas
xelyofili, magram xelyofis dro konkretulad araa
gansazRvruli (gansazRvradi) da samarTlebrivi sikeTis
efeqturad dasacavad dauyovneblivi moqmedebaa saWiro.
78
gangrZobadi safrTxis magaliTia «ojaxis tiranis» SemTxvevebi,
romlis drosac aucilebeli mogerieba ver dasabuTdeba
Tavdasxmis ararsebobis gamo. «ojaxis tiranis» SemTxvevebSi
gamoiricxeba aseve marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli
ukiduresi aucileblobac, radgan gangrZobadi safrTxe
imwuTieri araa (sadavo). Tu gangZobad safrTxes imwuTierad
CavTvliT nebismier momentSi misi gaaqtiurebis SesaZleblobis
gamo, gamamarTlebeli ukiduresi aucilebloba mainc ver
dasabuTdeba, radgan samarTlebriv sikeTeTa Sewonasworebisas
erTi piris, msxverplis sicocxle meore sicocxles, gangrZobadi
safrTxis Semqmnelis sicocxles ver gadaswonis. gamonaklis
SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba gamoiricxos brali (bralis
gamomricxveli ukiduresi aucilebloba), Tu safrTxis Tavidan
acileba sxvagvarad SeuZlebeli iyo.
aucilebeli mogeriebisagan gansxvavebiT, ukiduresi
aucileblobisas dacvadia ara mxolod individualuri, aramed
agreTve sajaro samarTlebrivi sikeTe, mag., sagzao usafrTxoeba.
magaliTi: petrem dainaxa, rom ucnobis avtomanqanas muxruWebi moeSala da
quCaSi myofi bavSvebisaken mieqaneboda. man barierad viRacis samTvliani
motocikli gamoiyena da manqana SeaCera. amgvarad petrem daaziana rogorc
avtomanqana, aseve motocikli, magram man daicva sajaro interesi, sagzao
usafrTxoeba da gadaarCina bavSvebis sicocxle. avtomanqanis mimarT petrem
ganaxorciela TavdacviTi ukiduresi aucilebloba, motociklis mimarT ki –
TavdasxmiTi.
ukidures mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod sakuTari,
aramed agreTve mesame piris samarTlebrivi sikeTec
79
(zemoTmoyvanili magaliTi). mesame piris samarTlebrivi sikeTis
dacvas ukiduresi aucileblobis viTarebaSi ukiduresi
mdgomareobisas daxmareba ewodeba.
magaliTi: cecxlis Casaqrobad da cecxlmokidebuli adamianis gadasarCenad
pirma sxvisi qurqi gamoiyena. am dros marTalia, pirma sxvisi nivTi
gaanadgura, magram man gadaarCina adamianis sicocxle. misiQqmedeba (ssk 187-e
muxlis 1-li nawili) gamarTlebulia ukiduresi aucileblobiT (ssk 30-e
muxli).
aseve SesaZlebelia erTi piris samarTlebrivi sikeTe iqnas
daculi misive meore, SedarebiT naklebmniSvnelovani
samarTlebrivi sikeTis xarjze.
magaliTi: petres Ymanqanas cecxli waekida. petres megobarma cecxli
petres qurqiT Caaqro. am dros marTalia, pirma petres nivTi (qurqi)
gaanadgura, magram man misive ufro Zvirfasi nivTi gadaarCina. misiQqmedeba
(ssk 187-e muxlis 1-li nawili) gamarTlebulia ukiduresi aucileblobiT
(ssk 30-e muxli).
ukiduresi aucileblobisas ukiduresobiT gamowveuli qmedeba
Semdeg faqtobriv pirobebs unda akmayofilebdes:
1. qmedeba obieqturad saWiro (aucilebeli) unda iyos, anu
Sedegis Tavidan acileba sxvagvarad SeuZlebeli unda iyos.
2. mesame piris, obieqturi damkvirveblis ex ante SexedulebiT
am qmedebiT safrTxis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli unda
iyos. Tu am qmedebiT safrTxis Tavidan acilebis Sansi
naklebia, gamoiricxeba am qmedebis ganxorcielebis
saWiroeba da Sesabamisad, ukiduresi aucileblobac.
80
3. es qmedeba miznis misaRwevad yvelaze ufro rbili
saSualeba unda iyos.
magaliTi: petres binaSi zemoTa binidan wyali Camodioda. petrem mezoblis
binis kari Seangria da onkani Caketa. mas SeeZlo, zemoTa mezoblis
megobrisaTvis, romelic iqve cxovrobda, gasaRebi gamoerTmia da kari ar
Seengria. miuxedavad imisa, rom petre imwuTieri safrTxis mdgomareobaSi
moqmedebda, saWiroebis ararsebobsi gamo misi qmedeba, sxvisi nivTis
dazianeba (ssk 187-e muxli) ukiduresi aucileblobiT ver gamarTldeba (ssk
30-e muxli).
aucilebeli mogeriebisagan (ssk 28-e muxli) gansxvavebiT,
ukiduresi aucileblobisas (ssk 30-e muxli) Tu yvelaze ufro
rbili saSualeba safrTxis wyarosagan gaqcevaa, pirma es
saSualeba unda gamoiyenos da samarTlebrivi sikeTe ar
daazianos, radgan ukiduresi aucileblobis principia interesTa
Sewonasworebaa da ara marTlwesrigis dacva (rogorc
aucilebeli mogeriebisas).
ukiduresi aucileblobisas samarTlebriv sikeTeTa
Sewonasworebisas unda gadawydes Semdegi sakiTxebi:
1. gadarCenili sikeTe ufro mniSvnelovania Tu dazianebuli.
samarTlebriv sikeTeTa rangirebisas daculi
samarTlebrivi sikeTe xelyofil samarTlebrivi sikeTes
unda gadawonides.
adamianis sicocxle umaRles ierarqiul safexurze dgas da
amitomac adamianis mokvdineba ukiduresi aucileblobiT ver
gamarTldeba. am ZiriTad debulebidan gamonaklisia
81
arapirdapiri evTanaziis magaliTi, rodesac tkivilebiT
datanjul momakvdav adamians tkivildamayuCebeli medikamentiT
sicocxle ki umokldeba, magram misi sicocxle amgvarad asatani
xdeba. am magaliTSi SedarebiT grZel, magram autaneli
tkivilebiT gajerebul sicocxles SedarebiT mokle, magram
tkivilisagan Tavisufali sicocxle gadawonis. Ppiris qmedeba,
adamianis sicocxlis Semokleba (ssk 108-e muxli, mkvleloba)
medikamentis micemiT, romelmac pacients tkivili dauama da
amgvarad misi sicocxle asatani gaxada, gamarTlebulia
ukiduresi aucileblobiT (ssk 30-e muxli).47
2. xom ar gamouwvevia safrTxe Tavad safrTxeSi Cavardnili
samarTlebrivi sikeTis mflobels?
Tu piri mezoblis ZaRls gaabrazebs misi mokvlis mizniT, ZaRli
mas marTlac gamoekideba da kbenas dauwyebs, piris mier ZaRlis
mokvla ukiduresi aucileblobiT ver gamarTldeba.
3. ra moculobis iyo Tavad safrTxe?
SesaZlebelia gamarTldes ufro maRal safexurze mdgomi
samarTlebrivi sikeTis mciremniSvnelovani xelyofa, Tu
SedarebiT dabal safexurze mdgomi samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis
Seqmnili safrTxe metad didia. mag., Sua zamTarSi gamvlelebis
civi wyliT gawuwva da maTi gaciebis safrTxis Seqmna mexanZris
mier Senobis cecxlis Caqrobisas.48
47 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 83.
48 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 83.
82
4. zianis dadgomis albaToba
rac ufro didia samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis zianis dadgomis
safrTxe da naklebia safrTxeSi myofi samarTlebrivi sikeTis
gadasarCenad gawiruli samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofis
safrTxe, miT ufro dasaSvebia qmedeba.
5. gadarCenis Sansi
rac ufro naklebia safrTxeSi myofi samarTlebrivi sikeTis
gadarCenis Sansi, miT ufro Znelad gamarTldeba samarTlebrivi
sikeTis xelyofa mis gadasarCenad.
ukiduresi aucileblobisas sicocxleTa Sewonasworeba
dauSvebelia. marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli ukiduresi
aucileblobiT ver gamarTldeba verc safrTxis Semqmnelis
mokvdineba safrTxeSi Cavardnilis sicocxlis gadasarCenad da
verc mcire odenobis adamianTa mokvdineba mravali adamianis
gadasarCenad („qvantitatiuri ukiduresi aucilebloba“).
ukiduresi aucileblobis subieqturi mxare mdgomareobs
samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis safrTxis arsebobis codnasa da
samarTlebrivi sikeTis gadarCenis survilSi. Tu pirma ar icis,
rom igi Tavisi qmedebiT samarTlebriv sikeTes gadaarCens, igi
ukiduresi aucileblobis mdgomareobiT ver gamarTldeba.
magaliTi: petrem Tavisi mtris, pavles saxls dazianebis mizniT fanjrebi
Caumtviria. Turme pavles gazis gamTbobobeli gafuWebuli yofila da
pavles mTel ojaxs goni hqonia dakarguli. fanjrebis CamtvreviT saxli
ganiavda da pavles da misi ojaxi gadarCa. petres qmedeba (ssk 187-e muxlis
83
1-li nawili) ukiduresi aucileblobiT (ssk 30-e muxli) ver gamarTldeba,
radgan petrem ar icoda, rom pavle da misi ojaxi safrTxeSi iyo.
ukiduresi aucileblobis ori saxe arsebobs:
1. TavdacviTi (defenziuri) da
2. TavdasxmiTi (agersiuli) ukiduresi aucilebloba.
TavdacviTi ukiduresi aucileblobisas piri azianebs safrTxis
wyaros safrTxeSi Cavardnili samarTlebrivi sikeTis
gadasarCenad. TavdasxmiTi ukiduresi aucileblobisas ki amave
mizniT ziandeba is samarTlebrvi sikeTe, romlisganac safrTxe
ar momdinareobs.
magaliTi: petres Tavs daesxa mezoblis qofaki ZaRli da mis janmrTelobas
safrTxe Seuqmna. man ZaRls TavSi megobris nouTbuqi urtya, ZaRli mokla
da nouTbuqic daamtvria. Aam qmedebiT petrem ganaxorciela danaSaulis
Semadgenloba – sxvisi nivTis ganzrax ganadgureba an dazianeba (ssk 87-e
muxlis 1-li nawili) rogorc ZaRlis, aseve nouTbuqis mimarT. petres mier
ZaRlis mokvla TavdacviTi ukiduresi aucileblobiT gamarTldeba (ssk 30-e
muxli), radgan ZaRli iyo petres janmrTelobisaTvis Seqmnili safrTxis
wyaro da petre misgan icavda Tavs. rac Seexeba nouTbuqs, is TavdasxmiTi
ukiduresi aucileblobisas dazianda. safrTxe nouTbukisagan ar modioda
da misi dazianeba ufro mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi sikeTis, petres
janmrTelobis dasacavad (TavdasxmiTi) ukiduresi aucileblobiT iyo
gamowveuli.
rogorc TavdacviTi, aseve TavdasxmiTi ukiduresi aucilebloba
gamamarTlebeli garemoebaa, anu piri orive magaliTiSi
sisxlissamarTlebrivad pasuxs ar agebs danaSaulis
ararsebobis gamo. maT Soris aris erTi gansxvaveba. TvdacviTi
84
ukiduresi aucileblobisas piri samoqalaqosamarTlebrivadac
ar agebs pasuxs, TavdasxmiTi ukiduresi aucileblobis dros ki
igi valdebulia, xelyofili samarTlebrivi sikeTis mflobels
ziani samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi wesiT aunazRauros.
sityva „sxva“ ssk 30-e muxlSi farTod unda gavigoT da masSi
moviazroT rogorc im samarTlebrivisikeTis dazianeba,
romlidanac safrTxe momdinareobs, aseve im samarTlebrivi
sikeTis dazianebac, romelsac safrTxesTan araviTari kavSiri ar
aqvs.
aucilebeli mogerieba da ukiduresi aucilebloba
erTmaneTisagan Semdegi niSnebiT gansxvavdeba:
1. aucilebeli mogerieba (ssk 28-e muxli) adamianis mier
ganxorcielebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofiT
xasiaTdeba, ukiduresi aucilebloba ki safrTxiT, romelic,
rogorc wesi, warmoSobilia bunebrivi movlenebiT, cxovelis
«TavdasxmiT» da sxv.
2. aucilebeli mogerieba (ssk 28-e muxli) ukiduresi
aucileblobisagan (ssk 30-e muxli) gansxvavebiT,
samarTlebriv sikeTeTa rangirebas ar iTvaliswinebs
(gamonaklisia aucilebeli mogeriebis social-adeqvaturi
SezRudvis specialuri SemTxvevebi). debuleba imis Sesaxeb,
rom xelyofil da dacul samarTlebriv sikeTeTa rangireba
aucilebeli mogeriebis niSani araa, SemdegSi gamoikveTeba:
aucilebeli mogeriebisas SeiZleba dacul iqnas ufro
85
dabal safexurze mdgomi samarTlebrivi sikeTe da
xelyofil iqnas ufro maRal safexurze mdgomi. mag.,
SeiZleba adamianma daicvas Tavisi janmrTeloba
Tavdamsxmelis mokvliT. adamianis sicocxle
(Tavdamsxmelisac) absoluturi samarTlebrivi sikeTea,
janmrTeloba ierarqiulad masze dabal safexurze dgas,
magram janmrTelobis dacvisas Tavdamsxmelis mokvla ssk
28-e muxlis safuZvelze gamarTlebulia. ukiduresi
aucilebloba daculi da xelyofili samarTlebrivi
sikeTeebis rangirebis princips eyrdnoba. qmedeba
gamarTldeba mxolod maSin, rodesac samarTlebriv
sikeTeTa SewonasworebiT dadgindeba, rom daculi
samarTlebrivi sikeTe xelyofil samarTlebriv sikeTesTan
SedarebiT maRal ierarqiul safexurze dgas. solidarobis
principidan gamomdinare, samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis
arsebuli imwuTieri safrTxis arsebobisas am
samarTlebrivi sikeTis gadasarCenad dasaSvebia
naklebadmniSvnelovani, safrTxesTan kavSirSi armyofi
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dazianebac ki.
3. aucilebeli mogeriebisas piri araa valdebuli, gaiqces an
sxvas mimarTos dasaxmareblad (ssk 28-e muxlis me-2 nawili),
ukiduresi aucileblobisas ki qmedeba mxolod maSinaa
gamarTlebuli, Tu pirs sxva gamosavali ar hqonda, Tu am
safrTxis Tavidan acileba sxva saSualebiT ar SeiZleboda
(ssk 30-e muxli).
86
3 „damnaSavis Sepyroba“
damnaSavis Sepyrobis sqema (ssk 29-e muxli)
I. ssk erT romelime muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis
dispozicia (Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, iZuleba an sxeulis
msubuqi dazianeba)
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba
1. damnaSavis Sepyrobis obieqturi mxare - moqmedeba cxel
kvalze (sakmarisia eWvi, rom pirma samarTladarRveva
Caidina)
2. damnaSavis Sepyrobis subieqturi mxare – mizani –
Sepyrobilis xelisuflebis organoSi warsadgenad
termini „damnaSavis Sepyroba“ ssk 29-e muxlSi pirobiTia.
Sempyrobma ar icis, pirma danaSauli Caidina, Tu mxolod
umarTloba, anu man ar icis, samarTaldamrRvevi Seracxadia Tu
Seuracxadi.
sisxlis samarTalSi cnobilia msgavsi, magram ara identuri
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebebi: damnaSavis
Sepyroba (ssk 29-e muxli) da dakaveba (sssk 170-e muxli).
damnaSavis Sepyroba (ssk 29-e muxli) materialur-samarTlebrivi
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebaa, dakaveba (sssk
170-e muxli) ki saproceso-samarTlebrivi.49 dakaveba, (sssk 170-e
49 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 390.
87
muxli) rogorc marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli saproceso-
samarTlebrivi instituti, gacilebiT ufro mkacr winapirobebs
unda akmayofilebdes (ix. sssk 171-175-e muxlebi), vidre
materialur-samarTlebrivi damnaSavis Sepyroba (ssk 29-e muxli).
damnaSavis Sepyrobisas piri axorcielebs ssk 143-e muxls,
damnaSaves Tavisuflebas aRukveTavs.
damnaSavis Sepyrobis ufleba aqvs rogorc dazaralebuls, aseve
nebismier sxva adamians. damnaSavis Sepyroba mxolod piris
uflebaa da ara movaleoba. moqalaqe araa sazogadoebriv
sawyisebze momuSave policieli. Tu moqalaqem damnaSave ar
Seipyro, igi pasuxs ar agebs.
moqalaqes «damnaSavis Sepyrobis» ufleba aqvs mxolod maSin, Tu
igi pirs danaSaulis Cadenisas an CadenisTanave waaswrebs.
damnaSavis Sepyroba mizniT unda iyos determinirebuli, anu
moqalaqe damnaSavis xelisuflebis organoSi wardgenis (da
SemdgomSi misi saTanadod dasjis) mizniT unda moqmedebdes. ra
Tqma unda, pirma unda icodes, rom igi damnaSaves Seipyrobs da
surdes kidec es.
damnaSavis Sepyrobisas piri damnaSaves Tavisuflebas aRukveTavs,
e.i. igi ssk 143-e muxls axorcielebs. ssk 143-e muxlis 1-li
nawilis Tanaxmad, dasjadia Tavisuflebis ukanono aRkveTa.
sityvas „ukanono“ 143-e muxlSi Tu qmedebis Semadgenlobis
niSnad miviCnevT, maSin damnaSavis Sepyrobisas misi Tavisflebis
aRkveTa Semadgenlobis gamomricxveli iqneba da ara
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marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli, magram radgan kanonmdebeli
damnaSavis Sepyrobas (ssk 29-e muxli) marTlwinaaRmdegobis
gamomricxvel garemoebaTa TavSi (ssk VIII Tavi) iTvaliswinebs,
kanonis sistematuri ganmartebidan gamomdinare, kanonmdebeli am
sityviT „ukanono“ miuTiTebs martoden imaze, rom
marTlwinaaRmdegobis dadgenisas kanongamomyenebelma
pozitiurad unda daaadginos, Seesabameba Tu ara Tavisuflebis
aRkveTa kanons.50
damnaSavis mokvla, miuxedavad mis mier Cadenili danaSaulis
simZimisa, ssk 29-e muxlis mixedviT gamarTlebulad ar CaiTvleba.
damnaSavis Sepyrobis mizniT dasaSvebia misi dazianebac, Tu
gadacilebuli araa „aucilebeli zoma“. damnaSavis Sepyrobis
aucilebeli zoma damokidebulia mis mier ganxorcielebuli
qmedebis saSiSroebaze. Tu pirma damnaSavis Sepyrobisas
gadaacila saWiro zomas da damnaSave daaziana, igi ssk 123-e
muxlis Sesabamisad (janmrTelobis mZime an naklebad mZime
dazianeba damnaSavis Sepyrobis farglebis gadacilebisas) agebs
pasuxs. Tu pirma mokla damnaSave, igi pasuxs agebs 114-e muxliT
(mkvleloba damnaSavis SepyrobisaTvis aucilebeli zomebis
gadacilebisas).
rodesac piri SecdomiT udanaSaulo kacs Seipyrobs, igi cdeba
rogorc saqmis faqtobriv garemoebebSi (hgonia, rom pirma
50 rogorc wesi, marTlwinaaRmdegoba negatiurad unda dadgindes, anu, unda dadgindes is,
rom marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli raime garemoeba ar arsebobs. maSin, rodesac
qmedebis SemadgenlobaSi sityva „ukanono“ gamoiyeneba, ama Tu im kanonTan Sesabamisoba
da amgvarad, qmedebis marTlzomiereba unda dadgindes.
89
danaSauli Caidina), aseve Tavisi qmedebis iuridiul SefasebaSi
(hgonia, rom TviTon marTlsawinaaRmdegod ar moqmedebs). amgvari
ormagi Secdoma araa gaTvaliswinebuli sisxlis samarTlis
kanonmdeblobaSi. es qmedeba Secdoma SeiZleba dakvalificirdes:
1. an rogorc faqtobrivi Secdoma (radgan pirma ar icoda, rom
pirs danaSauli ar Caudenia) da gamoiricxos ganzraxva ssk
me-9 muxliT. amgvarad gadavdivarT gaufrTxileblobaze, Tu
Tu Secdoma sapatio ar iyo.
2. an rogorc Secdoma akrZalvaSi - ssk 36-e muxlis mixedviT
(radgan pirs egona, rom igi marTlzomierad moqmedebda) da
iseve gadavalT gaufrTxileblobisaTvis sisxlis
samarTlis pasuxismgeblobaze, Tu Secdoma sapatio ar iyo.
problemis gadawyvetis orive variantSi sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvamde mivdivarT, radgan Tavisuflebis
aRkveTa, iZuleba da janrmTelobis msubuqi dazianeba
gaufrTxileblobiT araa dasjadi.
4 marTlzomieri riski
marTlzomieri riskis sqema (ssk 31-e muxli)
I. samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis miyenebuli ziani
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba - marTlzomieri riski
1. marTlzomieri riskis obieqturi mxare
(1) samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis arsebuli imwuTieri safrTxe
90
(2) riski - ukanaskneli saSualeba
(3) samarTlebrivi sikeTis dazianebis garduvalobis ararseboba
2. marTlzomieri riskis subieqturi mxare – samarTlebrivi
sikeTis gadarCenis mizani
Tu riskis gamwevma icis, rom sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo
miznis misaRwevad samarTlebrivi sikeTe uciloblad daiRupeba,
igi pasuxs ganzraxi danaSaulisaTvis agebs. adamianis sicocxle
absoluturi sikeTea da Tu igi raime sxva samarTlebrivi
sikeTis dasacavad xelyves, qmedeba marTlzomieri riskiT ar
iqneba gamarTlebuli.
marTlzomieri riskis magaliTia mocemuli l. tolstios patara moTxroba
„zvigenSi.“ mezRvaurma mamam dainaxa, rom zRvaSi mocurave mis Svils zvigeni
uaxlovdeboda. man zvigens tyviamfrqvevidan esrola da mokla. arsebobda
albaToba imisa, rom igi zvigens ki ara, bavSvs moklavda. am srolis Sedegad
bavSvi rom daRupuliyo, mama Tanamedrove sisxlissamarTlebrivi gagebiT,
marTlzomieri riskiT gamarTldeboda, radgan bavSvis sicocxle imwuTier
safrTxeSi iyo, misi gadarCenis sxva raime saSualeba ar arsebobda (riski,
rogorc ukanaskneli saSualeba, ultima ratio), mamis qmedebas garduvalad
bavSvis sikvdili ar mohyveboda da mama bavSvis sicocxlis gadarCenis
mizniT moqmedebda.
sisxlis samarTalSi araa erTgvarovani mosazreba marTlzomier
riskis sisxlissamarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. erTi
mosazrebis mixedviT, risks samarTlebrivi sikeTis dazianebis
gareSec eniWeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi mniSvneloba.51 meore
51 gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi
2008, gv. 236.
91
mosazreba ki riskis sisxlissamarTlebriv mniSvnelobas
gamoricxavs maSin, Tu am risks samarTlebrivi sikeTis dazianeba
ar mohyolia.52 mxardaWeras misaxurebs meore mosazreba, radgan
marTlwinaaRmdegobaze saubari qmedebis Semadgenlobis gareSe
yovelive azrs moklebulia da amitomac marTlzomieri riskis,
rogorc marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebis
„asamoqmedeblad“ swored samarTlebrivi sikeTis dazianeba,
romelime qmedebis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebaa saWiro.
5 movaleobaTa kolizia
movaleobaTa koliziis sqema
I. qmedebis Semadgenloba
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba – movaleobaTa kolizia
1. movaleobaTa koliziis obieqturi mxare - ori (ramdenime)
samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis arsebuli imwuTieri
safrTxe
2. movaleobaTa koliziis subieqturi mxare – erTi
samarTlebrivi sikeTis gadarCenis survili
ssk VIII Tavi marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel garemoebebs
amomwuravad ar gansazRvravs. ssk 32-e muxli iTvaliswinebs
sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebas sxva
52 fanjikiZe, citirebulia Semdegi wignis mixedviT: gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi 2008, gv. 237.
92
marTlzomieri qmedebis dros, anu marTlwinaaRmdegobis
gamomricxvel zekanonur garemoebebs.
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel zekanonur garemoebebs 32-e
muxlze dayrdnobiT samosamarTlo samarTali da sisxlis
samarTlis dogmatika gansazRvravs.
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli zekanonuri garemoebebia
movaleobaTa kolizia, dazaralebulis Tanxmoba, dazaralebulis
savaraudo Tanxmoba, dazaralebulis hipoTeturi Tanxmoba
(Tanamedrove medicinis sisxlis samarTlis axali, jerjerobiT
ganviTarebis etapze myofi samarTlebrivi instituti).
movaleobaTa kolizia gamamarTlebeli garemoebaa umoqmedobisas,
rodesac pirs (garants) TanabarmniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi
sikeTeebis mimarT moqmedebis samarTlebrivi movaleoba
erTdroulad warmoeSoba, mas mxolod erTi movaleobis
Sesruleba SeuZlia, igi erT samarTlebriv sikeTes gadaarCens da
meore ki daiRupeba.
movaleobaTa kolizia marTlwinaaRmdegobas gamoricxavs maSin,
Tu safrTxeSi myofi samarTlebrivi sikeTeebi Tanabari
samarTlebrivi Rirebulebisaa da safrTxis xarisxi Tanabaria.
movaleobaTa kolizia gamoiricxeba, Tu garanti naklebi
samarTlebrivi Rirebulebis mqone sikeTes gadaarCens da maRali
Rirebulebis samarTlebrivi sikeTe daiRupeba, anda maSin,
rodesac gadarCenil samarTlebriv sikeTes ufro naklebi
safrTxe emuqreboda, vidre daRupuls.
93
movaleobaTa koliziis klasikuri magaliTi: saswrafo operacias ori
adamiani saWiroebs. radgan qirurgs erTdroulad mxolod erTi operaciis
gakeTeba SeuZlia, misi sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba gamoiricxeba,
Tu igi erT pcients operacias gaukeTebs, gadaarCens da meore am dros
daiRupeba.
rodesac ori movaleoba – garantis movaleoba da solidaruli
movaleoba erTdroulad warmoiSoba, movaleobaTa kolizia ar
gveqneba, radgan garantis movaleoba ierarqiulad ufro maRal
sfexurze dgas, vidre solidaruli. Tu pirs erTdroulad orive
movaleoba warmoeSva, rogorc garantisa, aseve solidaruli da
man solidaruli movaleoba ganaxorciela, igi Tavisi dacvis
qveS myofi piris mimarT umarTlobas sCadis, e.i. mis mier
ganxorcielebuli umoqmedobis marTlwinaaRmdegoba ar
gamoiricxeba. am dros piri mainc ar daisjeba gasakicxaobis, anu
bralis ararsebobis gamo, radgan gasakicxi araa is, rom pirma
(sxva) adamiani gadaarCina.
magaliTi: pirma cecxlwakidebuli saxlidan sakuTari mZime avadmyofi deda
ki ara, dedisave TxovniT, mezoblis Cvili bavSvi gamoiyvana da sikvdils
gadaarCina. deda cecxlSi daiwva. piris qmedeba araa gamarTlebuli
movaleobaTa koliziiT, radgan mas martodent erTi piris, dedis mimarT
ekisreboda garantis movaleoba. igi dedis mimarT umoqmedobiT mkvlelobis
umarTlobas axorcielebs, radgan saxezea rogorc umoqmedobis mkvlelobis
qmedebis Semadgenloba, aseve marTlwinaaRmdegobac. bavSvis gadarCenis da
amgvarad, solidaruli movaleobis ganxorcielebis gamo gamoiricxeba
zogadad brali, rogorc gasakicxaoba, radgan araa gasakicxi is, rom pirma
adamiani gadaarCina.
dazaralebulis Tanxmoba marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli
zekanonuri garemoebaa. igi eyrdnoba uZveles samarTlebriv
94
princips „volenti non fit iniuria“ (ulpiane) da avtonomiis principze
dafuZnebul pirovnebis TviTgansazRvris (TviTgamorkvevis)
uflebas.
umciresobis mier sisxlis samarTlis TeoriaSi gamoTqmuli
mosazrebiT, dazaralebulis Tanxmobisas gamoiricxeba ara
marTlwinaaRmdegoba, aramed qmedebis Semadgenloba.53 es
mosazreba SeiZleba davasabuToT im argumentiT, rom
sisxlissamarTlebrivi normis dispozicia piris nebis
sawinaaRmdego moqmedebas gulisxmobs da Tu qmedeba piris nebas
Seesabameba, qmedebis Semadgenloba ar iqneba ganxorcielebuli.
7. dazaralebulis Tanxmoba
dazaralebulis Tanxmobis sqema
I. qmedebis Semadgenloba
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba – dazaralebulis Tanxmoba
1. gamarTlebis obieqturi elementi
1. daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTis gankargvadoba
2. damTanxmeblis gankargvis ufleba
3. Tanxmobaunarianoba
4. nebis mniSvnelovani xarvezis ararseboba
53 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 86.
95
5. nebis gamomJRavneba qmedebamde54
2. gamarTlebis subieqturi elementi – Tanxmobis codna.
dazaralebulis Tanxmoba, rogorc gamamarTlebeli garemoeba
zemoTCamoTvlil obieqtur da subieqtur winapirobebs unda
akmayofilebdes. adamianis sicocxle gankargvadi samarTlebrivi
sikeTe araa, amitomac msxverplis TxovniT mkvlelobisas
marTlwinaaRmdegoba ar gamoiricxeba, magram pirs, romelmac
momakvdavi gausaZlisi tanjvisagan ixsna, samarTali naklebad
kicxavs da mas msubuq sasjels ukavSirebs. msxverplis TxovniT
mkvlelobas (ssk 110-e muxli) qarTul sisxlis samarTlis
dogmatikaSi evTanaziasac uwodeben.
Tuki piri msxvepls misi Txovnis safuZvelze moklavs, igi ssk
110-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul privilegiur mkvlelobas –
msxverplis TxovniT mkvlelobas mxolod maSin axorcielebs,
rodesac es qmedeba
1. msxverplis daJinebuli TxovniT
2. misi namdvili nebis Sesabamisad
3. momakvdavis fizikuri tkivilisagan gaTavisuflebis mizniT
moxda.
54 Ggermanul sisxlis samarTalSi gamarTlebis obieqtur elementebs amateben qmedebis
uzneobis gamoricxvasac.
96
Tu es yvela piroba araa saxeze, msxverplis daJinebuli Txovna
mxolod sasjelis daniSvnisas iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli, rogorc
bralis da sasjelis Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba.
magaliTi: petres manqanis marTvisas wamierad CaeZina, avtomanqana Semxvedr
manqanas daejaxa da petres col-Svili daiRupa. am avariis Semdeg depesiaSi
Cavardnili petre misi daJinebuli da seriozuli TxovniT misma megobarma
pavlem mokla. pavles ssk 110-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli privilegiuri
mkvleloba, msxverplis TxovniT mkvleloba, ar ganuxorcielebia, radgan mis
motivs, megobris autaneli sulieri tanjvisagan gaTavlisuflebas ssk 110-e
muxlis ar iTvaliswinebs.
dazaralebulis Tanxmobis problemis ganxilvisas
erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT aqtiuri, pasiuri da
arapirdairi evTanazia.
aqtiuri evTanazia (mkvleloba msxverplis TxovniT, ssk 110-e
muxli) danaSaulis privilegiuri Semadgenlobaa bralis
simciris gamo.
pasiuri evTanazia samedicino personalis mier mkurnalobis
Sewyvetaa, ris Sedegadac pacienti, romelsac gadawyvetilebis
miReba Tavad aRar SeuZlia, kvdeba. pasiuri evTanazia eTikuri
mosazrebebiT gamarTlebulia, radgan pacientis tanjviT
sikvdilis procesi ar gaxangrZlivdeba.
arapirdapiri evTanaziis dros avadmyofs tkivilgamayuCebel
wamals ukeTeben, romelsac sicocxlis xangrZliobis Semokleba
SeuZlia. saavadmyofoebSi, rogorc wesi, tkivils morfiT ayuCeben,
rac sicocxles amoklebs.
97
pasiuri da arapirdapiri evTanazia saqarTveloSi araa dasjadi
qmedeba.
piri, romelic samarTlebrivi sikeTeze zemoqmedebas Tanxmdeba,
Tavad unda iyos am samarTlebrivi sikeTis mflobeli da mas
mocemuli samarTlebrivi sikeTis gankargvis ufleba unda
hqondes. Sesabamisad, dazaralebulma Tanxmoba SeiZleba mxolod
individualuri samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofaze ganacxados.
sajaro interesis xelyofa araa dazaralebulis TanxmobiT
gamarTlebuli. ssk 370-e muxli (cru Cvenebis da a.S. micema)
icavs rogorc sajaro (marTlmsajulebis interesi), aseve kerZo
(adamianis Tavisufleba, Rirseba, pativi) interesebs.
dazaralebulis Tanxmoba mis sawinaaRmdegod cru Cvenebis
micemaze qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobas ar gamoricxavs, radgan
kerZo pirs ara aqvs ufleba, gankargos sajaro interesi
(marTlmsajulebis interesi).
magaliTi: rodesac mama Svilis mier Cadenil mkvlelobas ibralebs da
mezobeli amas daadasturebs mamis daJinebuli Txovnis gamo, mezobeli
daisjeba cru Cvenebis micemisaTvis (ssk 370-e muxli), mama ki, radgan man
mezobeli cru Cvenebis misacemad daiyolia, cru Cvenebis micemis
waqezebisaTvis (ssk 24-e muxlis me-2 nawili da 370-e muxlebi). orive piri
xelyofs sajaro interess – marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis interess.
dazaralebuli, romelic Tanxmobas acxadebs samarTlebrivi
sikeTis dazianebaze, Tanxmobaunariani unda iyos.
Tanxmobaunarianoba gansxvavdeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi
Seracxvaunarianobisa da samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
qmedunarianobisagan.
98
Tanxmobaunarianobis winapirobaa aRqmaunarianoba da
gansjaunarianoba. damTanxmebels unda SeeZlos aRqma imisa, ra
samarTlebriv sikeTes gankargavs igi da Secnobili hqondes
damdgari Sedegis moculoba. TanxmobaunarianobisaTvis
aucilebeli araa sruwlovanobis miRweva (18 weli). bavSvis (18
wels miuRwevlis) Tanxmobaunarianobis dasadgenad
ganmsazRvrelia erTi mxriv, misi socialuri simwifis xarisxi da
meore mxriv, ganxorcielebuli Carevis saxe. namdvili Tanxmoba
kbilis amoRebaze SeiZleba ganacxados 18 wels miuRwevelmac,
magram saSiSi operaciis Catarebaze Tanxmobas bavSvi ver
gascems.55 Tanxmobaunarianobas gamoricxavs ssk 34-e muxliT
gaTvaliswinebuli Seuracxaoba fsiqikuri daavadebis gamo,
radgan am dros piri araa aRqmaunarianida gansjaunariani.
dazaralebulis Tanxmoba saxezea mxolod maSin, rodesac
Tanxmoba dafuZnebulia Tavad dazaralebulis Tavisufal nebaze.
Tu dazaralebulis Tanxoba ZaladobiTaa mopovebuli, anu
dazaralebulis neba xarveziania, dazaralebulis Tanxmoba
marTlwinaaaRmdegobas ver gamoricxavs.
Tanxmobis gamcemis neba xarveziania aseve maSin, rodesac igi mis
mimarT gansaxorcielebeli qmedebasTan dakavSirebiT srul
informacias ar flobs. dazaralebulis Tavisufal nebas
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba medicinis sferoSi. pacientis
TviTgansazRvrisaTvis (TviTgamorkvevisaTvis) aucilebelia misi
55 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 87.
99
informirebuloba samedicino proceduris ganxorcielebamde da
misgan uxarvezo informirebuli Tanxmobis miReba.
Tanxmoba gacemuli unda iyos samarTlebrivi sikeTis
dazianebamde, werilobiT, sityvierad an konkludenturad da igi
samarTlebrivi sikeTis damzianeblis mier aRqmuli unda iyos.
sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi specialistebis didi nawili
dazaralebulis (pacientis) Tanxmobis safuZvelze
marTlwinaaRmdegobas qirurgiuli operaciis drosac
gamoricxavs.
magaliTi: qirurgi fexis mokveTiT (mag., gangrenis dros) janmrTelobis
ganzrax mZime dazianebis (ssk 117-e muxli) qmedebis Semadgenlobas
axorcielebs, magram misi qmedeba araa marTlsawinaaRmdego
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli zekanonuri garemoebis gamo ssk 32-e
muxlis Tanaxmad.
dazaralebulis Tanxmoba marTlwinaaRmdegobas ar gamoricxavs
maSin, rodesac qmedeba uzneoa, miuxedavad dazaralebulis
Tanxmobis yvela sxva niSnis arsebobisa.56
magaliTi 1: eqimi sazRauris sanacvlod materialurad gaWirvebul adamians
misi TanxmobiT romelime organos amoaclis am organos komerciuli
mizniT transplantaciisaTvis. miuxedavad dazaralebulis Tanxmobisa,
qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba ssk 32-e muxlis mixedviT ar gamoiricxeba.
56 germanuli ssk § 228 (Tanxmoba) iTvaliswinebs sxeulis dazianebisas qmedebis
marTlwinaaRmdegobas Tanxmobis miuxedavad, rodesac ganxorcielebuli qmedeba uzneoa.
aRniSnuli norma exeba mxolod Tanxmobis gamorcxvas sxeulis dazianebasTan
mimarTebaSi da analogiurad ar avrceleben mas Tavisuflebis, Rirsebisa da qonebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTul qmedebebze. ix. Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, Heidelberg 3. Aufl., 2001, S. 87.
100
magaliTi 2: xuliganTa bandebi wesebis gareSe Cxubze SeTanxmdnen. bandis
wevrebma erTmaneTi mZimed daazianes da maT xangrZlivi stacionaruli
mkurnaloba dasWirdaT. damzianeblebi dazaralebulis TanxmobiT ver
gamarTldebian da pasuxs janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianebisaTvis
ageben (ssk 117-e muxlis 1-li nawili).
dazaralebulis Tanxmoba marTlwinaaRmdegobas gamoricxavs
sportuli RonisZiebebisas, rodesac sportsmeni (mokrive)
Tanxmobas acxadebs sxeulis dazianebaze.
magaliTi: krivis dros petrem mowinaaRmdeges magrad scema. petre am dros
ssk 125-e muxlis 1-li nawilis (cema) Semadgenlobas asrulebda, magram misi
qmedeba, ssk 32-e muxlis Tanaxmad, metoqis, dazaralebulis Tanxmobis gamo
marTlsawinaaRmdego ar iyo.
rodesac dazaralebuli, romelic Tanxmobas acxadebs misi
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dazianebaze, Tanxmobauunaroa,
samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelmyofi pasuxs agebs ganzraxi
danaSaulisaTvis, Tu man icis dazaralebulis
Tanxmobauunarobis Sesaxeb. rodesac dazaralebuli
Tanxmobauunaroa da pirma amis Sesaxeb ar icis, adgili aqvs
Secdomas marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel garemoebaSi, rac
ganzraxi qmedebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobas gamoricxavs (ix.
bralis gamomricxveli garemoebebi).
germanul sisxlis samarTalSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben
qmedebis Semadgenlobis gamomricxvel (Einverständnis) da
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel (Einwilligung) Tanxmobas.
qmedebis Semadgenlobis gamomricxveli Tanxmoba (Einverständnis)
101
maSinaa saxeze, rodesac qmedebis SemadgenlobaSi dazaralebulis
nebis sawinaaRmdego qmedebaze pirdapiraa miTiTebuli.
magaliTi: gogonam petre saxlSi dapatiJa. Tu petre gogonasTan stumrad
marTlac miva, ar iqneboda swori imis mtkiceba, rom petre ssk 160-e muxlis
Semadgenlobas axorcielebs (binis an sxva mflobelobis xelSeuxeblobis
darRveva) da igi sisxlissamarTlebrivad pasuxs ar agebs qmedebis
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamoricxvis gamo. binis an sxva mflobelobis
xelSeuxeblobis darRvevis dispozicia binaSi misi mflobelis nebis
sawinaaRmdego Sesvlas iTvaliswinebs da Tu binis mflobelma vinme Tavad
miipatiJa, saxezea qmedebis Semadgenlobis gamomricxveli Tanxmoba.
dazaralebulis savaraudo Tanxmobisas qmedeba gamarTlebulia
(araa marTlsawinaaRmdego), Tu dazaralebuli piri, am qmedebis
ganxorcielebas namdvilad daeTanxmeboda, SesaZlebloba rom
hqonoda.
8. dazaralebulis savaraudo Tanxmoba
dazaralebulis savaraudo Tanxmobis sqema
qmedebis Semadgenlobis ganxilvis Semdeg – marTlwinaaRmdegoba
Semdegi niSnebiT:
1. gamarTlebis obieqturi elementi
(1) dazaralebulis an misi axloblisagan Tanxmobis miRebis
SeuZlebloba
(2) daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTis gankargvadoba
(3) Sesabamisoba savaraudo nebasTan
102
(4) samarTlebrivi sikeTis matareblis sawinaaRmdego nebis
Secnobadoba
(5) ganxorcielebuli qmedebis tipuroba
2. gamarTlebis subieqturi elementi – samarTlebrivi sikeTis
gadarCenis survili.
dazaralebulis savaraudo Tanxmoba or sxvadasxva jgufs
aerTianebs:
1. dazaralebulis savaraudo Tanxmobis tipuri magaliTia
dazaralebulis interesSi Semavali qmedebebi, umeteswilad
medicinis sferodan, mag., operaciis Catareba gondakarguli
pacientis Tanxmobis gareSe. SeZlebisdagvarad upirvelesad
pacientis namdvili neba unda dadgindes.
Tu pacientis nebis dadgena SeuZlebelia, pacientis ugono
mdgomareobaSi yofnisas qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobas
gamoricxavs aseve ssk 109-e muxlis SeniSvnaSi CamoTvlil axlo
naTesavTa Tanxmoba. mxolod maSin, rodesac pacientis an misi
axloblis namdvili nebis dadgena SeuZlebelia,
gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes ex ante „gonieri adamianis“, saSualo
statistikuri adamianis savaraudo neba da dasabuTebuli
varaudi imisa, rom Tavad pacienti gonze rom yofiliyo, amgvar
informirebul Tanxmobas gascemda.
Tu eqimi miiCnevs, rom axlo naTesavebi operaciuli Carevis
winaaRmdeg aragonivrul gadawyvetilebas iReben (anu iseT
103
gadawyvetilebas, romelsac saSualo statistikuri pacienti an
misi axlobeli ar miiRebda) da pacientis sicocxle safrTxeSia,
man upiratesoba pacientis (saSualo statistikuri gonieri
adamianis) savaraudo nebas unda mianiWos da am nebis Sesabamisad
imoqmedos.
magaliTi: petre avariaSi mohyva da mZimed daSavda. igi saavadmyofoSi
ugono mdgomareobaSi miiyvanes. misi sicocxlis gadasarCenad aucilebeli
gaxda saswrafo operacia da dazianebuli fexis mokveTa. petres ugono
mdgomareobaSi yofnis gamo misgan informirebuli Tanxmobis miReba anda
misi namdvili nebis dadgena SeuZlebeli iyo. misi ojaxis informireba da
maTgan Tanxmobis miReba obieqturi mizezebis gamo ver moxerxda. qirurgma
mas erTi fexi mohkveTa da amgvarad petres sicocxle gadaarCina. sisxlis
samarTalSi gabatonebuli mosazrebiT, eqimis qmedeba, fexis moWra
janmrTelobis dazianebis qmedebis Semadgenlobas asrulebs (ssk 117-e
muxlis 1-li nawili), magram qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba gamoricxulia
pacientis savaraudo Tanxmobis gamo.
gadamwyveti dazaralebulis savaraudi Tanxmobis dros
ganxorcielebuli qmedebis tipurobaa. sasamarTlo qirurgis
qmedebas, romelmac dazaralebulis savaraudo Tanxmobis
gaTvaliswinebiT operacia gaakeTa da gondakargul pacients
sicocxlis gadasarCenad fexi mohkveTa, danaSaulad ar CaTvlis
marTlwinaaRmdegobis ararsebobis gamo, radgan am pacientis
adgilze saSualo statistikuri adamiani sikvdils ki ara,
operaciis gakeTebas da fexis moWras arCevda. eqimi maSinac ar
agebs pasuxs, rodesac dadasturdeba, rom petre msoflioSi
cnobili mocekvavea da fexis mokveTa misi namdvil nebas ar
Seesabameboda.
104
2. dazaralebulis savaraudo Tanxmobis meore jgufs miekuTvneba
SemTxvevebi, rodesac dazaralebuls mocemul konkretul
SemTxvevaSi samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis interesi ar gaaCnia.
am qmedebis ganxorcielebis interesi aqvs ara Tavad
samarTlebrivi sikeTis mflobels, aramed qmedebis aqtiors.
qmedebis aqtiorma unda icodes, rom samarTlebrivi sikeTis
mflobels am samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis interesi ar gaaCnia.
magaliTi: petrem megobris ezoSi Zirnayari xili akrifa da daCira. petrem
amgvarad qurdobis (ssk 177-e muxlis 1-li nawili) Semadgenloba
ganaxorciela, magram radgan megobari petres mier xilis akrefis da petres
mier misi gamoyenebis winaaRmdegi arasodes yofila, petres qmedeba
dazaralebulis savaraudo TanxmobiT gamarTldeba.
am bolo dros samedicino sferoSi eqimis dasjadobis Tavidan
asacileblad sisxlis samarTlis dogmatikas Semoaqvs
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli axali sadavo zekanonuri
garemoeba – pacientis hipoTeturi Tanxmoba. hipoTeturma
Tanxmobam unda gamoricxos medikosis qmedebis
marTlwinaaRmdegoba rogorc wesi, operatiuli Carevisas,
rodesac pacients am samedicino CarevasTan dakavSirebiT sruli
informacia ar miuRia, Sesabamisad, rogorc informirebuli, aseve
savaraudo Tanxmoba (misi damatebiTi, subsidiaruli xasiaTis
gamo) gamoricxulia, magram pacients informacia rom mieRo, igi
am samedicino Carevas daTanxmdeboda.57
57 Hilgendorf/Valerius, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, München 2013, S. 83, Rn. 138.
105
dazaralebulis hipoTeturi Tanxmobis sqema
1. gamarTlebis obieqturi elementi
(1) dazaralebulis an misi axloblisagan Tanxmobis miRebis
SeuZlebloba
(2) daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTis gankargvadoba
(3) informirebulobis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisoba savaraudo
nebasTan
(4) samarTlebrivi sikeTis matareblis sawinaaRmdego nebis
Secnobadoba
(5) ganxorcielebuli qmedebis tipuroba
2. gamarTlebis subieqturi elementi – samarTlebrivi sikeTis
gadarCenis survili.
9. „damnaSavis“ ganiaraReba
ssk 32-e muxlis (sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebelobisagan
gaTavisufleba sxva marTlzomieri qmedebis dros) ganmartebisas
gamyreliZes Semoaqvs sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis
(marTlwinaaRmdegobis) gamomricxveli axali garemoeba –
damnaSavis ganiaraReba.
sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi samarTlianad miuTiTeben, rom
nivTis iZulebiT CamorTmevisas (mTvrali mZRolisaTvis
avtomanqanis, umisamarTod msroleli pirisaTvis iaraRis
106
CamorTmeva) ukve qmedebis Semadgenloba gamoiricxeba. sxvisi
moZravi nivTis aSkara daufleba martoden maSin qmnis Zarcvis
(ssk 178-e muxli) Semadgenlobas, rodesac pirs miTvisebis mizani
amoZravebs. radgan am dasaxelebul magaliTiSi miTvisebis mizani
araa saxeze, arc Zarcvis Semadgenloba gveqneba da sisxlis
samarTlis pasuxismgebloba ukve danaSaulis agebulebis pirvel
safexurze, qmedebis Semadgenlobis safexurze, gamoiricxeba.
amitomac aq sruliad zedmetia saubari marTlwinaaRmdegobaze.
ase, rom, damnaSavis ganiaraReba Tu zogadad, nivTis CamorTmeva
swori mosazrebis Tanaxmad, marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli
zekanonuri (ssk 32-e muxli) garemoeba ki ara, aramed qmedebis
Semadgenlobis gamomricxveli garemoebaa.58
IV brali
1 bralis cneba da adgili danaSaulis sistemaSi
brali sasjelis winapirobaa. bralis principi (nullum crimen sine
culpa) kanonierebis principTan erTad (nullum crimen sine lege, nulla
poena sine lege), sisxlis samarTlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi principia.
brali qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi ganimarteba rogorc piris
upasuxismgebloba normatiulad dadgenili valdebulebebisadmi
(naWyebia) anda rogorc piris gakicxva Cadenili umarTlobis
gamo (turava). qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi bralis gareSe
58 dvaliZe, wignSi: dvaliZe/naWyebia (red.) sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, 2007, gv. 289.
107
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ar arsebobs. brals
ekisreba ara mxolod sasjelis damafuZnebeli, aramed agreTve
misi SemzRudavi funqciac. bralis principi piris mier
marTlwesrigis darRvevis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis
Tavisuflebas gulisxmobs. Aam Tavisuflebis ararseboba bralis
ararsebobaze migvaniSnebs. samarTlianoba da adamianis Rirseba
personaluri bralis gareSe sisxlissamarTlebriv
pasuxismgeblobas uaryofs.59
qmedebis Semadgenlobisa (danaSaulis pirveli safexuri) da
marTlwinaaRmdegobis (danaSaulis meore safexuri) Semdeg
brali danaSaulis mesame safexuria. sisxlissamarTlebrivi
brali marTlwesrigis mier social-eTikuri RirebulebiTi
Sefasebaa, igi samarTlebrivia da ara moraluri anda eTikuri.60
braleulad moqmedebs mxolod is piri, romelsac qmedebis Cadena
piradad SeiZleba vusayveduroT. Tu pirs qmedeba da Sedegi
individualurad ar Seeracxeba, gamoiricxeba misi bralic (ssk
33-e, 34-e, 36-e 37-e da 38-e muxlebi) da igi ar SeiZleba daisajos.
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis winapirobaa qmedebis da
Sedegis obieqturi, subieqturi da individualuri Seracxva.
obieqturi Seracxvisas, rasac qmedebis Semadgenlobis obietur
mxareSi mizezobriobis Semdeg ganvixilavT, unda gadawydes
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara qmedebis Semadgenloba
59 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 92.
60 Hilgendorf/Valerius, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, München 2013, S. 85, Rn.3.
108
(damdgari Sedegi) Tavad am piris qmnileba. subieqturi
SeracxvisaTvis qmedebis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebis codna
da survili (ganzraxva) gaanalizdeba, rac Seexeba individualur
Seracxvas, aq wydeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenadaa
pasuxismgebeli piri individualurad am konkretuli qmedebis
CadenisaTvis.61
qmedebis finalur moZRvrebaze dafuZnebuli danaSaulis
agebuleba obieqtur da subieqtur Seracxvas (ganzraxva) qmedebis
SemadgenlobaSi moaqcevs, individualur Seracxvas ki – bralSi.
qmedebis kauzalur moZRvrebaze dafuZnebuli neoklasikuri
moZRvreba ki obieqtur Seracxvas (misi subieqturi xasiaTis
gamo) ar aRiarebs da rogorc subieqtur, aseve individualur
Seracxvas bralSi moiazrebs.
angarebis motivi mkvlelobisas umarTlobis damfuZnebeli niSani
araa, amitomac igi amsruleblidan Tanamonawileze ver gadava, anu
Tanamonawiles ver Seeracxeba. angareba Seeracxeba mxolod mas
da mxolod im piris bralis xarisxze imoqmedebs (daamZimebs
brals), visac es niSani axasiaTebs.
61 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, Heidelberg, 3. Aufl., 2001, S. 92.
109
bralis komponentebi ganzraxi danaSaulisas neoklasikuri
moZRvrebis mixedviT
1. bralunarianoba (Seracxadoba) (33-e da 34-e muxlebi)
2. ganzraxi brali ssk me-9 muxlis mixedviT Tavisi samive
niSniT:
(1) qmedebis da Sedegis ganxorcielebis codna
(2) qmedebis da Sedegis ganxorcielebis codna
(3) Sedegis dadgomis survili/Segnebulad daSveba/gulgrili
damokidebuleba
(4) qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba
3. motivi (mag. angarebis motivi mkvlelobis dros, romelic
amZimebs brals) bralis damaxasiaTebeli personaluri
niSani
4. bralis gamomricxveli garemoebebis ararseboba.
bralis komponentebs qarTuli sisxlis samarTali sxvadasxva
muxlebSi iTvaliswinebs.
1. ganzraxva Tavisi sami niSniT ssk me-9 muxlSia
gaTvaliswinebuli, gaufrTxilebloba ki - ssk me-10 muxlSi.
2. bralis damaxasiaTebeli personaluri niSani - motivi (mag.,
angarebis motivi mkvlelobis dros) kerZo nawilis
110
calkeul muxlebSia mocemuli, rogorc makvalificirebeli
garemoeba da SemTxvevis analizisas bralSi unda iqnas
ganxiluli da ara qmedebis subieqtur mxareSi.
umarTlobis xarisxi, rogorc wesi, bralis xarisxs gansazRvravs.
bralis gamomricxveli garemoebebi am wesidan gamonakliss
warmoadgenen. umarTloba SeiZleba arsebobdes bralis gareSe.
maSin, rodesac ssk IX TavSi gaTvaliswinebuli bralis
gamomricxveli garemoebebi arsebobs, gvaqvs umarTloba, magram
ara gvaqvs brali. brali ki umarTlobis gareSe ar arsebobs.
ssk IX TavSi bralis gamomricxveli Semdegi garemoebebia
gaTvaliswinebuli:
1. Seuracxaoba asakis gamo
2. Seuracxaoba fsiqikuri daavadebis gamo
3. Secdoma (akrZalvaSi)
4. brZanebis an gankargulebis Sesruleba (sadavoa, aris Tu ara
bralis gamomricxveli damoukidebeli garemoeba. ix.
qvemoT).
5. sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufleba
sxva arabraleuli qmedebis dros.
bralis gamomricxveli garemoebebi ssk IX TavSi amomwuravad
araa gaTvaliswinebuli, radgan ssk 38-e muxli bralis
gamomricxvel zekanonur garemoebas moicavs.
111
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs ara mxolod bralis
gamomricxvel, aramed agreTve bralis Semamsubuqebel
garemoebasac. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis zogad nawilSi
mocemulia aseve bralis Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba -
SezRuduli Seracxadoba.
2 Seuracxaoba
ssk 33-e muxliT (Seuracxaoba asakis gamo), braluunaroa bavSvi
ToTxmeti wlis asakamde da ssk 34-e muxliT (Seuracxaoba
fsiqikuri daavadebis gamo), fsiqikurad daavadebuli, anu maT,
kanonis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, qmedeba bralad ar Seeracxeba. rac
Seexeba SezRudul Seracxadobas (ssk 35-e muxli), romlis
drosac pirs fsiqikuri daavadebis gamo Tavisi qmedebis
faqtobrivi xasiaTis an marTlwinaaRmdegobis sruli
gacnobierebis anda misi xelmZRvanelobis unari ar aqvs, igi
brals (samarTlebriv sayvedurs) mxolod amsubuqebs da
sasjelis daniSvnis dros (ssk 34-e muxlis me-2 nawili)
gaiTvaliswineba. SemTxvevis analizisas SezRudul Seracxadobas
araviTari mniSvneloba ar eniWeba, radgan brali, anu danaSaulis
mesame safexuri mainc saxezea.62
62 germanul sisxlis samarTalSi simTvrale bralunarianobis gamomricxveli an
SemzRudveli garemoebaa. SezRuduli Seracxadoba saxezea maSin, rodesac sisxlSi
alkoholis koncentracia 2, 0 ‰ , 3, 0 ‰ ki bralunarianobas gamoricxavs. moqmedebiT
Cadenili ganzraxi mkvlelobisas postulirebuli fsiqologiuri barieris Teoriis
mixedviT, SezRuduli Seracxadoba aRiarebulia 2, 2 ‰ -dan, braluunaroba ki – 3,3 ‰ -dan.
es monacemebi bralunarianobis an SezRuduli bralunarianobis dasasabuTeblad
sasamarTlos mier xistad ar gamoiyeneba da saboloo sityvas eqsperti ambobs
konkretuli garemoebebis da qmedebis aqtioris SesaZleblobaTa gaTvaliswinebiT
112
Toduas mixedviT Seracxadoba piris unaria, gaacnobieros Tavisi
saqcielis socialur-samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba da marTos igi.
esaa mdgomareoba (asaki, inteleqti, neba), rodesac piris mier
Cadnili qmedebis bralad Seracxva SeiZleba.63 Seuracxaoba piris
iseTi mdgomareobaa, rodesac mas asakis an sulieri avadmyofobis
gamo ar SeuZlia Seicnos Tavisi saqcielis socialur-
samarTlebrivi mniSvenloba da marTos igi. Seuracxads mis mier
Cadenili marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba (da ara danaSauli), anu
umarTloba 33-e (Seuracxaoba asakis gamo) da 34-e (Seuracxaoba
fsiqikuri daavadebis gamo) muxlebis Tanaxmad, bralad ar
Seeracxeba. Seuracxaobis zemoTmoyvanili ganmarteba swored
Seuracxaobis Toduaseuli viwro ganmartebaa. Aam Sexedulebas
eTanxmeba turavac.64
gamyreliZis mixedviT Seuracxadia yvela is, visac ama Tu im
garemoebs gamo mis mier Cadenili umarTloba bralad ar
Seeracxeba. e.i. Seuracxadia is, visac ar Sesrulebia 14 weli,
Seuracxadia suliT avadmyofi, brZanebis Semsrulebeli da
misatevebeli Secdomis Camdeni. Todua Seuracxaobis amgvar
(piris agebuleba, alkoholis mimarT mgrZnobeloba da a.S.). ix. Hilgendorf/Valerius, Strafrecht
Allgemeiner Teil, München 2013, S. 86, Rn. 10. marTalia, germanul sisxlis samarTalSi brali
simTvralisas gamoiricxeba, magram piri mainc daisjeba specialuri normiT, romelic
simTvralis dros Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis erT muxls iTvaliswinebs, gssk §323a
(sruli simTvrale, an alkoholuri intoqsikacia), anda sisxlissamarTlebrivi
konstruqciis, actio libera in causa - ze dayrdnobiT.
63 Todua, wignSi: naWyebia/Todua (red.), sisxlis samarTali (saxelmZRvanelo), zogadi
nawili, Tbilisi 2016 weli, gv. 298.
64 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 420.
113
farTo gagebas Semdegi argumentiT akritikebs: kanonmdebeli
Seuracxaobaze mxolod asakTan da fsiqikur avadmyofobasTan
mimarTebaSi (33-e da 34-e muxlebSi) saubrobs. rac Seexeba
Secdomas (36-e muxli) da brZanebis Sesrulebas (37-e muxli),
kanonmdebeli aq mxolod dausjelobaze da sisxlis samarTlis
pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da ara
Seracxaobaze. Todua bralis gamomricxvel garemoebebs or
jgufad yofs.65 esenia:
1. Seuracxaoba (asakis da fsiqikuri avadmyofobis gamo)
2. bralis gamomricxveli sxva garemoebebi: 36-e (Secdoma), 37-e
(brZanebis Sesruleba) da 38-e muxlebi (bralis
gamomricxveli zekanonuri garemoebebi).66
Seuracxaoba asakis gamo gaTvaliswinebulia ssk 33-e muxlSi. 14
wlamde bavSvs mcirewlovans uwodeben da mas mis mier Cadenili
umarTloba personalurad (bralad) ar Seeracxeba. ssk 33-e
muxlis mixedviT, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis
dasadgomad minimaluri asaki 14 welia. e.i. saqarTveloSi 14
65 Todua, wignSi: naWyebia/Todua (red.), sisxlis samarTali (saxelmZRvanelo), zogadi
nawili, Tbilisi 2016 weli, gv. 294.
66 germanul sisxlis samarTlis dogmatikaSi erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaveben bralis
gamomricxvel (Seuracxaoba, anu braluunaroba da Tavidan aucilebadi Secdoma) da
sapatiebel garemoebebs. Seuracxaobisas da Tavidan aucilebadi Secdomisas brali
saerTod ar warmoiSoba. sapatiebeli garemoebebi ki (bralis gamomricxveli anu
sapatiebeli ukiduresi aucilebloba) bralis moculobas imdenad amcireben, rom
qmedeba sasjelis Rirsi aRaraa. Hilgendorf/Valerius, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, München 2013, S. 92,
Rn. 33.
114
wlamde piri Seuracxadia asakis gamo da mas mis mier Cadenili
marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba (umarTloba) bralad mxolod 14
wlis Sesrulebis Semdeg Seeracxeba. 14-dan 18 wlamde piri ki
arasrulwlovania da zogierTi danaSaulisaTvis man SesaZloa
pasuxi agos.
1960 wlis qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi sisxlis
samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis minimalur asakad gamonaklisis
saxiT 14 wels aRiarebda, danaSaulTa umravlesobisaTvis
sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba ki 16 wlidan dgeboda.
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos 1999 wlis sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsmac sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis minimalur
asakad 14 weli miiCnia. 2008 wlis 23 maisidan 2010 wlis 23
Tebervlamde sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis asaki
zogierTi danaSaulisaTvis 12 welze iyo dayvanili, ramac
qarTveli swavluli iuristebis da saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis mwvave kritika gamoiwvia. piris
sisxlissamarTlebrvi pasuxismgebloba 14 wlidan imitom iwyeba,
rom am dros igi gonebrivad da socialurad ukve sakmarisadaa
momwifebuli da mas nebelobiTi qcevis, sakuTari qmedebis
marTvis unari gaaCnia.
sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis minimaluri asakis dawevas
12 wlamde Semdegi nakli hqonda:
1. 12 wlamde mozardis inteleqtuluri da nebelobiTi
SesaZleblobebi jer araa imdenad ganviTarebuli, rom man
115
sakuTari saqcielis faqtobrivi da iuridiuli Sinaarsis
gageba da misi marTva SeZlos.
2. amasTan, saqarTveloSi ar iyo saTanadod ganviTarebuli
arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis (iuvenaluri
iusticiis) sistema.
amitom qarTvelma kanonmdebelma sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis asaki isev 14 wlamde gazarda.
Tu piris dabadebasTan dakavSirebiT saTanado dokumentebi
(dabadebis mowmoba, saxelmwifo organoebSi specialuri Canaweri)
ar arsebobs, an am dokumentebs gayalbebis niSnebi emCneva, piris
asakis dasadgenad eqspertiza iniSneba. eqspertizas mxolod
piris savaraudo asaks adgens. zusti dabadebis dRis dadgena
amgvari wesiT SeuZlebelia.
dabadebis dRed iTvleba eqspertis mier dadgenli dabadebis
wlis bolo dRe, anu 31 dekemberi. rodesac eqsperti mozardis
dabadebis savaraudo da ara dabadebis zust wels adgens,
sasamarTlom saqmis gadawyvetisas mozardis savaraudo asakis
minimumi unda miiRos mxedvelobaSi. e.i., Tu eqspertis daskvnis
mixedviT, mozardi 13-15 wlis SeiZleba iyos, mosamarTlem yvela
eWvi mis sasargeblod unda gadawyvitos da igi 13 wlisad
CaTvalos. mozardis asakis dasadgenad piris mier micemuli
Cvenebas mtkicebulebis Zala ara aqvs. piri Seracxadad
CaiTvleba ara Tavis dabadebis dReze, aramed meore dRes, radgan
116
ssk 33-e muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom pirs 14 weli danaSaulis
„Cadenamde“ unda Seusruldes da ara danaSaulis „Cadenisas“.67
fsiqikuri daavadebis gamo Seuracxaobas (ix. 34-e muxli) ori
kriteriumi aqvs:
1. samedicino-biologiuri da
2. iuridiul-fsiqologiuri.
34-e muxlis mixedviT samedicino-biologiuri kriteriumi Semdeg
saxeebs moicavs:
1. qronikuli sulieri daavadeba
2. fsiqikis droebiTi aSliloba
3. Wkuasustoba
4. sxva fsiqikuri daavadeba.
piris fsiqikuri daavadebis (anu Seuracxaobis samedicino-
biologiuri kriteriumis) dasadgenad aucilebelia eqspertizis
daniSvna.
Seuracxaobis samedicino-biologiur kriteriumTan erTad
eqspertma unda daadginos iuridiul-fsiqologiur kriteriumic
anu is, pirs fsiqikis moSlis gamo warTmeuli hqonda Tu ara
67GgamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema,
Tbilisi 2008, gv. 244.
117
cnobiereba (inteleqtualuri sfero), anda sxvagvarad qcevis
unari (nebeloba).
fsiqikis sfero Tavis mxriv or nawils moicavs:
1. cnobierebas (inteleqtualuri sfero) da
2. nebelobas (sxvagvarad qcevis SesaZleblobis unari).
piri Seuracxadad iqneba cnobili, Tu mas 34-e muxlSi mocemuli
fsiqikuri kriteriumis gamo darRveuli aqvs an cnobiereba, anda
nebeloba.
piris inteleqtualuri sferos moSla 34-e muxlis mixedviT
gamoixateba imaSi, rom mas ar SeuZlia gaacnobieros „Tavisi
qmedebis faqtobrivi xasiaTi an marTlwinaaRmdegoba“. pirs
sulieri avadmyofobis gamo inteleqtualuri sfero moSlili
aqvs maSin, rodesac igi Tavisi qmedebis faqtobriv xasiaTs ver
Seicnobs.
magaliTi: piri Tavisi qmedebis faqtobriv xasiaTs ver Seicnobs, Tu igi
sacxovrebel saxls cecxls waukidebs da hgonia, rom amiTi saxlSi myofebi
gaTbebian.
sulieri avadmyofobis gamo piri SeiZleba Secdes ara mxolod
Tavisi qmedebis faqtobriv xasiaTSi, aramed agreTve qmedebis
samarTlebriv SefasebaSic.
magaliTi: pirs xmebi Caagoneben, rom samyaros gadasarCenad konkretuli
piris msxverplad Sewirvaa saWiro da igi am „davalebas pirnaTlad“
asrulebs. mas hgonia, rom man am mkvlelobiT marTlwesrigi ki ar xelyo,
118
aramed kaciobrioba daRupvas gadaarCina. pirs qmedebis inteleqtualuri
Sefasebis unari ar aqvs. igi Seuracxadia ssk 34-e muxliT.
rodesac dadgindeba, rom sulieri avadmyofobis gamo piris
inteleqtualuri sfero moSlilia, misi nebelobis gadamowmeba
aRaraa saWiro. zogjer sulieri avadmyofoba gamoixateba ara
piris inteleqtualuri sferos (qmedebis faqtobrivi xasiaTis da
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Secnobis unari) moSlaSi, aramed mxolod
nebelobiTi qcevis SeuZleblobaSi. amgvar avadmyofur gadaxrebs
miekuTvneba piromania da kleptomania. piromania avadmyofur
midrekilebaa cexlis wakidebisaken,Kkleptomania ki –
qurdobisaken. amgvarad daavadebul pirs sxvagvarad qcevis unari,
Tavisi qmedebis marTvis SesaZlebloba ara aqvs. miuxedavad imisa,
rom kleptomani nebis Tavisuflebas moklebulia da amitomac
kleptomania daavadebadaa aRiarebuli, sisxlis samarTlis
praqtika kleptomanis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxisgebisagan
gaTavisuflebas bralis ararsebobis gamo ar eTanxmeba. aseve
isjeba piromanic.
umarTlobis Camdeni Seuracxadad cnobili piris mimarT
dainiSneba ara sasjeli, aramed samedicino xasiaTis iZulebiTi
RonisZiebebi. qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi 2007 wlis 3
ivlisis kanonis miRebamde sanqciaTa orkvalian sistemas
iTvaliswinebda. umarTlobis Camdeni fsiqikurad daavadebuli
Seuracxadis mimarT iniSneboda samedicino xasiaTis iZulebiTi
RonisZieba, danaSaulis Camdeni Seracxadi piris mimarT ki –
sasjeli. 2007 wlis 3 ivlisis kanonis miRebis Semdeg sanqciis
orkvaliani sistema gauqmda. umarTlobis Camdeni fsiqikurad
119
daavadebuli Seuracxadis mimarT iseve iniSneba samedicino
xasiaTis iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi. (sssk 191-e muxli,
sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis Sewyveta saqmis arsebiTi
ganxilvis dros. Seuracxaobis sakiTxis ganxilva).
SezRuduli Seracxadoba 35-e muxlis mixedviT iseT
mdgomareobas niSnavs, rodesac pirs danaSaulis Cadenisas
fsiqikuri daavadebis gamo Tavisi qmedebis faqtobrivi xasiaTis
an marTlwinaaRmdegobis gacnobiereba da misi marTva mxolod
nawilobriv SeuZlia.
1. srulad gaacnobieros Tavisi qmedebis faqtobrivi xasiaTi
an marTlwinaaRmdegoba da
2. uxelmZRvanelos mas.
SezRuduli Seracxadobis winapirobebi ssk 35-e muxlis 1-li
nawilis mixedviT Semdegia:
1. fsiqikuri daavadeba
2. fsiqikuri daavadebis gamo qmedebis faqtobrivi xasiaTis an
marTlwinaaRmdegobis sruli Secnobis SeuZlebloba
3. qmedebis marTvis unaris Sesusteba.
35-e muxli SezRuduli Seracxadobis erT-erTi winapirobis –
fsiqikuri daavadebis saxeebs ar CamoTvlis. igulisxmeba, rom
fsiqikuri daavadebis Sinaarsi 35-e muxlSi igivea, rac 34-e
120
muxlSi, anu: qronikuli fsiqikuri avadmyofoba, fsiqikis
droebiTi aSliloba, Wkuasustoba dasxva fsiqikuri daavadeba.
sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, imyofeboda Tu ara piri qmedebis Cadenisas
SezRuduli Seracxadobis mdgomareobaSi, wyvets sasamarTlo
eqspertizis daskvnis safuZvelze. srulwlovanis SezRuduli
Seracxadoba sasjelis daniSvnas ar gamoricxavs, magram igi
sasjelis daniSvnis dros gaiTvaliswineba, rogorc bralis da
Sesabamisad, sasjelis Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba.
SezRuduli Seracxadoba ara mxolod 35-e muxlSia mocemuli,
aramed agreTve sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo nawilis
konkretul muxlebSic. mag., 111-e muxli (ganzraxi mkvleloba
uecari sulieri aRelvebis mdgomareobaSi), 112-e muxli (dedis
mier axalSobilis ganzrax mkvleloba mSobiarobisas an umalve
mSobiarobis Semdeg) da sxv.
SezRuduli Seracxadobisas pirs sasamarTlo umarTlobas
bralad SezRudulad Seracxavs, e.i. mas naklebad kicxavs. sruli
Seracxvisas ki piri srulad gaikicxeba. Tu SezRuduli
Seracxadoba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo nawilis
dispoziciaSia gaTvaliswinebuli, (mag. 112-e muxli, dedis mier
axalSobilis ganzrax mkvleloba mSobiarobisas an umalve
mSobiarobis Semdeg) da mas Sesabamisad kanonmdebeli mcire
sasjels ukavSirebs, 35-e muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli SezRuduli
Seracxadoba (qalis mdgomareoba mSobiarobisas) xelmeored
121
aRar iqneba miRebuli mxedvelobaSi, rogorc sasjelis
Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba.68
SeiZleba arasrulwlovani 35-e muxlis 1-l nawilSi
gaTvaliswinebuli SezRuduli Seracxadobisas danaSaulis
CadenisaTvis 35-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad,
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan saerTod
gaTavisufldes.GgamyreliZe kanonmdeblis am gadawyvetilebas
Semdegnairad xsnis: Tavad arasrulwlovneba, yovelgvari
fsiqikuri gadaxris gareSe, SezRuduli Seracxadobis sferoa.
roca SezRuduli Seracxadobis ori sfero – arasrulwlovneba
da 35-e muxlis 1-l nawilSi gaTvaliswinebuli fsiqikuri
daavadeba erTmaneTs emTxveva, pasuxismgeblobis SesaZlo (da ara
savaldebulo) gamomricxvel garemoebas viRebT.69
68 imisaTvis, rom qali mSobiarobisas an umalve mSobiarobis Semdeg axalSobilis
mkvlelobisaTvis msubuqad daisajos, igi mSobiarobiT ganpirobebuli SezRuduli
Seracxadobisas unda moqmedebdes. Tu qalma axalSobili winaswar dagegmili scenariT
mokla, SesaZlebelia misi qmedeba damamZimebel garemoebaSi Cadenil mkvlelobadac (ssk
109-e muxlis Sesabamisi nawiliT) ki dakvalificirdes. am mosazrebas aviTarebs
Tanamedrove germanuli sisxlis samarTlis praqtika. germaniis ssk 1998 wlis Semdeg
dedis mier axalSobilis mkvlelobas, rogorc privilegiur Semadgenlobas aRar
iTvaliswinebs. saqmis garemoebebidan gamomdinare, germaniaSi Teoriulad SesaZlebelia
mSobiarobisas an umalve mSobiarobis Semdeg bavSvis mkvlelobisaTvis mSobiares uvado
patimrobac ki miesajos. 2014 wels qalis mimarT, romelsac rva axalSobilis
mkvleloba edeboda bralad, prokurori uvado patimrobas iTxovda. sasamarTlom
mxolod oTxi axalSobilis mkvleloba CaTvala dadasturebulad, radgan danarCeni
oTxi axalSobilis sicocxlisunarianoba ver dadasturda da qali 14 wliT
Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT dasaja. https://www.focus.de/panorama/welt/urteil-14-jahre-haft-fuer-mutter-
toter-babys-aus-wallenfels_id_5746033.html
69 gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi
2008, gv. 253.
122
Seuracxaobis da SezRuduli Seracxadobis problemis
ganxilvisas yuradReba unda mieqces agreTve fiziologiur da
paTologiur afeqts. fiziologiuri afeqti uecrad
warmoSobili da swrafwarmavali Zlieri sulieri aRelvebaa,
romelic Tavis tvinis makontrolirebeli funqciis Sesustebas
iwvevs. paTologiuri afeqti ki amgvar kontrols saerTod
gamoricxavs. fiziologiuri afeqti SezRuduli Seracxadobis
sferos miekuTvneba, anu pirs sasamarTlo umarTlobas bralad
SezRudulad Seracxavs, e.i. mas naklebad kicxavs. paTologiuri
ki brals saerTod gamoricxavs da piri Cadenili
umarTlobisaTvis ar daisjeba.
3 brZanebis an gankargulebis Sesruleba
brZanebis an gankargulebis Sesrulebis sqema (ssk 37-e muxli)
I. qmedebis Semadgenloba
II. marTlwinaaaRmdegoba
III. bralis gamoricxva ssk 37-e muxliT
1. brZaneba an gankarguleba gacemulia ufrosis mier
2. brZaneba an gankarguleba gacemulia saTanado formis
dacviT
3. brZaneba an gankarguleba savaldebuloa
4. brZaneba an gankarguleba araa aSkara danaSaulebrivi
123
5. pirma ar icis mocemuli qmedebis danaSaulebriobis
Sesaxeb
ssk 37-e muxlis es muxliM“moraluri brZanebas“ da kriminaluri
avtoritetis mier gacemul brZanebas ar iTvaliswinebs70 ssk 37-e
muxlis 1- li nawilis Tanaxmad, rodesac brZanebis amsruleblis
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba gamoiricxeba,
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dazianebisaTvis pasuxs brZanebis gamcemi
agebs.
brZanebis gamcemi ssk 37-e muxlSi SeiZleba moqmedebdes rogorc
ganzax, aseve gaufrTxileblad.
ssk 37-e muxlis 1-li nawili ufrosis ganzrax moqmedebisas
SualobiTi amsruleblobis dogmatikuri konstruqciaa. brZanebis
gamcemi am dros SualobiTi amsrulebelia, brZanebis
Semsrulebeli – «cocxali iaraRi». Tu SualobiTi
amsrulebloba dafuZnebulia ufrosis mier xelqveiTis ganzrax
SecdomaSi Seyvanaze, ufrosi am dros qmedebaze codnis
saSualebiT batonobs.
Tu ufrosi Tavad gaufrTxileblad iqceva, SualobiTi
amsrulebloba gamoricxulia, radgan gaufrTxilebeli
SualobiTi amsrulebloba ar arsebobs.
ssk 37-e muxlis me-2 nawili winaswari SecnobiT danaSaulebrivi
brZanebis an gankargulebis SesrulebisaTvis piris
70 ix. Todua, wignSi: naWyebia/Todua (red.), sisxlis samarTali (saxelmZRvanelo), zogadi
nawili, Tbilisi 2016 weli, gv. 312.
124
sisxlisamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas iTvaliswinebs. brZanebis
an gankarulebis Semsrulebeli ssk 37-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT
mxolod maSin SeiZleba gaTavisufldes sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobisagan, rodesac bralis gamomricxveli romelime
sxva garemoeba arsebobs. rogorc wesi, esaa bralis
gamomricxveli zekanonuri garemoebis, bralis gamomricxveli
ukiduresi aucileblobis (konkretulad ki - tragikuli
koliziis) SemTxvevebi.
4 ganzraxva
qmedebis ganzrax Cadenisas pirs ssk me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad,
qmedebis obieqturi mxaris yvela niSani unda hqondes Secnobili,
surdes an gulgrilad ekidebodes Sedegis dadgomas da aseve
gacnobierebuli unda hqondes Tavisi qmedebis
marTlwinaaRmdegoba. Sesabamisad, ganzraxva sam niSans moicavs:
qmedebis obieqturi mxaris codnas (ganzraxvis inteleqtualuri
elementi), Sedegis dadgomis survils an misdami gulgril
damokidebulebas (ganzraxvis nebelobis, anu voluntatiuri
elementi) da marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebas. gamomdinare iqidan,
rom ssk me-9 muxli marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebas ganzraxvis
mesame niSnad moazrebs, ganzraxva qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi
danaSaulis Cadenis, anu „boroti ganzraxvaa“, laTinurad - dolus
malus. Sesabamisad, Tu sisxlis samarTlis dogmatikis mkacr
logikac gaviTvaliswinebT, ganzraxva Tavisi samive niSniT erTad,
bralSi unda iqnas ganxiluli. ganzraxvis amgvari erTiani
gaazrebis gverdiT qarTul sisxlis samarTlis dogmatikaSi
125
arsebobs aseve ganzraxvis Sesaxeb meore Sexedulebac, romlis
mixedviTac ganzraxva, rogorc faqtobriv garemoebaTa aRqma da
(Sedegis dadgomis) nebeloba qmedebis subieqtur mxareSi
ganixileba, misi mesame nawili, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba
(borotia Tu keTili ganzraxva) ki – bralSi fasdeba.71
ganzraxvis gaazrebis meore SesaZleblobaa misi aRqma
faqtobrivi garemoebebis codnad da survilad, Cadenili qmedebis
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Secnobisagan damoukideblad.72 amgvari
ganzraxva araa „boroti ganzraxva“, anu dolus malus, Sesabamisad,
misi ganTavseba danaSaulis agebulebaSi dasaSvebia rogorc
qmedebis subieqturi Semadgenlobis, aseve bralis etapze.
ganzraxva amgvarad ganimarteba germanul sisxlis samarTalSi.
qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi ssk me-9 muxlis mixedviT
ganzraxvis sami saxe arsebobs:
1. pirveli xarisxis pirdapiri ganzraxva
2. meore xarisxis pirdapiri ganzraxva
3. eventualuri ganzraxva.
71 ganzraxvis or nawilad gayofa da misi analizi erTi mxriv, qmedebis subieqturi mxaris
(faqtobrivi ganzraxva) da meore mxriv, bralis etapze (marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba)
ix. gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema,
Tbilisi 2008, gv. 99; turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 266.
72Hilgendorf/Valerius, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, München 2013, S. 49, Rn. 67.
126
ssk me-9 muxlis me-2 nawilis pirveli alternativiT pirveli
xarisxis pirdapiri ganzraxva moicavs:
1. qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobisa da marTlsawinaaRmdego
Sedegis dadgomis SesaZleblobis codnas
2. marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis dadgomis survilsa da
3. marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebas.
pirveli xarisxis pirdapiri ganzraxvaSi qmedebis
ganxorcielebisas Sedegis dadgomis mizanmimarTuli survili
dominirebs, am Sedegis dadgomis kognitiuri elementi (codna) ki
metad sustia.
magaliTi: petrem mters mosaklavad uSedegod esrola. petre metad cudi
msroleli iyo da icoda, rom igi msxverpls savaraudod, ver moklavda.
petre mainc mkvlelobis mcdelobisaTvis unda daisajos, damoukideblad
imisa, rom man albaTobis maRali xarisxiT icoda Tavisi mcdelobis
uSedegobis Sesaxeb.
me-9 muxlis me-2 nawilis meore alternativiT, meore xarisxis
pirdapiri ganzraxvis dros pirs marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis
dadgomis mizanmimarTuli survili ar aqvs, magram man icis, rom
Sedegi garduvalad dadgeba.
magaliTi: petrem siderdis mosaklavad samgzavro TviTmfrinavSi bombi
daamontaJa. TviTmfrinavi afeTqda da yvela Sig mjdomi daiRupa. petre
amtkicebs, rom mas mxolod sidedris mokvla surda, amitomac ganzraxi
mkvleloba man mxolod sidedris mimarT ganaxorciela, rac araa swori.
petres sidedris mimarT pirveli xarisxis pirdapiri ganzraxva amoZravebda,
TviTmfrinavis danarCeni mgzavrebisa da ekipaJis mimarT ki - meore xarisxis
127
pirdapiri ganzraxva, radgan man kargad icoda, rom TviTmfrinavis
afeTqebisas yvela daiRupeboda. misi qmedeba damamZimebel garemoebaSi
Cadenil mkvlelobad uinda dakvalificirdes (ssk 109-e muxlis me-3 nawilis
a) da b) punqtebi).
eventualuri ganzraxvisas pirs Sedegis dadgoma
mizanmimarTulad ar surs, magram igi Sedegs an Segnebulad
uSvebs, an mis dadgomas gulgrilad ekideba.
klasikuri „moxetiale“ magaliTi: petrem sadazRvevo Tanxis miRebis mizniT
Tavis gaqiravebul saxls cecxli waukida. misTvis sul erTi iyo, mdgmurebi
saxlSi iqnebodnen da daiwvebodnen Tu uqmeebze qalaqidan iqnebodnen
gasuli. igi pirdapiri ganzraxviT moqmedebda saxlis dawvis mimarT da
eventualuri ganzraxviT – mdgmurebis sikvdilis mimarT.73
rogorc eventualuri ganzraxvis, aseve gaufrTxilebeli
TviTimedovnebisas pirs Sedegis dadgoma ar surs, magram
eventualuri ganzraxvisas pirisTvis sul erTia, Sedegi dadgeba
Tu ara. eventualuri ganzraxvis devizia: „me vimoqmedeb da
moxdes, rac mosaxdenia.“ TviTimedovnebisas ki piri usafuZvlod
fiqrobs, rom araferi moxdeba, marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegi ar
dadgeba. (dawvrilebiT ix. gaufrTxileblobaSi).
sisxlis samarTalSi aRiarebuli principis, simultanobis
principis Tanaxmad, ganzraxva Tavisi samive niSniT qmedebis
obieqturi mxaris ganxorcielebisas unda arsebobdes da ara
73 sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu risTvis daisjeba petre adamianis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
danaSaulis kuTxiT, ssk 127-e muxliT (sicocxlisaTvis saSiS mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba)
Tu eventualuri ganzraxviT mkvlelobis mcdelobisaTvis (me-19 muxlis 1-li nawili,
108- e muxli), ganxilul iqneba mcdelobis nawilSi, eventualuri ganzraxviT mcdelobis
SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb monakveTSi.
128
qmedebamde an qmedebis Semdeg. sisxlissamarTlebrivad araviTari
mniSvneloba ar aqvs gadafiqrebul (winmswreb) ganzraxvasa dolus
antecedens da gaufrTxileblad damdgari Sedegis mowonebas dolus
subsequens.
winmswrebi (gadafiqrebuli) ganzraxva qmedebis Cadenas uZRvis
win da qmedebis Cadenisas ukve gadafiqrebulia, aRaraa
aqtualuri.
magaliTi: petrem mezoblis mokvlis mizniT Tofis wmenda daiwyo. Tofis
wmendisas man mkvleloba gadaifiqra. wmendisas SemTxveviT Tofi gavarda da
swored is mezobeli mokla, romlis mokvla petres cota xnis ukan ki
undoda, magram ukve gadafiqrebuli hqonda. petres ganzraxva gadafiqrebuli,
gardasuli ganzraxva (dolus antecedens) iyo, romelic ganzraxi qmedebisaTvis
pasuxismgeblobas ar iwvevs. pirma amgvar SemTxvevaSi sicocxlis
gaufrTxilebeli mospobisaTvis (ssk 116-e muxli) unda agos pasuxi.
aseve sisxlissamarTlebriv mniSvnelobas moklebulia
gaufrTxileblad damdgari Sedegis mowoneba, romelsac
„Semdgomi ganzraxvas“ anu dolus subsequens uwodeben.
magaliTi: petres avaria mouvida da SemTxveviT adamiani mokla.
avtomanqanidan gadmosulma petrem gardacvlilSi Tavisi mteri seicno,
romlis mokvlis survili mas karga xania, hqonda da metad gaixara.
damdgari Sedegis mowoneba ganzraxi danaSaulisaTvis pasuxismgeblobas
ver daafuZnebs. sikvdiliT gamowveuli aRfrTovanebisagan damoukideblad,
petrem mxolod sicocxlis gaufrTxilebeli mospobisaTvis (ssk 276-e
muxlis me-5 nawili) unda agos pasuxi.
winmswrebi da Semdgomi ganzraxva, rogorc zemoT ukve iyo
naTqvami, sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas ver
daafuZneben.
129
ganzraxvis arsebobisaTvis qmedebis Semadgenlobis
ganxorcielebaSi sruli darwmuneba araa saWiro da sruliad
sakmarisia qmedebis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebis
SesaZleblobis Secnoba. roca kaci mavans mkvlelobis mizniT
Tofs esvris, mas surs am adamianis mokvla, icis, rom tyviiT
adamiani SeiZleba mokvdes da mas aqvs Tavisi qmedebis
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba. igi ganzrax moqmedebs, Tumca araa
absoluturad darwmunebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis
dadgomaSi.
Sedegis mimarT codnis intensivobis mixedviT ganzraxvis Semdeg
saxeebs vicnobT:
1. gansazRvruli ganzraxva da
2. ganusazRvreli ganzraxva
gansazRvruli ganzraxvis dros pirs Tavisi qmedebis Sedegi (mag.,
kacis mokvla) dakonkretebuli, dazustebuli aqvs. gansazRvruli
ganzraxva piris ganzraxvis Sinaarsis mixedviT kvalificirdeba.
ganusazRvreli ganzraxvis dros pirs Tavisi qmedebis Sedegi
dakonkretebuli ara aqvs. misTvis yvela Sedegia misaRebi (igi
scems kacs da misTvis misaRebia janmrTelobis dazianebis
nebismieri xarisxi). ganusazRvreli ganzraxva damdgari Sedegis
mixedviT kvalificirdeba.
alternatiuli ganzraxvisas pirs ramdenime SesaZlo Sedegi aqvs
dakonkretebuli. piris alternatiuli ganzraxva SesaZlebelia
130
mimarTuli iyos sxvadasxva samarTlebriv sikeTeTa erTi
matareblis winaaRmdeg, anda ori an meti erT ierarqiul
safexurze myofi samarTlebrivi sikeTis matareblis winaaRmdeg,
an ori an meti sxvadasxva ierarqiul safexurze myofi
samarTlebrivi sikeTis matareblis winaaRmdeg.
magaliTi 1: piri esvris mdevars mokvlis an misi janmrTelobis dazianebis
mizniT. misTvis sul erTia, es kaci mokvdeba, Tu mas mxolod janmrTeloba
dauziandeba. am magaliTiSi piris ganzraxva mimarTulia sxvadasxva
samaTlebriv sikeTeTa (sicocxle, janmrTeloba) erTi matareblis
winaaRmdeg. alternatiuli ganzraxvis es magaliTi damdgari Sedegis
mixedviT kvalificirdeba.
magaliTi 2: pirs, romelsac sami mdevari misdevs, erTi tyvia aqvs. igi
mdevrebis CamosaSoreblad maTi mimarTulebiT isvris. misTvis sul erTia,
romeli mdevari mokvdeba. piris ganzraxva am dros mimarTulia ori an meti
erT ierarqiul safexurze myofi samarTlebrivi sikeTis matareblis
winaaRmdeg. iseve, rogorc alternatiuli ganzraxvis zemoTmoyvanili
magaliTi, alternatiuli ganzraxvis es magaliTic damdgari Sedegis
mixedviT kvalificirdeba.
magaliTi 3: piri erTxel esvris cxenian kacs da icis, rom igi an kacs
moklavs, an cxens. pirs am magaliTiSi mxolod erTi samarTlebrivi sikeTis
xelyofa SeuZlia da misTvis sul erTia, Tu romel samarTlebriv sikeTes
xelyofs igi. misi ganzraxva mimarTulia ori an meti sxvadasxva ierarqiul
safexurze myofi samarTlebrivi sikeTis matareblis winaaRmdeg.
alternatiuli ganzraxvis pirveli da meore dasaxelebuli
magaliTi, rogorc ukve iTqva, damdgari Sedegis mixedviT
kvalificirdeba. problematuria mxolod im magaliTiTa
kvalifikacia, rodesac alternatiuli ganzraxva sxvadasxva
ierarqiul safexurze myof sikeTeTa winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli.
131
alternatiuli ganzraxvis amgvari SemTxvevis kvalifikaciis
ramdenime sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba arsebobs:
1. kvalifikacia saqmis garemoebaTa sruli gasigrZeganebiT. am
magaliTiSi kvalifikaciaSi aisaxeba ara mxolod maRal
ierarqiul safexurze myofi samarTlebrivi sikeTis
xelyofa, aramed agreTve safrTxis Seqmna dabal ierarqiul
safexurze myofi samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis da qmedebis
orive varianti danaSaulis erTobliobad Sefasdeba. anu, Tu
mokvda kaci da gadarCa cxeni, qmedeba mkvlelobad (ssk 108-e
muxli) da sxvisi nivTis dazianebis mcdelobad (ssk me-19
muxlis 1-li nawili da 187-e muxlis 1-li nawili)
dakvalificirdeba. qmedebis danaSaulis erTobliobad
Sefaseba saqmis garemoebaTa sruli gasigrZeganebiT da
dabal ierarqiul safexureze mdgomi samarTlebrivi
sikeTisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnis kvalifikaciaSi asaxva,
marTalia, qmedebis uRirsobas srulyofilad gviCvenebs,
magram am midgomiT alternatiuli ganzraxviT moqmedi
piris qmedeba iseve kvalificirdeba, rogorc im pirisa,
romelic orive samarTlebrivi sikeTis mospobis pirveli
xarisxis pirdapiri ganzraxviT moqmedebs, ori
samarTlebrivi sikeTidan erTis xelyofis alternatiuli
ganzraxva ki ufro naklebad gasakicxia, vidre orive
samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofisa.
2. kvalifikacia mxolod konkretulad damdgari Sedegis
mixedviT, alternatiuli ganzraxviT moculi uvneblad
132
darCenili samarTlebrivi sikeTis kvalifikaciaSi asaxvis
gareSe. Tu zemoTmoyvanil magaliTiSi mokvda mxedari,
qmedeba mkvlelobad dakvalificirdeba (ssk 108-e muxli) da
Tu mokvda cxeni, sxvisi nivTis dazianebad (187-e muxlis 1-
li nawili). amgvari kvalifikiaca araa mxardaWeris Rirsi,
radgan qmedebis kvalifikaciasa da Semdgom sanqciaze
zegavlenas SemTxveviToba axdens. Tu SemTxveviT cxeni
mokvda da kaci gadarCa, maRal ierarqiul safexurze mdgari
samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis Seqmnili safrTxe Seufasebeli
rCeba.
3. kvalifikacia samarTlebrivi sikeTis Rirebulebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. aRniSnuli kvalifikaciisas Sefasdeba
qmedeba, mimarTuli maRali samarTlebrivi sikeTis
winaaRmdeg, damoukideblad imisa, maRal ierarqiul
safexurze myofi samarTlebrivi sikeTe xelyofil iqna Tu
mas martoden safrTxe Seeqmna. dabal ierarqiul safexurze
myofi samarTlebrivi sikeTis winaaRmdeg momarTuli qmedeba
kvalifikaciaSi mxolod xelyofis magaliTiSi aisaxeba.
zemoTmoyvanili mesame SemTxvevisas Tu kaci mokvda, qmedeba
mxolod mkvlelobad (ssk 108-e muxli) dakvalificirdeba da
sxvisi nivTis dazianebis mcdeloba (ssk me-19 muxlis 1-li
nawili da 187-e muxlis 1-li nawili) kvalifikaciaSi asaxvas
ar hpovebs. da piriqiT, Tu mokvda cxeni da gadarCa kaci,
qmedeba danaSaulis erTobliobad Sefasdeba, rogorc
mkvlelobis mcdeloba (ssk ssk me-19 muxlis 1-li nawili da
108-e muxli) da sxvisi nivTis dazianeba (ssk 187-e muxlis 1-
133
li nawili). amasTan, mkvlelobis mcdelobisaTvis (ufro
mkacri) sasjeli STanTqavs naklebad mkacr sasjels sxvisi
mivTis dazianebisaTvis. Tu orive gadarCa, radgan tyvia arc
cxens moxvda da arc kacs, qmedeba martoden mkvlelobis
mcdelobad unda dakvalificirdes (ssk ssk me-19 muxlis 1-
li nawili da 108-e muxli).
mxardaWeras imsaxurebs es ukanaskneli kvalifikacia
samarTlebrivi sikeTis Rirebulebis upiratesi dacvis principis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
kumulaciuri ganzraxvis dros piris (pirveli an meore xarisxis)
ganzraxva erTdroulad ori an meti samarTlebrivi sikeTis
xelyofisakenaa mimarTuli.
magaliTi: pirma avtomanqanaze avtomanqanis patronis asafeTqeblad bombi
daamontaJa. avtomanqanis patronis mimarT mas pirveli xarisxis pirdapiri
ganzraxva amoZravebs da manqanis mimarT ki meore xarisxis pirdapiri
ganzraxva, anu saxezea piris mier avtomanqanis mimarT Sedegis
garduvalobis gacnobiereba, radgan man icis, rom avtomanqana aucileblad
afeTqdeba.
kumulaciuri ganzraxvisas, Tu orive samarTlebrivi sikeTe iqna
xelyofili, rogorc ganzraxuli iyo, gaTvaliswinebul unda
iqnas saqmis sruli garemoeba da qmedeba damamZimebel
garemoebaSi Cadenil mkvlelobad (109-e muxlis 1-li nawilis g)
punqtiT) da avtomanqanis ganadgurebad (ssk 187-e muxli) unda
dakvalificirdes. Tu maRal ierarqiul safexurze myofi
samarTlebrivi sikeTe gadarCa, dabal ierarqiul safexurze
myofi ki ganadgurda, qmedeba maRal ierarqiul safexurze myofi
134
samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofis mcdelobad, anu mkvlelobis
mcdelobad (ssk me-19 da 109-e muxlis 1-li nawilis g) punqti) da
avtomanqanis ganadgurebad (ssk 187-e muxli) dakvalificirdeba.
5 faqtobrivi Secdoma
Secdoma piris araswori warmodgenaa qmedebis Semadgenlobis
faqtobriv an iuridiul niSnebze, anu sxvagvarad rom vqvaT, esaa
SemTxveva, rodesac piris codna realobas ar emTxveva. sisxlis
samarTalSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben faqtobriv da
iuridiuli Secdomas. iuridiul Secdomas sxvagvarad
akrZalvaSi Secdomasac (ssk 36-e muxli) uwodeben.
faqtobrivi Secdoma araswori warmodgenaa qmedebis faqtobrivi
garemoebebis arseboba-ararsebobis Sesaxeb. amsrulebelma ar
icis, ras akeTebs, anu gamorcxulia ganzraxvis erTi niSani –
codna. miuxedavad imisa, rom codna ganzraxvis erT-erTi niSania,
codnis ararseboba qmedebis ganzraxviT kvalifikacias
yovelTvis ar gamoricxavs (mag., ix,. qvemoT, faqtobrivi Secdoma
piris sazianod).
pirma Secdoma SeiZleba dauSvas danaSaulis agebulebis
nebismier safexurze, rogorc qmedebis Semadgenlobis faqtobriv
mxareze, aseve marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebebis
faqtobrivi winapirobebis arsebobasa (moCvenebiTi mogerieba) da
bralis gamomricxvel garemoebebTan (mag., brZanebis an
gankargulebis Sesruleba, ssk 37-e muxli) dakavSirebiT.74 aseve
74Hilgendorf/Valerius, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, München 2013, S. 98, Rn. 3.
135
mniSvnelovania dadgena imisa, Tu raSi uSvebs piri Secdomas,
qmedebis faqtobriv garemoebebSi (mag., Tavdasxmis realurobaSi)
Tu am faqtobriv garemoebaTa samarTlebriv SefasebaSi
(sakuTari xelmyofi qmedebis faqtobriv garemoebaTa sruli
aRqmiT am qmedebis marTlzomierad CaTvla marTlwinaaRmdegobis
gamomricxveli ararsebuli garemoebis safuZvelze). es
diferenciacia saWiroa Secdomis faqtobriv da iuridiul
Secdomad, aseve moCvenebiT mogeriebad da dasaSvebobaSi
Secdomad dasakvalificireblad.
faqtobrivi Secdoma ori saxisaa:
1. Secdoma piris sazianod
2. Secdoma piris sasargeblod.
piris sazianod faqtobrivi Secdomisas piri misTvis
araxelsayreli faqtobrivi pirobebis arsebobas warmoidgens, anu
mas hgonia, rom igi qmedebis Semadgenlobas axorcielebs,
sinamdvileSi ki es ase araa.
magaliTi: piri kacis mosaklavad msxverplis sawolisaken isvris.
sinamdvileSi igi azianebs qurqs, romelic potenciur msxverpls sawolze
miugdia da Tavad saxlidan gasula.
piris sazianod faqtobrivi Secdomis dros qmedeba relatiurad
uvargis dasjad mcdelobad kvalificirdeba (ssk me-19 muxlis 1-
li nawili da 108-e muxlebi).
136
piri Tavis sasargeblod faqtobriv Secdomas maSin uSvebs,
rodesac igi qmedebis ganxorcielebisas misTvis xelsayreli
faqtobrivi garemoebebis arsebobas warmoidgens.
magaliTi 1: monadire SuaRamisas buCqebidan xmaurs gaigebs, daTvi egoneba
da mis mosaklavad buCqebis mimarTulebiT isvris. sinamdvileSi igi daTvs
ki ar moklavs, aramed buCqebSi CaZinebul da mxvrinav sxva monadires.
magaliTi 2: piri restornis garderobSi paltos aiRebs da saxlSi wava. mas
hgonia, rom es palto misia, sinamdvileSi palto sxvas ekuTvnis.
piris sasargeblod faqtobrivi Secdomis dros qmedeba rogorc
wesi, gaufrTxileblobad kvalificirdeba, Tu dadasturdeba, rom
pirma windaxedulobis norma daarRvia. Tu pirs windaxedulobis
norma ar daurRvevia, misi es Secdoma sapatiebeli iqneba da
gaufrTxileblobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobac gamoiricxeba.
zemoTmoyvanil pirvel magaliTSi monadire daisjeba sicocxlis
gaufrTxilebeli mospobisaTvis, radgan man monadireTaTvis
arsebuli wesebi daarRvia – dauSvebelia buCqebSi xmauris
wyarosaTvis srola, xmauris wyaros vizualuri aRqmis gareSe.
zemoTmoyvanil meore magaliTSi ki pirs qudoba ar Caudenia,
radgan mas palto Tavisi egona, anu mas ar hqonda qurdobis
qmedebis obieqturi Semadgenlobis (sxvisi moZravi nivTis
faruli daufleba) ganxorcielebis codna da survili (da
Sesabamisad arc sxvisi moZravi nivTis marTlsawinaaRmdego
dauflebis mizani). Secdoma qmedebis obieqturi mxaris
normatiul niSanSi (sxvisi nivTi) gaufrTxileblobisaTvis
pasuxismgeblobasTan ar migviyvans, radgan gaufrTxilebeli
qurdoba dogmatikurad ar arsebobs.
137
6 faqtobrivi Secdomis specialuri SemTxvevebi
faqtobrivi Secdomis erT-erTi saxea error in persona vel objecto,
piris Secdoma pirovnebaSi, dazaralebulis identifikaciaSi. am
dros qmedebis aqtiors potenciuri msxverpli sxva adamianSi
eSleba, qmedebas am konkretuli piris winaaRmdeg mimarTavs da
klavs mas, magram ara im pirs, romlis mokvlac mas hqonda
gadawyvetili.
magaliTi: petres yofil sidedris petres mokvla surda. igi petres binaSi
Seipara da taxtze miwolil pirs, romelic mas petre hgonia, TavSi aguri
Caartya. amgvarad man petres Zma mokla, romelic petresTan iyo mosuli
stumrad.
sisxlis samarTalSi gabatonebuli TanabarRirebulebianobis
Teoriis mixedviT, error in persona vel objecto damTavrebul
mkvlelobad (ssk 108-e muxli) kvalificirdeba, radgan
xelyofili da gamiznuli obieqti Tanabari Rirebulebisaa
(adamianis sicocxle), radgan pirs adamianis mokvla undoda da
adamiani mokla kidec.
error in objecto Secdomaa qmedebis obieqtSi. error in objecto
kvalifikaciaze mxolod maSin axdens zegavlenas, rodesac
xelyofili da xelsayofad gamiznuli obieqti sxvadasxva
ierarqiul safexurze dgas, anu Tanabari Rirebulebis araa.
magaliTi: petre vitrinaSi mdgari manekenis dazianebis mizniT vitrinas qvas
esvris da hgonia, rom igi manekens azianebs. sinamdvileSi es manekeni ki ar
yofila, aramed maRaziis gamyidveli, romelic vitrinis dalagebas apirebda.
maRaziis gamyidvels janmrTeloba naklebad dauziandeba. petres Secdomas
uSvebda qmedebis obieqtSi, man ar icoda, rom igi qvas maRaziis gamyidvels
138
esroda da arc misi janmrTelobis dazianeba surda. vitrinaSi qvis
sroliT petre windaxedulobis normas arRvevs da misi qmedeba ssk 124-e
muxliT unda dakvalificirdes (janmrTelobis naklebad mZime dazianeba
gaufrTxileblobiT).
Secdomis gansakuTrebul magaliTis warmoadgens aseve aberratio
ictus, anu acdenili isari. aberratio ictus gauTvaliswinebeli
obieqtis xelyofaa personalurad identificirebuli pirisaTvis
miznis acdenis gamo. piri am dros mis winaSe myof adamianebSi
sworad Seicnobs msxverpls, magram mizans aacdens da xelyofs
sruliad sxva pirs, romlis mokvlis survili mas ar hqonda.
amgvar SemTxvevebSi TanabarRirebulebianobis Teoria ar
gamoiyeneba. aberratio ictus dakvalificirdeba rogorc im piris
mkvlelobis mcdeloba, romlis mokvlis survilic hqonda
msrolels (me-19, 108-e muxlebi) da im piris sicocxlis
gaufrTxilebeli mospoba, romelic sinamdvileSi mokvda (116-e
muxli).
aberratio ictus, anu «acdenili isari» izezobriobaSi Secdomad ar
iTvleba. am Secdomas Tu mizezobriobaSi Secdomad CavTvlidiT,
unda gvemsjela imaze, Tu ra saxis iyo es Secdoma –
mniSvnelovani Tu umniSvnelo. mizezobriobaSi Secdoma
mniSvnelovania maSin, rodesac cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan
gamomdinare, amgvari Sedegis dadgoma atipuria, anu rodesac
amgvar qmedebas amgari Sedegi ar mosdevs. mizezobriobaSi
Secdoma maSinaa umniSvnelo, rodesac amgvari Sedegis dadgoma
cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas ar scildeba. mizezobriobaSi
mniSvnelovan Secdomas mcdeloba-gaufrTxileblobis
139
kombinaciamde mivyavarT, mizezobriobaSi umniSvnelo Secdoma ki
kvalifikaciaze zegavlenas ar axdens.
„acdenili isari“ mizezobriobaSi Secdoma rom iyos, umniSvnelo
Secdoma iqneboda, radgan, cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan
gamomdinare, albaToba imisa, rom pirma damiznebul msxverpls
SeiZleba tyvia aacdinos, didia. Sesabamisad, „acdenili isari“
damTavrebul mkvlelobad dakvalificirdeboda da is obieqturi
safrTxe, romelic acdenil obieqts Seeqmna, kvalifikaciaSi ver
aisaxeboda. Sesabamisad, „acdenili isari“ mizezobriobaSi
Secdomad ar fasdeba da kvalifikaciaSi aisaxeba rogorc erTi
samarTlebrivi sikeTis matareblis xelyofa, aseve meore
samarTlebrivi sikeTis matareblis safrTxeSi Cayenebac.
rodesac error in persona da aberratio ictus erTmaneTs emTxveva da
amasTan piri moklavs swored mas, visi mokvlis survilic hqonda,
dogmatikaSi or sxvadasxva kvalifikacias gvTavazoben. erTi
SexedulebiT, qmedeba unda dakvalificirdes rogorc acdenili
isari (aberratio ictus) sicocxlis gaufrTxlebeli mospoba da
mkvlelobis mcdeloba, radgan pirma xelyo ara is visac
umiznebda, aramed sxva msxverpli.75
mxardaWeras imsaxurebs meore Sexeduleba, romelic qmedebas
akvalificirebs damTavrebul mkvlelobad, mxolod rogorc error
in persona, radgan pirs swored am konkretuli adamianis mokvla
surda da man es survili aisrula kidec.
75 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 522.
140
magaliTi: petres yofil sidedrs isev petres mokvla surda. man saRamos
bind-bundSi petres ezoSi mdgomi ramdenime adamianSi Tavis WkvaSi petre
Seicno da igi mizanSi amoiRo. sinamdvileSi es petre ki ara, petres
megobari iyo. tyvia damiznebuls ascda, SemTxveviT petres moxvda da mokla.
amgvarad petres yofilma sidedrma swored is kaci mokla, visi mokvlis
survilic mas hqonda.
problematuria kumulaciuri mizezobriobis SemTxveva, rodesac
gamiznuli msxverplis magier sxva gardaicvleba.
magaliTi: petres yofilma sidedrma da petres yofilma colma wveulebaze
erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad petres WiqaSi sawamlavi Cauyares. Rvino
petres Wiqidan petrem ki ara, misma axalma colma dalia da mokvda.76
amgvari SemTxveva SesaZlebelia ori sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT
davakvalificiroT. Tu qmedeba pirovnebaSi Secdomad error in
persona dakvalifcirdeba, maSin yuradReba unda gamaxvildes im
pirze, romelic sinamdvileSi mokvda. AamPpirTa qmedeba petres
colis mkvlelobis mcdelobad (ssk me-19 da 108-e muxlebi)
dakvalificirdeba da ara damTavrebul mkvlelobad, radgan
sawamlavis erTi doza Sedegis gamosawvevad sakmarisi ar iyo da
amitomac pirebs Sedegi obieqturad (anda Tu ar vaRiarebT
obieqturi Seracxvis instituts, maSin subieqturad) ar
Seeracxeba. isini mxolod mcdelobisaTvis ageben pasuxs.
Tu es qmedeba acdenil israd (aberratio ictus) dakvalificirdeba,
maSinac mxolod mcdeloba dagvrCeba (ssk me-19 da 108-e muxlebi
petres mkvlelobis mcdeloba). petres axali colis sicocxlis
gaufrTxilebeli mospoba kvalifikaciaSi ar aisaxeba, radgan
76 magaliTi turavas mixedviT, turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 523.
141
kumulaciuri mizezobrioba Sedegis (romelic orma pirma erTad
gamoiwvia) Seracxvas gamoricxavs. e.i., imis mixedviT, Tu romel
samarTlebriv figuras gamoviyenebT sabolood gvrCeba an
gamiznuli, an xelyofili msxverplis mkvlelobis mcdeloba.77
SesaZlebelia pirma Secdoma Tavisi qmedebiT dafuZnebuli
mizezobriobis ganviTarebaSi dauSvas. Secdoma mizezobriobaSi
SeiZleba iyos mniSvnelovani (arsebiTi) da umniSvnelo.
mizezobriobis ganviTarebaSi Secdoma mniSvnelovania, rodesac
mizezobrioba zogadi gamocdilebis farglebs scildeba, anu
atipuria.
magaliTi: mizezobriobaSi mniSvnelovani (arsebiTi) Secdomaa atipuri
mizezobroba rodesac piri msxverpls mokvlis mizniT msubuqad daWris.
saswrafo daxmarebis manqana, romelsac msxverpli saavadmyofoSi gadahyavs,
avariaSi mohyveba da msxverpli adgilzeve mokvdeba.
piris mier mizezobriobaSi daSvebuli mniSvnelovani Secdoma
damTavrebul danaSauls gamoricxavs da qmedeba mcdelobad
kvalificirdeba. qmedebis mcdelobad dakvalificirebis
argumentaciis ori sxvadasxva gza arsebobs:
1. Tu vaRiarebT obieqturi Seracxvis samarTlebriv
instituts, mizezobriobaSi arsebiTi Secdoma obieqtur
Seracxvasa da Sesabamisad qmedebis obieqtur mxares
gamoricxavs mizezobriobis atipurobis gamo. amgvarad
uarvyofT damTavrebul danaSauls da danaSaulis
mcdelobaze gadavdivarT.
77 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 523.
142
2. Tu dogmatikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare obieqturi
Seracxvis samarTlebriv instituts ar vaRiarebT, maSin
Secdoma mizezobriobaSi ganzraxvis problema iqneba.
daismeba kiTxva, hqonda Tu ara pirs ganzraxva am
konkretuli Sedegis (avariiT sikvdilis) mimarT.Aamgvarad
gamoiricxeba ganzraxva amgvarad damdgari Sedegis mimarT
da imave kvalifikaciamde mivdivarT, rogorc obieqturi
Seracxvis gamoricxvisas, anu mcdelobamde. arc erT da arc
meore magaliTiSi ar gveqneba damTavrebuli danaSauli da
piri mxolod mcdelobisaTvis agebs pasuxs.
Secdoma mizezobriobaSi maSinaa umniSvnelo, rodesac
mizezobriobs ganviTareba tipuria, anu zogadi cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebis farglebs ar scildeba.
magaliTi: pirma daxrCobis mizniT msxvepls wyalSi gadaagdo. msxverplma
wyalSi Cavardnisas Tavi kldes miartya da mokvda.78
mizezobriobaSi umniSvnelo Secdomisas qmedeba damTavrebuli
mkvlelobad kvalificirdeba (ssk 108-e muxli).
mizezobriobaSi Secdomis daxmarebiT kvalificirdeba germanul
sisxlis samarTalSi kargad cnobili «generaluri ganzraxvis»
SemTxvevebi. dReisaTvis «generaluri ganzraxva» ganzraxvis
specialuri SemTxveva aRaraa da mxolod specialur terminad
gamoiyeneba mizezobriobis ganviTarebaSi Secdomisas oraqtiani
danaSaulis dros. es is SemTxvevebia, rodesac piris mier
ganzraxuli Sedegi dgeba (kaci kvdeba) ara pirveli moqmedebiT,
78 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg, 2001, S. 150.
143
rogorc mas egona, aramed gonwasulis Tavidan moSorebisas,
romelsac igi micvalebulad Tvlis. e.i. «generaluri ganzraxva»
dReisaTvis mxolod da mxolod gvamad miCneuli gonwasulis
Tavidan moSorebisas ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis aRsaniSnavad
ixmareba.
magaliTi: yofilma sidedrma petre waaqcia, mokvlis mizniT mas yelSi xeli
wauWira da pirSi qviSa Caatena. petrem amis gamo goneba dakarga.
gondakarguli petre yofil sidedrs mkvdari egona da igi gvamis Tavidan
moSorebis da amgvarad danaSaulis kvalis dafarvis mizniT damarxav. petre
miwaSi moiguda.
«generaluri ganzraxvis» moZvelebuli argumentaciis mixedviT,
piri amgvar SemTxvevebSi ganzraxi danaSaulisaTvis isjeba misi
generaluri survilidan gamomdinare im dasabuTebiT, rom mas am
kacis mokvla surda da Tavisi qmedebiT igi mokla kidec.
dReisaTvis es Teoria moZvelebulia da mxolod zemoxsenebuli
SemTxvevebis aRsaweradaa gamoyenebuli rogorc termini da ara
rogorc sisxlissamarTlebrivi figura.
«generaluri ganzraxvis» Teorias Semdegi argumentebis
safuZvelze uaryofen: maSin, rodesac piri msxverplis
sikvdilisaken mimarTuli ganzraxviT moqmedebs, igi am mizans ver
aRwevs. rodesac igi im qmedebas axorcielebs, romelmac
sikvdili gamoiwvia, mas piris sikvdilisken mimarTuli ganzraxva
ki ara, mxolod da mxolod gvamis Tavidan mocilebis ganzraxva
amoZravebs. aqedan gamomdinare, mkvlelobis ganzraxva amgvar
SemTxvevebSi aris dolus antecedens anu winmswrebi (gadafiqrebuli)
ganzraxva da amgvari „ganzraxva“ pasuxismgeblobis
144
dasasabuTeblad ar gamodgeba, radgan ganzraxvis Sesaxeb
simultanobis principis Tanaxmad, ganzraxva da qmedeba
erTdroulad unda arsebobdes.
dResdReobiT «generaluri ganzraxvis» SemTxvevebis
kvalifikaciis ori sxvadasxva SesaZleblobaa cnobili:
erTi Sexedulebis mixedviT, «generaluri ganzraxvis» SemTxveva
mkvlelobis mcdelobad (ssk me-19, 108-e muxlebi) da sicocxlis
gaufrTxilebel mospobad (ssk 16-e muxli) dakvalificirdeba.
meore Sexeduleba sakiTxs diferencirebulad udgeba.
«generaluri ganzraxvis» SemTxvevisas qmedeba mizezobriobaSi
Secdomad Sefasdeba da kvalifikaciaze zegavlenas moaxdens
mizezobriobaSi Secdomis saxe, anu is, es Secdoma mniSvnelovani
iyo Tu umniSvnelo. mizezobriobaSi arsebiTi, anu mniSvnelovani
Secdomisas qmedeba mcdelobad kvalificirdeba (ssk me-19, 108-e
muxlebi), mizezobriobaSi umniSvnelo Secdoma ki kvalifkacias
ar cvlis da qmedeba damTavrebul mkvlelobad kvalificirdeba
(ssk 108-e muxli).
7 Secdoma akrZalvaSi
Tu piri Tavisi qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobas ver Seicnobs, igi
Secdomas uSvebs akrZalvaSi. ssk 36-e muxlis (Secdoma) mixedviT,
Secdoma akrZalvaSi SeiZleba iyos rogorc misatevebeli, aseve
miutevebeli.
145
sakanonmdeblo ganmartebis mixedviT, misatevebelia Secdoma,
rodesac pirma Seqmnil viTarebaSi ar icoda da arc SeiZleboda
scodnoda, rom sCadioda akrZalul qmedebas (ssk 36-e muxlis me-2
nawili). misatevebeli Secdomis dros piri ar daisjeba (ssk 36-e
muxlis 1-li nawili).
miutevebeli Secdomis ganmartebas kanoni ar iZleva, magram
misatevebeli Secdomis ganmartebidan gamomdinare, miutevebeli
Secdoma SeiZleba Semdegnairad ganimartos: miutevebelia
Secdoma, rodesac marTalia, pirma ar icoda, magram mas SeeZlo
scodnoda, rom sCadioda akrZalul qmedebas. miutevebeli
Secdomisas pirs SeiZleba daekisros pasuxismgebloba mxolod
gaufrTxileblobisaTvis, Tu am qmedebis gaufrTxileblobiT
Cadena sisxlissamarTlebrivad dasjadia (ssk 36-e muxlis me-3
nawili).
akrZalvaSi Secdoma SeiZleba daiyos:
1. pirdapir da
2. arapirdapir Secdomad
akrZalvaSi pirdapiri Secdomisas pirma ar icis, rom misi qcevis
amkrZalavi norma arsebobs. akrZalvaSi arapirdapiri Secdomaa
Secdoma nebarTvis arsebobaSi (mag., Secdoma
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebis arsebobasTan
dakavSirebiT).
146
klasikur deliqtebSi akrZalvaSi rogorc pirdapiri, aseve
arapirdapiri Secdomisas ar gamoiyeneba 36-e muxli (Secdoma) da
piri qmedebis dasjadobaze araswori warmodgenis miuxedavad
ganzraxi danaSaulisaTvis daisjeba.
akrZalvaSi Secdoma SeiZleba daiyos aseve:
1. Secdomad piris sasargeblod
2. Secdomad piris sazianod.
piris sasargeblod akrZalvaSi Secdomisas pirs arasworad
hgonia, rom mis mier Cadenili qmedeba marTlsawinaaRmdego araa.
magaliTi: piri raime qmedebis ganxorcielebis sanacvlod Zvirfas saCuqars
iRebs da hgonia, rom igi meqrTameobas (ssk 338-e muxli) ar sCadis.
Secdoma akrZalvaSi piris sasargeblod qmedebis kvalifikacis
ar cvlis. dasaxelebuli magaliTi meqrTameobad
dakvalificirdeba.
piris sazianod akrZalvaSi Secdomisas piri misTvis
araxelsayrel samarTlebriv mdgomareobas warmoidgens. e.i. mas
hgonia, rom mis mier Cadenili qmedeba dasjadia da es qmedeba
sinamdvileSi araa dasjadi.
piris sazianod akrZalvaSi Secdoma dausjeli putatiuri
danaSaulia. putatiuri danaSauli dausjelia, radgan qmedebas
dasjadad aqcevs am qmedebis kriminalizacia kanonmdeblis mier
da ara piris warmodgena qmedebis dasjadobis Sesaxeb.
147
magaliTi: piri qmrian qalTan misi TanxmobiT seqsualur kavSirs amyarebs
hgonia, rom igi gaupatiurebis (ssk 137-e muxli) Semadgenlobas axorcielebs.
piris Secdoma Tavis sazianod qmedebis samarTlebriv SefasebaSi
dausjeli putatiuri danaSaulia.
subsumciaSi Secdomis dros pirs qmedebis Semadgenlobis
obieqturi garemoebis yvela niSani aqvs Secnobili, igi mxolod
qmedebis samarTlebriv SefasebaSi cdeba. subsumciaSi Secdomas
qmedebis kvalifikaciisaTvis araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
magaliTi: pirma mokla mezoblis Zroxa, romelic mis bostanSi gadavida. igi
amtkicebs, rom nivTi mxolod usulo sagania, Zroxa nivTi araa da amitomac
mas sxvisi nivTi ar gaunadgurebia (ssk 187-e muxli). damoukideblad imisa,
Tu ras fiqrobs bostnis patroni, misi qmedeba ssk 187-e muxliT
dakvalificirdeba.
8 moCvenebiTi mogerieba
magaliTi: petres erT bnel saRamos Tavis sidedrs gulovnobis gamocdis
mizniT quCaSi miepara, orive xeli ukanidan mxrebze daartya da „an fuli, an
sulio“, dauyvira. petres sidedri elvis siswrafiT petresken Setrialda,
Tavisi mZime CanTiT petres magrad scema da mZimed daaziana. petres sidedrs
petre mTeli amxnis ganmavlobaSi yaCaRi egona.
moCvenebiTi (putatiuri) aucilebeli mogeriebis dros piri
cdeba:
1. Tavdasxmis realurobaSi, anu igi SecdomiT fiqrobs, rom mas
Tavs daesxnen. esaa Secdoma ucilebeli mogeriebis
faqtobriv winapirobaSi.
148
2. amasTanave piri cdeba sakuTari qmedebis samarTlebriv
SefasebaSi. igi fiqrobs, rom radgan igi Tavs
marTlsawinaaRmdego Tavdasxmisagan icavs, Tavad
marTlzomierad moqmedebs, anu mas marTlwinaaRmdegobis
Segneba ar aqvs.
Secdomas Tavdasxmis realurobaSi, anu moCvenebiTi mogeriebas
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi saxeldebiT ar iTvaliswinebs.
qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi Secdomis mxolod erTi saxe,
akrZalvaSi Secdomaa gaTvaliswinebuli (ssk 36-e muxli),
faqtobrivi Secdomis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad ki ganzraxvisa da
gaufrTxileblobis samarTlebrivi figurebi gamoiyeneba.
rogorc faqtobrivi Secdoma, aseve Secdoma akrZalvaSi
SesaZlebelia iyos misatevebeli da miutevebeli. misatevebelia
Secdoma, romlis Tavidan acileba aravis xelewifeba.
miutevebelia Secdoma, romlis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli iyo,
anu romelsac sxva, amsruleblis mdgomareobaSi myofi piri,
obieqturi damkvirvebeli, Tavidan aicilebda.
SedarebiTsamaTlebrivi masala: moCvenebiTi mogeriebis kvalifikacia
germanul sisxlis samarTalSi erT-erT urTules problemas warmoadgens.
ganzraxva germanul sisxlis samarTalSi orniSnaa da ganimarteba rogorc
qmedebis Semadgenlobis Cadenis codna da survili. germanul sisxlis
samarTalSi, qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT, ganzraxva Tavis TavSi ar moicavs
Cadenili qmedebis Sefasebas (marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebas) da finaluri
moZRvrebis mixedviT, qmedebis subieqturi mxaris niSania,
qmedebisMmarTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba ki bralis damoukidebeli elementia.
germanuli ssk iTvaliswinebs rogorc faqtobriv Secdomas (gssk § 16,
Secdoma qmedebis SemadgenlobaSi), aseve Secdomas akrZalvaSi (gssk § 17).
germanul sisxlis samarTalSi faqtobrivi Secdoma ganzraxvas gamoricxavs
149
da Tu piris faqtobrivi Secdoma gaufrTxilebas efuZneba da am qmedebis
gaufrTxilebeli Cadena dasjadia, igi gaufrTxileblobisaTvis agebs
pasuxs.
akrZalvaSi Secdoma ki (gssk § 17, arcodna imisa, rom qmedeba akrZalulia)
germanul sisxlis samarTalSi misatevebeli Secdomis dros gamoricxavs
brals (radgan marTlwinaaRmdegoba bralis damoukidebeli elementia da
ara ganzraxvis niSani) da ara ganzraxvas. akrZalvaSiMmiutevebeli Secdomis
dros ki piri braleulad moqmedebs da SesaZlebelia martoden sasjelis
Semsubuqeba.
moCvenebiTi mogerieba germanul sisxlis samarTalSic kanonmdeblobiT
araa daregulirebuli. gssk § 16 (Secdoma qmedebis SemadgenlobaSi)
pirdapir miuTiTebs mxolod Secdomaze umarTlobis obieqtur mxareSi da
ara Secdomaze marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebis obieqtur
mxareSi. gssk § 17 ki iTvaliswinebs Secdomas akrZalvaSi, anu piris
araswor warmodgenas imaze, rom mis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedeba araa
akrZaluli, aseve Secdomas Cadenli qmedebis sagamonakliso wesiT
dasaSvebobaSi da ara Secdomas marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli
garemoebis obieqtur mxaris arsebobaSi.
germanul sisxlis samarTalSi moCvenebiTi mogeriebis kvalifikaciisas
Semdegi Sexedulebebia gamoTqmuli:
bralis mkacri Teoria gssk § 17-ze dayrdnobiT moCvenebiTi mogeriebisas
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis ararsebobis gamo an brals gamoircxavs, Tu
Secdoma Tavidan aucilebadia (misatevebelia), an brals amsubuqebs, Tu
Secdoma araa Tavidan aucilebadi, anu araa misatevebeli. Sesabamisad,
moCvenebiTi mogeriebisas miutevebeli Secdomis dros piri ganzraxi
danaSaulisaTvis daisjeba. zemoTmoyvanil magaliTSi petres sidedri
miutevebeli Secdomis magaliTiSi petres janrmTelobis mZime
dazianebisaTvis (ssk 177-emuxlis 1-li nawili) agebda pasuxs. qmedebis
amgvari kvalifikacia samarTlianobis grZnobas ewinaaRmdegeba, radgan
moCvenebiTi mogeriebis mdgomareobaSi moqmedi piri kanonmorCili adamiania,
150
igi faqtobrivi garemoebebis ararswori aRqmis gamo uSvebs Secdomas da mas
ara aqvs araswori warmodgena marTlwesrigis moTxovnebze.
swored am argumentebidan gamomdinare, meore Sexedulebis mixedviT
moCvenebiTi mogeriebisas gamoyenebul unda iqnas § 16 (Secdoma qmedebis
SemadgenlobaSi) samarTlebrivi Sedegebi, moCvenebiTi mogeriebisas
misatevebeli Secdomisas ganzraxva gamoiricxos da miutevebeli
Secdomisas ki pirma gaufrTxileblobisaTvis unda agos pasuxi.79 rogorc
vxedavT, moCvenebiTi mogeriebis kvalifikaciisas finaluri moZRvreba
iZulebuli gaxda ganzraxvis SemadgenlobaSi marTlwinaaRmdegoba
moeazrebina, rac finaluri moZRvrebis dogmatikur uzustobaze migvaniSnebs
da „boroti ganzraxvis“ samarTlebrivi figuris sasargeblod metyvelebs.
qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi moCvenebiTi mogeriebis
kvalifikaciis ramdenime SesaZlebloba arsebobs.
qarTuli neofinaluri moZRvrebis mixedviT, moCvenebiTi
mogeriebisas ssk 36-e muxlis analogiiT gamoiricxeba brali,
miutevebeli Secdomisas ki piri gaufrTxileblobisaTvis agebs
pasuxs.80
qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi moCvenebiTi mogeriebis
kvalifikaciis meore SesaZlo variantia kvalifikacia
neoklasikuri moZRvrebaze dayrdnobiT da ganzraxvis samive
komponentis bralSi ganxilva. damoukideblad imisa, qmedeba
faqtobrivi Secdomad dakvalificirdeba faqtobrivi Secdomis
samarTlebrivi SedegebiT Tu akrZalvaSi Secdomad ssk 36-e
79 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 157.
80 turava, danaSaulis miZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 537.
151
muxliT (Secdoma), kvalifikacia ar Seicvleba, radgan orive es
Secdoma qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi erTnairad
kvalificirdeba, misatevebel Secdomas rogorc ganzraxvis, aseve
gaufrTxileblobis gamoricxviT dausjelad Tvlis, miutevebel
Secdomas ki gaufrTxileblobisaTvis sjis.
9 Bbralis gamomricxveli ukiduresi aucilebloba
samarTalSedarebiTi masala: germanuli sisxlis samarTali icnobs
ukiduresi aucileblobis or saxes: marTlwinaaRmdegobis da bralis
gamomricxvel ukiduresi aucileblobas. es ori sisxlissamartlebrivi
instituti erTmaneTisagan Semdegi samarTlebrivi TvisebebiT gansxvavdeba:
1. marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli ukiduresi aucileblobis dros
SenarCunebuli da xelyofli samarTlebrivi sikeTeebis rangirebis
principi unda iyos daculi. dazianebuli samarTlebrivi sikeTe ufro
naklebmniSvnelovani unda iyos, vidre daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTe.
bralis gamomricxveli anu sapatiebeli ukiduresi aucleblobis
dros ki adgili aqvs TanabarmniSvnelovan interesTa kolizias.
2. marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli ukiduresi aucileblobis dros
dacvadi samarTlebrivi sikeTis wre araa SezRuduli, anu rangirebis
principis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT SesaZlebelia dacul iqnas
nebismieri samarTlebrivi sikeTe. bralis gamomricxveli anu
sapatiebeli ukiduresi aucleblobis dros ki dacul samarTlebriv
sikeTeTa wre SezRudulia (sicocxle, sxeulebrivi mTlianobda da
Tavisufleba).
3. germanul sisxlis samarTalSi Tanamonawileoba marTlwinaaRmdegobis
gamomricxveli ukiduresi aucileblobis ganxorcielebisas
SeuZlebelia, bralis gamomricxveli anu sapatiebeli ukiduresi
aucleblobis dros ki (anu, umarTlobis ganxorcielebisas) –
dasaSvebi. anu, germanuli sisxlis samarTali uSvebs
152
Tanamonawileobas umarTlobis ganmaxorcielebel pirsa da
danaSaulis Camden pirs Soris, gansxvavebiT qarTuli sisxlis
samarTlisagan, romelic TanamonawileobisaTvis calsaxad (ganzraxi)
danaSaulis Cadenas moiTxovs (ssk 23-e muxli).
germanuli sisxlis samarTlis § 35-is zegavleniT oTar
gamyreliZem sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis alternatiul
proeqtSi gaiTvaliswina 36-e muxli (sapatio ukiduresi
acilebloba), romlis mixedviTac bralis gamoircxvis gamo ar
daisjeba piri, romelic Caidens sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebul qmedebas im uSualo safrTxis Tavidan
asacileblad, romelic emuqreboda TviTon damzianeblis an misi
axloblis sicocxles, sxeulebriv mTlianobas an Tavisuflebas,
Tuki es safrTxe ar SeiZleboda acdenili yofiliyo sxva
saSualebiT. es muxli imeorebs aseve germanuli ssk $ 35-is
daTqmas sapatiebeli ukiduresi aucileblobis gamoricxvis
Sesaxeb im magaliTiSi, Tu damzianebelma safrTxe Tavad Seqmna, an
Tu mas moeTxoveboda, gansakuTrebuli profesiuli Tu
samsaxurebrivi urTierTobebis gamo, safrTxe Tavis Tavze mieRo
(igulisxmeba mag., mexanZre, da policieli).
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvelma kanonmdebelma es sakanonmdeblo
iniciativa axal sisxlis samrTlis kodeqsSi ar gaiTvaliswina,81
ssk 38-e muxlSi (sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan
gaTavisufleba sxva arabraleuli qmedebis dros) turava bralis
81 gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi
2008, gv. 260.
153
gamomricxvel zekanonur ukidures aucileblobas moiazrebs.82
igi sapatiebeli ukiduresi aucileblobiT dacul samarTlebriv
sikeTeTa wris mixedviT erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs sapatiebel
ukidures aucileblobas farTo da viwro gagebiT. turavaseuli
sapatiebeli ukiduresi aucilebloba farTo gagebiT moicavs
nebismieri (sruliad ucnobisac) adamianis samarTlebrivi
sikeTis dacvas sxvisi TanabarmniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi
sikeTis xarjze.83 esaa germanuli sisxlis samarTlisaTvis
kargad cnobili bralis gamomricxveli zekanonuri garemoeba.
turavaseuli sapatiebeli ukiduresi aucilebloba viwro
gagebiT moicavs mxolod sakuTari an axloblis samarTlebrivi
sikeTis dacvas sxvisi TanabarmniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi
sikeTis xarjze.84 esaa bralis gamomricxveli kanonismieri
ukiduresi aucilebloba germanuli sisxlis samarTlis
mixedviT, germanuli ssk § 35 (bralis gamomricxveli ukiduresi
aucilebloba). turavaseuli viwro gagebiT, bralis
gamomricxveli ukiduresi acileblobisas SesaZlebelia dacul
iqnas sakuTari an axloblis mxolod sicocxle, sxeulebrivi
mTlianoba da Tavisufleba, e.i. dacul samarTlebriv sikeTeTa
wre mxolod am sam umiSvnelovanes samarTlebriv sikeTes
moicavs.
82 turava, danaSaulis miZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 469 da momd.
83 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 486.
84 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 471.
154
turava, germanul sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT, sapatiebeli
ukiduresi aucileblobis Semdeg niSnebs asaxelebs:
1. ukiduresi mdgomareoba, romelic piris an misi axloblis
mimarT arsebul imwuTier, uSualo da realur safrTxeSi
gamoixateba. amasTan axlobelSi igulisxmeba pirTa ufro
farTo wre, vidre es ssk 109-e muxlis SeniSvnaSia mocemuli.
turava axloblad Tvlis naTliasa da naTluls, megobarsa
da Seyvarebulsac, riTac igi bralis gamomricxveli
ukiduresia ucileblobis moqmedebis areals afarToebs da
Sesabamisad, qmedebis dasjadobas aviwroebs.85
2. ukiduresobiT gamowveuli moqmedeba unda iyos arsebul
saSualebaTagan yvelaze msubuqi da amasTan efeqturi.
amasTan dauSvebelia aSkara disproporcia dacul da
xelyofil sikeTeebs Soris, anu dauSvebelia sakuTari
mcire mniSvnelobis mqone sikeTis dacva sxvisi
mniSvnelovani sikeTis xarjze.
3. samarTlebrivi sikeTis gadarCenis neba.
4. pirs ar unda ekisrebodes safrTxis Tmenis, misi Tavis Tavze
aRebis valdebuleba profesiuli movaleobidan gamomdinare
(mexanZre, policieli), anda imis gamo, rom man es safrTxe
Tavad Seqmna.
85 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 474.
155
sapatiebeli ukiduresi aucileblobis turavaseuli gageba,
romlis mixedviTac dasaSvebia sakuTari an axloblis
sicocxlis, sxeulebrivi mTlianobis an Tavisuflebis gadarCena
sxvisi (rogorc safrTxeSi myofis, aseve safrTxeSi armyofis)86
TanabarmniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi sikeTis xarjze,
dogmatikurad SeiZleba Semdegnairad dasabuTdes:
1. eqstremalur situaciaSi, rodesac pirs garduvali sikvdili
elodeba, sasjelis muqara Tavis mniSvnelobas kargavs. pirs
ver davaSinebT xvalindeli savaraudo sasjeliT, Tu igi
dRes sikvdils uyurebs TvalebSi. anu, eqstremaluri
situacia «samarTlisagan Tavisufali sivrcea».
2. sapatiebeli ukiduresi aucileblobis amgvari gageba
danaSaulis agebulebis sistemas ar ewinaaRmdegeba.
danaSaulis mesame safexuris, bralis ganxilvisas yuradReba
eqceva SefasebiT moments, sxvagvarad qcevis SesaZleblobas
– SeiZleba Tu ara samarTalma pirs sxvagvarad qceva,
Tavganwirva mosTxovos? yvela adamiani araa gmiri, amitomac
samarTali sxvagvarad qcevas ver moiTxovs. brali da
Sesabamisad, danaSauli swored amitomaa gamoricxuli.
sapatiebeli ukiduresi aucileblobis gamyreliZiseuli da
turavaseuli gagebis sawinaaRmdegod Semdegi argumentebi
metyvelebs:
86 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 482.
156
1. is, rom germaniis ssk §35 gavleniT oTar gamyreliZis mier
Seqmnil sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis proeqtSi bralis
gamomricxvel garemoeba, romelic calke muxlSi iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli, qarTvelma kanonmdebelma ar gaiziara.
bralis gamomricxvel garemoebad sapatiebeli ukiduresi
aucileblobis amgvari gageba amitomac, kanonis (ssk 38-e
muxlis) istoriuli ganmartebidan gamomdinare,
kanonmdeblis nebas ewinaaRmdegeba.
2. sapatiebeli ukiduresi aucileblobis amgvari gagebis
sawinaaRmdegod kriminalpolitikuri argumentic
metyvelebs. sisxlis samarTlis amocana sazogadoebis
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis dacvaa. eqstremalur
pirobebSi moqmedi piris mimarT bralis ararsebobis da
Sesabamisad, danaSaulis gamoricxvis gamo gamamarTlebeli
ganaCenis gamotana (gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu man Tavi im
adamianis sicocxlis fasad gadairCina, visac safrTxe ar
emuqreboda), sazogadoebaSi daucvelobis grZnobas
gaaRvivebs da Tavad am piris mimarT (sul mcire, msxverplis
axlobelTa) agresias warmoSobs. amgvar SemTxvevebSi
bralis proporciuli msubuqi sasjelis daniSvna misi
(sxvisi sicocxlis xarjze gadarCenili piris)
usafrTxoebis garantia iqneba.
sxva Sexedulebis mixedviT ki bralis gamomricxveli zekanonuri
garemoeba mxolod tragikuli koliziaa. es is SemTxvevaa,
rodesac piri marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas axorcielebs
157
samarTlebrivi sikeTis nawilis gadasarCenad, roca es sikeTe
mTlianobaSi dasaRupad iyo ganwiruli. amasTan, safrTxeSi myof
pirebs Tavis gadarCenis Tanabari saSualeba ar unda hqondeT. am
Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, samarTlebrivi sikeTis gadarCena im
sikeTis xarjze, romelsac safrTxe ar emuqreboda, araa bralis
gamomricxveli tragikuli kolizia.87
berZenma filosofosma karneadem Cvens welTaRricxvamde me-2 saukuneSi
eTikis da sisxlis samarTlis kavSiris Sesaxeb msjelobisas Semdegi
«azrobrivi eqsperimenti» gaaanaliza: gemis katastrofis Semdeg ori
adamiani erT ficarze aRmoCnda. ficars mxolod erTi adamianis zidva
SeeZlo. erTma meores xeli hkra, ficridan gadaagdo da amgvarad Tavi
gadairCina. karneade svams kiTxvas – mkvleli am dros sikvdiliT unda
daisajos Tu ara da Tu igi sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan
gaTavisfldeba, ra safuZvliT?
«karneades ficris» magaliTis gamyreliZe da turava bralis
gamomricxvel tragikul koliziad Tvlian. piris moqmedeba
qmedebis Sesabamisi da marTlsawinaaRmdegoa, anu igi umarTlobas
axorcielebs. brali ki gamoiricxeba, radgan adamians ver
movTxovT, eqstremalur situaciaSi Tavi (Tundac sxvisi
sicocxlis xarjze) ar gadairCinos da iyos gmiri.88
87 Todua, wignSi: naWyebia/Todua (red.), sisxlis samarTali (saxelmZRvanelo), zogadi
nawili, Tbilisi 2016 weli, gv. 319.
88 umaRlesi moraluri (da ara samarTlebrivi) masStabi ginekologma ioseb Jordaniam da
arqimandritma ilia kartoziam dagvidgines. ioseb Jordaniam 1962 wels rio de
JaneiroSi TviTmfrinavis katastrofis Semdeg Tavisi maSveli rgoli ucnob gogonas
dauTmo da Tavad okeaneSi daixrCo. 2015 wels arqimandriti ilia kartozia ki
cecxlwakidebul boranze darCa da maSvel navSi sakuTari adgili bavSvian qals
dauTmo, Tavad ki daiRupa.
158
sisxlis samarTlis dogmatikaSi cnobilia eqstremaluri
situaciis SemTxvevebi, romelTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi Sefaseba
metad sadavoa. sisxlis samarTlis saxelmZRvaneloebSi xSirad
Semdegi ori realuri magaliTi mohyavT:
gem «minionetis» SemTxveva: gemis katastrofis Semdeg oTxi mezRvauri
cotaodeni wylis da sanovagis maragiT navSi gadavida. sanovage male
gaTavda. mezRvaurebi SimSilobdnen. 19 dRiani SimSilis Semdeg maT mokles
aseve SimSiliT dasustebuli iunga da misi xorciT ikvebebodnen iqamde,
sanam maT Semxvedri gemi gadaarCenda.89 1884 wels inglisis sasamarTlom
mezRvaurebs sikvdili miusaja mkvlelobis da kanibalizmis gamo, eqvsi Tvis
patimrobis Semdeg ki isini inglisis samefo karma Seiwyala.
kanibalizmis amdagvari SemTxveva me-19 saukunis amerikaSic moxda. ukacriel
adgilas myofma ramdenime ukiduresad damSeulma pirma kenWisyriT
gansazRvra, Tu vin unda SeWmuliyo da kenWisyris Semdeg amxanagi misi
nebarTviT dakla da SeWama. amerikis sasamarTlos isini ar dausjia im
argumentiT, rom jgufma kenWisyra Caatara da nebismieri SeiZleba
msxverplis adgilas aRmoCeniliyo.
tragikuli koliziiT bralis gamoricxvis magaliTad Todua
mTamsvlelebis magaliTs miiCnevs.
mTamsvlelebis magaliTi: erTmaneTze TokiT gadabmuli ori mTamsvlelidan
erTi mosxlteba da mas meore mTamsvlelTan erTad amgvarad xramSi
gadaCexvis safrTxe daemuqreba. meore mTamsvleli arCevanis winaSe dadgeba
– an Toki gadaWras da Tavi gadairCinos, an megobars xramSi gadahyves da
Tavadac mokvdes.
89 SavguliZe /surgulaZe, sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis gamomricxveli garemoebani sisxlis
samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi, Tbilisi 1988, gv. 221; turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba,
Tbilisi 2011, gv. 481
159
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu paloze momwydar mTamsvlels saerTod ara
hqonda gadarCenis Sansi da zemoTa msTamsvleli Toks gadaWris
Toduas TqmiT, samarTlebrivi sikeTe (orive adamianis sicocxle)
mTlianadaa safrTxeSi da samarTlebrivi sikeTis erTi nawili
(erTi adamianis sicocxle) gadarCeba meore samarTlebrivi
sikeTis ganwirviT.90
aq unda davamatoT Semdegi: bralis gamoricxvas isic uwyobs
xels, rom meore mTamsvleli, romelsac gadarCenis Sansi ar
hqonda, Tavad iyo safrTxis wyaro.
Toduas mixedviT, tragikuli kolizia SeiZleba maSinac gvqondes,
rodesac rogorc daculi, aseve xelyofili samarTlebrivi
sikeTeebi erT pirs ekuTvnis. mag., Tu samSvidobos gasuli
jariskaci erTi gasroliT moklavs mtris xelSi Cavardnil
megobars, raTa igi mtrisgan wamebas gadaarCinos, gveqneba
tragikuli kolizia da jariskaci ar daisjeba bralis
gamoricxvis gamo.91
turavas swori miTiTebis mixedviT, es araa tragikuli koliziis
magaliTi. am azrs igi Semdegnairad asabuTebs: qarTuli sisxlis
samarTali mkvlelobas msxverplis TxovniT (ssk 110-e muxli)
bralis gamomricxvel garemoebad ki ara, mkvlelobis
privilegiur Semadgenlobad aRiarebs bralis simciris gamo.
90 Todua, wignSi: naWyebia/Todua (red.), sisxlis samarTali (saxelmZRvanelo), zogadi
nawili, Tbilisi 2016 weli, gv. 318.
91 Todua, wignSi: naWyebia/Todua (red.), sisxlis samarTali (saxelmZRvanelo), zogadi
nawili, Tbilisi 2016 weli, gv. 320.
160
mkvleloba msxverplisaTvis wamebiT gamowveuli tkivilis
Tavidan acilebis mizniT (msxverplis seriozuli da daJinebuli
Txovnis gareSe! SeniSvna Cemia, q.m.-h.), bralis gamomricxvel
garemoebad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos.92
omis dros mtris xelSi Cavardnili megobris mkvleloba misi
wamebisagan gadarCenis mizniT moralurad gamarTlebulia.
sasjelis daniSvna amgvar SemTxvevebSi yovelgvar azrsaa
moklebuli. rogorc zogadi, aseve kerZo prevenciis miznebi
amgvar SemTxvevebSi ar miiRweva, radgan arc maTi saWiroeba
arsebobs. swored aq SeiZleba mivmarToT roqsinis mier
ganviTarebul bralis struqturas (bralis funqcionaluri
cneba), romlis mixedviTac bralis gamomricxveli garemoeba
normis Sesabamisi moqmedebis unaris ararsebobas ki ara,
sasjelis daniSvnis kriminalpolitikuri saWiroebas (kerZo da
generaluri prevenciis aucilebloba) unda efuZnebodes93 da
qmedebis dasjadoba gamoricxoT. anda sasjelis daniSvnis
kriminalpolitikuri saWiroeba danaSaulis meoTxe safexurad
vaRiaroT da Sesabamisad, piris dasjadoba gamovircxoT.
iZulebiTi ukiduresi aucilebloba bralis gamomricxveli
ukiduresi aucileblobis erT-erTi saxea.
1. safrTxis wyaro am SemTxvevaSi adamiania. igi Zaladobs an
ZaladobiT imuqreba
92 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 482.
93 Roxin, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, Grundlagen, Der Aufbau der Verbrechenslehre, München 1992,
S. 114, Rn. 26.
161
2. safrTxe imwuTieria
3. safrTxis Tavidan acileba sxva saSualebiT (mag.,
maiZuleblis mogeriebiT) SeuZlebelia
4. piri iZulebulia sakuTari samarTlebrivi sikeTis
dasacavad xelyos sxvisi samarTlebrivi sikeTe.
saerTaSoriso sisxxlis samarTalSi romis statutis 31-e muxlis
1-li abzacis d) punqtSi iZulebiTi ukiduresi aucilebloba
sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas gamoricxavs.
iZulebiTi ukiduresi aucileblobis magaliTi: jariskacs iaraRis muqariT
aiZulebs oficeri, moklas samoqalaqo piri. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi masac
da samoalaqo pirsac mokvliT emuqreba. jariskacma icis, rom samoqalaqo
piri mainc ganwirulia da klavs mas. amasTan jariskacs ara aqvs oficris
mogeriebis saSualeba.94
iZulebiTi ukiduresi aucileblobis dros xelyofili da
gadarCenili samarTlebrivi sikeTeebi SeiZleba Tanabari
Rirebulebisac iyos (sicocxlis xelyofa sakuTari an
axloblis sicocxlis SenarCunebisaTvis), anda xelyofili
samarTlebrivi sikeTe ufro dabal ierarqiul safexurze idges.
rodesac piri iZulebiTi ukiduresi aucileblobis garemoebebis
arsebobisas samarTlebriv sikeTes xelyofs, safrTxeSi
Cavardnili samarTlebrivi sikeTis mflobels xelmyofis
winaaRmdeg aucilebeli mogeriebis ganxorcielebis ufleba aqvs.
Tu Cven iZulebiT ukidures aucileblobas marTlwinaaRmdegobis
94 MmagaliTi Toduas mixedviT, wignSi: dvaliZe/naWyebia (red.) sisxlis samarTlis zogadi
nawili, Tbilisi 2007, gv. 320.
162
gamomricxvel garemoebad CavTvlidiT, xelmyofis winaaRmdeg
aucilebeli mogeriebis ufleba gamoiricxeboda.
10 qvantitatiuri ukiduresi aucilebloba
germanul sisxlis samarTalSi kargad cnobili qvantitatiuri
ukiduresi aucilebloba95 (turavas sapatiebeli ukiduresi
aucilebloba farTo gagebiT) Semdeg niSnebs moicavs:
1. samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofa (rogorc wesi, mcire
raodenobis adamianis sicocxlis xelyofa)
2. samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofiT sxva „ufro didi
ubedurebis“ Tavidan acileba (mravali adamianis gadarCena,
romelic araa amsruleblis axlobeli)
3. samarTlebrivi sikeTis gadarCenis mizani.
qvantitatiuri ukiduresi aucileblobis magaliTi germanuli sisxlis
samarTlis praqtikidan: nacionalur-socialistur germaniaSi eqimTa erTma
nawilma dasaRupad gawira suliT avadmyofTa mcire nawili, raTa gadaerCina
avadmyofTa ufro didi odenoba.
sisxlis samarTlis dogmatikasa da politikaSi qvantitatiuri
ukiduresi aucileblobis Sesaxeb diskusia gansakuTrebiT
gacxovelda 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers al-qaidas TviTmkvleli
95 qvantitatiuri ukiduresi aucilebloba germanul sisxlis samarTalSi bralis
gamomricxveli zekanonuri ukiduresi aucileblobaa. germanul sisxlis samarTalSi
gabatonebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, qvantitatiuri ukiduresi aucileblobis dros
qmedeba maSinac unda CaiTvalos sapatiebel ukidures aucileblobad, rodesac piri,
romlis xarjzec mravali adamiani gadarCa, safrTxeSi ar iyo. Hilgendorf/Valerius, Strafrecht
Allgemeiner Teil, München 2013, S. 96, Rn. 60.
163
teroristebis mier msoflio savaWro centris afeTqebis Semdeg.
dReisaTvis qvantitatiuri ukiduresi aucleblobis sakiTxis
ganxilvisas mohyavT Semdegi SemTxvevebi:
1. klasikuri magaliTi: meisris mier mgzavrebiT savse ori samgzavro
matareblis koliziis acileba erTi matareblis sxva liandagisaken
warmarTvis saSualebiT, sadac ramdenime muSa muSaobs. muSebi
daiRupebian, magram gadarCebian am orive matareblis mgzavrebi.
daisjeba Tu ara meisre?
2. aqtualuri magaliTi: mravali adamianis sicocxlis gadarCena mcire
adamianTa sicocxlis fasad teroristebis mier gatacebuli,
adamianebiT savse Senobis mimarTulebiT mfreni samgzavro
TviTmfrinavis CamogdebiT. daisjeba Tu ara samxedro piri, romelic
TviTmfrinavs Camoagdebs, TviTmfrinavSi msxdom adamianTa mcire
nawils gawiravs da adamianTa gacilebiT ufro did nawils
gadaarCens?
zogadad bralis gamomricxvel ukidures aucileblobaze da
kerZod bralis gamomricxvel qvantitatiur ukidures
aucileblobaze diskusiisas gadasawyvet problemaTa Soris
yvelaze mTavaria Semdegi sakiTxi: dasaSvebia Tu ara mravali
adamianis gadarCenis mizniT im adamianis sicocxlis gawirva,
romelsac safrTxe ar emuqreboda?96
qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi araa erTiani mosazreba
qvantitatiuri ukiduresi aucileblobis kvalifikaciaze.
wereTeli adamianis sicocxlis mospobas mravali adamianis
sicocxlis gadasarCenad marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel
96 Hilgendorf/Valerius, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, München 2013, S. 96, Rn. 57-61.
164
ukidures aucileblobad miiCnevda da qmedebis sazogadoebriv
saSiSroebas da sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas
gamoricxavda. im periodisaTvis qarTuli sisxlis samarTali
erTmaneTisagan ar ganasxvavebda marTlwinaaRmdegobisa da
bralis gamomricxvel ukidures aucileblobas, amitomac
wereTeli amgvari qmedebebis kvalifikaciisas Zalauneburad da
ukidures aucileblobamde unda misuliyo, rac sazogadoebrivi
saSiSroebis gamomricxve garemoebas warmoadgenda.97
turava brals qvantitatiuri ukiduresi aucileblobisas
mxolod maSin gamoricxavs, rodesac piri, romelic sxva mravali
adamianis gadasarCenad gaiwira, ukve safrTxeSi imyofeboda.
bralis gamoricxva maSin, rodesac safrTxeSi armyofi adamiani
sxvaTa gadasarCenad gaiwireba, misi azriT, samarTlebriv
usafrTxoebas xelyofs.98 sakuTari an axloblis sicocxlis
gadasarCenad igi safrTxeSi armyofi adamianis gawirvas
dasaSvebad miiCnevs. gasazarebelia mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac
safrTxeSi armyofi adamianis gawirva sakuTari an axloblis
sicocxlis gadasarCenad iseve xelyofs samarTlebriv
usafrTxoebas, rogorc safrTxeSi armyofi adamianis gawirva
sxvaTa gadasarCenad.
97 wereTeli, wignSi: wereTeli/tyeSeliaZe (red.), saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis komentarebi, nawili pirveli, Tbilisi 1976, gv. 112.
98 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 489-490.
165
V umoqmedoba
1 umoqmedobis dasjadobis Teoriuli safuZvlebi
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs dasjadobas piris
qmedebis, anu moqmedebis an umoqmedobisaTvis. umoqmedobisaTvis
dasjadobisas piri kanoniT dakisrebuli moqmedebis
valdebulebas arRvevs. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi sxva
adamianis daxmarebis valdebulebas iTvaliswinebs wminda
umoqmedobisa da Sereuli umoqmedobis deliqtebSi.
wminda umoqmedobisas pirs moyvasis daxmarebis zogadadamianuri
solidaruli valdebulebis Sesruleba ekisreba. wminda
umoqmedobis deliqtebis dispoziciebi sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis kerZo nawilSia Camoyalibebuli. wminda umoqmedobis
deliqtis klasikuri magaliTia ssk 129-e muxli, romelic pirs
sxva adamianis (mezoblis, megobris anda sruliad ucxosic)
dauxmareblobisaTvis sjis, damoukideblad imisa, raime mavne
Sedegi dadga Tu ara. Sedegis dadgoma, adamianis janmrTelobis
dazianeba an sikvdili wminda umoqmedobisas martoden sasjelis
daniSvnisas gaiTvaliswineba. 129-e muxliT dasjis winapirobebia:
sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi mdgomareoba, aucilebeli da aSkarad
gadaudebeli daxmarebis saWiroeba, piri mier daxmarebis
gauwevloba an daxmarebis saWiroebis Seutyobinebloba saTanado
dawesebulebis an pirisaTvis da am daxmarebis SesaZlebloba
TavisTvis an sxvisTvis safrTxis Seqmnis gareSe.
166
Sereuli umoqmedobis dasjadoba piris mier Sedegis dadgomis
Tavidan aucileblobiT fuZndeba, mag., adamianis sikvdilis,
adamianis janmrTelobis dazianebis, sxvisi nivTis ganadgurebis
an dazianebis Tavidan aucilebloba.
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo nawilSi Sereuli
umoqmedobis dasjadobis calke damoukidebeli Semadgenloba ar
arsebobs. pirma, romelsac ssk me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis specialur valdebulebas
akisrebs, anu garantma:
1. unda daicvas Tavisi dacvis qveS myofi adamianis
samarTlebrivi sikeTe, aseve
2. unda daicvas sxva admianTa samarTlebrivi sikeTe Tavisi
zedamxedvelobis qveS myofi piris an safrTxis wyarosagan.
Tu garantma es valdebuleba ar Seasrula da
marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegi dadga, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
kerZo nawilis konkretuli muxlis mixedviT damTavrebuli
danaSaulisaTvis igi pasuxs martoden maSin agebs, rodesac ssk
me-8 muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad, arsebobs hipoTeturi
mizezobrivi kavSiri mis umoqmedobasa da damdgar Sedegs Soris,
anu damdgari SedegisaTvis pasuxismgebloba umoqmedobisas
dadgeba maSin, rodesac:
1. pirs moqmedebis specialuri movaleoba ekisreboda, anu
samarTlebrivi garanti iyo
167
2. mas am moqmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba hqonda
3. da hipoTeturad dadgindeba, rom savaldebulo da
SesaZlebeli moqmedebiT Sedegi Tavidan iqneboda
acilebuli.
Sereuli umoqmedobiT danaSaulis Cadena SeiZleba rogorc
ganzrax, aseve gaufrTxileblobiT. Sereuli umoqmedobiT
ganxorcielebul danaSaulebSi SesaZlebelia rogorc
Tanamonawileoba, aseve (rogorc wesi, dausjeli) momzadeba da
mcdeloba da Sesabamisad, danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis
aRebac.
Sereuli umoqmedobisDdasjadobisaTvis yovelTvis araa saWiro,
rom pirma icodes Tavisi qmedebis ganxorcielebis
aucileblobis Sesaxeb. Tu pirma ar icis, rom misi dacvis qveS
myofi samarTlebrivi sikeTe safrTxeSia, igi, marTalia, ganzraxi
umoqmedobisaTvis ar agebs pasuxs, magram, Sedegis dadgomis
SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia windaxedulobis normis darRvevis
dasabuTebiT misi gaufrTxilebeli umoqmedobisaTvis dasja.99
magaliTi: pirma ar icis, rom misi patara bavSvi wyalSi Cavarda da ixrCoba.
bavSvi daixrCoba. Tu pirma bavSvis wyalSi Cavardnis arcodniT
windaxedulobis norma daarRvia, man gaufrTxilebeli umoqmedobis yvela
winapirobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi sicocxlis mospobisaTvis unda agos
pasuxi (ssk me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili da 116-e muxli).
radgan moqmedebisaTvis nebismieri piri agebs pasuxs,
umoqmedobisaTvis ki martoden garanti, sisxlissamarTlebrivi
99 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 176.
168
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad aucilebelia
moqmedebis da umoqmedobis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna. am
problemis gadasawyvetad sisxlis samarTlis dogmatikaSi
ramdenime Teoria ganviTarda.
energiis daZabvis Teoriis mixedviT, moqmedeba gvaqvs maSin,
rodesac piri energias Zabavs, umoqmedoba ki maSin, rodesac
energiis daZabvas adgili ar aqvs. am Teoriis sawinaaRmdegod
unda iTqvas is, rom mas moqmedebiT ganxorcielebuli
umoqmedobis axsna (samedicino aparatis gamorTva, rogorc
umoqmedoba moqmedebiT) ar SeuZlia.
konkurenciis Teoriis mixedviT, moqmedeba da umoqmedoba
konkurenciis daxmarebiT unda gaimijnos. rodesac moqmedebacaa
da umoqmedobac, konkurenciis safuZvelze upiratesoba
moqmedebas unda mieniWos. konkurenciis safuZvelze moqmedebis
umoqmedobisagan gamijvna Semdegnairadaa gakritikebuli: rogorc
wesi, umoqmedoba sruli pasiuroba araa da mas xSirad moqmedeba
axlavs Tan.
magaliTi: deda plaJze wyalSi Wyumpalaobs da yuradRebas ar aqcevs Tavis
Svils, romelic sxva damsveneblebis CanTebs da Sig arsebul Zvirfas
eleqtro aparaturas wyalSi yris. am dros garanti moqmedebs (wyalSi
Wyumpalaobs) da umoqmedobs kidec (yuradRebas ar aqcevs Svils).
konkurenciis Teorias Semdegnairad akritikeben: umoqmedobis
sakiTxi konkurenciis safuZvelze rom gadagvewyvita, yovelTvis
gamogvericxeboda umoqmedoba da umoqmedobisaTvis
pasuxismgebloba.
169
dogmatikosTa nawilis azriT, gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneba, Tu
moqmedeba da umoqmedoba erTmaneTisagan gaimijneba ara am qcevis
garegani formiT anda empiriuli SinaarsiT, aramed misi
normatiuli arsiT.100 am Sexedulebas Semdegnairad akritikeben:
martoden normatiuli arsis gaTvaliswineba Sefasebis zust
kriteriumebs ar iZleva.
moqmedebis da umoqmedobis gamijvnisas gasaziarebelia
Sualeduri mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac moqmedeba da
umoqmedoba unda gaimijnos rogorc qcevis garegani formiT,
aseve pirisaTvis dakisrebuli valdebulebis xasiaTiT. piri
isjeba imitom, rom man ar gaamarTla sazogadoebis
dasabuTebuli varaudi dawyebuli arasasurveli mizezobriobis
gawyvetis da Sedegis Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb.
SemTxveva germanuli sisxlis samarTlis praqtikidan: Txis
aradezinficirebuli bewvis gadacema fabrikis muSebisaTvis, ramac muSaTa
sikvdili gamoiwvia, kvalificirdeba rogorc moqmedeba (Txis bewvis
gadacema) da ara umoqmedoba (Txis bewvis gauwmendaoba), radgan sisxlis
samarTali pirs normatiulad Txis bewvis gadacemas sayvedurobs da ara
Txis bewvis gauwmendaobas.
sadavoa, moqmedebaa Tu umoqmedoba:
1. dazaralebulisaTvis aqtiuri qmedebiT gadarCenis Sansis
mospobisas
100 wereTeli/tyeSeliaZe, moZRvreba danaSaulze, Tbilisi 1969, gv. 297; Ebert, Strafrecht
Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 173.
170
2. msxverplis gadarCenaSi mSvelelisaTvis aqtiurad xelis
SeSlisas
3. sakuTari aqtiuri qmedebiT Seqmnili gadarCenis Sansis
mospobisas
4. Tavis iseT mdgomareobaSi Cayenebisas, rodesac pirs
dakisrebuli movaleobis Sesruleba ar SeuZlia
5. samedicino aparatis gamorTvisas.
magaliTi: piri WiSkars Cauketavs ucxo kacs, romelsac mkvleli mosdevs.
mas surs, rom es kaci WiSkarSi ver Sevardes da mkvlels emsxverplos.
Sedegi marTlac dadgeba.
WiSkris Camketis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis gadawyveta amgvar
magaliTiSi ori sxvadasxva mimarTulebiTaa SesaZlebeli:
1. WiSkris Camketi sxva adamianis gadarCenis Sansis flobis
gamo mis garantad ar iqceva, amitomac igi pasuxs mxolod
129-e muxliT (dauxmarebloba) agebs.
2. swori mosazrebiT, WiSkris Camketi danaSaulebrivi qmedebas
(daxmarebas) moqmedebiT (karis CaketviT) axorcielebs. mas
msxverplisaTvis kari rom ar Caeketa, es adamiani
gadarCeboda. wminda umoqmedoba ki maSin gveqneboda, Tu piri
ucxo kacs Caketil WiSkars ar gauxsnida. qmedeba
Tanamonawileobad unda dakvalificirdes da piri WiSkris
Caketvis da msxverplisaTvis gadarCenis Sansis mospobis
gamo mkvlelobaSi daxmarebisaTvis unda daisajos (ssk 24-e
muxlis me-3 nawili da 108-e muxli).
171
mSvelelisaTvis aqtiurad xelis SeSla msxverplis gadarCenaSi
moqmedebaa, magram umoqmedobis elementebsac moicavs, radgan am
aqtiuri qmedebis saboloo Sedegi umoqmedoba, anu
miuSveleblobaa.
magaliTi: petre win gadaeRoba pavles da mas dasaxrCobad ganwiruli
ivanes gadarCenis saSualebas ar misca. petrem amgvarad aqtiuri qmedebiT
sxvis umoqmedobas gamoiwvia da igi moqmedebiT Cadenili mkvlelobisaTvis
unda daisajos.
piris (aragarantis) mier msxverplisaTvis sakuTari aqtiuri
qmedebiT Seqmnili gadarCenis Sansis mospoba an umoqmedobad
kvalificirdeba, an moqmedebad, imis mixedviT, Tu rodis gawyvita
pirma Tavisi qmedebiT dafuZnebuli gadamrCeni mizezobriobis
jaWvi, maSin, rodesac msxverpls piris moqmedebiT gadarCenis
realuri Sansi jer kidev ar gasCenia, Tu mas Semdeg, rac
msxverpls gadarCenis realuri Sansi ukve gauCnda.
Tu msxverpls piris moqmedebiT gadarCenis realuri Sansi jer
kidev ar gasCenia, pirma mxolod dauxmareblobisaTvis (ssk 129-e
muxli) unda agos pasuxi. piris mier sakuTari aqtiuri qmedebiT
Seqmnili gadarCenis Sansis mospoba ki moqmedebaa da igi aqtiuri
qmedebiT ganxorcielebuli mkvlelobisaTvis agebs pasuxs (ssk
me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili da msxverplis umweoba, ssk 109-e muxlis
me-2 nawilis b) punqti).
sakiTxavia, Tu rogor unda dakvalificirdes samedicino
aparatis gamorTva, moqmedebad Tu umoqmedobad. umciresobis
mosazrebiT, nebismier piris mier samedicino aparatis gamorTva
172
da amgvarad pacientis sicocxlis mospoba moqmedebaa. qmedebis
dasjadoba ganisazRvreba ara moqmedebasa da umoqmedobas Soris
sazRvris gavlebiT, aramed am qmedebis socialuri Sinaarsis
SefasebiT. aparatis gamorTvisas piri ar isjeba, Tu igi
pacientis inetersebis dasacavad moqmedebs da mas sicocxlesTan
Rirseuli gamoTxovebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. qmedebis
Semadgenloba da marTlwinaaRmdegoba saxezea, magram
gamoiricxeba brali.
sxva mosazrebis mixedviT, samedicino aparatis gamorTva an
umoqmedobad kvalificirdeba, an moqmedebad. kvalifikaciisas
yuradReba eqceva ara piris mier sxeulebrivi Zalis gamoyenebas,
aramed am qmedebis socialur mniSvnelobas. Tu samedicino
aparats eqimi an sxva samedicino personali gamorTavs, igi
samedicino daxmarebas wyvets iseve, rogorc pirveladi
samedicino damxarebis Sewyvetisas. Tu samedicino aparats
avadmyofis naTesavi gamorTavs, igi moqmedebs, radgan samedicino
daxmareba misi valdebuleba araa. eqimis da sxva samedicino
personalis mier aparatis gamorTvas uwodeben an moqmedebiT
ganxorcielebul umoqmedobas (umiqmedoba moqmedebiT), anda
dReisaTvis, ufro Tanamedrove terminologiiT, martivad
samedicino daxmarebis Sewyvetas.
2 umoqmedobis mizezobriobis winapirobebi
ssk me-8 muxlis me-3 nawiliT umoqmedobis mizezobriobis pirveli
winapirobaa piris moqmedebis samarTlebrivi movaleoba, anu
garantis funqcia. garantis movaleobis damfuZnebel niSnebs
173
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ar iTvaliswinebs. es niSnebi ssk me-
8 muxlis me-3 nawilis dauwereli niSnebia. kanonmdebeli am
niSnebis ganmartebas sisxlis samarTlis Teorias da
sasamarTlo praqtikas andobs.101
Sereuli umoqmedobis deliqtis subieqti martoden garanti
SeiZleba iyos, amitomac Sereuli umoqmedobis deliqtebi
specialuri deliqtebia. sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben garantis movaleobis warmoSobis
formalur da materialur safuZvlebs.
garantis movaleobis warmoSobis formaluri safuZvlebia:
1. naTesauri an sxva mWidro urTierToba
2. kanoni
3. samsaxurebrivi an profesiuli movaleoba
4. safrTxis damfuZnebeli winare qceva
5. pasuxisgebloba piris pasuxismgeblobis sferoSi arsebuli
mometebuli safrTxis wyarosaTvis.
6. movaleobis nebayoflobiT aReba Tavis Tavze
101 radgan ssk me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili umoqmedobisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis
pasuxismgeblobis safuZvels amomwuravad ar gansazRvravs, SesaZlebelia imis mtkiceba,
rom amgvarad irRveva kanonierebis principis erT-erTi gamoxatuleba – nullum crimen sine
lege certa.
174
7. socialuri jgufis Seqmna, romlis wevrebic
urTierTTanxmobis safuZvelze erTmaneTis Tanadgomis
imediT nebayoflobiT dganan erTnairi safrTxis winaSe.
garantis movaleoba misi warmoSobis safuZvlis miuxedavad erTi
intensivobisaa.
axlo naTesavad unda CavTvaloT ssk 109-e muxlis SeniSvnaSi
CamoTvlili pirebi: mSobeli, Svilad amyvani, Svili, mindobiT
aRsazrdeli, Svilobili, papa, bebia, SviliSvili, da, Zma, MmeuRle.
sadavoa, arsebobs Tu ara garantis movaleoba maSin, rodesac
pirTa Soris axlo naTesauri kavSirisas axlobluri
urTierToba gawyvetilia.
magaliTi: mamas klaven da wlebis win waCxubebuli Svili mas ar exmareba,
Tumca mas es SeeZlo. igi SexedulebiT mxolod SeutyobineblobisaTvis
(ssk 376-e muxli) agebs pasuxs.
swori SexedulebT, Svils mkvlelobaSi umoqmedobiT
daxmarebisaTvis (ssk me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili, ssk 24-e muxlis me-3
nawili da 108-e muxli) daisjeba, damoukideblad imisa, imama da
Svili waCxubebulni iyvnen Tu ara. garantis valdebulebis
dasafuZneblad formaluri naTesauri kavSiris arseboba
sakmarisia. sxva Sexedulebis mixedviT ki cudi urTierToba
axlo naTesavTa Soris garantis valdebulebas aqrobs.
meuRleebi erTmaneTis garantebi aRar arian, Tu maTi urTierToba
Zireulad Seryeulia da isini erTad aRar cxovroben. Tu qmari
karga xnis gacilebul cols sikvdilis safrTxes Tavidan ar
175
aacilebs, igi mxolod zogadadamianuri valdebulebis
SesuruleblobisaTvis, dauxmareblobisaTvis agebs pasuxs ssk
129-e muxliT.
rogorc wesi (anu arsebobs raRac gamonaklisi), garanti
valdebulia, daicvas ara mxolod Tavisi dacvis qveS myofis
sicocxle da janmrTeloba, aramed misi sxva samarTlebrivi
sikeTec.
magaliTi: mamis manqanas iparaven, calke mcxovrebi Svili ki arafers
akeTebs qurdobis Tavidan asacileblad, Tumca mas policiis gamoZaxeba da
qurdobis Tavidan acileba SeuZlia. igi pasuxs qurdobaSi umoqmedobiT
daxmarebisaTvis ssk (me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili, ssk 24-e muxlis me-3 nawili da
177-e muxlis me-2 nawilis a) punqti) agebs.
garantis movaleoba warmoiSobis safuZvelia aseve
samsaxurebrivi an profesiuli movaleoba, romelsac Sromis
xelSekruleba, anda kanonis udevs safuZvlad. eqimis
valdebulebaa, uSvelos avadmyofs, policielisa – daexmaros
danaSaulis potenciur msxverpls da Tavidan acilos danaSauli,
mexanZris valdebulebaa gadaarCinos cecxlwakidebul SenobaSi
myofi adamianebi da sxva sikeTe da Caaqros xanZari.
maswavlebeli Tavisi mcirewlovani (14 wlamde) moswavleebis
damcavi da zedamxedveli garantia, rodesac bavSvi (anu 18
wlamde asakis piri) gansazRvruli danaSaulis
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis asaks miaRwevs,
maswavlebels mis mimarT mxolod damcavi garantis movaleoba
akisria.
176
magaliTi: Tu eqskursiis dros maswavlebeli dainaxavs, rom misi
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis asaks miRweuli moswavle
qurdobs102 da igi arafers gaakeTebs qurdobis aRsakveTad, Tumca mas es
SeeZlo, maswavlebeli pasuxs ar agebs qurdobaSi umoqmedobiT
daxmarebisaTvis, (ssk me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili, ssk 24-e muxlis me-3 nawili da
177-e muxlis 1-li nawili), radgan misi sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis asaks miRweuli moswavlis mier qurdobis Tavidan
acileba mis movaleobas ar warmoadgens.
magaliTi: policieli dainaxavs, rom viRac qurdobs da araferi gaakeTebs
qurdobis aRsakveTad, Tumca mas es SeeZlo. policieli pasuxs qurdobaSi
umoqmedobiT daxmarebisaTvis (ssk me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili, ssk 24-e muxlis
me-3 nawili da 177-e muxlis 1-li nawili) agebs, radgan danaSaulis Tavidan
acileba misi samsaxurebrivi movaleobaa.
mzrunveli da zedamxedveli garantis movaleoba cixis
TanamSromelsac ekisreba.
magaliTi: cixis zedamxedveli patimars sicocxlisaTvis arsebul safrTxes Tavidan
ar aacilebs da Sedegi dadgeba, anu patimars vinme moklavs. me-8 muxlis me-3 nawilis
winapirobebis arsebobisas zedamxedvelma pasuxi unda agos damamZimebel garemoebaSi
Cadenil mkvlelobaSi umoqmedobiT daxmarebisaTvis (ssk me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili, 24-e
muxlis me-3 nawili da 109-e muxlis me-2 nawilis b punqti).
fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofos pasuxismgebeli muSaki
saavadmyofoSi moTavsebul Seuracxad pirTa mimarT aris
rogorc damcavi, aseve zedamxedveli garanti. igi pasuxs agebs
saavadmyofoSi moTavsebul Seuracxad pirTa mier Cadenili
umarTlobisaTvis (rogorc SualobiTi amsrulebeli
102 qurdobisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis asakia 14 weli,
lekveiSvili/Todua, wignSi: mamulaSvili/Todua (red.), sisxlis samarTlis kerZo
nawili, GTbilisi 2019, gv. 469.
177
umoqmedobiT), maT mimarT sxva Seuracxad pirTa mier Cadenili
umarTlobisa (rogorc SualobiTi amsrulebeli umoqmedobiT) an
maT mimarT Cadenili danaSaulebrivi qmedebisaTvis (daxmareba
umoqmedobiT), Tu igi pirdapiri ganzraxviT moqmedebs. Tu
fsiqiatriulis eqimi gaufrTxileblad ar asrulebs
zedamxedvelobis valdebulebas am saavadmyofos Seracxadi
avadmyofis mimarT da es avadmyofi danaSauls Caidens, germaniis
federaluri sasamarTlos mixedviT, eqimma gaufrTxilebeli
mkvlelobisaTvis unda agos pasuxi.
magaliTi: eqimebis qmedeba gamoixata fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi
moTavsebuli Seracxadi piris mokle droiT TavisuflebaSi gaSvebaSi,
romlis drosac am pirma ori kaci mokla.103 eqimebi sicocxlis
gaufrTxilebeli mospobisaTvis daisajnen.
janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis 38e- muxlis
Tanaxmad, eqimi movalea aRmouCinos pacients samedicino
daxmareba da uzrunvelyos misi uwyvetoba, Tu gamoxatulia
sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi mdgomareoba an pacienti saWiroebs
gadaudebel samedicino daxmarebas, Sesabamisad, mkurnal eqims
garantis movaleoba ekisreba ara mxolod samsaxuris periodSi,
aramed maSinac, Tu is SvebulebaSia an pensiaze. policielis da
mexanZris garantis valdebuleba ki mxolod samsaxurebrivi
movaleobis SesrulebiT Semoifargleba. policielis da
mexanZris garantis valdebulebis ase SezRuduli gageba maTi
movaleobis mometebul safrTxeSi mdgomareobs.
103 BGHSt 49, 1 ff.
178
garantis movaleobas afuZnebs agreTve piris winare moqmedebac.
garantis movaleobis aRmocenebisaTvis safrTxis warmoSobis
gaTvaliswinebadobaa aucilebeli. Tu pirma Tavisi winare
upasuxismgeblo (gaufrTxilebeli) moqmedebiT safrTxe Seqmna,
igi valdebulia, Sedegi Tavidan aicilos. es safrTxe winare
moqmedebiT ganzrax ar unda iyos Seqmnili. Tu pirma winare
moqmedebiT safrTxe ganzrax Seqmna da Semdeg es safrTxe
Tavidan ar aicila, igi pasuxs ganzraxi danaSaulisaTvis agebs.
sadavoa, afuZnebs Tu ara garantis movaleobas winare
socialurad adeqvaturi qmedeba. swori mosazrebis Tanaxmad,
socialurad adeqvaturi qmedebiT gamowveuli safrTxe mxolod
solidarul movaleobas afuZnebs da ara garantis movaleobas.104
magaliTi: mZRoli windaxedulobis normebis dacviT moZraobs.mis
avtomanqanas fexiT mosiarule win gadaurbens. msxverplis
gaufrTxileblobis Sedegad daSavdeba, mZRoli ki daSavebuls ar
daexmareba. es ukanaskneli martoden ssk 129-e muxliT, dauxmareblobisaTvis
agebs pasuxs da ara ssk 128-e muxliT, garantis mier gansacdelSi
mitovebisaTvis (Sedegis mimarT gaufrTxilebloba an eventualuri
ganzraxva). radgan mZRols safrTxe danaSaulebrivad ar daufuZnebia,
socialurad adeqvaturi qmedebis ganxorcielebisas pirs garantis metad
sapasuxismgeblo movaleobas ver davakisrebT.
aucilebeli mogeriebis dros Tavdamsxmelis dazianeba garantis
movaleobas ar warmoSobs, radgan Tavdamsxmelis mogerieba
winare socialurad adeqvaturi qmedebaa.
104 mWedliSvili-hedrixi, danaSaulis gamovlinebis calkeuli formebi, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 322-
323.
179
magaliTi: petrem yaCaRuri Tavdasxma moigeria, Tavdamsxmeli daWra da mas
Tavi mianeba. Tavdamsxmeli am daizianebis Sedegad gardaicvala.
aucilebeli mogeriebis ganmaxorcielebels Tavdamsxmelis
mimarT mxolod solidaruli movaleoba daekisreba. mocemul
magaliTSi Tavdamcveli pasuxs mxolod dauxmareblobisaTvis
agebs (ssk 129-e muxli).
safrTxis gamomwvev winare socialurad araadeqvatur moqmedebad
iTvleba adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis mavne produqtebis
warmoeba, rac garantis movaleobas afuZnebs.
garantis movaleobas afuZnebs aseve safrTxis wyaros
sakuTrebaSi an mflobelobaSi qona. garants misi safrTxis
wyaroTi Seqmnili safrTxis Tavidan acileba evaleba. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi igi windaxedulobis normis darRvevis gamo
gaufrTxileblobiT gamowveuli SedegisaTvis agebs pasuxs.
sawarmos mepatrone an sxva pasuxismgebeli piri pasuxs mis
ganmgeblobaSi arsebuli mometebuli safrTxis wyaros mier
miyenebuli zianisaTvis ssk XXXI TavSi (samuSaos warmoebisas
usafrTxoebis wesebis darRveva) gaTvaliswinebuli
qmedebebisaTvis agebs. damatebiTi pasuxismgebloba ssk me-8
muxlis me-3 nawiliT araa saWiro.
garantis movaleoba warmoiSoba movaleobis nebayoflobiT Tavis
Tavze aRebiT. aq pirTa Soris dadebul samoqalaqosamarTlebriv
xelSekrulebaze ki ara, aramed am movaleobis ganxorcielebis
faqtiurad sakuTar Tavze aRebazea saubari. garantis movaleobas
180
am SemTxvevaSi adamianTa Soris warmoSobili urTierTndoba
(ndobis principi) afuZnebs.
garantis movaleoba warmoeSobaT urTierTTanxmobiT Seqmnili
socialuri jgufis wevrebs, romlebic erTmaneTis Tanadgomis
imediT erTnairi safrTxis winaSe (mTamsvlelebi, polaruli
eqspediciis wevrebi da sxv.) dganan, erTmaneTis sicocxlis da
janmrTelobis damcveli (da ara zedamxedveli) garantebi
garantebi arian. urTierTTanxmobiT Seqmnili socialuri jgufis
wevrebis valdebuleba, daicvan erTmaneTis sicocxle da
janmrTeloba am jgufis daSlisTanave dasruldeba.
garantis movaleobas ar warmoSobs pirTa mier sxva sarisko
jgufebis dafuZneba, mag., narkotikebis erTad misaRebad an sxva
danaSaulebrivi saqmanobisaTvis. mag., yaCaRuri bandis wevrebi ar
iqnebian erTmaneTis garantebi.
garantis movaleobas ar warmoSoba maSin, rodesac adamianTa
erTad yofna mxolod SemTxveviT xasiaTs atarebs da maT
safrTxis warmoSobamde am safrTxis erTad daZleva ar
gadauwyvetiaT, mag., matareblis avariaSi moyolili mgzavrebi,
gemis mgzavrebi gemis katastrofis Semdeg da sxv.
magaliTi: Tu gemis katastrofis Semdeg ukacriel kunZlze mixvedrili
mgzavrebi sxva mgzavrs sicocxlisaTvis Seqmnil safrTxes Tavidan ar
aacileben, civilizaciaSi dabrunebis Semdeg isini pasuxs mxolod
dauxmareblobisaTvis (ssk 129-e muxli) ageben. mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, is,
rom msxverpli mxecebma SeWames. msxverplis sikvdils faqti mxolod
sasjelze moaxdens zegavlenas.
181
sxva mWidro adamianuri urTierTobebisas garantis movaleoba ar
warmoiSoba.
sadavoa sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, aksiria Tu ara maspinZels garantis
valdebuleba misi stumris mimarT. am sakiTxze ramdenime
mosazrebis ganviTareba SeiZleba:
1. (saxlis) binis patroni erTdroulad mis binaSi myof
stumarTaTvis damcavi garantia, Tu (saxli) bina ukacriel
adgilasaa da amgvarad danaSaulis ganxorcielebisaTvis
xelSemwyobi pirobebi iqmneba.
2. binis xelSeuxeblobis uflebiT mosargeble maspinZeli me-8
muxlis me-3 nawilSi gaTvaliswinebuli winapirobebis
arsebobisas Tavadaa pasuxismgebeli Tavis WerqveS
ganxorcielebuli qmedebebisaTvis.
3. binis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba da saxlis specialuri
geografiuli mdgomareoba stumris mimarT maspinZLis
garantis movaleobas ar warmoSobs. Tu stumari safrTxeSi
Cavarda da maspinZeli mas ar miexmara, igi martoden ssk
129 -e muxliT agebs pasuxs.
Ygarantis movaleoba materialuri Sinaarsis mixedviT or
jgufad iyofa:
1. samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis
2. samarTlebrivi sikeTis zedamxedvelobis movaleoba.
182
Tu pirs sxva piris samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis
ganskuTrebuli movaleoba ekisreba, igi mzrunveli anu damcavi
garantia.
magaliTi: colma icoda, rom misi qmari unda moeklaT da araferi gaakeTa
mkvlelobis Tavidan asacileblad, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas, rogorc
mzrunvel garants es evaleboda da SeeZlo kidec. qmari mokles. qalma
amgvarad Caidina ara danaSaulis Seutyobinebloba (ssk 376-emuxli), aramed
mkvlelobaSi daxmareba umoqmedobiT (sssk me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili, ssk 24-e
muxlis me-3 nawili da 108-e muxlebi) agebs.
piri zedamxedveli garantia da mis gankargulebaSi myofi
safrTxis wyarosaTvis pasuxs agebs mxolod maSin, rodesac mas
safrTxis wyaros mimarT zedamxedvelobis funqcia akisria.
Seurcxad pirTa mimarT garants rogorc dacvis, aseve
zedamxedvelobis valdebuleba ekisreba, anu zogjer damcavi da
zedamxedveli garantis movaleobebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. mag.,
mcirewlovani Svilis mimarT mSobeli aris rogorc damcavi,
aseve zedamxedveli garanti. igi valdebulia, daicvas Svili
safrTxisagan da sxvaTa samarTlebrivi sikeTe – Tavisi
mcirewlovani Svilisagan.
zedamxedvelobis valdebuleba moicavs garantis valdebulebas,
Tavidan aicilos misi zedamxedvelobis qveS myofi Seuracxadi
(asakis, sulieri mdgomareobis gamo) piris mier sxvaTa
samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofa. Tu garantis zedamxedvelobis
qveS myofma pirma sxvisi (an sakuTari) samarTlebrivi sikeTe
daaziana, qmedeba garantis mier ganzraxvis arsebobisas
yovelTvis SualobiTi amsruleblobaa.
183
magaliTi: dedam dainaxa, rom misma 10 wlis Svili mezoblis avtomanqanas
mniSvnelovnad azianebda. ssk 33-e muxlis mixedviT, 10 wlis bavSvi
Seuracxadia asakis gamo. deda misi zedamxedveli garantia da Tu igi
xedavs, Tu rogor azianebs misi Svili mezoblis avtomanqanas da arafers
akeTebs am mniSvnelovani dazianebis Tavidan asacileblad, igi pasuxs agebs
sxvisi nivTis dazianebisaTvis umoqmedobiT (ssk me-8 muxlis me-3 nawilida
187-e muxlis 1-li nawili). deda SualobiTi amsrulebelia umoqmedobiT, misi
mcirewlovani Svili ki „cocxali iaraRi“.
Tu Seuracxadi (sulierad avadmyofi da arasrulwlovani)
TviTsafrTxes qmnis, damcavi garanti valdebulia, mizezobriobis
ganviTarebaSi Caerios da Seqmnili TviTsafrTxe gaaneitralos.
Tu Seuracxadi (sulierad avadmyofi da arasrulwlovani)
TviTsafrTxes Seqmnis da damcavi garanti mizezobriobis
ganviTarebaSi ar Caereva, Seqmnil TviTsafrTxes ar
gaaneitralebs da Seuracxadi Tavis Tavs vnebs, magaliTad, am
qmedebiT Tavs moiklavs, damcavi garanti mkvlelobis SualobiTi
amsrulebelia („cocxali iaraRi sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg“)
umoqmedobiT (ssk me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili da 108-e muxli).
Seracxad axlobelTa mimarT garants mxolod maTi dacvis da
ara maTi zedamxedvelobis valdebuleba akisria. Seracxadi da
srulwlovani piris mier TviTsafrTxis Seqmnisas garanti
samarTlebrivad araa valdebuli, gaaneitralos es TviTsafrTxe.
obieqturi Seracxvis instituts Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
srulwlovani da Seracxadi piris mier Seqmnili TviTsafrTxe
axlobeli naTesavis umoqmedobasa da Sedegs Soris arsebul
Seracxvis kavSirs wyvets. aseve ar agebs damcavi garanti
184
sisxlissamarTlebrivad pasuxs, Tu igi Tavisi dacvis qveS myof
axlobels TviTmkvlelobaSi xels ar SeuSlis.
magaliTi: petres mZime avadmyofi deda TviTmkvlelobis mizniT wamals
dalevs da petre mas TviTmkvlelobaSi xels ar SeuSlis, igi umoqmedobiT
mkvlelobisaTvis (ssk me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili da 108-e muxli) pasuxs ar
agebs.
damcavi garantis mier Tavisi dacvis qveS myofi pirisaTvis
TviTmkvlelobaSi xelSeuSlelobis dausjeloba Semdegnairad
dasabuTdeba: Tanamonawileobs aqcesoruli xasiaTidan
gamomdinare, damcavi garanti maSinac ar agebda
sisxlissamarTlebrivad pasuxs, Tu igi Tavis mZime avadmyof
dedas TviTmkvlelobaSi aqtiurad daexmareboda, mag., mas Tavis
mosaklavad wamals gadascemda. radgan sisxlis samarTali
garants Tavisi dacvis qveS myofi piris TviTmkvlelobaSi
aqtiuri daxmarebisaTvis ar sjis, Sesabamisad, miT ufro
argumentidan gamomdinare, Tu dasjadi araa TviTmkvlelobaSi
aqtiuri xelSewyoba garantis mier, miT ufro dasjadi ar unda
iyos piris umoqmedoba da axloblis TviTmkvlelobis Tavidan
aucilebloba.
sakiTxavia, daisjeba Tu ara garanti maSin, rodesac misi dacvis
qveS myofma axlobelma Tavis mokvla ver SeZlo,
gonebadakargulia, garants misi gadarCena SeuZlia, Sedegis
Tavidan acilebis SesaZleblobac arsebobs, magram igi ar
moqmedebs da sasikvdilo Sedegi dgeba? am dros ori
sxvadasxvagvari Sexedulebis ganviTareba SeiZleba:
185
1. erTi Sexedulebis mixedviT, garanti misi dacvis qveS myofi
piris xelmocaruli TviTmkvlelobisas daxmarebis
aRmouCenlobis magaliTiSi umoqmedobiT Cadenili
mkvlelobisaTvis unda daisajos, radgan TviTmkvlelobis
mcdeli piri qmedebaze ukve aRar batonobs da qmedebaze
batonoba garantzea gadasuli.
2. garanti ar daisjeba. alogikuria misi dasja misi dacvis
qveS myofi piris xelmocaruli TviTmkvlelobisas
daxmarebis aRmouCenlobis, anu umoqmedobisaTvis, roca
kanoni mas TviTmkvelobaSi aqtiuri daxmarebisaTvis ar
sjis.
germaniis federaluri sasamarTlo TviTmkvlelobis mcdelis
ugonobisas garantis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas
asabuTebda amgvar magaliTSi qmedebaze batonobis garantze
gadasvlis argumentiT. 2019 wels germaniis federalurma
sasamarTlom es Sexeduleba diametralurad Secvala da miiRo
gadawyvetileba, romelSic uaria naTqvami garantis dacvis
valdebulebaze, Tu misi dacvis qveS myofma TviTmkvlelma
TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb cnobieri gadawyvetileba miiRo da
TviTmkvlelobis cdisas goneba dakarga. am magaliTiSi garantze
dakisrebul gadarCenis valdebulebas TviTmkvlelis
TviTgamorkvevis (TviTgansazRvris) ufleba gadawonis.105
Sedegis Tavidan acilebis albaTobis xarisxi – esaa
realobasTan axlos mdgomi albaTobis maRali xarisxi, anu
105 Urt. v. 03.07.2019 / 5 StR 393/18, https://www.hrr-strafrecht.de/hrr/5/18/5-393-18.php (01.06.2020).
186
yovelgvari eWvis gamomricxavi albaToba, 99, 8 - 99,9 %. Tu
Sedegis Tavidan acilebis albaTobis xarisxi mocemul
procentul monacemze naklebia, piri ganzraxi umoqmedobisas
mcdelobisaTvis agebs pasuxs, gaufrTxilebeli umoqmedobisas ki
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan saerTod
gaTavisufldeba.
samarTalSedarebiTi masala: germanul literaturaSi Camoyalibebuli
riskis amaRlebis (gazrdis) Teoriis mixedviT, Tu SeuZlebelia dadgena
imisa, Sedegi Tavidan acilebuli iqneboda Tu ara, piri unda daisajos, Tu
igi samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis Seqmnil safrTxes Tavidan ar aicilebs da
damdgar SedegSi swored is safrTxe ganxorcieldeba, romlis Tavidan
acilebac piris valdebuleba iyo. riskis amaRlebis Teorias Semdegnairad
akritikeben: igi Sedegian deliqtebs safrTxis deliqtebad gadaaqcevs da in
dubio pro reo princips ewinaaRmdegeba.
qarTveli kanonmdebeli riskis amaRlebis Teorias ar iziarebs, radgan ssk
me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili moiTxovs ara umoqmedobiT Sedegis dadgomis riskis
amaRlebas, aramed kategoriulad miuTiTebs, rom hipoTeturad, savaldebulo
da SesaZlebeli moqmedebiT Sedegis Tavidan acileba calsaxad
SesaZlebeli unda iyos.
umoqmedobis mizezobriobis meore niSania danaSaulebrivi
Sedegis Tavidan acilebis individualuri SesaZlebloba, rac
umoqmedobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis erT-erTi safuZvlia. misi
laTinuri formulaa ultra posse nemo obligatur. danaSaulebrivi
Sedegis Tavidan acilebis individualuri SesaZlebloba
gamoiricxeba maSin, rodesac piri saerTod araa SemTxvevis
adgilze (Tavidan acilebis obieqturi SesaZleblobis
187
ararseboba) anda mas saTanado codna ar gaaCnia (mag., ar icis
curva).
magaliTi: petre da misi coli Ria zRvaSi iaxtaze imyofebdonen. uceb misi
coli wyalSi gadavarda. petres Tavisi dacvis qveS myofi wyalSi
Cavardnili colis gadarCenis movaleoba ar daekisreba, Tu man curva ar
icis. kanonmdebeli mas arc saarako gmirobis Cadenas avaldebulebs da arc
Tavisi Tavis uSedegod safrTxeSi Cayenebas. petres erTaderTi movaleoba
colisaTvis maSveli rgolis gadagdebaa. Tu qali maSvel rgols ver
miswvdeba da daixrCoba, petre pasuxs umoqmedobiT mkvlelobisaTvis ar
agebs.
garantis valdebuleba gamoiricxeba maSinac, Tu mas
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva mxolod sakuTari
TanabarmniSvnelovani sikeTis xelyofiT SeuZlia.
3 umoqmedobis marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamoricxva
rogorc moqmedebis, aseve umoqmedobisasac qmedebis
Semadgenlobis Sesruleba rogorc wesi, am qmedebis
marTlwinaaRmdegobasac gulisxmobs da marTlwinaaRmdegoba
specialuri garemoebis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamoiricxos.
umoqmedobisas marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel specialur
garemoebas movaleobaTa kolizia warmoadgens.
movaleobaTa koliziisas saxezea moqmedebis ramdenime
valdebuleba. Tu garanti kolidirebuli samarTlebrivi
valdebulebidan mxolod erTs Seasrulebs, radgan mas mxolod
erTi valdebulebis dacvis SesaZebloba aqvs, pasuxismgebloba
gamoiricxeba ara mizezobrivi kavSiris, anu daRupuli
188
samarTlebrivi sikeTis mimarT daxmarebis individualuri
SesaZleblobis ararsebobis, aramed movaleobaTa koliziis gamo.
movaleobaTa koliziisas SesaZlebelia mtkiceba imisa, rom
valdebulebis SeusruleblobiT samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis
zianis miyeneba marTlsawinaaRmdego umoqmedobaa da piri ar
daisjeba martoden bralis gamoricxvis gamo.106
gacilebiT ufro damajerebelia movaleobaTa koliziisas
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamoricxva, radgan Tu ori samarTlebrivi
sikeTis erTad gadarCena SeuZlebelia, moqmedebs uZvelesi
principi - ultra posse nemo obligatur - aravis evaleba, SeZlos
SeuZlebeli.
magaliTi: eqims erTdroulad or mZime pacients miuyvanen, romlebsac
Tanabrad sWirdebaT sasunTqi aparati. eqims mxolod erTi sasunTqi aparati
aqvs. igi sasunTq aparats erT avadmyofs miuerTebs, meore ki amasobaSi
gardaicvleba, eqimis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba gamoiricxeba
mxolod movaleobaTa koliziis safuZvelze, marTlwinaaRmdegobis
ararsebobis argumentiT.
rodesac koliziaSia damcavi garantis da zogadadamianuri,
solidaruli movaleoba, anu aq saxezea „movaleobaTa
konkurencia“107, SesaZlebelia ori gansxvavebuli mosazrebis
ganviTareba. SeiZleba mtkiceba imisa, rom „movaleobaTa
konkurenciisas“ marTlwinaaRmdegoba gamoircxeba, radgan
106 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S S. 183.
107 dvaliZe, wignSi: dvaliZe/naWyebia (red.) sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tbilisi 2007,
gv. 286.
189
mTavaria is, rom pirma adamianis sicocxle gadaarCina da ara is,
Tu romeli movaleoba Seasrula, garantis Tu solidaruli.
SeiZleba sxva Sexedulebis ganviTareba da mtkiceba imisa, rom
piri valdebulia garantis movaleoba Seasrulos. rodesac piri
solidarul movaleobas Seasrulebs da ara garantisas, qmedeba
marTlsawinaaRmdegoa, magram brali unda gamoiricxos, radgan
zogadad adamianis gadarCena gasakicxi araa.
rodesac garantis valdebulebebi sxvadasxva ierarqiul
safexurze mdgom samarTlebriv sikeTeebs exeba (sicocxle da
qoneba), garanti valdebulia, maRal ierarqiul safexurze mdgomi
samarTlebrivi sikeTe (sicocxle) gadaarCinos.
Tu pirs erTdroulad sxvadasxva ierarqiul safexurze myofi
samarTlebrivi sikeTis gadarCenis valdebuleba warmoeSoba, igi
dabal ierarqiul safexurze myof samarTlebriv sikeTes
gadaarCens da amasobaSi maRal ierarqiul safexurze myofi
sikeTe ganadgurdeba, igi am sikeTis umoqmedobiT xelyofisaTvis
agebs pasuxs.
magaliTi: petrem Tavisi cecxlwakidebuli saxlidan gamoiyvana ara
avadmyofi da moxuci deda, aramed Tavisi kompiuteri gamoitana. amasobaSi
misi deda cecxlSi daiwva. petre umoqmedobiT mkvlelobisaTvis agebs
pasuxs (ssk me-8 muxlis me-3 nawiliT da 109-e muxlis me-2 nawilis b) punqti).
190
3 bralis problemebi umoqmedobis dros
ganzrxva umoqmedobis drosac108 qmedebis obieqturi mxaris yvela
niSans unda moicavdes. pirma unda icodes safrTxis arsebobis
da Tavisi garantis movaleobis Sesaxeb. Tu pirma safrTxis
arsebobis Sesaxeb araferi icis, anda ar icis, rom safrTxis
Tavidan acilebis SesaZlebloba arsebobs, igi saqmis faqtobriv
garemoebebSi cdeba da man ukidures SemTxvevaSi, windaxedulobis
normis darRvevisas, mxolod gaufrTxileblobisaTvis unda agos
pasuxi.
umoqmedobisas ganzraxva SeiZleba iyos rogorc pirdapiri, aseve
eventualuri. Tu Sedegi ar dadga da piri am Sedegis mimarT
eventualuri ganzraxviT moqmedebda, igi pasuxs eventualuri
ganzraxviT mcdelobisTvis ki ara mxolod ssk 128-e muxliT
(gansacdelSi mitoveba) agebs. ra Tqma unda, eventualuri
ganzraxviT mcdelobis momxreebi sxva daskvnamde mivlen da
umoqmedobiT eventualuri ganzraxviT mcdelobis dasabuTebas
Seecdebian.
Secdoma umoqmedobisas SeiZleba iyos:
1. Secdoma safrTxis arsebobaze (faqtobrivi Secdoma)
2. Secdoma safrTxeSi Cavardnili piris identifikaciaSi (error
in persona) mag., pirma ar icis, rom safrTxeSi Cavardnili misi
Svilia. amgvari Secdoma faqtobrivi Secdomaa.
108Aganzraxvis samive niSani neoklasikur moZRvebaze dazrdnobiT ganxilulia bralSi.
191
3. Secdoma garantis movaleobis arsebobaze. mag., pirma icis,
rom igi safrTxeSi Cavardnilis axlo naTesavia, magram mas
hgonia, rom mas axlo naTesavis garantis movaleoba ar
ekisreba. amgvari Secdoma iuridiuli Secdomaa.
Tu damcvelma an zedamxedvelma garantma safrTxe ver aRiqva da
es safrTxe sxva piris mier aRikveTa, garanti pasuxs
gaufrTxilebeli mcdelobis dogmatikuri institutis
ararsebobis gamo ar agebs.
Tu piri safrTxeSi Cavardnilis identifikaciaSi cdeba (error in
persona) hgonia, rom safrTxeSi Cavardnili misi axlo naTesavi ki
ara, mezobelia, mas ar mieSveleba da axlo naTesavi am safrTxis
Sedegad gardaicvleba, igi faqtobriv Secdomas uSvebs, cdeba
garantis mdgomareobis arsebobaSi. pirma pasuxi ssk 129-e muxliT
ar unda agos, radgan dauxmarebloba sxva piris mimarT mxolod
mis warmodgenaSia da ara sinamdvileSi. aq ssk 129-e muxlTan
mimarTebaSi saqme gvaqvs putatiur danaSaulTan. faqtobrivi
Secdoma safrTxeSi Cavardnili piris araswori identifikaciisas
Secdomaa garantis mdgomareobis arsebobaze. es Secdoma
miutevebelia da miutevebeli faqtobrivi Secdomisas pirma
sicocxlis gaufrTxilebeli mospobisaTvis unda agos pasuxi
(ssk me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili da 116-e muxli).
Tu piri garantis movaleobis arsebobaSi cdeba, anu mas hgonia,
rom mas axlo naTesavis daxmareba ar evaleba, igi Secdomas
uSvebs akrZalvaSi. klasikuri deliqtebis mimarT ssk 36-e muxli
akrZalvaSi Secdomis Sesaxeb ar gamoiyeneba. Sesabamisad piri
192
umoqmedobiT Cadenili ganzraxi mkvlelobisaTvis agebs pasuxs
(ssk me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili da 109-e muxlis me-2 nawilis b)
punqti).
bralis gamoricxva Sereuli umoqmedobisas ar gansxvavdeba
moqmedebisas bralis gamoricxvisgan. Urogorc moqmedebis, aseve
umoqmedobisas brali gamoiricxeba ssk 33-e muxliT (Seuracxaoba
asakis gamo) da ssk 34-e muxliT (Seuracxaoba fsiqikuri
daavadebis gamo), anda brZanebis an gankargulebis Sesrulebisas
(ssk 37-e muxli), rodesac piri, romelmac umoqmedobis brZaneba an
gankarguleba miiRo, umoqmedobs am brZanebis an gankargulebis
marTlwinaaRmdegobis winaswari Secnobis gareSe.
umoqmedobisas bralis gamomricxvel zekanonuri garemoebad
SeiZleba CavTvaloT garantisagan samarTlebrivi valdebulebis
ganxorcielebis moTxovnis miuRebloba (Unzumutbarkeit).109
klasikuri magaliTi: avtoavariis dros sasowarkveTili qali qmris
gadasarCenad droze ver daukavSirdeba saswrafos, radgan am dros igi
Svilebis gardacvalebis gamo SokSia Cavardnili.
amgvar gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi adamianisagan samarTlebrivi
valdebulebis ganxorcielebis moTxovna miuRebelia.
germanul sisxlis samarTalSi umoqmedobis dausjeloba ara
mxolod dasaxelebul eqstremalur situaciaSi, aramed zogadad
garantisagan samarTlebrivi valdebulebis ganxorcielebis
moTxovnis dauSveblobas ukavSirdeba. dauSvebelia, samarTalma
109 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 183.
193
pirisagan normis Sesabamisi moqmedeba moiTxovos, Tuki igi am
movaleobis Sesrulebisas igi sakuTar eTikurad Rirebul,
mniSvnelovan interess xelyofs.110 qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi
ki amgvari moTxovnis miuRebloba wminda umoqmedobis deliqtSi,
ssk 129-e muxlSi, pirdapir SemadgenlobaSia miTiTebuli (Tu
damnaSaves SeeZlo misi daxmareba TavisTvis an sxvisTvis
seriozuli safrTxis Seqmnis gareSe) da Sesabamisad, amgvari
SemTxvevebisas brali ki ara, qmedebis Semadgenloba
gamoiricxeba.
ssk me-8 muxlis me-3 nawilSi ki umoqmedobis mizezobriobis erT-
erTi winapirobaa is, rom pirs moqmedeba unda SeeZlos (hqonda
aseTi moqmedebis SesaZlebloba), rac aseve TavisTvis an
sxvisTvis seriozuli safrTxis Seqmnis gareSe moqmedebis
SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad, qarTul sisxlis
samarTalSi samarTali pirs ar avalebs moqmedebas da
gamoricxavs umoqmedobis mizezobriobas ssk me-8 muxlis me-3
nawiliT, Tuki igi valdebulebis Sesrulebisas sakuTari
TavisaTvis an sxvisTvis seriozuli safrTxes Seqmnida.
4 umoqmedobis momzadeba da mcdeloba
wminda umoqmedobis dros, rodesac isjeba Tavad qmedeba da
Sedegis dadgomas yuradReba ar eqceva, danaSaulis momzadeba
(arsebobs gamonaklisebi) da mcdeloba SeuZlebelia. mag.,
SeuZlebelia Seutyobineblobis momzadeba da mcdeloba (ssk
376 -e muxli), radgan Tu pirma namdvilad icis, rom mzaddeba an
110 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 183
194
Cadenilia mZime an gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSauli da ar
atyobinebs saTanado organoebs, igi ukve qmedebis Semadgenlobas
asrulebs.
mecnierebaSi gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi wminda umoqmedobis
momzadebas dasaSvebad Tvlian.
magaliTi: piri mowmedaa dabarebuli sasamarTloSi. igi Soreul adgilas
miemgzavreba, saidanac dabruneba da Cvenebis micema mas ar SeuZlia.111
amgvari SemTxvevebi Tanamedrove teqnikuri saSualebebis
gamoyenebiT Cvenebis micemis SesaZleblobidan gamomdinare,
momzadebad aRar unda CaiTvalos. amasTan, ssk 371-e muxls
(Cvenebis micemaze uaris Tqma) naklebad mZime danaSaulia da
radgan misi dasjadoba ssk me-18 muxlis me-2 nawilSi araa
gaTvaliswinebuli, sakiTxis gadawyveta dReisaTvis yovelgvar
sisxlissamarTlebriv mniSvnelobas moklebulia.
aseve SeuZlebelia dauxmareblobis (ssk 129-e muxli) momzadeba
da mcdeloba. am muxliT isjeba daxmarebis solidaruli
valdebulebis Seusrulebloba aragarantis mier. iqamde, sanam
valdebulebis Sesrulebis dro ar damdgara, umoqmedobac araa
saxeze. Tu valdebulebis Sesrulebis dro dadga da pirma es
valdebuleba ar Seasrula, qmedeba ukve damTavrebuli
danaSaulia.
Sereuli umoqmedobisas SesaZlebelia rogorc danaSaulis
momzadeba, aseve mcdeloba. momzadeba Sereuli umoqmedobis dros
111 dvaliZe, wignSi: dvaliZe/naWyebia (red.) sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tbilisi 2007,
gv. 178.
195
gvaqvs maSin, rodesac garanti masze dakisrebul samarTlebriv
movaleobas ar Seasrulebs da amgvarad samarTlebriv sikeTes
abstraqtul safrTxes uqmnis.
magaliTi: petres colma SemTxveviT gaigo, rom mavani RamiT petres manqanis
moparvas apirebda da misTvis saqmis gasaioleblad arc signalizacia ar
CarTo da arc garaJis kari daketa. saRamos mivlinebidan droze adre
dabrunebulma petrem signalizacia CarTo da garaJis kari Tavad daketa.
mavani garaJSi ver Sevida. petres colma Tavisi umoqmedobiT sxvis mier
aqtiuri qmedebiT gansaxorcielebeli danaSauli moamzada, Seqmna pirobebi
danaSaulis Casadenad.
Sereuli umoqmedobiT momzadeba socialurad adeqvaturi
qmedebisagan mxolod subieqturi mxriv gansxvavdeba, amitomac
amgvari qmedebis dasjadoba unda gamoiricxos. Sereuli
umoqmedobis momzadeba mxolod maSin unda iyos dasjadi,
rodesac qmedeba mcdelobas miuaxlovdeba da obieqturi mxriv
socialuri adeqvatobis sazRvars gadascdeba.
mcdeloba Sereuli umoqmedobis dros saxezea maSin, rodesac
piri konkretul safrTxes ar aneitralebs da amgvarad
samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis valdebulebas arRvevs. Sereuli
umoqmedobis mcdelobad unda CaiTvalos samarTlebrivi
sikeTisaTvis konkretuli safrTxis Tavidan acilebis pirvelive
Sansis gamouyenebloba.112
magaliTi: Sereuli umoqmedobiT mcdeloba gveqneba maSin, rodesac eqimi
saSineli tkiviliT Sewuxebul sakuTar cols saavadmyofoSi ar waiyvans,
miuxedavad imisa, rom man icis colis daavadebis Sesaxeb. Tu igi Setevis
112 safrTxis Sefasebis winapirobebTan dakavSirebiT ix. mWedliSvili-hedrixi, danaSaulis
gamovlinebis calkeuli formebi, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 345.
196
dawyebidan karga xnis Semdeg gonebadakargul cols saavadmyofoSi
gaaqanebs, qmedeba Sereuli umoqmedobiT mcdelobaze nebayoflobiT xelis
aRebad unda dakvalificirdes.113
danaSaulis momzadeba da mcdeloba Sereuli umoqmedobiT
advili SesaZlebelia maSin, rodesac garanti Tavisi
zedamxedvelobis qveS myofi piris mier ganxorcielebul
danaSaulis momzadebasa da mcdelobas xels ar SeuSlis.
magaliTi: petre Tavis 13 wlis Svils danaSaulis momzadebaSi xels
pirdapiri ganzraxviT ar SeuSlis. amgvarad igi, rogorc SualobiTi
amsrulebeli, danaSauls umoqmedobiT amzadebs. petre Tavisi
zedamxedvelobis qveS myofs pirdapiri ganzraxviT arc maSin uSlis xels,
rodesac igi msxvepls Tofs esvris da aacilebs. amjerad petre danaSaulis
mcdelobas axorcielebs umoqmedobiT, rogorc SualobiTi amsrulebeli.
moqmedebiT Cadenili danaSaulis umoqmedobiT momzadeba advili
SesaZlebelia Tanamonawileobisas.
magaliTi: colma icis, rom misi qmris mosaklavad pirobebi mzaddeba da
qmris dasacavad arafers akeTebs. imis mixedviT, Tu sad SeCerdeba misi
qmris winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedeba, colis qmedeba sxvadasxvanairad
dakvalificirdeba. igi pasuxs agebs danaSaulis momzadebaSi, mcdelobaSi an
damTavrebul danaSaulSi umoqmedobiT daxmarebisaTvis (ssk 24-e muxlis me-3
nawili, me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili da 108-e muxli).
is, rom amsrulebelma araferi icis colis umoqmedobiT
mxardaWeris Sesaxeb, colis mier umoqmedobiT ganxorcielebul
daxmarebas da mis dasjadobas ar gamoricxavs, radgan
aucilebeli araa amsrulebelma icodes, rom mas exmarebian.
113 UumoqmedobiT mcdelobis problemebi dawvrilebiT ix. mWedliSvili-hedrixi,
danaSaulis gamovlinebis calkeuli formebi, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 347.
197
5 danaSaulze xelis aReba Sereuli umoqmedobisas
Sereuli umoqmedobisas pirma SeiZleba danaSaulze moqmedebiT
nebayoflobiT aiRos xeli. moqmedebiT Cadenil danaSaulze
nebayoflobiT xelis aReba, rogorc wesi, SesaZlebelia rogorc
umoqmedobiT (daumTavrebeli mcdeloba), aseve moqmedebiT
(damTavrebuli mcdeloba). Sereuli umoqmedobisas ki
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis asaRebad yovelTvis moqmedebaa
saWiro, amitomac Sereuli umoqmedobisas mcdelobis dayofas
damTavrebulad da daumTavreblad araviTari dogmatikuri
mniSvneloba ar eniWeba.
6 Tanamonawileoba Sereuli umoqmedobisas
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba:
1. garantis umoqmedobaSi aragarantis Tanamonawileoba
moqmedebiT da
2. aragarantis moqmedebaSi garantis monawileoba umoqmedobiT.
SesaZlebelia garantis waqezeba umoqmedobiT
marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis gamowvevisaken. SesaZlebelia aseve
misi daxmareba rCeva-darigebiT. amgvarad gveqneba moqmedebiT
Tanamonawileoba garantis umoqmedobaSi. Tu garanti sxvas
Tavisi dacvis qveS myofis mimarT danaSaulis CadenaSi xels ar
SeuSlis, gveqneba aragarantis aqtiur moqmedebaSi garantis
Tanamonawileoba (daxmareba) umoqmedobiT.
198
Tanaamsrulebloba Sereuli umoqmedobisas maSin gveqneba,
rodesac garantebi erTiani miznis misaRwevad, saerTo gegmis
safuZvelze, dakisrebul movaleobas ar asruleben. amgvar
SemTxvevebSi garants sakuTari umoqmedobT gamowveuli Sedegi
Seeracxeba da qmedeba jgufurad Cadenilad dakvalificirdeba
(sadavo sakiTxi qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi).
garanti, romelic Tavisi dacvis qveS myofi piris mimarT Cadenil
aqtiur qmedebas xels ar SeuSlis, yovelTvis damxmarea. garanti,
romelic Tavisi zedamxedvelobis qveS myofi piris
(Seracxvauunaros) mier Cadenil qmedebas xels ganzrax ar
SeuSlis, yovelTvis SualobiTi amsrulebelia.114
7 Sereuli umoqmedoba gaufrTxilebobiT
Sereuli umoqmedoba gaufrTxilebladac SeiZleba iqnas
Cadenili. piri gaufrTxilebeli Sereuli umoqmedobisaTvis
daisjeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am gaufrTxilebeli qmedebis
dasjadoba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSia gaTvaliswinebuli.115
114 ix. mWedliSvili-hedrixi, sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawili, danaSaulis gamovlinebis
calkeuli formebi, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 354-360.
115 dawvrilebiT gaufrTxilebeli Sereuli umoqmedobis Sesaxeb ix. mWedliSvili-hedrixi,
danaSaulis gamovlinebis calkeuli formebi, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 362-dan.
199
erTpirovnuli amsruleblis mier umoqmedobiT Cadenili
danaSaulis momzadebis sqema
Sesavali: danaSaulis daumTavrebloba da danaSaulis
momzadebis dasjadoba (ssk me-18 muxlis me-2 nawili)
I. qmedebis Semadgenloba
1. momzadebis subieqturi mxare – ganzraxva
2. momzadebis obieqturi mxare - momzadebuli pirobebis
vargisianoba danaSaulebrivi Sedegis gamosawvevad;
qmedebis socialuri adeqvaturobis gamoricxva; qmedebiT
Seqmnili abstraqtuli safrTxe
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba
III. brali
erTpirovnuli amsruleblis mier umoqmedobiT Cadenili
danaSaulis mcdelobis sqema
I. qmedebis Semadgenloba
1. qmedebis subieqturi mxare - ganzraxva, romelic
danaSaulis obieqtur mxares moicavs
200
2. qmedebis obieqturi mxare - umoqmedoba, uSualod
mimarTuli danaSaulis Casadenad - obieqtisaTvis
Seqmnili konkretuli safrTxis Tavidan aucilebloba
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba
III. brali
IV. danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba
erTpirovnuli amsruleblis mier umoqmedobiT Cadenili
ganzraxi damTavrebuli danaSaulis sqema
I. qmedebis Semadgenloba
1. qmedebis obieqturi mxare
(1) Sedegi
(2) umoqmedobis mizezobrioba me-8 muxlis me-3
nawiliT:
1) garantis valdebuleba
2) obieqturad SesaZlo qmedebs ganuxorcielebloba
3) Sedegis Tavidan acilebis SesaZlebloba
201
4) obieqturi Seracxva (SedegSi is safrTxe unda
ganxorcieldes, romelic pirma Tavisi
umoqmedobiT Tavidan ar aicila)
2. qmedebis subieqturi mxare - ganzraxva (Tu
neofinalizms viziarebT)
II. marTwinaaRmdegoba
III. brali -
1. bralunarianoba
2. marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba / ganzraxva Tavisi samive
niSniT (Tu neoklasikur agebulebas viziarebT)116
3. bralis gamomricxveli garemoebebi
umoqmedobiT Cadenili gaufrTxilebeli danaSaulis sqema
I. qmedebis Semadgenloba
1. Sedegis dadgoma umoqmedobiT
2. umoqmedobasa da Sedegs Soris mizezobrivi kavSiri
116 kazusis amoxsnisas unda gaviziaroT an neofinaluri da an neoklasikuri agebuleba.
kazusis amoxsnisas saubari imaze, Tu romeli agebuleba avirCieT, araa saWiro. aseve araa
saWiro saubari imaze, Tu romeli agebulebaa qarTulis ssk-is Sesabamisi. praqtikuli
xasiaTis rCeva – zedmeti garTulebebis Tavidan asacileblad mxedvelobaSi miiReT is
agebuleba, romelsac Tavad sagnis leqtori gTavazobT.
202
1) garantis funqcia
2) obieqturad SesaZlo qmedebis ganuxorcielebloba
3) savaldebulo da SesaZlebeli qmedebiT Sedegis Tavidan
acilebis SesaZlebloba (Sedegis obieqturi Seracxva)
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba
III. brali
1. bralunarianoba
2. bralis gamomricxveli garemoebebis ararseboba
VI gaufrTxilebloba
1 gaufrTxileblobis dogmatikuri safuZvlebi
samarTlebrivi sikeTe SeiZleba xelyofil iqnas ganzrax (ssk
me -9 muxli), gaufrTxileblad (ssk me-10 muxli) da ganzraxva-
gaufrTxileblobis kombinaciiT (SedegiT kvalificirebuli
deliqti, ssk me-11 muxli).
ssk me-10 muxlis me-4 nawilis Tanaxmad, gaufrTxileblad
Cadenili qmedeba mxolod maSin isjeba, rodesac es
specialuradaa miTiTebuli sisxlis samarTlis Sesabamis
muxlSi. dasjadia mag., sicocxlis gafrTxilebeli mospoba
(ssk 116-e muxli) anda nivTis dazianeba an ganadgureba
203
gaufrTxileblobiT (ssk 188-e muxli). gamoricxulia
gaufrTxilebeli qmedebis dasjadoba, Tu es qmedeba sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsSi pirdapir araa gaTvaliswinebuli (ssk me-10
muxlis me-4 nawili).
gaufrTxilebeli TviTimedovneba nebiT marTuli an marTvadi, anu
nebelobiTi qmedebaa. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-10 muxlSi
gaTvaliswinebulia gaufrTxileblobis Semdegi saxeebi:
danaSaulebrivi TviTimedovneba (ssk me-10 muxlis me-2 nawili) da
danaSaulebrivi daudevroba (ssk me-10 muxlis me-3 nawili).
sisxlis samarTalSi damatebiT saubroben aseve uxeS
gaufrTxileblobaze, rogorc gaufrTxileblobis mesame saxeze.117
qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi uxeS gaufrTxileblobas
ar iTvaliswinebs, gansxvavebiT qarTuli samoqalaqo
samarTlisagan, sadac yuradRebianobis darRvevis xarisxis
mixedviT erTmaneTisagan safexurebrivad martiv da uxeS
gaufrTxileblobas (ix. samoq. samarTlis kodeqsis 829-e muxli)
ganasxvaveben.
dasjadi gaufrTxilebloba saxezea windaxedulobis dawerili
da dauwereli normebis darRveviT Sedegis dadgomisas.
windaxedulobis dawerili normebia, mag., saqarTvelos kanoni
sagzao moZraobis Sesaxeb. windaxedulobis dauwereli normebia
adamianTa Tanacxovrebis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebi.
magaliTi: petrem gafuWebuli uTo meaTe sarTulis fanjridan dabla
gadaagdo. uTo pavles jiSian cxens moxvda TavSi da adgilzeve mokla.
117 Hilgendorf, Recht, Band I, Grundlagen, Staatsrecht, Strafrecht, 3. Auflage, München 2012, S. 187.
204
petrem gafuWebuli uTos meaTe sarTulis fanjridan dabla gadagdebiT
windaxedulobis dauwereli norma daarRvia, amgvarad jiSiani cxeni mokla
da mis patrons mniSvnelovani ziani miayena. Sesabamisad, man sxvisi nivTis
gaufrTxileblobiT dazianebis Semadgenloba ganaxorciela (ssk 188-e 1-li
nawili).
ssk me-10 muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT, danaSaulebrivi
TviTimedovneba118 (luxuria) moicavs windaxedulobis normis
gacnobierebas, marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis dadgomis
SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebas da Sedegis Tavidan acilebis
usafuZvlo imeds. danaSaulebrivi TviTimedovneba Sedgeba
rogorc codnis (kognitiuri), aseve nebelobis (voluntatiuri)
elementebisagan. TviTimedovnebaSi codnis elementis arsebobis
gamo gaufrTxileblobis am saxes SeiZleba aseve
gacnobierebuli gaufrTxilebloba vuwodoT.
erTi SexedviT eventualuri ganzraxvis da TviTimedovnebis
codnis da nebelobis elementebi erTmaneTs hgavs. rogorc
eventualuri ganzraxva (ssk me-9 muxlis me-3 nawili), aseve
TviTimedovneba (ssk me-10 muxlis me-2 nawili) Sedegis dadgomis
SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebas moicavs. kanonmdebeli maTi
codnis elements erTmaneTsagan ar ganasxvavebs. kanonmdebeli
ssk me-9 muxlis me-3 nawilSi miuTiTebs, rom eventualuri
ganzraxvisas pirs Sedegis dadgoma ar surda, magram Segnebulad
uSvebda an gulgrilad ekideboda mis dadgomas. am dros Sedegis
118 oTar gamyreliZe termins «TviTimedovneba» rusulis zegavleniT Seqmnilad Tvlis da
mis sanacvlod qarTul termins, «windauxedaobas» gvTavazobs. ix. gamyreliZe,
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi 2008, gv. 116.
205
dadgomis survilis ararseboba xazs usvams damdgari Sedegis
mimarT piris indiferentul damokidebulebas. TviTimedovnebisas
ki pirs Sedegis dadgoma ar surs da mis Tavidan acilebas
usafuZvlod imedovnebs. eventualuri ganzraxvis dros piri
konkretuli marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis realur dadgomas
iTvaliswinebs, TviTimedovnebis dros ki mas am Sedegis dadgoma
abstraqtulad warmoudgenia, magram darwmunebulia, rom am
mocemul konkretul SemTxvevaSi es Sedegi ar dadgeba. swored
es darwmuneba imaSi, rom Sedegi ar dadgeba, „asabuTebs
TviTimedovnebas da gamoricxavs evetualur ganzraxvas.~119
TviTimedovnebisas piris rwmena, rom danaSaulebrivi Sedegi ar
ganxorcieldeba, konkretul garemoebebs, xSirad moqmedis mier
sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gadametebuli rwmenas emyareba, Tumca
eventualuri ganzraxvisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli litoni
imedisagan gansxvavdeba.120 eventualuri ganzraxvisas piri
hipoTeturad ambobs: «me vimoqmedeb da moxdes, rac mosaxdenia!»
danaSaulebrivi TviTimedovnebisas kipiri hipoTeturad ambobs:
«me vimoqmedeb, radgan araferi moxdeba!»121
danaSaulebrivi daudevroba (negligentia) ssk me-10 muxlis me-3
nawiliT Semdeg elementebs moicavs: windaxedulobis normiT
119 mayaSvili, wignSi: wereTeli/tyeSeliaZe (red.), saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
komentarebi, nawili pirveli, Tbilisi 1976, gv. 66-67.
120 gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi
2008, gv. 122.
121 rainhard frankis formula, ix. Roxin, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, Grundlagen, Der Aufbau der
Verbrechenslehre, München 1992, S. 284, Rn. 47.
206
akrZaluli qmedebis gaucnobiereblobas, marTlsawinaaRmdego
Sedegis dadgomis gauTvaliswineblobas, Sedegis dadgomis
gaTvaliswinebis valdebulebasa da Sedegis dadgomis
gaTvaliswinebis SesaZleblobas. danaSaulebriv daudevrobas
sxvagvarad SeiZleba gaucnobierebeli gaufrTxilebloba
vuwodoT. danaSaulebrivi daudevrobisas pirma ar icis, rom igi
Tavisi qmedebiT (moqmedebiT Tu umoqmedobiT) windaxedulobis
normas arRvevs, safrTxes uqmnis samarTlebriv sikeTes da es
safrTxe SedegSi ganxorcieldeba, e.i. man ar icis, rom igi
amgvarad qmedebis Semadgenlobas axorcielebs. Sesabamisad mis
qmedebas romelic nebelobiTi, Segnebuli, anu nebiT marTuli an
marTvadia, magram igi Sedegis mimarT nebelobis (Sedegis
dadgomis survilis, anu voluntatiuri) gareSe moqmedebs.
danaSaulebrivi daudevrobisas gamoiricxeba rogorc
kognitiuri, aseve voluntatiuri elementi.
bralis fsiqologiuri Teoriis (brali, rogorc fsiqikuri
damokidebuleba Cadenil qmedebasTan) krizisi swored
danaSaulebriv daudevrobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, radgan
danaSaulebrivi daudevrobisas pirs saerTod ara aqvs
fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba Cadenili qmedebis mimarT.
danaSaulebrivi daudevrobis Sefasebis SeuZleblobas
ukavSirdeba aseve finalizmis kritikac. finalizmi qmedebas
mizandasaxul qcevad ganmartavs. danaSaulebrivi daudevroba ki
mizandasaxuli araa.
207
Tu pirs Sedegis gaTvaliswineba arc evaleboda da arc SeeZlo,
igi gaufrTxileblobisaTvis pasuxs ar agebs. ssk me-10 muxli
danaSaulebrivi daudevrobisaTvis yvela niSnis kumulatiurad
arsebobas moiTxovs. Sedegis dadgomis gaTvaliswinebadobis
gamorcxva zogadad Tavad danaSaulebriv daudevrobsac
gamoricxavs. Sedegis gaTvaliswinebadoba saxeze araa maSin,
rodesac Sedegis dadgomis SesaZlebloba cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebis farglebs scildeba, anu Tu windaxeduli, gonieri
da keTilsindisieri adamiani (an windaxeduli, gonieri da
keTilsindisieri specialisti) am Sedegis dadgomas ver
gaiTvaliswinebda. amgvar SemTxvevaSi piri gaufrTxileblobiT
pasuxs ar agebs da mxolod ubeduri SemTxvevaa saxeze.
magaliTi: fexiT mosiarule trotuarze gulis areSi uecari tkivilis gamo
dabarbacda da gzis saval nawilze gadavarda. dasaSvebi siCqariT mimavali
mZRoli fexiT mosiarules daejaxa da sasikvdilod daaziana. sasikvdilo
Sedegi fexiT mosiarulis uecari Setevis Sedegad dadga. Mradgan mZRols
am Sedegis dadgomis gaTvaliswineba ar SeeZlo, mas
gaufrTxileblobisaTvis pasuxs veravin agebinebs. ssk 276-e muxlis me-5
nawiliT satransporto saSualebis marTvisas windaxedulobis norma unda
iyos darRveuli da adamianis sicocxlis mospoba swored windaxedulobis
normis darRvevas unda mohyves.
qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi gaufrTxilebloba, rogorc wesi,
danaSaulebrivi Sedegis dadgomisas isjeba. gaufrTxileblad
safrTxis Seqmnis dasjadobas kanonmdebeli mxolodGgamonaklis
SemTxvevebSi mimarTavs. amgvar normas miekuTvneba ssk 242-e
muxlis 1-li nawili, afeTqebasaSiS sawarmoSi an saamqroSi
usafrTxoebis wesebis darRveva, rasac gaufrTxileblobiT
208
SeeZlo gamoewvia mZime Sedegi. es deliqti konkretul-
abstraqtuli safrTxis deliqtia, rac imas niSnavs, rom
mosamarTlem unda Seamowmos, Tu ramdenad SeeZlo mocemul
qmedebas konkretuli safrTxis gamowveva.
gaufrTxilebeli Sedegi SeiZleba dadges rogorc moqmedebiT
(mag., mravalsarTuliani saxlis fanjridan mZime sagnis
gadagdeba), aseve umoqmedobiT (mag., mzrunveli, anu damcavi
garantis mier Tavisi dacvis qveS myofisaTvis yuradRebis
miuqcevloba, ramac marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegi gamoiwvia).
umoqmedobiT Cadenili daudevrobisas garantma ar icis, rom igi
Tavisi umoqmedobiT windaxedulobis normas arRvevs da amis
Sedegad qmedebis Semadgenloba xorcieldeba, Tumca mas
windaxedulobis normis dacva da am Sedegis dadgomis
gaTvaliswineba evaleba (garantis movaleoba umoqmedobis
mizezobriobisas, sssk me-8 muxlis me- 3 nawili) da mas es
SeuZlia kidec.
magaliTi: ZiZa mcirewlovan bavSvs plaJze waiyvans da megobrebTan
laparakSi gaerToba. bavSvs amasobaSi wyali waiRebs. ZiZa garantia. igi
windaxedulebis normis darRvevis gamo bavSvis gaufrTxileblobiT
sicocxlis mospobisaTvis agebs pasuxs (me-8 muxlis me- 3 nawili da 116-e
muxlebi).
2 gaufrTxilebeli danaSaulis agebuleba
neoklasikuri da qarTuli neofinaluri moZRvrebebi
gaufrTxilebeli danaSaulis sistemas sxvadasxvanairad ageben.
neoklasikuri moZRvrebis mixedviT, gaufrTxileblobis qmedebis
SemadgenlobaSi mxolod qmedeba, Sedegi da mizezobrivi kavSiri
209
Sedis. neoklasikuri moZRvrebis mixedviT, windaxedulobis
normis darRveva qmedebis SemadgenlobaSi ki ar unda
ganvixiloT, aramed marTlwinaaRmdegobaSi, qmedebis
Semadgenlobis gaTvaliswinebadoba da Tavidan acilebadoba ki
gaufrTxileblobisas bralis niSania.122
neoklasikuri moZRvrebis mixedviT, gaufrTxileblobis
marTlwinaaRmdegoba winaaRmdegobaa dawerili Tu dauwereli
windaxedulobis normis mimarT. Tu piris qmedebas Sedegi mohyva,
magram mas windaxedulobis norma ar daurRvevia, misi qmedeba
araa marTlsawinaaRmdego. windaxedulobis normis Sesabamisi
qmedeba, Sedegis absoluturi gauTvaliswinebadoba da Sedegis
Tavidan acilebis SeuZlebloba marTlwinaaRmdegobis
gamomricxveli garemoebaa.123
gaufrTxilebeli danaSaulis amgvar agebulebas ara mxolod
dogmatikosTa umciresoba (neoklasikuri moZRvreba), aramed
agreTve germaniis sasamarTlo praqtikac uWers mxars. germaniis
federaluri sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis
«gzamkvlevi gadawyvetilebis»124 mixedviT, windaxedulobis normis
Sesabamisi qmedeba marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli, anu
gamamarTlebeli garemoebaa. samecniero literaturaSi
122 Baumann/Weber/Mitsch, Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Bielefeld 2003, S. 531, Rn. 28.
123 Baumann/Weber/Mitsch, Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Bielefeld 2003, S. 531, Rn. 28.
124 BGHZ 24, 21.
210
miuTiTeben, rom marTlwesrigis erTianobidan gamomdinare, es
Sexeduleba sisxlis samarTalSic unda gaviziaroT.125
qarTul sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi gaufrTxilebel
danaSauls germaniaSi kargad cnobili neoklasikuri moZRvrebis
mixedviT agebs gamyreliZe. igi miuTiTebs, rom gaufrTxilebeli
danaSaulis marTlwinaaRmdegoba cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi
dadgenili dawerili Tu dauwereli normebis SemowmebiT
dgindeba.126 gamyreliZe qmedebis subieqtur mxareSi ganzraxvis an
ganuzraxvelobis dadgenas moiazrebs da ara ganzraxvis da
gaufrTxileblobis dadgenas. gaufrTxileblobisas
windaxedulobis normis darRveva mas marTlwinaaRmdegobaSi
Seaqvs, gaufrTxilebloba ki – bralSi. radgan gamyreliZesTan
windaxedulobis normis darRveva marTlwinaaRmdegobis niSnadaa
aRiarebuli da gaufrTxilebloba ki mxolod bralis formaa,
gamyreliZe gaufrTxileblobisas danaSaulis neoklasikur
agebulebas iziarebs.
TviTimedovnebis niSnebi, romlebic saqarTvelos ssk me-10 muxlis
me-2 nawilSia mocemuli, konkretuli piris mier winadxedulobis
normis darRvevasTan dakavSirebul subieqtur niSnebs
iTvaliswinebs da amitomac yvela es niSani bralSi unda iqnas
ganxiluli. ssk me-10 muxlis me-3 nawilSi ki mocemulia
danaSaulebrivi daudevrobis subieqturi niSnebi
125 Baumann/Weber/Mitsch, Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Bielefeld 2003, S. 528, 21.
126 gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi
2008, gv. 117.
211
(windaxedulobis normiT akrZaluli qmedebis gaucnobierebloba,
marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis dadgomis SesaZleblobis
gauTvaliswinebloba da gaTvaliswinebis SesaZlebloba) da
obieqturi niSani (marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis dadgomis
SesaZleblobis valdebulebis qona), rac zogadad,
windaxedulobis normis arsebobaSi unda moviazroT.
finaluri moZRvreba gaufrTxileblobis sxvagvar agebulebas
gvTavazobs. danaSaulis finaluri agebuleba erTmaneTisagan
ganasxvavebs obieqtur da subieqtur gaufrTxileblobas.
obieqturi gaufrTxilebloba moicavs dawerili Tu dauwereli
windaxedulobis normebis Sinaarsis Semowmebas da imis dadgenas,
Tu ramdenad daarRvevda amsruleblis profesiis, misi
socialuri wris, misi profesiis warmomadgeneli saSualo
statistikuri, «gonieri adamiani» windaxedulobis am normas.
qmedebis Semadgenloba rogorc danaSaulebrivi TviTimedovnebis,
aseve danaSaulebrivi daudevrobisas martoden obieqtur
gaufrTxileblobas da obieqtur Seracxvas moiazrebs,
subieqturi komponentis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. konkretuli
piris indivdualuri SesaZleblobebi qmedebis Semadgenlobis
etapze ar ganixileba, gasaTvaliswinebelia mxolod misi
profesia an specialuri codna (saSualo statistikuri eqimi,
saSualo statistikuri mZRoli). TviTimedovnebisas codnis
elementi qmedebis subieqtur SemadgenlobaSi ar moazreba,
radgan am konkretuli piris mier Sedegis dadgomis
SesaZleblobis subieqturi gaTvaliswinebadoba da misi Tavidan
212
acilebadoba gasakicxaobis elementebs moicavs da gasakicxaoba
bralSi unda iqnas ganxiluli.127
3 obieqturi Seracxva gaufrTxileblobisas
gaufrTxileblobisas obieqturi Seracxva Semdeg problemebs
moicavs:
1. dasaSvebi riski, romelic Sedegis obieqtur Seracxvas
gamoricxavs
2. dauSvebeli riski, romelic Sedegis obieqtur Seracxvas
afuZnebs da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis erT-
erTi safuZvelia
3. kavSiri windaxedulobis normis darRvevasa da damdgar
Sedegs Soris
4. kavSiri konkretuli normis mizansa da damdgar Sedegs
Soris
5. pasuxismgeblobis sferoTa gamijvna.
gaufrTxileblobisas Sedegis windaxedulobis normis darRvevas
unda mohyves, amitomac pirs Sedegi obieqturad ar Seeracxeba da
pasuxismgebloba gaufrTxileblobisaTvis gamoiricxeba, Tu
127 sxva mosazrebiT, radgan danaSaulebrivi TviTimedovneba subieqtur anu codnis
elements moicavs, TviTimedovnebis subieqturi mxaris gaTvaliswineba qmedebis
SemadgenlobaSi aucilebelia. turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 581.
213
windaxedulobis normis darRvevasa da damdgar Sedegs Soris
kavSiri ar arsebobs.
magaliTi: mZRoli avtomanqanas daSvebul siCqareze swrafad miaqanebda.
uceb gzis saval nawilze, avtomanqanidan naxevari metris mocilebiT,
mTvrali msxverpli gadmobarbacda. avtomanqana mTvrals daejaxa da mokla.
eqspertis daskvniT, mZRols dasaSvebi siCqariT rom evlo, damdgar Sedegs
Tavidan mainc ver aicilebda. mZRoli ssk 276-e muxlis me-5 nawiliT pasuxs
ar agebs, radgan damdgari Sedegi mis mier windaxedulobis normis
darRvevas ar gamouwvevia.
pirs Sedegi obieqturad ar Seeracxeba da pasuxismgebloba
gaufrTxileblobisaTvis gamoiricxeba aseve maSinac, rodesac
araa kavSiri normis dacvis mizansa da damdgar Sedegs Soris.
magaliTi: Rame Suqis gareSe ori velospedisti erTmaneTis miyolebiT
velosipeds miaqanebda. sibneleSi pirvel velosipedists avtomanqana
daejaxa da mokla. meore velospedists Suqi rom hqonoda, igi pirvel
velosipedists gaanaTebda, avtomanqanis mZRoli pirvel velosipedists
dainaxavda, avaria ar moxdeboda da pirveli velosipedisti ar mokvdeboda.
meore velosipedistis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba damdgari
SedegisaTvis gamoricxulia, radgan administraciulsamarTlebrivi norma,
romelic man daarRvia (uSuqo velosipediT gadaadgileba sibneleSi),
dazianebisagan icavs Tavad mas da ara sxvas.128
Sedegis obieqturi SeracxvisaTvis gaufrTxilebeli qmedebisas
erTmaneTisagan unda gaimijnos aseve dazaralebulis
pasuxismgeblobis (TviTsafrTxe) da mesame pirTa
pasuxismgeblobis sfero. piri, romelmac windaxedulobis norma
daarRvia da romlis qmedebac mizezobrivadaa dakavSirebuli
128 Heinrich, Strafrecht allgemeiner Teil I, 2. Auflage, Stuttgart 2010, S. 95, Rn. 250.
214
damdgar SedegTan, SedegisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivad pasuxs
ar agebs, Tu msxverplma sakuTari gacnobierebuli nebelobiTi
qmedebiT TviTsafrTxe Seqmna da TviTsafrTxis saSualebiT
gawyvita Seracxvis kavSiri piris mier ganxorcielebul
qmedebasa da damdgar Sedegs Soris (dazaralebulis piradi
pasuxismgeblobis sfero).
magaliTi: megobarma narkodamokidebuls, romelsac heroini hqonda
momaragebuli, heroinis gasakeTeblad Sprici gadasca, narkodamokidebulma
heroini Tavisi xeliT gaikeTa da zedozirebiT gardaicvala. megobari
narkodamokidebulisaTvis heroinis gasakeTeblad Spricis gadacemis gamo
sicocxlis gaufrTxilebeli mospobisaTvis pasuxs ar agebs, radgan
narkodamokidebulma wamali sakuTari nebelobiTi gadawyvetilebis
safuZvelze, sakuTari xeliT gaikeTa, radgan qmedebaze, romelmac uSualod
sikvdili gamoiwvia, Tavad narkodamokidebuli batonobda da ara misi
megobari. saxezea dazaralebulis piradi pasuxismgeblobis, TviTsafrTxis
SedegSi ganxorcielebis SemTxveva.129
pasuxismgeblobis sferoTa gasamijnad da sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis dasadgenad gadamwyvetia batonoba
Sedegis gamomwvev konkretul qmedebaze. Tu im konkretul
qmedebaze, romelmac uSualod narkodamokidebulis sikvdili
gamoiwvia, megobari batonobda, misi qmedeba sicocxlis
gaufrTxilebel mospobad (ssk 116-e muxli) dakvalificirdeba.
magaliTi: narkodamokidebuls megobarma misi Txovnis Sesabamisad heroini
Tavad gaukeTa. narkodamokidebuli wamlis zemoqmedebis Sedegad
gardaicvala. narkodamokidebulis megobri sicocxlis gaufrTxilebeli
mospobisaTvis (ssk 116-e muxli) agebs pasuxs.
129 Heinrich, Strafrecht allgemeiner Teil I, 2. Auflage, Stuttgart 2010, S. 96, Rn. 252.
215
gaufrTxileblobisas mesame pirTa pasuxismgeblobis sferosTan
dakavSirebuli obieqturi Seracxvis problemebi moicavs
upirvelesad sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad Seeracxeba
safrTxis damfuZnebels (mag., cecxlis wamkidebels) mis mier
samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis Seqmnili safrTxis Tavidan
acilebis msurvelis sxeulis dazianeba an sikvdili. Tu
safrTxis Tavidan acilebisaTvis moqmedi am samarTlebrivi
sikeTis garantia, safrTxis damfuZneblis qmedebasa da garantis
janmrTelobis dazianebas an sikvdils Soris Seracxvis kavSiri
ar gawydeba da garantis sikvdili safrTxis damfuZnebels
Seeracxeba, radgan garanti am dros kanonis mier dakisrebul
dacvis valdebulebas asrulebs da amitomac Tavisuflad ar
moqmedebs, TviTsafrTxes nebayoflobiT ar qmnis. SesaZlebelia
aseve Seracxvis kavSiris mtkiceba piris mier safrTxis
dafuZnebasa da solidaruli movaleobis ganmaxorcielebeli
piris sikvdils Sorisac, radgan safrTxeSi myofis Svela
solidarul valdebulebaSi Sedis da am movaleobis
Seusrulebloba dauxmareblobisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebriv
pasuxismgeblobas iwvevs (ssk 129-e muxli).
Seracxvis kavSiri safrTxis Semqmnelis qmedebiT dafuZnebul
risksa da saSiS mdgomareobaSi myofis piris mimSveleblis
dazianebas an sikvdils Soris maSin gamoiricxeba, rodesac piris
mier ganxorcielebuli, msxverplis gadarCenisaken mimarTuli
qmedeba yovelgvar gonivrul safuZvels moklebulia.
216
damnaSaves ar unda Seeracxos misi Sepyrobis mizniT
gamodevnebuli samarTaldamcavis an moqalaqis sikvdili, Tu
isini devnisas sarisko qmedebebs axorcieleben, anu
TviTsafrTxes qmnian da am pirTa mier damnaSavis devnisas
sakuTari TavisaTvis safrTxis Seqmna aseve yovelgvar gonivrul
safuZvels moklebulia.
damnaSavis qmedebasa da gadarCenis mizniT msxverplis gaqcevisas
sikvdils Soris Seracxvis kavSiri araa gawyvetili, radgan
msxverplis moqmedeba am dros Tavisufali araa. amgvar
SemTxvevebSi saxeze araa TviTdazianebaSi realizebuli
TviTsafrTxe, romelic obieqtur Seracxvas gamoricxavs.
magaliTi: msxverpli mkvlelobis mizniT gamodevnebul pirs gaeqca,
sicocxlis gadarCenis mizniT fanjridan gadaxta da gardaicvala.
Seracxvis kavSiri piris gamodevnebasa da msxverplis sikvdils Soris araa
gawyvetili, radgan msxverpls Tavisufali TviTdamazianebeli moqmedeba ar
ganuxorcielebia, Sesabamisad, mkvlelobis mosurne mdevars msxverplis
sikvdili Seeracxeba. sabolood, Tu mdevari pirs mosaklavad gamoekida, misi
qmedeba mkvlelobis mcdelobad (ssk me-19 muxlis 1-li nawili da 108 -e
muxlebi) da sicocxlis gaufrTxilebel mospobad (ssk 116-e muxli) unda
dakvalificirdes.130
130 mdevnelisaTvis msxverplis sarisko gaqcevisas sikvdilis SeracxvasTan dakavSirebiT
warmoSobili damatebiTi problemebi ix. Rötzel Fall, BGH, Urteil v. 30.09.1970 – 3 StR 119/70 =
NJW 1971, 152 = JZ 1970, 788, romlis mixedviTac, mdevnelis mier janmrTelobadazianebuli
msxverplis sarisko gaqceviT gamowveuli sikvdili ar dakvalificirdeba
janmrTelobis dazianebad sasikvdilo SedegiT, radgan amgvari kvalifikaciisaTvis
janmrTelobis dazianebasa da piris sikvdils Soris janmrTelobis dazianebis
specifikuri safrTxe unda arsebobdes. SedarebiT axali, 2002 wlis gadawyvetilebiT
germaniis federalurma sasamarTlom praqtika Secvala BGHSt, Band 48, S. 34 ff.,
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetzjagd_in_Guben (04.06.2020) da TavSesafris maZieblis Tavis
217
4 aucilebeli mogerieba gaufrTxileblobiT
Tu piri aucilebeli mogeriebisas Sedegs gaufrTxileblobiT
gamoiwvevs, igi pasuxismgeblobisagan miT ufro daskvnis
safuZvelze gaTavisufldeba, e.i. Tu piri Tavdamsxmelis
gamiznulad dazianebisaTvisac gamarTldeboda, miT ufro, igi
samarTlebrivi sikeTis gaufrTxilebeli dazianebisaTvis unda
gamarTldes.
magaliTi: aucilebeli mogeriebisas pirs pistoletis sasrol iaraRad
gamoyenebis ufleba aqvs, magram Tu igi mas dasartymel iaraRad gamoiyenebs.
dartymisas iaraRidan tyvia gavardeba, Tavdamsxmels TavSi moxvdeba da mas
mZimed daazianebs, piri sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan miT
ufro daskvnis safuZvelze gaTavisufldeba: Tu piri Tavdamsxmelebis
gamiznulad dazianebisaTvis aucilebeli mogeriebiT gamarTldeboda, miT
ufro, igi samarTlebrivi sikeTis gaufrTxilebeli dazianebisaTvis unda
gamarTldes.131
5 brali gaufrTxileblobisas
gaufrTxileblobisas piris bralunarianobis (Seracxadoba ssk
33-e da 34-e muxlebiT) dadgenis Semdeg unda Semowmdes
danaSaulebrivi gaufrTxileblobis niSnebi ssk me-10 muxlis
mixedviT, anu individualuri gaufrTxilebloba.
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba, aqtualuri iqneba es Tu
gadasarCenad vitrinaSi SextomiT gamowveuli sikvdili fizikuri angariSsworebisaTvis
gamodevnebul neonacistebis jgufs Seracxa. sasamarTlos mtkicebiT, ZiriTadi
deliqtisaTvis imanenturi sikvdilis safrTxis ganxorcielebisas qmedeba
dakvalificirdeba janmrTelobis dazianebis mcdelobad sasikvdilo SedegiT.
131 pistoletis Cartymis SemTxveva BGHSt 27, 313-315, Roxin, Höchstrichterliche Rechtsprechung zum
Allgemeinen Teil des Strafrechts, München 1998, S. 28.
218
potenciuri, windaxedulobis normis SecnobiT an SecnobadobiT,
gaufrTxileblobisasac saxeze unda iyos.132
gaufrTxilebeli bralis ganxilvisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba is,
Tu ramdenad SeeZlo pirs Tavisi sxeulebriv Zalaze, codnasa da
gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT windaxedulobis normis dacva. Tu
pirs windaxedulobis normis dacvis individualuri
(subieqturi) SesaZlebloba ar hqonda aucilebeli codnisa da
gamocdilebis ararsebobis gamo, igi gaufrTxileblobisaTvis
pasuxs mxolod valdebulebis Tavis Tavze aRebisas agebs.
«valdebulebis Tavis Tavze aRebis» SemTxvevebi
gaufrTxileblobis specialuri SemTxvevebia, rodesac
specialuri codnis armqone piri Tavis Tavze iRebs im qmedebis
ganxorcielebas, romelsac maRali kvalifikacia sWirdeba.
amgvari dasjadi gaufrTxileblobis magaliTia
dabalkvalificiuri eqimis mier operaciis Catareba, Tu pacienti
eqimis ucodinrobiT daSvebuli uxeSi Secdomis gamo
gardaicvleba.
amas garda, gaufrTxileblobisas bralSi ganixileba aseve
bralis gamomricxveli sapatiebeli garemoeba, eqstremaluri
situaciisas windaxedulobis normis Sesabamisi qcevis
Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba, rac gaufrTxileblobisas bralis
gamomricxvel zekanonur garemoebad (ssk 38-e muxli) unda
miviCnioT.
132 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 170.
219
magaliTi 1: mZime avariis Semdeg deda daSavebul Svils saavadmyofoSi ver
waiyvans, radgan is SokSia avariis Sedegad qmris gardacvalebis gamo.133
magaliTi 2: momvlels, romelic pandemiisas Semcvlelis aryofnis gamo
saavadmyofos xelmZRvanelobis uSualo davalebiT ramdenime cvla
gadabmulad saavadmyofoSi muSaobs, CaeZineba, misi ugono mdgomareobaSi
myofi pacienti Tavs daizianebs da gardaicvleba. momvlels ver vagebinebT
pasuxs pacientis sicocxlis gaufrTxilebeli mospobisaTvis (ssk 116-e
muxli), radgan igi eqstremaluri situaciis gamo iZulebuli iyo,
Tavdauzogavad emuSava.
6 paraleluri amsrulebloba
SesaZlebelia ramdenime pirma windaxedulobis norma erTad,
erTiani gegmis safuZvelze daarRvios da marTlsawinaaRmdego
Sedegi gamoiwvios.
magaliTi: ramdenime pirma tyeSi cecxlis anTebis gadawyvetileba erTad
miiRo da tyes maTi am gadawyvetilebis erToblivad Sesrulebisas cecxli
waekida.
radgan ssk 22-e muxli Tanaamsruleblobisas ganzraxvas
saxeldebiT ar iTvaliswinebs, qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi
arsebobs mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac gaufrTxileblad
Sedegis erTad gamowveva gaufrTxilebel Tanaamsruleblobad
SeiZleba dakvalificirdes.134
am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod unda iTqvas, rom
Tanaamsruleblobisas erTiani danaSaulebrivi miznis da
133 msgavsi magaliTebi ix. Roxin, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, Grundlagen, Der Aufbau der
Verbrechenslehre, München 1992, S. 710, Rn. 118.
134 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 551.
220
danaSaulebrivi gegmis arsebobaa aucilebeli, rac
gaufrTxileblobisas araa saxeze. Tanaamsruleblobis
mometebuli socialuri saSiSroebac (jgufuri dinamika,
Sesabamisad, jgufuroba, rogorc damamZimebeli garemoeba) swored
am danaSaulebrivi miznis misaRwevad ZalTa gaerTianebaSi
mdgomareobs. amasTanave, gaufrTxilebloba marto maSinaa
dasjadi, rodesac kodeqsSi amaze pirdapiraa miTiTebuli. es
principi unda gaviTvaliswinoT ara mxolod ssk kerZo nawilSi
gaTvaliswinebuli calkeuli Semadgenlobis dasjadobisas,
aramed ssk zogadi nawilisTvisac. radgan ssk ssk 22-e muxli
Tanaamsruleblobis ganmartebisas gaufrTxileblobas
saxeldebiT ar iTvaliswinebs, gaufrTxilebeli
Tanaamsruleblobis dogmatikuri instituti ar arsebobs.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi pirebi windaxedulobis normas
erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad arRveven da cecxlis wakidebiT
nivTisGgaufrTxilebeli dazianebis Semadgenlobas aseve
erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad axorcieleben (ssk 188-e muxlis
me-2 nawili), amitomac am qmedebis Tanaamsruleblebi ki ara,
paraleluri amsruleblebi arian.
paraleluri amsrulebloba saxezea maSin, rodesac sul mcire,
ori piri qmedebis Semadgenlobas erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad
asrulebs, an erTi piris qmedeba (yovelgvari SeTanxmebis gareSe)
meore piris qmedebas efuZneba, anda es pirebi erTad SeTanxmebis
safuZvelze ki moqmedeben, magram maT saerTo danaSaulebrivi
mizani da danaSaulebrivi gegma ar aerTianebT.
221
sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi gamoTqmuli azris Tanaxmad,
mravalsafexuriani gaufrTxileblobisas, Tu mavani vinmes
gaufrTxileblad gaufrTxilebel danaSauls Caadeninebs, igi
paraleluri amsruleblobisaTvis unda daisajos.135
magaliTi: mTaSi buCqebSi mofaCune adamiani turists SemoCveuli daTvi
egona. man saswrafod iqve myofi daTvze sanadirod wasuli monadire
gaaRviZa da uTxra, rom buCqebSi daTvi ijda. monadirem buCqebis
mimarTulebiT gaisrola da buCqebSi mjdomi, daTvs Casafrebuli meore
monadire mokla.
sisxlis samarTlis dogmatikaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, romlis
mixedviTac wamqezebluri gaufrTxilebeli qmedebiT Sedegis
gamowveva gaufrTxilebeli paraleluri amsruleblobaa, anu
sicocxlis gaufrTxilebeli mospobisaTvis (ssk 116-e muxli)
unda daisajos rogorc monadire, aseve turisti.136
gasaziarebelia sxva mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac,
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba mxolod mas daekisreba,
vinc windaxedulobis normas arRvevs, mometebuli safrTxis
wyaroze batonobs da misi saSualebiT samarTlebriv sikeTes
uSualod xelyofs. Sesabamisad, «gaufrTxilebeli wamqezebluri
qmedebis» ganmaxorcielebeli turisti ar unda daisajos
mometebuli safrTxis wyaroze uSualo batonobis ararsebobis
gamo.
135 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 552.
136 turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 552.
222
paraleluri amsruleblebi ar iqnebian aseve mZRoli da misi
Tanamgzavri, romelic mZRols usafrTxoebis wesebis
darRvevisaken daJinebiT mouwodebs.
magaliTi: mgzavrma mZRoli transportis moZraobis usafrTxoebis wesebis
darRvevisaken waaqeza. mZRolma wesebi marTlac daarRvia da fexiT
mosiarule daaziana. radgan ssk 276-e muxlis subieqti mxolod is piria,
romelic satransporto saSualebas marTavs, mZRoli ssk 276-e muxlis 1-li
nawiliT agebs pasuxs, Tanamgzavri ki am normis Tanaamsrulebeli ar
SeiZleba iyos. mZRolze Tanamgzavris fsiqologiuri zegavlenis miuxedavad
(man daiyolia mZRoli, daerRvia transportis moZraobis usafrTxoebis
wesebi), gamoricxulia Tanamgzavris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba
waqezebisTvisac, gaufrTxilebeli wamqezeblobis ararsebobis gamo.
gaufrTxilebeli Tanaamsruleblobis SeuZleblobis gamo in dubio
pro reo principidan gamomdinare, dasjadoba gamoricxulia, Tu
orma an metma pirma Sedegi gaufrTxileblad gamoiwvia da
SeuZlebelia dadgena imisa, Tu konkretulad romeli piris
qmedebas mohyva es Sedegi.
sabWoTa periodis sasamarTlo praqtikidan cnobilia amgvari SemTxveva: ori
piri absoluturad msgavsi TofebiT srolaSi varjiSobda. erTi tyvia
SemTxveviT qals moxvda da mokla. SeuZlebeli gaxda dadgena imisa, Tu
romeli piris gasrolili tyviiT mokvda qali. qvemdgomma sasamarTlom es
qmedeba gaufrTxilebel Tanaamsruleblobad daakvalificira, sabWoTa
kavSiris uzenaesma sasamarTlom ki Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi in dubio pro reo
principi gamoiyena da orive piri sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobidan gaaTavisufla, radgan SeuZlebeli iyo dadgena imisa, Tu
romeli msrolelis tyviam mokla qali.
dogmatikurad aseve gamoricxulia ara mxolod gaufrTxilebeli
Tanaamsrulebloba, aramed gaufrTxilebeli Tanamonawileobac.
223
ssk 23-e muxli pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom danaSaulSi
Tanamonawileoba ori an meti piris ganzrax erToblivi
monawileobaa ganzraxi danaSaulis CadenaSi. Tu piris
gaufrTxilebeli qmedeba sxva piris ganzraxi an
gaufrTxilebeli qmedebis mizezobriobas daudebs saTaves, igi
daisjeba mxolod maSin, Tu iarsebebs Sesabamisi norma sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsSi (mag. cecxlsasroli iaraRis daudevrad
Senaxva, ssk 238-e muxli).
aseve SeuZlebelia mavanma vinme ganzraxi danaSaulis Casadenad
gaufrTxileblad daiyolios (ssk 24-e muxlis me-2 nawili) da
Tu socialurad adeqvaturi qmedebiT erTma pirma meoreSi
danaSaulis Cadenis ganzraxva warmoSva, misi es qmedeba (mag.,
saubari mavanis simdidreze) gaufrTxilebel waqezebad ar
dakvalificirdeba.
magaliTi: petrem pavles qeifisas uambo, rom misi mezobeli vaso metad
mdidaria, saxlSi mravali unikaluri naxati aqvs da yovel axal wels
kanaris kunZulebze xvdeba. pavle axali wlis saRamos vasos saxlSi
Seipara da ramdenime naxati moipara. petres am informaciis gadacemiT
pavle binaSi SeRwevis qurdobisaken ar wauqezebia da ssk 24-e muxlis me-2
nawili da 177-e muxlis me-3 nawilis g) punqti araa ganxorcielebuli.
7 momzadebisa da mcdelobis SeuZlebloba
kanonmdebeli ssk me-18 muxlis 1-l nawilSi (danaSaulis
momzadeba) da ssk me-19 muxlis 1-l nawilSi (danaSaulis
mcdeloba) calsaxad miuTiTebs, rom danaSaulis momzadeba da
mcdeloba ganzraxi qmedebaa. Sesabamisad, warmoudgenelia
224
danaSaulis gaufrTxilebeli momzadeba da danaSaulis
gaufrTxilebeli mcdeloba.
8 ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxileblobis kombinacia
SesaZlebelia ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxileblobis kombinacia erT
deliqtSi. rodesac ZiriTadi deliqti ganzraxi danaSaulia da
masTan dakavSirebuli makvalificirebeli Sedegi ki
gaufrTxileblobiTaa gamowveuli, ssk me-11 muxlis 1-li nawilis
me-2 winadadebiT, amgvari danaSauli ganzrax danaSaulad
CaiTvleba. zogjer amgvar deliqtebs „bralis ori formiT“
Cadenil danaSaulebsac uwodeben.137
gaufrTxilebeli danaSaulis sqema neoklasikuri moZRvrebis
mixedviT
I. qmedebis Semadgenloba
1. qmedeba
2. Sedegi
3. mizezobrivi kavSiri
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba
1. marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebebi
gaufrTxileblobisas
(1) windaxedulobis normebis Sesabamisi qceva obieqturad
137 tyeSeliaZe, wignSi: naWyebia/dvaliZe (red.) sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, gv. 140-141.
225
(2) Sedegis gaTvaliswinebis absoluturi SeuZlebloba
(3) qmedebis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebis garduvaloba
2. marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli klasikuri
garemoebebi
(1) aucilebeli mogerieba
(2) ukiduresi aucilebloba da a.S.
III. brali
1. bralunarianoba (rogorc ganzraxvisas)
2. personaluri gaufrTxilebloba, gansakuTrebiT ki
(1) windaxedulobis normis subieqturi darRveva
(2) qmedebis Semadgenlobis Sesrulebis
gaTvaliswinebadoba
(3) qmedebis Semadgenlobis Sesrulebis Tavidan
acilebadoba
3. bralis gamomricxveli garemoebebis ararseboba.
gaufrTxilebeli danaSaulis sqema finaluri moZRvrebis
mixedviT
I. qmedebis Semadgenloba
226
1. qmedeba
2. Sedegi
3. mizezobrivi kavSiri
4. windaxedulobis normis darRveva obieqturad
1. windaxedulobis normiT akrZaluli qmedebis
gacnobierebadoba obieqturad, anu saSualo
statistikuri piris mier
2. Sedegis dadgomis gaTvaliswinebadoba obieqturad, anu
saSualo statistikuri piris mier
5. obieqturi Seracxvis gamoricxvis is SemTxveva, romelic
mniSvnelovania am konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis
1. windaxedulobis normis dacvis mizani
2. TviTdazianeba msxverplis mier
3. kavSiri valdebulebis darRvevasa da Sedegs Soris da
a.S.
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba
III. brali
1. bralunarianoba
2. personaluri gaufrTxilebloba
227
VII. Tanamonawileoba
1 Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis dogmatikuri safuZvlebi
danaSauli SeiZleba Caidinos ara mxolod erTma pirma, sxva
pirTa daxmarebis gareSe, aseve ramdenimem erToblivad an
rolebis gadanawilebiT. pirma SeiZleba moawyos danaSaulis
Cadena (organizatori), danaSauli sakuTari xeliT, martom
(erTpirovnuli amsrulebeli) an sxvasTan erTad
(Tanaamsrulebeli) Caidinos, SeiZleba vinmem igi danaSaulis
Casdenad daiyolios, mas mis nebaze zemoqmedebiT danaSaulis
Cadenis gadawyvetileba miaRebinos (wamqezebeli), anda mas xeli
Seuwyos danaSaulis CadenaSi (damxmare).
magaliTi: petrem pavle vasos mosaklavad daiyolia (wamqezebeli, ssk 24-e
muxlis me-2 nawili). ivanem paveles iaraRi uSova (damxmare, ssk 24-e muxlis
me-3 nawili). pavlem vaso am iaraRiT mokla (ssk 108-e muxli).
ssk 22-e muxli amsruleblis sam saxes iTvaliswinebs, ssk 23- e
muxli danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobas ganmartavs, ssk 24-e muxli
ki TanamonawileTa saxeebs, organizators, wamqezebelsa da
damxmares. ssk 23-e muxli miuTiTebs, rom Tanamonawileoba
saxezea mxolod maSin, rodesac amsrulebeli danaSauls (da ara
umarTlobas) axorcielebs (logikuri aqcesorobis principi).
Tanamonawileebis, organizatoris, wamqezeblisa da damxmaris
erTmaneTisagan gansxvaveba martoden ganzrax danaSaulebSia
SesaZlebeli. ssk 23-e muxlis Tanaxmad, romelic
228
TanamonawileobisaTvis ganzraxGqmedebas moiTxovs,
gaufrTxilebeli Tanamonawileoba ar arsebobs. ssk 22-e muxli
TanaamsruleblobisaTvis ganzraxvis arsebobas ar usvams xazs,
Tumca gaufrTxilebeli Tanaamsrulebloba Tanaamsruleblobis
samarTlebrivi institutis arss ewinaaRmdegeba da amitomac,
dauSvebelia. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawilis normebSi
amsruleblis mier qmedebis Semadgenlobis Cadena moiazreba. sxva
TanamonawileTa (organizatiros, wamqezeblis da damxmaris)
qmedebis kvalifikaciisas aucilebelia miTiTeba zogadi nawilis
specialur normaze, ssk 24-e muxlis Sesabamis nawilze.
Tanamonawileoba SesaZlebelia mxolod danaSaulis ganzrax
Cadenisas. gaufrTxileblobisas sisxlis samarTali erTiani
amsruleblis cnebas eyrdnoba: gaufrTxilebeli Sedegis
gamowvevisaTvis amsrulebelia yvela is, vinc windaxedulobis
normis darRveviT marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegi gamoiwvia.
2 amsrulebeli da Tanaamsrulebeli
sisxlis samarTlis dogmatikaSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxveveben
Tanamonawileobas viwro da farTo gagebiT. viwro gagebiT
Tanamonawileoba ssk 24-e muxlSia gaTvaliswinebuli da
organizators, wamqezebelsa da damxmares moicavs. farTo
gagebiT Tanamonawileoba ki amsrulebelsac Tanamonawiled
moiazrebs.
ramdenime piris mier ganzraxi danaSaulis erToblivad Cadenisas
zogierT SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba problemebi amsruleblis da
229
Tanamonawilis gamijvnasTan dakavSirebiT. ssk 22-e muxlis
mixedviT, danaSaulis amsrulebelia is, vinc Tavad uSualod,
TanaamsrulebelTan erTad an cocxali iaraRis meSveobiT
axorcielebs danaSauls. Sesabamisad, kanoni erTmaneTisagan
ganasxvavebs danaSaulis uSualo da SualobiT amsruleblobas.
1. danaSaulis uSualo amsrulebelia erTpirovnuli
amsrulebeli, anu is, vinc uSualod sCadis danaSauls (ssk
22-e muxlis 1-li alternativa).
2. aseve danaSaulis uSualo amsrulebelia Tanaamsrulebeli,
anu is, vinc danaSaulis CadenaSi uSualod sxvasTan erTad
monawileobs (ssk 22-e muxlis me-2 alternativa)
3. SualobiTi amsrulebeli ki isaa, vinc danaSauls iseTi sxva
piris meSveobiT sCadis, romelsac sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis mixedviT asakis, Seuracxaobis an sxva garemoebis
gamo ar daeekisreba sisxlissamaTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba
(ssk 22-e muxlis me-3 alternativa).
paralelur amsruleblobas, romlis drosac ori an meti piri
danaSauls erTad axorcielebs, magram danaSaulis erToblivad
Cadenis codnisa da survilis gareSe, sisxlis samarTlis
kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs. ganzraxi danaSaulis
paraleluri amsrulebloba sakmaod iSviaTia, rogorc wesi,
paraleluri amsrulebloba gaufrTxilebel danaSaulebSi
gvxvdeba (ix. qvemoT).
230
sisxlis samarTalSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxveveben amsruleblis
SezRudviT (anu restriqciul) da amsruleblis ganvrcobiTi
(eqstensiuri) cnebas. amsruleblis ganvrcobiTi (eqstensiuri)
cnebiT, amsruleblad iTvleba yvela, visi qmedebac
mizezobrivadaa dakavSirebuli danaSaulebriv SedegTan.
amsruleblis ganvrcobiTi (eqstensiuri) cnebis mixedviT,
danaSaulis uSualo amsrulebelTan erTad wamqezebeli da
damxmarec amsrulebelad CaiTvleba, radgan maTi qmedeba damdgar
Sedegs mizezobrivad ukavSirdeba. amsruleblisagan wamqezeblis
da damxmaris gamijvna amsruleblis ganvrcobiTi (eqstensiuri)
cnebis gaziarebisas mxolod subieqturi TeoriiT, subieqturi
kriteriumiT, qmedebis ganxorcielebis interesiTaa SesaZlebeli.
amsruleblis subieqturi TeoriiT amsrulebelia is, visac
qmedeba surda, rogorc sakuTari, damxmare – visac qmedeba surda,
rogorc sxvisi. amgvarad erTmaneTsagan gansxvavdeba
amsruleblis neba da damxmaris neba.
abazanis SemTxveva138: 1940 wels erTma gogonam germaniaSi Cumad, qorwinebis
gareSe bavSvi gaaCina. gogonas deda ar hyavda. mas mkacri mamis eSinoda,
amitomac man sakuTar das mSobiarobisas sTxova, axaldabadebuli bavSvi
mSobiarobisTanave abazanaSi daexrCo. misma dam axalSobili marTlac
abazanaSi daaxrCo da amgvarad Caidina mkvleloba damamZimebel garemoebaSi.
germaniaSi 1940 wlis sakanonmdeblo mdgomareobiT damamZimebel
garemoebaSi Cadenili mkvlelobisaTvis sikvdiliT dasja iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli. miwis sasamarTlom axaldabadebulis mkvlelis, anu
mSobiaris dis mimarT sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCeni gamoitana. raixis
sasamarTlom ganaCeni gaauqma, qalis qmedeba amsruleblis wminda subieqtur
Teoriaze dayrdnobiT, qmedebis Cadenis interesis ararsebobis gamo,
138 Heinrich, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart 2010, S. 1208, Rn. 1208; RGSt 74, 84.
231
daxmarebad daakvalificira da amgvarad axalgazrda qali sikvdiliT
dasjisagan ixsna. aseve msubuqad daisaja bavSvis dedac, rogorc
amsrulebeli, radgan mas qmedeba surda, rogorc sakuTari da qmedebis
ganxorcielebisas afeqtur mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda mSobiarobis gamo.
staSinskis SemTxvevasac139 B aseve wminda subieqturi Teoria daedo
safuZvlad: kgb-s agentma, bogdan staSinskim sabWoTa kavSiris uSiSroebis
davalebiT sakuTari xeliT 2 yofili sabWoTa politikosi lev rebeti
(1957) da stefan bandera (1959) mokla. 1961 wels staSinski berlinis kedlis
aSenebisas dasavleT berlinSi gaiqca da policias Cabarda. germaniis
federalurma sasamarTlom amsruleblis subieqtur Teoriaze dayrdnobiT,
misi qmedeba mkvlelobis amsruleblobad ki ara, daxmarebad
daakvalificira im dasabuTebiT, rom qmedebis ganxorcielebisas arsebuli
droebiTi «qmedebis ganxorcielebis neba» amsruleblobas ver daafuZnebs,
piri qmedebis Cadenas inaniebs da moklulebs piradad ar icnobda. germaniis
federaluri sasamarTlos mier staSinskis qmedebis daxmarebad
dakvalificirebis dasasabuTeblad gamoyenebuli argumentebi sustia.
qmedebis ganxorcielebis sinanuli qmedebis kvalifikacias ver Secvlis,
radgan sinanuli Cadenil umarTlobas ver gamoasworebs. amsruleblisaTvis
aseve araa saWiro msxverplis piradad cnoba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
nebismieri daqiravebuli mkvleli mxolod damxmare iqneboda da ara
amsrulebeli.
germaniis sisxlis samarTlis praqtikaSi amsruleblis subieqturi Teoria
am orive dasaxelebul SemTxvevaSi piris sasargeblod,
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis SesazRudad da ara mis
gansavrcobad iqna gamoyenebuli.
sakanonmdeblo safuZvlis ararsebobis gamo amsruleblis ganvrcobiT
cnebas da Tanamonawileobis subieqtur Teorias qarTul sisxlis
samarTalSi mxolod Teoriuli, samecniero mniSvneloba aqvs da ara
139 Heinrich, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart 2010, S. 1208, Rn. 1208; BGHSt 18, 87-96.
232
praqtikuli. ssk 22-e muxli amsruleblisaTvis danaSaulis uSualod
Cadenas moiTxovs. am normis logikuri ganmartebiT, anu ukudaskvnis
safuZvelze ar SeiZleba iyos amsrulebeli is, visac danaSaulebrivi
qmedeba uSualod ar ganuxorcielebia.
Tanaamsrulebeli da Tanamonawile erTmaneTisagan amsruleblis
SezRudviTi (restriqciuli) cnebis gamoyenebisas amsruleblis
obieqtur Teoriaze dayrdnobiT unda gaimijnos. obieqturi
Teoria Tavis mxriv ori saxisaa: formalur-obieqturi da
materalur-obieqturi.
formalur-obieqturi Teoriis mixedviT, amsrulebelia is, vinc
qmedebis Semadgenloba uSualod Tavad ganaxorciela.
materialur-obieqturi Teoriis mixedviT, amsruleblisaTvis
aucilebelia danaSaulis aRsrulebaSi, anu qmedebis
Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebaSi Setanili uSualo wvlili.
kanonmdebeli ssk 22-e muxlSi amsruleblis materialur-
obieqtur Teorias ayalibebs, radgan erTpirovnuli
amsruleblisa da Tanaamsruleblis gverdiT SualobiT
amsrulebelsac, romelic danaSauls sxvisi meSveobiT sCadis,
amsruleblad Tvlis.
materialur-obieqturi Teoriis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
ganStoeba qmedebaze batonobis moZRvrebaa. qmedebaze batonobis
moZRvrebiT, amsrulebelia is, vinc qmedebaze batonobs, e.i.
amsrulebeli danaSaulebrivi qmedebis ZiriTadi figuraa,
amsrulebelia is, visac SeuZlia danaSaulebrivi qmedebis
233
ganxorcielebisas am qmedebis Tavisi nebaze damuxruWeba,
warmarTva da misi formireba.
germanuli sisxlis samarTlis dogmatikis mixedviT qmedebaze batonobis
saxeebia: qmedebaze faqtiuri batonoba (qmedebis obieqturi mxaris
ganxorcieleba srulad an nawilobriv), SualobiTi amsruleblis mier sxvis
nebaze batonoba (Seuracxadis, vis compulsiva-s saSualebiT, mometebuli
codnis safuZvelze), qmedebaze organizaciuli batonoba mkacrad
organizebul ierarqiaSi, qmedebaze funqcionaluri batonoba
Tanaamsruleblis mier (saerTo gegmis farglebSi danaSaulis Casadenad
mniSvnelovani funqciis Sesruleba).
amsruleblis da Tanamonawilis gamijvna advilia specialur,
Sereuli umoqmedobis da sakuTari xeliT Casaden deliqtebSi,
radgan am deliqtebis amsrulebeli mxolod is piria, romelsac
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli es specialuri niSani axasiaTebs.140
Tanaamsruleblobis obieqturi mxare qarTuli sisxlis
samarTlis mixedviT ori an ramdenime piris mier qmedebis
Semadgenlobis mTlianad an nawilobriv ganxorcielebaSi
gamoixateba. rodesac ori an ramdenime piri qmedebis
Semadgenlobas erTad, erTiani ganzraxviT da saerTo gegmis,
saerTo miznis misaRwevad axorcielebs, isini Tanaamsruleblebi
arian, anu moqmedebs urTierTSeracxvis (da ara aqcesorobis)
principi. Tanaamsruleblebs erTmaneTis qmedeba SeeracxebaT da
isini ise daisjebian, TiTqos maT qmedebis Semadgenlobis yvela
niSani Tavad, sakuTari xeliT ganexorcielebinoT.
140 mWedliSvili-hedrixi, danaSaulis gamovlinebis calkeuli formebi, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 156-
dan.
234
magaliTi: ramdenime piri msxverpls iWers, erTi ki klavs mas. Aam
SemTxvevaSi yvela Tanaamsrulebelia. Tanaamsrulebelia is, vinc msxverpls
sakuTari xeliT klavs da aseve Tanaamsrulebelia yvela is, vinc
msxverplis daWeriT Zaladobs, mas Tavdacvis saSualebas uspobs da
amgvarad, qmedebaze batonobs.
danaSaulis Cadenis martoden gaadvileba anda danaSaulis
Cadenis adgilze yofna, qmedebaze batonobis gareSe, daxmarebaa
da ara Tanaamsrulebloba.141
Tanaamsruleblebi yovelTvis erTi da imave muxliT ar
daisjebian. SesaZlebelia maTi qmedebebis sxvadasxva muxliT
dakvalificireba, Tu erT-erTi TanaasmruleblisaTvis
kanonmdebelma privilegiuri Semadgenloba Seqmna.
magaliTi: mSobiare mSobiarobisas an umalve mSobiarobis Semdeg
axalSobilis mkvlelobis dros (uecrad warmoSobili ganzraxvisas)
danaSauls Semamsubuqebel garemoebaSi axorcielebs (dedis mier
axalSobilis mkvleloba ssk 112-e muxli). Tu axalSobilis mama mSobiares
Cvilis mkvlelobaSi exmareba, igi arasrulwlovnis an umweo mdgomareobaSi
myofis mkvlelobisaTvis agebs pasuxs (ssk 109-e muxlis me-2 nawilis b)
punqti).
Tanaamsrulebloba SesaZlebelia rogorc moqmedebisas, aseve
(Sereuli) umoqmedobisas. Sereuli umoqmedobis
Tanaamsrulebels (garants) erTiani gegmis safuZvelze da
sakuTari valdebulebis darRveviT damdgari Sedegi Seeracxeba
da ara meore garantis mier valdebulebis darRveva.142
141 gamijvna danaSaulis Cadenis drois da adgilis mixedviT ix. mWedliSvili-hedrixi,
danaSaulis gamovlinebis calkeuli formebi, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 152-dan.
235
magaliTi: Tu mSoblebi serTo gegmis Tanaxmad mokvlis mizniT ar aWmeven
Svils, isini mkvlelobis umoqmedobiT Tanaamsruleblebi iqnebian, radgan
Sedegis mimarT maT erTiani mizani amoZravebT da am miznis
gansaxorcieleblad ar asrulebs orive garantis movaleobas.
Sereuli umoqmedobiT Tanaamsruleblobis aRiarebisas Tanaamsruleblebi
danaSaulis jgufurad CadenisaTvis daisjebian.
wminda umoqmedobis deliqtebSi, sadac piri personaluri
movaleobis SeusruleblobisaTvis isjeba da ara raime Sedegis
dadgomisaTvis, savaldebulo moqmedebis ganxorcielebis
movaleoba ramdenime adamianze ar gadanawildeba, amitomac
Tanaamsrulebloba SeuZlebelia.
magaliTi: petre da pavle uyureben, rogor ixrCoba maTi mezobeli vaso da
ar exmarebian mas, Tumca maT es SeuZliaT. petre da pavle dauxmareblobis
(ssk 129-e muxli) dispoziciaSi gaTvaliswinebul solidarul movaleobas
erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad arRveven, maT erTmaneTis solidaruli
movaleobis Seusrulebloba ar SeeracxebaT da amitomac isini
dauxmareblobis Tanaamsruleblebi ki ar arian, aramed dauxmareblobis
erTpirovnuli amsruleblebi.
Tanaamsruleblobis subieqturi mxare danaSaulis
ganxorcielebaSi winaswar (Tundac konkludentur) SeTanxmebas
da saerTo gegmas moicavs. Tanaamsruleblebi saerTo miznis
gansaxorcieleblad erToblivad unda moqmedebdnen.
Tanaamsruleblobis yvelaze aSkara, klasikur SemTxvevasTan
gvaqvs saqme, rodesac ori an ramdenime, braleulad moqmedi piri
142 gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi
2008, gv. 184.
236
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul qmedebas marTlsawinaaRmdegod da
braleulad erTad asrulebs.
magaliTi: Tanaamsruleblebi iqnebian petre da pavle, romlebic
moilaparakeben da saerTo gegmis mixedviT janmrTelobis msubuqad
dazianebis mizniT erTad scemen ivanes.
winaswari SeTanxmeba SesaZlebelia JestikulaciiT an
konkludenturad (anu faqtobrivad ganxorcielebuli moqmedebiT,
rodesac danaSaulis ganxorcielebis saerTo gegma naTelia).143
TanaamsruleblobisaTvis aucilebeli araa saerTo motivi.
Tanaamsruleblebs saerTo danaSaulebrivi mizani unda
aerTianebdeT, amitomac Tanaamsrulebloba mxolod (pirveli da
meore xarisxis) pirdapiri ganzraxviTaa SesaZlebeli.144
eventualur ganzraxvas es saerTo mizani ar arsebobs. piri am
dros nebismier damdgar Sedegs egueba deviziT: „moxdes, rac
mosaxdenia“.
SeuZlebelia aseve Tanaamsrulebloba gaufrTxileblobiT. Tu
orma pirma danaSaulebrivi Sedegi windaxedulobis normis
darRveviT, erToblivad gamoiwvia, orive gaufrTxileblobis
paralaluri amsruleblobisaTvis daisjeba. gaufrTxilebeli
paraleluri amsruleblobisas Sedegis gamomwvevi Tu ver
dadgindeba, qmedeba dausjeli rCeba.
143 BGHSt 37, 289 (292); Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, Heidelberg 2001, 3. Aufl., S. 201.
144 gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi
2008, gv. 185.
237
magaliTi: orma pirma sruliad identuri iaraRiT erTdroulad isrola da
gamvleli SemTxveviT mokla. ver dadginda, Tu konkretulad visma qmedebam
gamoiwvia Sedegi. qveda instanciis sasamarTlom qmedeba gaufrTxilebel
Tanaamsruleblobad daakvalificira da pirebi gaufrTxileblobisaTvis
dasaja. sabWoTa kavSiris uzenaesma sasamarTlom ki in dubio pro reo
principidan gamomdinare, yvela eWvi braldebulis sasargeblod gadawyvita
da gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni gamoitana. (SemTxveva sabWoTa periodis
sisxlis samarTlis praqtikidan).145
amgvar SemTxvevbSi dasjadobaSi xarvezebis Tavidan
asacileblad arsebobs mosazreba gaufrTxilebeli
Tanaamsruleblobis samarTlebrivi figuris SemoRebasTan
dakavSirebiT.
erTi Tanaamsruleblis mier saerTo gegmisa da miznisagan
mniSvnelovani gadaxveva danaSaulis eqscesad Sefasdeba da sxva
Tanaamsrulebeli am eqscesisaTvis pasuxs ar agebs damdgari
Saedegis mimarT ganzraxvis ararsebobis gamo.
dasaSvebia Tanaamsrulebloba denad da Sedgenil danaSaulSic.
Tu piri dawyebul Sedgenil danaSauls Semdeg SeuerTda
(suqcesiuri Tanaamsrulebloba), igi pasuxs mxolod im
qmedebisaTvis agebs, rac man ganaxorciela.
magaliTi: Tu petrem yaCaRuri Tavdasxma ganaxorciela, pavle ki mas
Tavdasxmis ganxorcielebis Semdeg sxvisi nivTis aSkara dauflebaSi
miexmara, pavle pasuxs mxolod ZarcvisaTvis agebs, radgan
sisxlissamarTlebrivi ganzraxva qmedebis ganxorcielebisas unda
145 gamyreliZe, sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis
dasjadobis safuZvli, Tbilisi 1989, gv. 109.
238
arsebobdes da Cadenilis mowoneba (dolus subsequens) ganzraxvad ver
gadaiqceva.
danaSaulSi Tanaamsrulebloba SesaZlebelia danaSaulis
materialur damTavrebamde. danaSaulis materialuri
damTavrebis Semdeg ki Tanaamsrulebloba gamoricxulia.
dasaSvebia Tanaamsrulebloba mizniT dafuZnebul deliqtSi
maSinac ki, rodesac miTvisebis mizani mxolod erT
Tanaamsrulebels amoZravebs.
magaliTi: petre, pavle da vaso mommarageblis mier maRaziis win dadebuli
nivTebidan petresTvis erTad moiparaven erT kompiuters, romelic petres
saswrafod sWirdeba. pavles da vasos miTvisebis mizani ki ara, megobris
daxmarebis altruistuli mizani amoZravebT. miuxedavad amisa, samive
qurdobis Tanaamsrulebeli iqneba da maTi qmedeba jgufurad Cadenil
qurdobad dakvalificirdeba (ssk 177-e muxlis me-3 nawilis a) punqti).
Tanaamsruleblis Secdomas pirovnebaSi (error in persona)
TanaamsrulebelTa qmedebis kvalifikaciaSi araviTari
mniSvneloba ar eniWeba da Tanaamsruleblebi damdgari
SedegisaTvis daisjebian. Tu piri Tavad gaxdeba Tavisi
Tanaamsruleblis mier daSvebuli Secdomis (error in persona)
msxverpli da mas janmrTeloba dauziandeba, maSin es Sedegi
Tanaamsruleblis eqscesad unda Sefasdes.146
146 germanul sisxlis samarTalSi gabatonebulia mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac erTi
Tanaamsruleblis error in persona-s msxverpl Tanaamsrulebels sakuTari janrmTelobis
dazianeba Seeracxeba, Tu aRniSnuli qmedeba saerTo gegmiTaa moculi da pirovnebaSi
amgvari Secdomis safrTxe arsebobs. Heinrich, Strafrecht allgemeiner Teil I, 2. Auflage, Stuttgart 2010,
S. 182, Rn. 1240.
239
Tanaamsruleblobisas Tu pirs saerTo gegmis
gansaxorcieleblad mosamzadebeli qmedeba an mcdeloba Tavad
ar Caudenia, igi pasuxs am qmedebebisaTvis saerTod ar agebs. piri
am SemTxvevaSi pasuxs mxolod sakuTriv ganxorcielebuli
qmedebisaTvis agebs. Tu pirma mxolod danaSaulis dagegmvaSi
miiRo monawileoba da mis qmedebaSi araa danaSaulis
organizaciis niSnebi, man pasuxi mxolod danaSaulis
momzadebisaTvis unda agos, Tu qmedebis danaSaulis momzadebad
Sefasebis winapirobebi ssk me-18 muxlis 1-li da me-2 nawiliT
saxezea.147
3 SualobiTi amsrulebeli
SualobiTi amsruleblobis sqema finalizmiT
I. SualobiTi amsruleblobis qmedebis Semadgenloba
1. SualobiTi amsruleblobis obieqturi mxare
(1) “cocxali iaraRis” mier Cadenili umarTloba
(2) SualobiTi amsrulebloba – arabraleulad moqmedi piris
dayolieba umarTlobis gansaxorcieleblad
2. SualobiTi amsruleblobis subieqturi mxare
147 erTi an ramdenime Tanaamsruleblis mier ganxorcielebuli momzadebis an mcdelobis
urTierTSeracxvis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi ix. mWedliSvili-hedrixi,
danaSaulis gamovlinebis calkeuli formebi, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 173-174.
240
(1) ganzraxva, mimarTuli amsruleblis mier Cadenili
qmedebisaken
(2) ganzraxva, mimarTuli umarTlobis
ganmaxorcielebeli piris “cocxal iaraRad”
gamoyenebisaken.
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba
III. brali
1. bralunarianoba
2. marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba, rogorc ganzraxvis
nawili
3. bralis gamomricxveli garemoebebis ararseboba
ssk ssk 22-e muxlis mixedviT, SualobiTi amsrulebelia is, vinc
danaSauls sxva piris, anu «cocxali iaraRis» meSveobiT Caidens.
SualobiTi amsruleblis batonoba «cocxali iaraRis» qmedebaze
xasiaTdeba an «cocxali iaraRis» nebaze batonobiT, an codnis
saSualebiT batonobiT. SualobiTi amsruleblobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia «cocxali iaraRis» dausjeloba, razedac ssk
22-e muxlis bolo alternativiT pirdapiraa miTiTebuli. am
muxliT, SualobiTi amsrulebelia is, vinc danaSauls Caidens
iseTi piris meSveobiT, romelsac sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
mixedviT asakis, Seuracxaobis an sxva garemoebis gamo ar
daekisreba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba.
241
SualobiTi amsrulebloba SesaZlebelia rogorc moqmedebiT,
aseve umoqmedobiT. rodesac garanti mSvidad uyurebs, Tu rogor
azianebs misi zedamxedvelobis qveS myofi sxvas da arafers
akeTebs xelyofis Tavidan asacileblad, ssk me-8 muxlis me-3
nawilis winapirobebis arsebobisas igi umoqmedobiT SualobiTi
amsrulebelia.
«cocxali iaraRi» SeiZleba iyos:
1. piri, romelic qmedebis Semadgenlobas ar asrulebs
dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebis gamo (vis absoluta) ara-
qmedebis ganaxorcielebisas
magaliTi: petre vasos xelSi iaraRs Caudebs, gaasrolinebs da kacs
moakvlevinebs.
2. qmedebis Semadgenlobas ar asrulebs aseve «cocxali
iaraRi» sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg
3. bralis gareSe moqmedi piri
(1) Seuracxadi asakis an sulieri avadmyofobis gamo
(2) dahipnozebuli piri (hipnozi, rogorc droebiTi sulieri
aSliloba ssk ssk 34-e muxliT. „akademiuri“, SesaZloa,
praqtikul mniSvnelobas sruliad moklebuli SemTxveva)
(3) misatevebeli Secdomis Camdeni
(4) bralis gamomricxvel garemoebaSi moqmedi (mag.,
savaldebulo brZanebis Semsrulebeli)
242
4. piri, visac Seacdenen da gaufrTxilebel danaSauls
Caadenineben (gamonaklisi ssk 22-e muxlis bolo
alternatividan, sadac kanonmdebeli „cocxali iaraRis“
dausjelobas moiTxovs)
5. gatexili nebiT moqmedi (vis kompulsiva) cocxali iaraRi
(sadavoa)
SesaZlebelia «cocxali iaraRi» sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdegac
moqmedebdes. «cocxali iaraRi» sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg
moqmedebs Semdeg SemTxvevebSi:
1. Seracxadi piris iZuleba TviTdazianebis
gansaxorcieleblad
2. Seuracxadis waqezeba TviTmkvlelobis an
TviTdazianebisaken
3. garantis mier SeuracxadisaTvis xelis SeuSleloba
TviTmkvlelobaSi an TviTdazianebaSi.
4. msxverplis nebaze batonoba codnis saSualebiT, piris
Secdena qmedebis faqtobriv mxareSi
magaliTi: msaxiobma vasom Teatralur warmodgenaSi fuWi tyviebis
pistoletiT „Tavi unda moiklas.“ misi mteri petre mas am pistolets
namdviliT Seucvlis. vaso warmodgenisas am namdvli iaraRiT uneburad
Tavs moiklavs.
mgrZnobiare (Seracxadi) pirisTvis TviTmkvlelobis motivis
miwvda sisxlissamarTlebrivad ar daisjeba, radgan
243
TviTmkvlelobisaken waqezeba, anu TviTmkvlelobaSi dayolieba
dasjadi qmedeba araa. am SemTxvevaSi unda gamoviyenoT
argumentaciis wesi – Tu ufro didi, anu dayolieba araa
dasjadi, amgvari qcevis araeTikurobis miuxedavad, erTjeradi
arahumanuri mopyrobac dasjadi ar unda iyos.
amsrulebelisaTvis cru informaciis gadacema, ris Semdegac
amsrulebeli Tavisufali nebiT danaSaulis gadawyvetilebas
miiRebs, arc SualobiTi amsruleblobaa da arc waqezeba.
magaliTi: petres tyuilad uTxra misma dedam, colma giRalatao da petrem
cols scema (ssk 125-e muxli). petres deda araa SualobiTi amsrulebeli,
radgan petrem colis cemis gadawyvetileba sakuTari Tavisufali nebis
safuZvelze miiRo. petres deda arc waqezebisaTvis daisjeba, radgan mas
Svili colis cemisaken ar wauqezebia, anu igi ar dauyoliebia.
rodesac «ukana kaci» amsrulebels, anu «wina kacs», romelsac
danaSaulis Cadena ukve gadawyvetili aqvs, identifikaciaSi
Secdomas Caadeninebs da ganzraxulis nacvlad sxva kacs
moakvlevinebs (manipulirebuli error in persona), SualobiT
amsruleblobad ar dakvalificirdeba.
magaliTi: petrem gaigo, rom pavles saRamos, samsaxuridan mosvlis dros
sadarbazoSi Casafreba da misi mokvla surs. petre samsaxurSi ar wavida da
swored im droisaTvis ivanes TavisTan dapatiJa. sibneleSi pavles ivane
petre egona da igi mokla. aq saxezea manipulirebuli error in persona.
qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi manipulirebuli error in persona
SualobiT amsruleblobas gamoricxavs, radgan am SemTxvevaSi
«wina kaci», anu amsrulebeli ganzrax da sruldeliqturad
moqmedebs. swori kvalifikacia iqneba manipulatoris dasja
244
mkvlelobis organizaciisaTvis (ssk 24-e muxlis 1-li nawili da
108-e muxli).
SualobiTi amsrulebloba gamoiricxeba:
1. sakuTari xeliT Casaden deliqtebSi
2. valdebulebis daliqtebsa da
3. specialur deliqtebSi
sakuTari xeliT Casaden deliqtebSi, e.i., rodesac pirma
dispoziciaSi aRniSnuli qmedeba Tavad unda ganaxorcielos
danaSaulis Cadena mxolod im pirs SeuZlia, romelic Cvenebas
aZlevs. SualobiTi amsrulebloba am SemTxvevaSi gamoricxulia.
cru Cvenebis micema sakuTari xeliT Casadeni deliqtia. Cvenebis
mimcemze zemoqmedebis moxdena (STagoneba, muqara) da amgvarad
cru Cvenebis micemineba araa SualobiTi amsrulebloba. amgvari
qmedeba 372-e muxliT (zemoqmedebis ganxorcieleba mowmeze,
eqspertze an Tarjimanze) unda dakvalificirdes.
SualobiTi amsrulebeli SeiZleba iyos mxolod is, visac
qmedebis SemadgenlobaSi arsebuli subieqtis Tvisebebi gaaCnia.
Sesabamisad, «valdebulebis deliqtebSi» SualobiTi
amsrulebloba gamoiricxeba da amsrulebeli mxolod isaa, visac
am valdebulebis Sesruleba ekisreba.148
magaliTi: petre sxvis gadasaxadis qviTars gaanadgurebs, raTa am sxvam
gadasaxadi ar gadaixados da problemebi gauCndes.
148 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 198.
245
qviTris dammalavi ar iqneba SualobiTi amsrulebeli da
gadasaxadis argadamxdeli – “cocxali iaraRi“. amgvarad
warmoiSoba xarvezebi dasjadobaSi, rac am zogadi wesidan
(valdebulebis deliqtebis dros SualobiTi amsruleblobis
gamoricxva) gadaxveviT ar unda Seivsos.
dauSvebelia aseve Sereuli umoqmedobis deliqtebis SualobiTi
amsruleblobac. Tu vinme garants moatyuebs, rom misi dacvis
qveS myofs daxmareba ar sWirdeba (an aRar sWirdeba, radgan
mkvdaria) da amgvarad mas misi dacvis qveS myofi pirisaTvis
miSvelebis saSualebas mouspobs, misi qmedeba ganzrax aqtiurad
xelis SeSlaa gadamrCeni mizezobriobis dafuZnebaSi, da
moqmedebiT Cadenil danaSaulad dakvalificirdeba. garantis
qmedeba ki gaufrTxilebel umoqmedobad unda Sefasdes, radgan
garantma Tavisi valdebuleba Tavad unda ganaxorcielos, Tavisi
dacvis qveS myofi piris mdgomareoba Seamowmos da
SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi mas Tavadve unda mieSvelos.
SualobiTi amsruleblobisas SesaZlebelia Secdes rogorc
cocxali iaraRi, aseve SualobiTi amsrulebelic.
«cocxali iaraRis» obieqtSi Secdomisas (error in persona)
SualobiTi amsruleblis qmedebis kvalifikaciasTan
dakavSirebiT SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva mosazrebis ganviTareba.
«cocxali iaraRis» obieqtSi Secdomisas (error in persona)
SualobiTi amsruleblis qmedebis Sefasebis erTi
SesaZleblobaa kvalifikacia (aberratio ictus) acdenil israd. am
246
kvalifikaciisas gamoiyeneba fiqcia, TiTqos SualobiT
amsrulebels meqanikuri iaraRi moemarTos, tyvia mizans
ascdenodes da damiznebulis magier sxva adamiani moeklas.
Sesabamisad, SualobiTi amsrulebeli pasuxs agebs gamiznuli
obieqtis mkvlelobis mcdelobisa (ssk me-19 da 108-e muxlebi) da
xelyofili obiqtis sicocxlis gaufrTxilebeli mospobisaTvis
(ssk 116-e muxli). am kvalifikaciis sawinaaRmdegod unda iTqvas
is, rom «cocxali iaraRis» Secdomis meqanikuri iaraRis
cdomilebisaTvis gaTanabreba cocxal iaraRad borotad
gamoyenebuli adamianis Rirsebas laxavs. amasTanave, amgvari
kvalifikacia acdenili isris konstruqcias ewinaaRmdegeba,
radgan esaa SemTxvevebi, rodesac qmedebis ganxorcielebisas
saxezea rogorc gamiznuli, aseve da xelyofili obieqti. garda
amisa, gaufrTxileblobisaTvis pasuxismgebloba SeuTavsebelia
SualobiT amsruleblobasTan, rac danaSaulis Casadenad sxva
piris ganzrax gamoyenebas moiazrebs.
igive argumentebi gamogvadgeba im mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod,
romelic SualobiTi amsruleblis mier msxverplis
dakonkretebis sizusteze akeTebs aqcents: Tu SualobiTma
amsrulebelma msxverpli Tavad daakonkreta («cocxal iaraRs»
misi suraTi misca) da «cocxalma iaraRma» sxva adamiani mokla,
maSin SualobiTi amsruleblis qmedeba «acdenil israd» (aberratio
ictus) dakvalificirdeba. Tu SualobiTma amsrulebelma
msxverplis dakonkreteba «cocxal iaraRs» miando, «cocxali
iaraRis» error in persona SualobiTi amsruleblisaTvis aseve error in
247
persona iqneba, anu misi qmedebis kvalifikaciaze araviTar
zemoqmedebas ar moaxdens.
swori mosazrebiT, yvela adamianis sicocxlis
TanabarmniSvnelovnebis Teoriidan gamomdinare, «cocxali
iaraRis» Secdoma obieqtSi (error in persona) SualobiTi
amsruleblis qmedebis kvalifikaciaze zemoqmedebas ar moaxdens
da igi ganzraxi damTavrebuli danaSaulisaTvis unda agebdes
pasuxs.
«cocxali iaraRis» acdenili isris (aberratio ictus) SemTxvevaSi
kvalifikaciis ori SesaZlebeloba gvaqvs. SesaZlebelia mtkiceba
imisa, rom «cocxali iaraRis» aberratio ictus unda dakvalificirdes
rogorc SualobiTi amsruleblis aberratio ictus, radgan SualobiTi
amsrulebeli swored im qmedebisaTvis agebs pasuxs, rac
cocxalma iaraRma ganaxorciela. dasabuTebulia mosazreba,
romelic adamianis sicocxlis TanabarmniSvnelovnebas emyareba,
romlis Tanaxmadac «cocxali iaraRis» acdenili isari (aberratio
ictus) SualobiTi amsruleblis obieqtSi Secdomad (error in persona)
unda dakvalificirdes.
kvalifikacis problemebi iqmneba maSinac, rodesac danaSaulis
Cadenis iniciatori cdeba qmedebaze batonobasa da Sesabamisad,
danaSaulis CadenaSi sakuTari rolTan dakavSirebiT.
magaliTi 1: eqimi eqTans pacientisaTvis gasakeTeblad momakvdinebeli
wamliT savse Sprics gadascems da hgonia, rom eqTanma araferi icis wamlis
momakvdinebeli Tvisebis Sesaxeb. eqTani swor informacias flobs, pacients
mokvlis ganzraxviT am momakvdinebel wamals gaukeTebs da moklavs. eqTani
248
am dros danaSauls sCadis, anu sruldeliqturad moqmedebs. Tu
kvalifikacias subieqtur Teoriaze davayrdnobT, eqimis Sexeduleba iqneba
gadamwyveti. radgan mas egona, rom igi danaSaulis Casadenad cocxal
iaraRs iyenebda da amgvarad qmedebaze batonobda, misi qmedeba SualobiTi
amsrulebelobad unda davakvalificiroT. Tu qmedebas obieqtur Teoriaze
dayrdnobiT davakvalificirebT, eqimis qmedeba danaSaulis organizaciad
unda dakvalificirdes, radgan igi faqtiurad danaSaulis Cadenas awyobs,
anda daxmarebad, radgan igi danaSaulis Cadenis iaraRs awvdis
amsrulebels.
magaliTi 2: eqimi eqTans pacientisaTvis gasakeTeblad momakvdinebeli
wamliT savse Sprics gadascems da hgonia, rom eqTanma icis wamlis
momakvdinebeli Tvisebis Sesaxeb, eqTani ki am informacias ar flobs. igi
pacients mkurnalobis mizniT am wamals gaukeTebs da pacienti mokvdeba. Tu
qmedebas obieqtur Teoriaze dayrdnobiT davakvalificirebT, obieqturi
garemoebebidan gamomdinare, eqimi SualobiTi amsrulebelia, subieqturi
TeoriiT, eqimis Sexedulebis mixedviT ki - damxmare.
amgvar qmedebaTa subieqturi Teoriis mixedviT kvalifikacia
qmedebaze batonobis Teorias ewinaaRmdegeba, radgan SeuZlebelia
piris mier sxvis nebaze batonoba mxolod misi ganzraxvis
Sinaarsis mixedviT, sxvis qmedebaze obieqturad batonobis
gareSe.
amgvari Secdomis obieqturi Teoriis mixedviT kvalifikaciis
gakritikeba ki Semdegnairadaa SesaZlebeli: SualobiTi
amsruleblobisaTvis aucilebelia ganzraxva qmedebaze
batonobis mimarT. Tu pirs hgonia, rom igi organizatoria an
damxmare, sinamdvileSi ki igi SualobiTi amsruleblis funqcias
249
asrulebs, mas organizatoris an damxmaris ganzraxva aqvs da ara
SualobiTi amsruleblobisa.
miuxedavad amisa, amgvari Secdomebi obieqtur Teoriaze
dayrdnobiT unda dakvalificirdes da ara subieqturi Teoriis
mixedviT, anu Tu eqTani ganzrax, anu sruldeliqturad moqmedebs,
eqimi daxmarebis an danaSaulis organizaciisaTvis unda
daisajos. Tu eqTani wamlis momakvdinebel TvisebebSi cdeba, igi
„cocxali iaraRia“ da eqimi SualobiTi amsruleblobiTsaTvis
daisjeba.
danaSauli SualobiTi amsruleblobisas iwyeba maSin, rodesac
SualobiTma amsrulebelma «cocxal iaraRze» zemoqmedeba
moaxdina, mas umarTlobis ganxorcielebis gadawyvetileba
miaRebina da amgvarad danaSaulis Casadenad pirobebi Seqmna
(momzadeba). Tu piri ecdeba arabraleulobis mdgomareobaSi
myofis danaSaulis Casadenad gamoyenebas da mizans ver miaRwevs,
mas danaSauls ver moamzadebinebs, es qmedeba dausjel
momzadebis momzadebad unda dakvalificirdes.
SualobiTi amsruleblis mier danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis
aReba aqtiur qmedebaSi unda gamoixatos, anu man avtonomiuri
motiviT xeli unda SeuSalos «cocxal iaraRs» danaSaulis
CadenaSi.
SualobiTma amsrulebelma mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT unda
imoqmedos. dauSvebelia SualobiTi amsrulebloba eventualuri
ganzraxviT da gaufrTxileblobiT. SeuZlebelia mtkiceba imisa,
250
rom piri sxvis nebaze eventualuri ganzraxviT batonobda, anu
ar surda qmedebaze batonoba da mainc moqmedebda (ganzraxva, ssk
me-9 muxlis me-3 nawili), anda igi Sedegis Tavidan acilebas
usafuZvlod imedovnebda (TviTimedovneba, gaufrTxilebloba, ssk
me-10 muxlis me-2 nawili) da mainc batonobda «cocxali iaraRis»
nebaze.
4 TanamonawileobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis winapirobebi
Tanamonawileobas aqcesoruli xasiaTi aqvs, es imas niSnavs, rom
Tanamonawilis qmedebis dasjadoba amsruleblis mier
ganxorcielebul qmedebazea damokidebuli. Tu amsrulebelma
danaSauli moamzada, Tanamonawile momzadebaSi
TanamonawileobisaTvis agebs pasuxs. Tu amsrulebelma
danaSaulis Cadena scada, Tanamonawile mcdelobis
Tanamonawilea. Tu amsrulebelma danaSauli daamTavra,
Tanamonawile damTavrebul danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisaTvis
daisjeba. qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi gaziarebulia logikuri
aqcesoroba, romlis mixedviTac TanmonawileobisaTvis
aucilebelia amsruleblis mier danaSaulis Cadena.
limitirebuli aqcesorobis Teoria, romelic
TanamonawileobisaTvis umarTlobis Cadenas sakmarisad Tvlis,
ssk 23-e muxls ewinaaRmdegeba, romelSic kanondebeli
Tanamonawileoba ganmartavs rogorc ori an meti piris ganzrax
erTobliv monawileobas ganzraxi danaSaulis (da ara
umarTlobis) gamxorcielebaSi.
limitirebuli aqcesoroba germanul sisxlis samarTals axasiaTebs.
aqcesorobis es saxe im pirTa dasasjeladaa saWiro, romlebic bralis
251
gareSe moqmed specialur subieqts umarTlobis CadenaSi daexmarebian, an
maT umarTlobis Casadenad waaqezeben. mag., TanamonawileobisaTvis daisjeba
mavani, romelic Seuracxadobis mdgomareobaSi moqmed mosamarTles araswor
ganaCens gamoataninebs an suliT avadmyof eqims profesiul saidumlos
gamostyuebs. amgvari qmedebebi qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi specialuri
muxlebiTaa daregulirebuli, rac limitirebuli aqcesorobis
aucileblobas gamoricxavs.149
Tanamonawileobis obieqturi mxare moicavs mizezobrivi kavSiri
Tanamonawilis qmedebasa da amsruleblis mier Cadenil
danaSaulebriv da dasjad qmedebas Soris. am mizezobrivi
kavSiris gareSe Tanamonawileoba ar arsebobs. damxmaris
qmedebasa da amsruleblis qmedebas Soris pirobaTa TeoriiT
gaTvaliswinebuli mizezobrioba (ssk me-8 muxlis me-2 nawili)
yovelTvis araa saxeze.
magaliTi: petre ivanes binis gasaqurdad kibis gadatanaSi miexmara. kibe
msubuqi iyo da ivane mas petres gareSec gadaitanda. petre daxmarebisaTvis
daisjeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom mis gareSe binaSi ukanonod SeRweviT
qurdoba mainc ganxorcieldeboda.
praqtikaSi SesaZlebelia SevxvdeT jaWvuri Tanamonawileobas,
rac Semdegnairad kvalificirdeba: waqezeba waqezebisaken
waqezebaa, waqezeba daxmarebisaken daxmareba, daxmareba waqezebaSi
daxmarebaa, daxmareba daxmarebaSi daxmareba, waqezeba
organizaciisaken organizaciaa, daxmareba organizaciaSi ki
daxmareba.
149 dawvrilebiT am sakiTxze ix. mWedliSvili-hedrixi, danaSaulis gamovlinebis calkeuli
formebi, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 206.
252
Tanamonawileobis subieqturi mxare mxolod ganzraxvas moicavs.
gaufrTxilebeli Tanamonawileoba ssk 23-e muxliT dauSvebelia.
viwro gagebiT TanamonawileTa ganzraxva ormagi xasiaTisaa. igi
moicavs:
1. ganzraxvas sakuTari qmedebis
2. ganzraxvas amsruleblis qmedebis mimarT da
3. marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebas.
viwro gagebiT Tanamonawileebi mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT
moqmedeben. Teoriulad warmoudgenelia, rom viwro gagebiT
Tanamonawiles sakuTari qmedebis mimarT eventualuri ganzraxva
amoZravebdes. Mmas, sul mcire, sakuTari qmedebis mimarT meore
xarisxis pirdapiri ganzraxva mainc aqvs.
magaliTi: petrem vasos didi xvewnis Semdeg ivanes mosaklavad iaraRi
misca. mas rogorc sakuTari qmedebis, aseve amsruleblis qmedebis mimarT
meore xarisxis pirdapiri ganzraxva amoZravebda, radgan icoda, rasac rom
sxvas mosaklavad iaraRs aZlevda da isic, rom is sxva am iaraRiT
msxverpls moklavda (Sedegis garduvaloba).
SeuZlebelia ganzraxi monawileoba gaufrTxilebel danaSaulSi.
gaufrTxileblad moqmedi amsruleblis gamoyeneba danaSaulis
Casadenad SualobiTi amsruleblobaa (ssk 22-e muxlis
ganvrcobiTi ganmarteba). dauSvebelia aseve ganzrax Cadenil
danaSaulSi gaufrTxilebeli Tanamonawileoba, gaufrTxilebeli
waqezeba, daxmareba, danaSaulis gaufrTxilebeli organizacia. es
253
ewinaaRmdegeba ssk 23-e muxls, romelic ganzrax Cadenil
danaSaulSi ganzrax monawileobas moiTxovs.
Tanamonawileoba arc maSinaa, rodesac yvela gaufrTxileblad
moqmedebs.
magaliTi: Tu petre Tavisi dedis TxovniT xes moWris, es xe mezoblis
avtomanqanas daecema da mas mniSvnelovnad daazianebs, deda
gaufrTxilebeli danaSaulis, sxvisi nivTis gaufrTxilebeli dazianebis
(188-e muxlis) gaufrTxilebeli wamqezebeli ar iqneba, radgan
gaufrTxilebeli waqezeba dogmatikurad ar arsebobs.
5 organizatori
organizaciis sqema finalizmis mixedviT ssk 24-e muxlis 1-öli
nawili
I. danaSaulis organizaciis qmedebis Semadgenloba
1. organizaciis obieqturi mxare
(1) amsruleblis mier Cadenili ganzraxi, marTlsawinaaRmdego
da braleuli qmedeba
(2) danaSaulis organizacia
2. organizaciis subieqturi mxare
(1) ganzraxva, mimarTuli amsruleblis mier Cadenili
qmedebisaken
(2) ganzraxva, sakuTari organizaciuli qmedebis mimarT
254
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba - marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli
garemoebis ararseboba
III. brali
1. bralunarianoba
2. marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba, rogorc ganzraxvis nawili
3. bralis gamomricxveli garemoebebis ararseboba
organizatoris qmedebis obieqtur mxares ssk 24-e muxlis 1-li
nawili iTvaliswinebs. am muxlis mixedviT, organizatoria is,
vinc moawyo danaSaulis Cadena an xelmZRvanelobda mis
ganxorcilebas, agreTve is, vinc Seqmna organizebuli jgufi an
xelmZRvanelobda mas.
danaSaulis organizacia mxolod sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
zogad nawilSi araa gaTvaliswinebuli. arsebobs aseve
danaSaulis organizaciis konkretuli Semadgenlobac ssk kerZo
nawilSi. ssk 327-e muxli (teroristuli organizaciis Seqmna an
xelmZRvaneloba anda masSi monawileoba), sadac danaSaulis
organizacia damoukidebel danaSauladaa Camoyalibebuli.
organizatoris qmedeba waqezeblis da fsiqikuri daxmarebis
CarCoebs scildeba. SesaZlebelia, rom organizatoriwinaswar
mxolod organizaciul sakiTxebs agvarebdes da danaSaulis
ganxorcielebisas Tavad danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze arc ki
iyos. Tu organizatori amsruleblis funqciasac asrulebs, misi
255
qmedeba ssk 25-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT amsruleblobad
dakvalificirdeba.150
organizatori mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT moqmedebs.
warmoudgenelia, rom piri, romelsac qmedebis Cadenis survili ar
aqvs, anu eventualuri ganzraxviT moqmedebs, danaSaulis Cadenas
awyobdes, mis ganxorcielebas xelmZRvanelobdes, organizebul
jgufs qmnides an xelmZRvanelobdes mas. ufro metic,
organizators ormagi pirdapiri ganzraxva unda amoZravebdes
rogorc Tavisi qmedebis, aseve sxva TanamonawileTa qmedebis
mimarTac.
eventualuri ganzraxviT danaSaulis organizaciis dasaSvebobis
mtkicebisaTvis ar gamogvadgeba Semdegi
magaliTi: pirma kacis mosaklavad mkvleli daiqirava da iTvaliswinebs, rom
man mokluli SeiZleba gaZarcvos kidec, Tumca ar surs es.
Zarcva gamizvniTi, anu pirveli xarisxis pirdapiri ganzraxviT
Casadeni deliqtia da misi eventualuri ganzraxviT Cadena
dauSvebelia.151 Tu organizators amsruleblis mier Cadenili
qmedebis ganxorcieleba ar surda (eventualuri ganzraxva),
saxezea amsruleblis eqscesi. rogorc Tvisebrivi, aseve
150 organizatori TanamonawileTa Soris yvelaze ufro saSiSi figuraa, amitomac
mxardaWeras imsaxurebs sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebaSi gamoTqmuli Sexeduleba,
romlis mixedviTac organizators danaSaulis CadenaSi uSualo monawileoba
(Tana)amsruleblad ver aqcevs. naWyebia, wignSi: naWyebia/Todua (red.), sisxlis
samarTali (saxelmZRvanelo), zogadi nawili, Tbilisi 2016 weli, gv. 282.
151 gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi
2008, gv. 195.
256
raodenobrivi eqscesisas organizatorma pasuxi unda agos
mxolod im msubuqi danaSaulisaTvis, romlis organizaciac man
ganaxorciela.152
6 wamqezebeli
waqezebis sqema finalizmis mixedviT, ssk 24-e muxlis me-2 nawili
I. waqezebis qmedebis Semadgenloba
1. waqezebis obieqturi mxare
(1) amsruleblis mier Cadenili ganzraxi
marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli qmedeba
(2) waqezeba – sxva piris dayolieba ganzraxi danaSaulis
Casadenad
2. waqezebis subieqturi mxare
(1) ganzraxva, mimarTuli amsruleblis mier Cadenili
qmedebisaken
(2) ganzraxva, mimarTuli amsruleblis ganzraxi
danaSaulis Casadenad dayoliebisaken
152 gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi danaSaulis organizatoris mier evetualuri ganzraxviT
moqmedebas uSvebs naWyebia. misi azriT, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac organizators ara aqvs
dazustebuli savaraudo amsruleblis moqmedebis farglebi da Segnebulad uSvebs
amsruleblis mier ufro mZime danaSaulis Cadenis SesaZleblobas, dasaSvebia misi
pasuxismgebloba eventualuri ganzraxvisaTvis, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac adgili
aqvs amsruleblis Tvisebriv eqscess. naWyebia, wignSi: naWyebia/Todua (red.), sisxlis
samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tbilisi 2016, gv. 282.
257
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebebis ararseboba
III. brali
1. bralunarianoba
2. marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba, rogorc ganzraxvis nawili
3. bralis gamomricxveli garemoebebis ararseboba
sakanonmdeblo (legaluri) definiciis Tanaxmad, waqezeba
danaSaulis Casadenad dayoliebaa (ssk 24-e muxlis me-2 nawili).
waqezebisaTvis aucilebelia inteleqtualuri kontaqti
wamqezebelsa da amsrulebels Soris. wamqezeblobis farTo
gageba, amsruleblisaTvis danaSaulis Cadenineba danaSaulis
Cadenis situaciis SeqmniT, amsruleblis nebaze uSualo
zemoqmedebis da misi dayoliebis gareSe, wamqezeblobis ssk 24-e
muxlis me-2 nawiliT qarTul sisxlis samarTals ewinaaRmdegeba.
waqezeba dayoliebaa ganzraxi danaSaulis CadenisaTvis da ara
umarTlobis CadenisaTvis. Tu piri amsruleblis nebaze
imoqmedebs da mas umarTlobas Caadeninebs, igi ssk 22-e muxliT
(danaSaulis amsrulebloba) SualobiTi amsrulebeli iqneba da
ara wamqezebeli. SualobiTi amsrulebeli danaSaulis Casadenad
bralis gareSe moqmed da umarTlobis ganmaxorcielebel
«cocxal iaraRs» iyenebs. wamqezeblisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic
Seracxad pirs danaSaulis Casadenad iyoliebs, SualobiTi
258
amsrulebeli qmedebaze batonobs cocxal iaraRze batonobis
gziT.
wamqezebeli araa yvela is, vinc amsrulebelze danaSaulis
Cadenamde inteleqtualur zemoqmedebas axorcielebs.
wamqezeblobisaTvis damatebiT saWiroa qmedebis intensivoba, anu
dayolieba danaSaulis Casadenad. Tu pirs danaSaulis Cadenis
gadawyvetileba ukve miRebuli aqvs (laT., omnimodo facturus) da
masze fsiqikuri zemoqmedeba am gadawyvetilebas mas mxolod
ganumtkicebs, fsiqikuri zemoqmedebis ganmaxorcielebeli
fsiqikuri damxmare iqneba da ara wamqezebeli.
rogorc wesi, SeuZlebelia umoqmedobiT waqezeba. Tu garanti
xedavs, rom misi zedamxedvelobis qveS myofi vinmes danaSaulis
Casadenad aqezebs da igi arafers akeTebs amgvari dayoliebis
Tavidan asacileblad, saqme gveqneba umoqmedobiT
ganxorcielebuli SualobiTi amsruleblobiT waqezebis
gamonaklis SemTxvevasTan.
waqezeba konkretulobiT xasiaTdeba, anu waqezeba konkretuli
piris waqezebaa konkretuli danaSaulis CadenisaTvis da ara
konkretuli piris raime danaSaulis CadenisaTvis waqezeba.
SemTxveva: braldebuli Sexvda mowmes, romelsac fuli metad sWirdeboda.
braldebulma mas urCia, nivTebi gaeyida, razedac mowmem uariT upasuxa,
braldebulma mas uTxra, rom maSin mas «an banki unda gaequrda anda
benzingasamarTi sadguri». amaze mowmes araferi upasuxia. mowme marTlac
Tavs daesxa banks da 39 775 germanul markas daeufla.153
153 germaniis federaluri sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba mokled BGHSt 34, 63-68.
259
germanulma ssasamarTlom braldebulis qmedebis wamqezeblobad
kvalifikacia gamoiricxa im dasabuTebiT, rom qmedebis
wamqezeblobad kvalifikaciisaTvis wamqezeblis ganzraxva
amsruleblis konkretuli qmedebisaken unda iyos mimarTuli da
konkretuli qmedebis mniSvnelovani niSnebi saxeze unda
gvqondes.
wamqezebloba araa aseve danaSaulis Casadenad individualurad
ganusazRvrel pirTa mowodeba. mometebuli socialuri
saSiSroebidan gamomdinare, individualurad ganusazRvrel pirTa
mowodeba saqarTvelos konstituciuri wyobilebis ZaladobiT
Secvlisaken an saxelmwifo xelisuflebis damxobisaken sisxlis
samarTlis kerZo nawilSi gaTvaliswinebuli damoukidebeli
danaSaulia (317-e muxli).
sxva adamianSi danaSaulis Cadenis survilis gamowveva
socialurad adeqvaturi qmedebiT danaSaulis waqezeba araa.
magaliTi: Tu petrem stefanes mxolod uambo, rom vaso metad mdidaria da
amgvarad stefanes vasos gaqurdvis survili gauCnda, petre qurdobis
wamqezebeli ar iqneba, radgan wamqezebels waqezebis ganzraxva, piris
danaSaulis CadenisaTvis dayoliebis survili unda hqondes.
wamqezebeli pirdapiri ganzraxviT unda moqmedebdes, radgan
dayolieba, anu waqezeba gamizvniTia da amitomac eventualuri
ganzraxviT waqezeba SeuZlebelia. wamqezebels unda
amoZravebdes ganzraxva rogorc Tavisi, aseve amsruleblis mier
Cadenili qmedebis mimarT, anu mas ormagi ganzraxva unda hqondes.
260
amsruleblis mier daSvebuli Secdoma msxverplis pirovnebaSi
(error in persona) wamqezeblisaTvis unda dakvalificirdes rogorc
error in persona da wamqezebelma pasuxi ganzraxi danaSaulisaken
waqezebisaTvis unda agos. ufro rTulia wamqezeblis qmedebis
kvalifikacia maSin, rodesac amsrulebeli msxverplis
pirovnebaSi ki ar Secdeba, aramed mas sworad Seicnobs, magram
mizans aacdens da gamiznuls ki ara, aramed sxva adamians
mouspobs sicocxles, anu acdenili isris (aberratio ictus)
SemTxvevebSi. amsruleblis qmedeba sworad identificirebuli
msxverlis miznis acdenisas gamiznuli msxverplis mkvlelobis
mcdelobad da gardacvlili msxverplis sicocxlis
gaufrTxilebel mospobad kvalificirdeba. amgvar SemTxvevebSi
wamqezeblis qmedebis kvalifikaciis Semdegi SesaZleblobebi
arsebobs: miuxedevad imisa, rom wamqezebeli danaSaulis
waqezebisas windaxedulobis normas ki ar arRvevs, aramed sxvas
danaSaulis Casadenad iyoliebs da gaufrTxilebeli waqezeba
dogmatikurad SeuZlebelia, amsruleblis aberratio ictus
dakvalificirdeba rogorc wamqezeblis aberratio ictus, anu rogorc
gaufrTxilebeli sicocxlis mospoba paraleluri
amsruleblobiT da mkvlelobis mcdelobisaken waqezeba.
SesaZlebelia meore Sexedulebis ganviTarebac da
gaufrTxilebeli Tanamonawileobis SeuZleblobasa da adamianTa
sicocxlis TanabarmniSvnelovnebiT Teoriaze dayrdnobiT,
wamqezeblisaTvis amsruleblis acdenili isris (aberratio ictus)
pirovnebaSi Secdomad (error in epersona) dakvalificireba.
261
wamqezeblobisagan gansxvavdeba danaSaulis provokacia (ssk 145-e
muxli), romlis drosac piri sxvas iyoliebs danaSaulis
Casadenad misi sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxisgebaSi micemis
mizniT. provokatoris qmedeba wamqezeblis qmedebisagan mizniT
gansxvavdeba. wamqezebels amsrulebelTan erTad danaSaulis
Cadena surs. mas aqvs ormagi ganzraxva, anu mas aqvs ganzraxva
sakuTari qmedebis mimarT (piris danaSaulisaken waqezebis
mimarT) da ganzraxva amsruleblis mier damTavrebuli
danaSaulis Cadenis mimarT. provokators ki surs, rom
amsrulebelma danaSauli moamzados an danaSaulis Cadena
scados da amisaTvis man sisxlissamarTlebrivad agos pasuxi.
misi mizani ar moicavs amsruleblis mier damTavrebuli
danaSaulis Cadenas.
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi araa gaTvaliswinebuli, Tu rogor
dakvalificirdeba qmedeba maSin, rodesac agent-provokatoris
mier waqezebuli piri danaSauls daasrulebs. miuxedavad imisa,
rom agent-provokators Sedegis dadgomis survili ar aqvs,
SeiZleba igi praqtikaSi wamqezeblobisaTvis daisajos, radgan
man piris danaSaulis Cadenisaken waqezebiT danaSaulis Cadenis
safrTxe Seqmna, rac SedegSi ganxorcielda kidec. amgvari
kvalifikacia winaaRmdegobaSi movidoda gaufrTxilebeli
Tanamonawileobis dogmatikuri SeuZleblobis sayovelTaod
aRiarebul debulebasTan.154
154 amitomac misaRebia sakanonmdeblo winadadeba ssk 145-e muxlis redaqciis SecvlasTan
dakavSirebiT, romlis mixedviTac am muxls unda daematos ori damamZimebeli garemoeba,
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis damZimeba mZime danaSaulis provokaciisaTvis
da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis damZimeba gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulis
262
Tu waqezebis mosurnes xeli moecara da piri danaSaulis
Casadenad ver daiyolia, igi ssk 25-e muxlis me-7 nawilis
Tanaxmad, danaSaulis momzadebisaTvis daisjeba.
7 damxmare
damxmaris sqema finalizmiT (ssk 24-e muxlis me-3 nawili)
daxmarebis qmedebis Semadgenloba
1. daxmarebis obieqturi mxare
(1) amsruleblis mier Cadenili ganzraxi,
marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli qmedeba
(2) daxmareba danaSaulSi
2. daxmarebis subieqturi mxare
(1) ganzraxva, mimarTuli amsruleblis mier Cadenili
qmedebisaken
(2) ganzraxva sakuTari qmedebis mimarT
ssk 24-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT, damxmarea is, vinc xeli Seuwyo
danaSaulis Cadenas. Sesabamisad, logikuri aqcesorobis
principidan gamomdinare, damxmaris dasasjelad aucilebelia
amsruleblis mier daumTavrebeli an damTavrebuli danaSaulis
Cadena. dogmatikurad SesaZlebelia daxmareba danaSaulis
provokaciisaTvis. ix. Todua, wignSi: lekveiSvili/mamulSvili/Todua, sisxlis
samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni I, Tbilisi 2019, gv. 339.
263
momzadebasa da mcdelobaSi, magram xelmocaruli (uSedego)
daxmareba ar isjeba.
magaliTi 1: petrem vasos binis qurdobisaTvis morgebuli gasaRebi gadasca.
gasaRebiT binaSi Sesuli vaso policiam daakava. petre pasuxs binis
qurdobis mcdelobaSi daxmarebisaTvis agebs (ssk 24-e muxlis me-3 nawili,
me-19 muxlis 1-li nawili da 177-e muxlis me-3 nawilis g) punqti).
magaliTi 2: petrem SemTxveviT gaigo, rom vasos Rame, 12 saaTze pavles binis
qurdoba hqonda gadawyvetili. petrem danaSaulis Cadenis droisaTvis
specialuri generaluri gasaRebi daamzada da gasaRebis vasosaTvis
gadasacemad danaSaulis adgilisaken gaemarTa. sanam petre Tavisi
generaluri gasaRebiT adgilze mividoda, vasom pavles bina gaqurda da
saxlSi wavida. petres qmedeba, generaluri gasaRebis damzadeba da
danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze misvla araviTar kavSirSi araa vasos mier
binis gaqurdvasTan. misi qmedeba uSedego, dausjeli daxmarebaa.
ssk 27-e muxlis me-5 nawilis ukudaskvnidan gamomdinare, uSedego
daxmareba araa dasjadi. ssk 27-e muxlis me-5 nawili martoden
uSedego waqezebis dasjadobas iTvaliswinebs. am SemTxvevaSi
adgili aqvs kanonmdeblis gegmur xarvezs da am regulaciis
analogiiT gamoyeneba piris sazianod dauSvebelia.
daxmarebis obieqturi mxare moicavs danaSaulis CadenaSi
fizikur da fsiqikur daxmarebas. danaSaulis CadenaSi fizikuri
daxmareba SeiZleba gamoixatos danaSaulis Casadenad iaraRis
gadacemaSi, danaSaulis CadenisaTvis an Cadenisas sxvadasxva
dabrkolebis Tavidan acilebaSi, msxverplis Sesaxeb informaciis
mopovebaSi, qurdobisas „darajad dgomaSi“155 da sxv. daxmareba
155 „darajad dgomas“ daxmarebad akvalificireben Hilgendorf/Valerius, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil,
München 2013, S. 136, Rn. 147.
264
amsruleblobisagan imiTi gansxvavdeba, rom piri daxmarebisas
qmedebis Semadgenlobas Tavad uSualod ar axorcielebs da arc
sxvagvarad batonobs qmedebaze. „darajad mdgomi“ qmedebaze
martoden maSin ibatonebs, rodesac igi damatebiT sxva
funqciebsac SeiTavsebs. mag., bankis dayaCaRebisas SeiaraRebuli
darajis bankis Senobis win dgoma Tanaamsruleblobaa, radgan
Zaladobrivi Tavdasxma yaCaRobis qmedebis Semadgenlobis
nawilia. Tu „darajad mdgoms“ qmedebis saTaveebi xelSi ar
upyria, misi funqcia umniSvneloa da igi qmedebaze
funqcionaluri batonobiT verc Tanaamsrulebeli iqneba.
aucilebeli araa, rom pirma amsrulebels daxmareba danaSaulis
Cadenamde aRuTqvas. danaSaulSi daxmarebaa yovelgvari qmedeba,
romelic danaSaulis Cadenas uwyobs xels, winaswar Sepirebuli
iqneba is Tu winaswar Seupirebeli.
magaliTi 1: petre vasos kacis mosaklavad iaraRis gadacemas Sehpirda da
mogvianebiT mas iaraRi gadasca kidec. vaso Tu am iaraRiT kacs marTlac
moklavs, petres qmedeba mkvlelobaSi daxmarebad dakvalificirdeba ssk 24-e
muxlis me-3 nawiliTa da 108-e muxliT.
magaliTi 2: uiaraRo vasom kacze mosaklavad gaiwia. petrem vasos
mkvlelobisaTvis dana miaCeCa. vasom am daniT kaci mokla. petres qmedeba
mkvlelobaSi daxmarebad dakvalificirdeba ssk 24-e muxlis me-3 nawiliTa
da 108-e muxliT.
ufro metic, isic ki araa saWiro, rom amsrulebelma icodes, Tu
fizikurad vin exmareba mas.
magaliTi: petrem icis, rom vasos kacis mokvla unda. igi vasos
mkvlelobisaTvis iaraRs daudebs magidaze. vaso am iaraRiT kacs marTla
moklavs. miuxedavad imisa, rom vasom sulac ar icis, Tu vin dado mis
265
magidaze iaraRi, petres qmedebam mas xeli Seuwyo danaSaulis CadenaSi.
petres qmedeba mkvlelobaSi daxmarebad dakvalificirdeba ssk 24-e muxlis
me-3 nawiliTa da 108-e muxliT.
danaSaulis CadenaSi fsiqikuri daxmarebaa danaSaulis Casadenad
rCeva-darigebis, an „saqmis“ micema, anda amsruleblis
danaSaulebrivi ideis mowonebiT danaSaulis Cadenis
gadawyvetilebis ganmtkiceba. danaSaulis CadenaSi fsiqikuri
daxmarebaa aseve danaSaulis winaswar Sepirebuli dafarvac, rac
amsrulebelSi danaSaulis Cadenis ganzraxvas ganamtkicebs.
danaSaulis winaswar Seupirebuli dafarva ki araa daxmareba,
radgan danaSaulis CadenasTan araviTar mizezobriv kavSirSi
araa da qmedebis socialuri saSiSroebis gamo specialuri
muxliT isjeba (ssk 375-e muxli).
daxmareba SesaZlebelia rogorc moqmedebiT, aseve
umoqmedobiTac. umoqmedobiT daxmarebad kvalificirdeba
garantis umoqmedoba Tavisi dacvis qveS myofi piris mimarT
ganxorcielebuli danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi. garanti am
dros araa danaSaulis Tanaamsrulebeli umoqmedobiT, aramed
damxmare umoqmedobiT.156
magaliTi 1: petrem dainaxa, rom mis cols mezoblis qali scemda. petre
colze gabrazebuli iyo da mas ar mieSvela, Tumca mas es SeeZlo. petres
cols am cemis Sedegad janmrTeloba mZimed dauzianda. petre, rogorc
colis damcavi (mzrunveli) garanti, Cadenil danaSaulSi damxmarea
umoqmedobiT da pasuxs agebs ssk ssk 24-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT, me-8 muxlis
me-3 nawiliT da 117-e muxlis 1-li nawiliT).
156 sxva mosazrebas aviTarebs gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi 2008, gv. 200.
266
magaliTi 2: samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas policielma dainaxa,
rom petre viRacas qurdavda da araferi gaakeTa danaSaulis Tavidan
asacileblad. policieli qurds umoqmedobiT daexmara, radgan igi
samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas damcavi garantia sxvaTa
samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis. misi qmedeba dakvalificirdeba ssk ssk 24-e
muxlis me-3 nawiliT, me-8 muxlis me-3 nawiliT da 177-e muxliT.
amsrulebelia is, vinc qmedebaze batonobs, anu vinc aqtiurad
moqmedebs. radgan garanti umoqmedobiT sxvis
marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebaze ver ibatonebs, igi
Tanaamsrulebladac ver iqceva da amitomac mxolod damxmare
SeiZleba iyos.
daxmarebis subieqturi mxare moicavs damxmaris ormag pirdapir
(pirveli an meore xarisxis) ganzraxvas. TanamonawileTa qmedeba
erTiani ganzraxviT da erTiani gegmiT unda ukavSirdebodnen
erTmaneTs, rac eventualur ganzraxvas gamoricxavs.
magaliTi: piri amsrulebels Tofs kacis mosaklavad xaTriT aTxovebs. Tu
igi Sedegis dadgomis garduvalobaSi darwmunebulia, magram
danaSaulebrivi Sedegis ganxorcieleba mas ar surs.
pirs amgvar SemTxvevaSi kacis mokvlis mimarT eventualuri
ganzraxva ki ara, meore xarisxis pirdapiri ganzraxva amoZravebs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom danaSaulebriv SedegTan Segueba
eventualuri ganzraxvis nebelobis elementia. sakuTari qmedebis
(Tofis Txovebis) mimarTac igi meore xarisxis pirdapiri
ganzraxviT moqmedebs, radgan man danamdvilebiT icis, rom igi
sxvas kacis mosaklavad Tofs aZlevs.
267
VIII daumTavrebeli danaSauli
1 danaSaulis ganviTarebis stadiebi
danaSauli damTavrebulia maSin, rodesac qmedebis
SemadgenlobaSi arsebuli yvela niSani ganxorcielebulia, anu
qmedebis Semadgenlobis obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebi
erTmaneTs emTxveva. Tu qmedebis SemadgenlobaSi arsebuli
obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, anu
qmedebis Semadgenlobis erT-erTi mxare naklulia, adgili aqvs
an Secdomas, an daumTavrebel danaSauls. Secdomisas
danaSaulis subieqturi mxarea nakluli, daumTavrebeli
danaSaulisas ki ´- obieqturi.157
ganzraxi danaSaulis ganviTarebis Semdeg stadiebi arsebobs:
1. danaSaulis Cadenis ganzraxvis warmoSoba (danaSaulis
Cadenis gadawyvetilebis miReba)
2. ganzraxvis gamomJRavneba mesame pirebisaTvis misawvdomi
formiT
3. danaSaulis momzadeba - danaSaulis Casadenad pirobebis
Seqmna
4. danaSaulis mcdeloba
5. formalurdad damTavrebuli danaSauli
157 Ebert, Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2001, S. 116.
268
6. materialurad damTavrebuli danaSauli.
danaSaulis ganviTarebis pirveli da meore stadia danaSaulis
ganviTarebis dausjeli stadiebia. esenia:
5. danaSaulis Cadenis ganzraxvis warmoSoba da
6. ganzraxvis gamomJRavneba mesame pirebisaTvis misawvdomi
formiT.
ssk me-18 muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT isjeba mxolod mZime da
gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulis da am muxlSi amomwuravad
CamoTvlili naklebad mZime danaSaulTa momzadeba. qarTul
sisxlis samarTalSi danaSaulis mcdeloba yovelTvis
dasjadia.158
danaSaulis damTavrebis momentis gansazRvra kanonmdeblis
nebazea damokidebuli. kanonmdebeli am dros samarTlebrivi
sikeTis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobas da aqedan gamomdinare,
qmedebis socialuri saSiSroeba iRebs mxedvelobaSi. qmedebis
mometebuli socialuri saSiSroebisas SeiZleba danaSauli misi
momzadebis (ssk 224-e muxlis 1-li nawili, banditizmi) anda
mcdelobis (ssk 197-e muxli, yaCaRoba) momentisaTvis gamocxaddes
158 SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi analizi germanul sisxlis samarTalTan ix. mWedliSvili-
hedrixi/hainrixi, danaSaulis ganviTarebis stadiebi qarTul da germanul sisxlis
samarTalSi, germanul-qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis Jurnali, 3/2017, gv. 62-74,
http://www.dgstz.de/storage/documents/BMQgtByLi5ARQylI39HqDnt0Oi9uCDYr0PsHyZUb.pdf;
WedliSvili-hedrixi/hainrixi, danaSaulis ganviTarebis stadiebi qarTul da germanul
sisxlis samarTalSi, germanul-qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis Jurnali, 1/2018, gv.1-12. http://
www.dgstz.de/storage/documents/vfIUfzZkqk7SCXejOJ01nuEuQ6bJfdpJzRQtu8lT.pdf. (15.06.2020).
269
damTavrebulad. ssk 224-e muxlis 1-li nawili (banditizmi) sjis
ukve myari SeiaraRebuli jgufis (bandis) Seqmnas an
xelmZRvanelobas pirze an organizaciaze Tavdasxmis mizniT.
danaSaulis damTavrebisaTvis pirze an organizaciaze Tavdasxma
araaa saWiro; yaCaRoba mcdelobis etapze ukve damTavrebul
danaSaulad iTvleba, radgan ssk 179-e muxlis mixedviT, yaCaRoba
Tavdasxmaa sxvisi moZravi nivTis marTlsawinaaRmdego
misakuTrebis mizniT Cadenili ZaladobiT an Zaladobis
gamoyenebis muqariT da ara sxvisi moZravi nivTis
marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba ZaladobiT an Zaladobis
gamoyenebis muqariT.159 deliqtebs, romlebsac danaSaulis
momzadebis anda danaSaulis mcdelobis etapze160 damTavrebul
danaSaulad Tvlian, safrTxis Semqmnel deliqtebs, anda
Sekvecili Semadgenlobis mqone deliqtebs uwodeben.
2 danaSaulis formaluri da materialuri damTavreba
erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT danaSaulis formaluri da
materialuri damTavreba. danaSauli maSinaa formalurad
damTavrebuli, rodesac sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo
nawilis muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis yvela niSania
159 qarTuli ssk-sgan gansxvavebiT, germaniis ssk § 249 (yaCaRoba) dispoziciaSi sicocxlisa
da sxeulebrivi mTlianobisaTvis saSiSi imwuTieri ZaladobiT an Zaladobis
gamoyenebis muqariT nivTis warTmeva moiazreba.
160 rogorc wesi, mcdelobis etapze formalurad damTavrebulad gamocxdebuli
danaSaulis mcdeloba, anu mcdelobis mcdeloba SeuZleblad iTvleba. yaCaRobis
mcdelobis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb ix. lekveiSvili, wignSi: Todua/mamulaSvili (red.),
sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni I, Tbilisi 2019, gv. 493.
270
ganxorcielebuli. danaSauli materialurad damTavrebulia
maSin, rodesac samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofa dasrulda.
zogjer danaSaulis formaluri da materaluri damTavreba
erTmaneTs emTxveva. es maSin, rodesac ssk kerZo nawilis muxliT
gaTvaliswinebuli Semadgenloba (dispozicia) samarTlebrivi
sikeTis xelyofas iTvaliswinebs. mag., danaSaulis formaluri da
materialuri damTavreba erTmaneTs emTxveva mkvlelobis dros.
damTavrebuli mkvleloba moicavs samarTlebrivi sikeTis
xelyofis yvela zemoaRniSnul dausjel da dasjad stadias.
danaSaulis formaluri da materaluri damTavreba erTmaneTs ar
emTxveva denadi danaSaulis dros. denadi danaSauli
Tavisuflebis ukanono aRkveTa (ssk 143-e muxli) formalurad
damTavrebulia msxverplisaTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTisas,
materialurad ki misi ganTavisuflebis an misi sikvdilisas.
sakiTxis gaRrmaveba: danaSaulis faqtobriv damTavrebas iuridiuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba rogorc aucilebeli mogeriebisas, aseve
Tanaamsruleblobisas, Tanamonawileobisas da xandazmulobis vadebis
gansazRvrisas. aucilebeli mogerieba SesaZlebelia danaSaulis
formaluri damTavrebis Semdegac. mag., yaCaRobisas aucilebeli mogerieba
dasaSvebia Tavdasxmis ganxorcielebis (yaCaRobis qmedebis Semadgenlobis
ganxorcielebis) Semdeg, iqamde, sanam yaCaRoba faqtiurad dasruldeba, piri
„nivTTan erTad Tavs daaRwevs SemTxvevis adgils“ da SeeZleba am nivTis
gankargva.161 Tanaamsrulebloba da Tanamonawileoba (daxmareba) danaSaulSi
SesaZlebelia danaSaulis formaluri damTavrebis, anu Tavdasxmis Semdegac.
am SemTxvevaSi piri mxolod mier faqtiurad ganxorcielebuli
qmedebisaTvis daisjeba.
161 Todua, wignSi: lekveiSvili/mamulaSvili/Todua, sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni
I, Tbilisi 2019, gv. 468.
271
magaliTi: petre Tavs daesxa vasos da Sublze iaraRi miabjina. am dros
SemTxveviT gamoiara petres megobarma ivanem. petres JestikulaciiT ivane
mixvda, raSic iyo saqme da ris gakeTebas sTxovda mas megobari. „aris,
ufrosoo“, - SesZaxa man gaxarebulma da vasos jibidan safule amoacala.
ivane yaCaRobis Semadgenlobas ar asrulebs, radgan mas TavdasxmaSi
monawileoba ar miuRia. yaCaRuri Tavdasxmis ganxorcielebis Semdeg am
Tavdasxmis mxolod mowonebas (dolus subsequens) sisxlissamarTlebrivi
mniSvneloba ar eniWeba da yaCaRobis ganzraxvas ar warmoadgens. radgan
ivane msxverplis safules amoaclis, ivane Tanaamsrulebelia, magram igi
mxolod im qmedebisaTvis unda daisajos, rac man ganaxorciela, anu
ZarcvisaTvis (ssk 178-e muxlis 1-li nawili).
danaSaulis faqtobriv damTavrebas mniSvneloba eniWeba denad
danaSaulSic, radgan denad danaSaulSi xandazmulobis dineba
danaSaulis materialuri damTavrebis Semdeg iwyeba.
3 daumTavrebeli danaSaulis niSnebi
ssk me-18 muxlis 1-li nawilis mixedviT, danaSaulis momzadeba
danaSaulis Casadenad pirobebis ganzrax Seqmnaa.
danaSaulis momzadebis obieqturi mxare danaSaulis Casadenad
pirobebis SeqmnaSi gamoixateba. danaSaulis Casadenad pirobebis
Seqmna danaSaulis Casadenad iaraRis an saSualebis gamonaxva an
momarjveba an danaSaulis Casadenad pirobebis sxvagvari Seqmnaa.
danaSaulis Casadenad iaraRis an saSualebis gamonaxvaSi am
iaraRis damzadeba an yidva igulisxmeba. danaSaulis Casadenad
iaraRis an saSualebis momarjveba ki misi iseT mdgomareobaSi
moyvanaa, romlis drosac danaSaulis Cadena SesaZlebelia. garda
amisa, danaSaulis momzadeba SeiZleba sxvagvar qmedebebSic
272
gamoixatos, rogoricaa Casafreba piris mosaklavad, msxverplis
macivarSi mowamluli mineraluri wylis Sedgma da a.S.
sakiTxis gaRrmaveba: danaSaulis momzadeba SesaZlebelia rogorc
moqmedebiT, aseve umoqmedobiT. danaSauls umoqmedobiT amzadebs daraji,
romelic mravalsarTuliani saxlis kars ar daketavs, raTa isini Sevidnen
da macxovreblebi daayaCaRon. danaSaulis mosamzadebeli qmedebebi xSirad
socialurad adeqvaturi qmedebebia, amitomac sisxlis samarTlis
literaturaSi gvxvdeba danaSaulis momzadebis kidev erTi ganmarteba,
romlis mixedviTac danaSauli momzadebulia maSin, rodesac piri
danaSaulis Casadenad iaraRs moimarjvebs anda iseT qmedebas
ganaxorcielebs, romlis socialuri adeqvaturobis dajereba mesame pirs
ukve aRar SeuZlia162
danaSaulis momzadebis subieqturi mxare SesaZlebelia mxolod
pirdapir ganzraxvaSi gamoixatos. eventualuri ganzraxviT
danaSaulis momzadeba SeuZlebelia. pirdapiri ganzraxva
danaSaulis momzadebisas konkretizebuli unda iyos da
dagegmili damTavrebuli danaSaulis obieqtur mxares unda
moicavdes.
ssk 25-e muxlis me-7 nawilis meore winadadebis mixedviT,
danaSaulis momzadebad iTvleba aseve uSedego waqezeba. uSedego
daxmareba ssk 25-e muxlis me-7 nawilis meore winadadebaSi,
romelic uSedego waqezebis momzadebisaTvis dasjadobas
iTvaliswinebs, gaTvaliswinebuli araa. aq adgili aqvs
kanonmdeblis kvalificiur dumils, anu kanonmdeblobis gegmur
xarvezs. radgan kanonmdebelma uSedego daxmareba am muxlSi ar
gaiTvaliswina, es imas niSnavs, rom kanonmdebels uSedego
162 mWedliSvili-hedrixi, danaSaulis gamovlinebis calkeuli formebi, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 25.
273
daxmarebis dasjadoba ar surda. Sesabamisad dauSvebelia
sisxlis samarTlis Teoriis da sisxlis samarTlis praqtikis
mier am muxlis ganvrcobiTi ganmarteba da uSedego daxmarebis
dasjadad gamocxadeba.
danaSaulis mcdelobisas saxezea obieqturi mxaris xarvezi. ssk
me-19 muxlis mixedviT, danaSaulis mcdeloba aris ganzraxi
qmedeba, romelic uSualod mimarTulia danaSaulis Casadenad,
magram danaSauli bolomde ar iqna miyvanili. qarTuli sisxlis
samarTali mcdelobas obieqturad moiazrebs.PdanaSaulis
mcdeloba iwyeba maSin, rodesac pirma Tavisi qmedeba uSualod
mimarTa danaSaulis gansaxorcieleblad da amgvarad Sedegis
dadgomis, anu samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofis konkretuli
safrTxe Seqmna.
mcdelobisas pirma danaSaulis momzadeba daasrula da
uSualod danaSaulis ganxorcielebaze gadadis. mcdelobaa
maSin, rodesac:
1. qmedeba, romelsac Sedegi unda mohyves ganxorcielda, magram
Sedegi obieqturi pirobebis gamo ar dadgeba.
2. danaSaulis damTavreba SeuZlebelia danaSaulis Casasdenad
gamoyenebuli iaraRis an danaSaulis obieqtis Tvisebebis
gamo (uvargisi mcdeloba).
3. piris mier gamiznuli danaSaulebrivi Sedegi dadga, magram
pirs es Sedegi obieqturad ar Seeracxeba.
274
4. Sexeduleba dogmatikaSi (romelsac praqtika ar iziarebs) -
Tavdamsxmelis xelyofa aucilebeli mogeriebis
mdgomareobis arcodnisas.
danaSaulis momzadebis da mcdelobis gamijvna araviTar
problemas ar warmoadgens maSin, rodesac qmedebis
Semadgenlobis erTi niSani ukve ganxorcielda. rodesac qmedebis
Semadgenlobis arc erTi niSani jer ar ganxorcielebula,
danaSaulis momzadebis da mcdelobis urTierTgasamijnad
mcdelobis mecnieruli ganmarteba gamogvadgeba. danaSaulis
mcdelobad iTvleba qmedeba, romelic drosa da sivrceSi
mWidrod ukavSirdeba qmedebis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebas da
amgvarad samarTlebriv sikeTes konkretul safrTxes uqmnis.
arsebobs qmedebebi, romlis drosac danaSaulebrivi Sedegis
dasadgomad ara mxolod amsruleblis, aramed agreTve Tavad
msxverplis an teqnikuri mowyobilobis amoqmedebaa saWiro
(distanciuri deliqti).
magaliTi 1: pirma saWmeli mowamla da qvabi macivarSi Sedga. msxverplis
sikvdilisaTvis aucilebelia misi saxlSi misvla da saWmlis Wama.
magaliTi 2: pirma msxverplis manqanaze bombi daamontaJa. msxverplis
sikvdilisaTvis mis mier manqanis kari gaxsnaa aucilebeli.
distanciuri deliqtebis SeTxvevaSi Tu daviwyebdiT imis
mtkicebas, rom piri danaSaulis mcdelobas axorcielebs ukve
maSin, rodesac man Sedegis dasadgomad yvelaferi gaakeTa, rac
masze iyo damokidebuli da mcdelobisaTvis msxverplis
safrTxis wyarosTan miaxloeba anda teqnikuri mowyobilobis
275
amoqmedeba saWiro araa, dauSveblad gavafarToebdiT mcdelobis
sferos danaSaulis momzadebis xarjze. mcdelobis sferos
amgvari gafarToeba qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi aucileblobas
ar warmoadgens, radgan ssk me-18 muxlis Tanaxmad, mZime,
gansakuTrebiT mZime da am muxlis me-2 nawilSi konkretulad
CamoTvlili normebis momzadeba dasjadia.
swori mosazrebiT, distanciur deliqtebSi xorcieldeba, anu
konkretuli safrTxe dgeba maSin, rodesac msxverpli safrTxis
wyaros miuaxlovdeba. qmedeba sxverplis mier safrTxis wyaros
miaxloebamde mxolod momzadebad unda dakvalificirdes.
pirvel magaliTSi mcdeloba gveqneba maSin, rodesac piri
macivris kars gaxsnis, sadils gaacxelebs, jamSi amoiRebs da
kovzs pirTan miitans. meore magaliTSi ki mcdeloba saxeze
iqneba maSin, rodesac msxverpli gasaRebs avtomanqanis karisaken
waiRebs, Tu avtomanqanis karis gaxsnas misi afeTqeba unda
mohyves.
4 uvargisi mcdeloba
uvargisi mcdeloba gvaqvs maSin, rodesac faqtiuri safuZvlis
gamo qmedebis obieqturi Semadgenlobis ganxorcieleba
SeuZlebelia.163 kanonmdebeli termins uvargisi mcdeloba
saxeldebiT ar iTvaliswinebs. sisxlis samarTlis dogmatika
163 uvargisi mcdeloba samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gamo (mag., piri iparavs nivTs, romelic
mas memkvidreobiT rgebia), qarTul ssk-s mixedviT dasjad uvargis mcdelobas ver
daafuZnebs, radgan piri sakuTar nivTs qurdobis konkretul safrTxes ver Seuqmnis.
276
uvargis mcdelobas hyofs absoluturad da relatiurad uvargis
mcdelobad.
absoluturad uvargisi mcdeloba ssk me-20 muxlSia
(pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufleba daumTavrebeli
danaSaulisaTvis) mocemuli. am dros piri umecrebis an
pirovnuli naklis gamo ver erkveva movlenaTa kanonzomieri
kavSiris ganviTarebaSi da qmedebas iseTi saSualebiT
axorcielebs, romelsac marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis gamowveva
ara mxolod mocemul konkretul situaciaSi, aramed zogadadac
ar ZaluZs. absoluturad uvargisi mcdelobis magaliTia Savi
RviniT an pitnis CaiT adamianis mokvlis mcdeloba, safantiani
TofiT reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavis Camogdebis mcdeloba.
ararealuri anu crumorwmuneobiT ganpirobebuli mcdelobac
(jados Sekvra, xatze gadacema) aseve absoluturad uvargisi
(dausjel) mcdelobaa.
realtiurad uvargisi mcdelobisas piris mier gamoyenebul
iaraRs zogadad danaSaulebrivi Sedegis gamowveva SeuZlia,
magram ara - konkretul SemTxvevaSi, anda, obieqti, romlis
xelyofasac cdilobs amsrulebeli, zogadad SeiZleba
xelyofil iqnas, magram ara am konkretul SemTxvevaSi. qarTul
sisxlis samarTalSi relatiurad uvargisi mcdeloba dasjadi
mcdelobaa ssk me-20 muxlis (pasuxismgeblobisagan
gaTavisufleba daumTavrebeli danaSaulisaTvis) ukudaskvnidan
gamomdinare.164
164 mWedliSvili-hedrixi, danaSaulis gamovlinebis calkeuli formebi, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 44.
277
relatiurad uvargis obieqtze mcdelobisMmagaliTebi: dautenavi TofiT,
vadagasuli SxamiT an momakvdinebeli Sxamis mcire doziT adamianis
mokvlis cda, gvamis «mokvlis» mcdeloba, romelic pirs cocxali adamiani
hgonia. realtiurad uvargisi mcdelobaa aseve adgilze armyofi adamianis
mokvlis mcdeloba, rodesac pirs hgonia, rom msxverpls sawolze
wamowolils sZinavs da mokvlis mizniT mas Tofs esvris. sinamdvileSi
sawolze msxverplis qurqia migdebuli da msxverpli Tavad saxlSi
saerTod araa.
relatiurad uargisi mcdelobisas marTalia, sisxlis samarTliT
dacul sikeTes realurad safrTxe ar eqmneba, magram dasjadobis
dasasabuTeblad yuradReba gadatanilia imaze, rom zogadad
TofiT da SxamiT adamianis mokvla SesaZlebelia da qurqSi kaci
rom yofiliyo gamoxveuli, is am sroliT mokvdeboda, anda
adamiani cocxali rom yofiliyo, am srolas ver gadaurCeboda.
uvargisi mcdeloba iyofa:
1. mcdelobad uvargis obieqtze da
2. mcdelobad uvargisi sagniT165
uvargis obieqtze mcdelobisas obieqti, romlis dazianebiskenac
piris qmedebaa mimarTuli, mocemul konkretul SemTxvevaSi
danaSaulis obieqtisadmi wayenebul moTxovnebs ar akmayofilebs:
kaci mkvdaria, anda sulac araa adgilze.
165 qarTuli ss ar icnobs mcdelobas uvargisi subieqtis mier, radgan uvargisi mcdelobis
es saxe mcdelobis subieqtur gagebas ukavSirdeba. uvargis mcdelobaze dawvrilebiT
ix. mWedliSvili-hedrixi, danaSaulis gamovlinebis calkeuli formebi, Tbilisi 2011, gv.
43-56.
278
uvargisi sagniT mcdelobisas danaSaulis Casadenad piri iseT
sagans iyenebs, romelsac zogadad samarTlebrivi sikeTis
xelyofis unari ki gaaCnia, magram ara am konkretul SemTxvevaSi.
mwerebis Sxamis SemTxveva: braldebulma Tavisi qmris buterbrods qmris
mosaklavad orjer, orjerve erTi wamis ganmavlobaSi mwerebis mosaspobi
sprei daafrqvia. qmarma buterbrodi CakbiCa, magram pirvelive lukma emwara
da piridan gadmoagdo. sasamrTlo samedicino eqspertis gamokvlevis
Tanaxmad, mwerebis mosaspobi wamlis mTeli boTli 0, 85 miligram Sxams
Seicavda. 70 kiloiani kacis mosaklavad ki 40 miligrami Sxamis SeWmaa
saWiro. miwis sasamarTlom qmedeba absoluturad uvargis mcdelobad,
(gssk § 23 III) daakvalificira da qalis mimarT gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni
gamoitana. germaniis federalurma sasamarTlom ki qmedeba dasjad
relatiurad uvargis mcdelobad CaTvala da qali dasaja.166
ssk me-20 muxlSi (pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufleba
daumTavrebeli danaSaulisaTvis) gaTvaliswinebuli Secdoma
nebismier saSualo statistikuri adamianisaTvis aSkara unda
iyos. Tu adamianis mosaklavad saWiro dozis dasadgenad
eqspertis daskvnaa saWiro, amgvari codna saSualo statistikuri
adamianis codnis faglebs scildeba da amsruleblis mier
Cadenili Secdoma sayovelTaod cnobil mizezobriobaze
araswor warmodgenas ar efuZneba. radgan Sxams zogadad
adamianis mokvla SeuZlia, Sxamis dozirebaSi uxeSi Secdoma
relatiurad uvargisi da Sesabamisad, dasjadi Secdomaa.
uvargisi mcdeloba gansxvavdeba putatiuri danaSaulisagan.
putatiuri danaSaulis magaliTi: petre vasos Seuracxhyofs da hgonia, rom
Seuracxyofa qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi dResac dasjadia.
166 BGHSt 41, 94-96.
279
rogorc uvargisi mcdelobis, aseve putatiuri danaSaulis
Cadenisas adamiani cdeba. uvargisi mcdeloba faqtobrivi
Secdomaa. am dros piri iseTi garemoebis arsebobaSi cdeba,
romelic realurad arsebobis SemTxvevaSi qmedebis
Semadgenlobas daafuZnebda. putatiuri danaSauli ki
amsruleblis Secdomaa qmedebis samarTlebriv SefasebaSi da
qmedeba mxolod piris warmodgenaSia dasjadi, anu putatiuri
danaSauli dasjadi qmedeba araa.
5 momzadebis da mcdelobis dasjis safuZveli
danaSaulis ganviTarebis sawyisi stadiebis dasjis safuZvlis
Sesaxeb sisxlis samarTlis dogmatikaSi ramdenime Teoria
arsebobs: wminda subieqturi, wminda obieqturi, subieqtur-
obieqturi da axali obieqturi. wminda subieqturi TeoriiT
danaSaulis dasjadobis safuZveli piris boroti nebaa, wminda
obieqturi TeoriiT ki piris mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebiT
samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis Seqmnili obieqturi safrTxe.
qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi wminda subieqtur Teorias
samarTlebrivi safuZveli ara aqvs, radgan ssk me-7 muxlis 1-li
nawili sisixlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlad
danaSaulis, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli
marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli qmedebis Cadenas
iTvaliswinebs da ara piris borot nebas. qmedebis
ganxorcielebisaken mimarTuli nebis miuxedavad, me-7 muxlis me-2
nawilis mixedviT, mciremniSvnelovani qmedeba danaSaulad ar
iTvleba. aseve samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofisaken mimarTuli
280
nebisagan damoukideblad, «absoluturad uvargisi» da
ararealuri mcdelobani qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
me-20 muxlis mixedviT dausjelia.
daumTavrebeli danaSaulis dasjis safuZveli qarTuli sisxlis
samarTlis mixedviT obieqturi Teoriaa, romlis mixedviTac
danaSaulis momzadeba isjeba imitom, rom piri am qmedebiT
samarTlebriv sikeTes abstraqtul safrTxes uqmnis.
abstraqtuli safrTxis ararsebobis gamo dasjadad ar iTvleba
xelSeSlili momzadeba, anu SemTxveva, rodesac piri danaSaulis
Casadenad pirobebs ver qmnis. danaSaulis mcdelobisas ki piris
mier Cadenili qmedebiT samarTlebriv sikeTes konkretuli
safrTxe eqmneba.
obieqtur Teoriaze dayrdnobiT, ssk me-20 muxli
(pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufleba daumTavrebeli
danaSaulisaTvis) ar isjeba qmedeba, Tu piris umecrebis an sxva
pirovnuli naklis gamo danaSaulis Casadenad gamoyenebuli
saSualebiT ar SeiZleboda miRweuliyo Sesabamisi
marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegi (absoluturad uvargisi mcdeloba).
qarTuli ssk daumTavrebeli danaSaulis dasjadobis safuZvlad
piris nebas rom aRiarebdes (wminda subieqturi Teoria), maSin igi
absoluturad uvargis mcdelobasac dasjadad CaTvlida.
ssk me-20 muxlis logikuri ganmartebidan (argumentum e contrario)
gamomdinare, dasjadia realtiurad uvargisi mcdeloba, radgan
kanonmdebeli sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas mocemuli
muxliT mxolod absoluturad uvargisi mcdelobisas
281
gamoricxavs. relatiurad uvargisi mcdelobis dasjadobis
dasabuTeba obieqtur Teorias uWirs, radgan amgvari
mcdelobisas realuri, konkretuli safrTxe samarTlebrivi
sikeTisaTvis ar arsebobs.
am bolo periodSi qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi wamoyenebul
iqna winadadeba, daumTavrebeli danaSaulis dasjis safuZvlad
subieqtur-obieqtur SemaerTebeli Teoriis aRiarebis Sesaxeb.167
relatiurad uvargisi mcdelobis dasjadobis dasasabuTeblad
subieqtur-obieqturi Teoria amsruleblis mier mcdarad aRqmul
konkretul safrTxes eyrdnoba. sxva mosazreboT ki
gasaziarebelia axali obieqturi Teoria, romelic relatiurad
uvargisi mcdelobis dasjadobis safuZvels qmedebis
ganxorcielebis momentSi (ex ante) mesame piris, obieqturi
damkvirveblis Tvalsawieridan arsebul konkretul safrTxeSi
xedavs.168
6 daumTavrebeli danaSaulis problematuri sakiTxebi
zogjer danaSaulis momzadeba da mcdeloba SeuZlebelia misi
obieqturi mxaris Tvisebebis gamo.
rogorc wesi, danaSaulis momzadeba da mcdeloba SeuZlebelia
formalur deliqtebSi, romelTa ganxorcieleba qmedebis
pirvelive aqtiT xdeba (mag., cru dasmena, ssk 373-e muxli).
167 turava, sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamocema, Tbilisi 2010, gv. 255.
168 dawvrilebiT am sakiTxze ix. mWedliSvili-hedrixi, danaSaulis gamovlinebis calkeuli
formebi, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 49-52.
282
danaSaulis momzadeba da mcdeloba SeuZlebelia aseve wminda
umoqmedobis deliqtebSi, romlebic SemadgenlobaSi
gaTvaliswinebuli movaleobis Seusruleblobas sjian da
marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis dadgomas ar iTvaliswineben. Tu am
valdebulebis aRsrulebis dro jer ar damdgara, arc misi
aRsrulebis valdebuleba arsebobs, Tu am valdebulebis
aRsrulebis dro dadga, qmedeba ukve dasrulebuli danaSaulia.
wminda umoqmedobis deliqtebis momzadebas SesaZleblad
miiCneven maSin, rodesac piri Tavisi valdebulebis
Sesasruleblad raime konkretul adgilas unda imyofebodes da
igi am adgils unebarTvod ganeSoreba. ssk 380-e muxli,
Tavisuflebis aRkveTis saxiT sasjelis moxdisaTvis Tavis
arideba, marTalia, danaSaulis momzadebis amgvari
interpretaciis saSualebas iZleva, magram radgan es danaSauli
naklebad mZimea da ssk meß18 muxlis me-2 nawili mis momzadebas
dasjadad ar acxadebs, amgvari magaliTi dRevandeli
samarTlebrivi mdgomareobisas yovelgvar praqtikul
mniSvnelobas moklebulia.
danaSaulis momzadeba da mcdeloba problematuria safrTxis
deliqtebSic (Sekvecili Semadgenloba), radgan esaa deliqtebi,
romlebic danaSaulis momzadebis anda danaSaulis mcdelobis
etapze damTavrebul danaSaulad iTvleba.169
169 lekveiSvili/Todua, wignSi: lekveiSvili/mamulaSvili/Todua, sisxlis samarTlis kerZo
nawili, wigni I, me-7 gamoc., Tbilisi 2019, gv. 493.
283
qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi erTxmadaa aRiarebuli, rom
gaufrTxilebeli momzadeba da mcdeloba SeuZlebelia.
eventualuri ganzraxviT mcdelobis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb ki
ori urTierTgamomricxavi mosazreba arsebobs.
mecnierTa erTi nawilis azriT, eventualuri ganzraxviT
mcdeloba SesaZlebelia, radgan kanonmdebeli ssk me-18 muxlis 1-
l nawilsa da me-19 muxlis 1-l nawilSi qmedebis ganzrax
Cadenaze saubrobs da ganzraxvis saxes ar akonkretebs. garda
amisa, maTi aziT, eventualuri ganzraxviT mcdelobis
SesaZlebloba kanonis istoriuli ganmartebiTac mtkicdeba,
radgan kanonmdebelma daTqma imisa, rom mcdeloba mxolod
pirdapiri ganzraxviTaa SesaZlebeli, ssk me-19 muxlis 1 -li
nawilis kanonproeqtidan amoiRo. eventualuri ganzraxviT
mcdelobis SesaZleblobas, maTi SexedulebiT, adasturebs aseve
isic, rom rogorc pirdapiri, aseve eventualuri ganzraxvisas
Sedegis nebelobaa saxeze. pirs eventualuri ganzraxvisas ar
aqvs Sedegisadmi deskrifciul-fsiqologiuri survili, magram
aqvs „normatiuli survili“, anu danaSaulis Cadenis neba da Tu
igi Sedegs ver aRwevs, mcdelobisaTvis unda daisajos. isini
miuTiTeben aseve, rom pragmatuli mosazrebiT, eventualuri
ganzraxviT mcdelobis dasaSveboba ufro mosaxerxebelia.170
gasaziarebelia eventualuri ganzraxviT mcdelobis
mowinaaRmdegeTa mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, eventualuri
170 eventualuri ganzraxviT mcdelobis dasaSvebobis mtkiceba samarTalSedarebiTi
argumentaciiT ix. turava, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamocema,
Tbilisi 2010, gv. 132-138.
284
ganzraxviT mcdelobis SeuZleblobaze mravali argumenti
metyvelebs, upirvelesad ki is, rom mizani mcdelobis
damfuZnebeli elementia, eventualuri ganzraxviT Cadenili
qmedeba ki araa gamizvniTi. eventualuri ganzraxvisas piri
Tavisi qmedebiT safrTxes ki hqmnis, magram amis Semdeg igi
movlenaTa mimdinareobas „brma kauzalur procesebs“ andobs.
swored eventualuri ganzraxviT Cadenili qmedebisas
gamiznulobis ararsebobis gamo SeuZlebeli unda iyos
eventualuri ganzraxviT momzadeba da mcdelobac. ssk me-19
muxlis 1-l nawilSi mcdelobis ganmartebisas miTiTebuli
termini „uSualod mimarTuli“ mxolod pirdapir ganzraxvas
gulisxmobs. eventualuri ganzraxvisas piris qmedeba mimarTuli
araa danaSaulebrivi Sedegis ganxorcielebisaken. ufro metic,
kanonmdebeli eventualuri ganzraxvis ganmartebisas ssk me-9
muxlis me-3 nawilSi survilis arqonaze miuTiTebs. SeuZlebelia
pirs survili ar hqondes da qmedebis ganxorcielebas
cdilobdes. garda amisa, „normatiuli survilis“ cnebis
SemotaniT, rasac kanonmdebloba ar icnobs, sisxlis samarTalis
kanoni misi sityva-sityviTi mniSvnelobis sawinaaRmdegod
ganimarteba, rac dauSvebelia.
eventualuri ganzraxviT mcdelobis SeuZleblobaze migvaniSnebs
qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi arsebuli specialuri konkretuli
safrTxis deliqtebi (delictum sui generis) 127-e (sicocxlisaTvis
saSiS mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba) da 128-e (gansacdelSi mitoveba)
muxlebic. eventualuri ganzraxviT mcdelobis SeuZleblobiT
Seqmnil xarvezs qarTveli kanonmdebeli am muxlebis SeqmniT
285
avsebs. es muxlebi unda gamoviyenoT maSin, rodesac pirs Sedegis
mimarT arapirdapiri ganzraxva an gaufrTxilebloba
amoZravebs. 171
eventualuri ganzraxvis dros qmedeba konkretulad damdgari
Sedegis mixedviT unda dakvalificirdes. e.i. Tu piris qmedebas
msxverplis sikvdili mohyva, igi eventualuri ganzraxviT
mkvelobisaTvis daisjeba. Tu pirma eventualuri ganzraxviT
sxvis sicocxles mxolod safrTxe Seuqmna, igi mxolos ssk 127-e
muxliT, sicocxlisaTvis saSiS mdgomareobaSi CayenebisaTvis
daisjeba. Tu msxverpls janmrTeloba dauzianda, piri
janmrTelobis dazianebis Sesabamisi muxliT agebs pasuxs.
SedegiT kvalificirebuli deliqtebi is deliqtebia, romlebic
ori deliqtis „nazavs“ warmoadgenen. ZiriTadi deliqti am dros
ganzraxia, masTan dakavSirebuli kvalificirebuli deliqtis
mimarT ki, romelsac piris ganzraxva ar moicavda, pirs
gaufrTxilebloba mainc unda amoZravebdes. es danaSaulebi ssk
me-11 muxlis 1-li nawilis mixedviT ganzrax danaSaulad
iTvleba. SedegiT kvalificirebuli deliqtis magaliTia 133-e
muxlis me-3 nawili (ukanono abroti, ramac sicocxlis mospoba
gamoiwvia).
171 diskusia eventualuri ganzraxviT mcdelobis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb dawverilebiT,
samarTlaSedarebiT argumentebze dayrdnobiT ix. mamulaSvili, wignSi:
mamulaSvili/Todua (red.), sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, Tbilisi 2019, gv. 181-188. ix.
asve mWedliSvili-hedrixi, danaSaulis gamovlenis calkeuli formebi, Tbilisi 2011, gv.
77-dan; mWedliSvili-hedrixi, wignSi: naWyebia/Todua (red.), sisxlis samarTali
(saxelmZRvanelo), zogadi nawili, Tbilisi 2016 weli, gv. 247-249.
286
gaufrTxilebeli danaSaulis momzadebis da mcdelobis
dauSveblobis gamo SedegiT kvalificirebuli deliqtebis
momzadeba da mcdeloba SeuZlebelia. SedegiT kvalificirebuli
deliqtisagan gansxvavdeba makvalificirebeli Sedegis
mcdeloba. kvalificirebuli Sedegis mimarT amgvar deliqtebSi
damdgari Sedegi pirdapiri ganzraxviTaa moculi.
makvalificirebeli Sedegis mcdeloba or sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba Segvxvdes:
ZiriTadi Semadgenloba ganxorcieldeba makvalificirebeli
Sedegis dadgomis gareSe.
magaliTi 1: petres surs ori adamiani aiyvanos mZevlad, magram mxolod
erTis mZevlad ayvanas moaxerxebs. meore gaiqceva. qmedeba unda
dakvalificirdes ssk 144-e muxlis me-2 nawilis g) punqtis mcdelobad.
rogorc ZiriTadi, aseve makvalificirebeli Semadgenloba
mcdelobis etapzea SeCerebuli
magaliTi 2:. petres surs ori adamiani aiyvanos mZevlad, magram ver
moaxerxebs da orive gaeqceva. qmedeba aqac sk 144-e muxlis me-2 nawilis g)
punqtis mcdelobad unda dakvalificirdes.
7 danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba
ssk 21-e muxlis 1-li nawilis mixedviT, sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgebloba ar daekisreba pirs, Tu man danaSaulze
nebayoflobiT da sabolood aiRo xeli.172
172 mWedliSvili-hedrixi, danaSaulis gamovlenis calkeuli formebi, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 86-
123; mWedliSvili-hedrixi, wignSi: naWyebia/Todua (red.), sisxlis samarTali
(saxelmZRvanelo), zogadi nawili, Tbilisi 2016 weli, gv. 250-260.
287
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebisas piri mxolod
ganxorcielebuli mcdelobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisagan
Tavisufldeba. Tu misma qmedebam raime marTlsawinaaRmdego
Sedegi gamoiwvia, igi im SedegisaTvis agebs pasuxs (ssk 21-e
muxlis me-2 nawili).
sisxlis samarTalSi danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebis
dausjelobis safuZvlis Sesaxeb sam sxvadasxva Teorias
aviTareben: kriminalpolitikuri Teoria, dasaCuqrebis Teria da
sasjelis miznis Teoria.
kriminalpolitikuri Teoriis mixedviT, romelic empiriulad
dasabuTebad araa, saxelmwifo danaSaulis mcdelobis
ganmaxorcielebel pirs „oqros xids“ ugebs da amgvarad mas
legalur samyaroSi ukan dabrunebis saSualebas aZlevs.
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebis dausjelobiT
kanonmdebeli danaSaulis dasrulebas uSlis xels da amgvarad
samarTlebriv sikeTes icavs.
dasaCuqrebis Teoriis mixedviT, daSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis
aRebisas kanonmdebeli pirs samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofis
Tavidan acilebisaTvis asaCuqrebs.
sasjelis miznis Teoriis mixedviT ki, danaSaulze nebayoflobiT
xelis aRebisas araa saWiro piris dasja, radgan samarTlianobis
aRdgena rogorc sasjelis mizani, danaSaulze nebayoflobiT
xelis aRebiT ukve miRweulia. xelis amRebis resocializaciac
(kerZo prevencia) araa saWiro, radgan man Tavisi kanonmorCileba
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danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebiT aCvena. nebayoflobiT
xelis aRebiT miRweulia aseve zogadi prevenciac, radgan piris
mier ganxorcielebuli mcdelobis umarTloba da brali
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebis saSualebiT
neitralizebulia da amgvarad sazogadoebaze negatiur
zemoqmedebas ver moaxdens.
maSin, rodesac piri danaSaulis Casadenad vargis (da
relatiurad vargis) saSualebas gamoiyenebs, Sedegi raime
garemoebis gamo ar dadgeba da im saSualebiT, rac pirs xelT
aqvs, Sedegis miRweva SeuZlebelia, adgili aqvs xelSeSlil
mcdelobas. xelSeSlili mcdelobisas danaSaulze
nebayoflobiT xelis aReba SeuZlebelia.
xelSeSlili mcdelobis Semdeg saxeebs vicnobT:
1. rodesac piri yovelives ganaxorcielebs Sedegis
misaRwevad, Sedegs ver miaRwevs da danaSaulis
dasrulebisaTvis saWiro saSualeba mas aRar aqvs. mag.,
msxverpls erTaderTi tyvia esrola da aacdina.
2. xelSeSlilia relatiurad uvargisi mcdeloba, mag., pirma
mavans CaiSi mosaklavad vadagasuli Sxami Cauyara.
3. pirs SeuZlia miaRwios marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegs, magram
ara dasaxul mizans. mag., piri mezoblis saxlSi uaxlesi
kompiuteris mosaparad Seva. kompiuteri metad Zveli
aRmoCndeba da igi kompiuters ar waiRebs.
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mcdeloba araa xelSeSlili, rodesac piri samarTlebriv
sikeTeze pirveli xelmocaruli Tavdasxmis Semdeg danaSauls
bolomde ar miiyvans, Tumca mas es SeuZlia. mag., piri erTxel
esvris msxverpls da aacdens. meored igi msxverplis
mimarTulebiT aRar gaisviris, Tumca mas auarebeli tyvia aqvs.
anda tyviis acdenis Semdeg mas msxverplis daniT mokvla
SeuZlia da igi amas ar gaakeTebs.
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebis instituti ukavSirdeba
aseve mcdelobis dayofas danaSaulis daumTavrebel da
danaSaulis damTavrebul mcdelobad. daumTavrebelia
danaSaulis mcdeloba, rodesac pirs yvela is qmedeba, romelsac
danaSaulebrivi Sedegi unda mohyves, jer ar ganuxorcielebia.
damTavrebulia danaSaulis mcdeloba, rodesac piri qmedebis
obieqturi Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebis yvela SesaZleblobas
amowuravs da gamiznuli Sedegi mainc ar dadgeba. rogorc wesi,
danaSaulis daumTavrebeli mcdelobis dros nebayoflobiT
xelis aReba umoqmedobiT SeiZleba, danaSaulis damTavrebuli
mcdelobisas ki piris aqtiuroba da mis mier danaSaulebrivi
Sedegis Tavidan acilebaa saWiro.
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebisaTvis Semdegi pirobebis
arsebobaa saWiro:
1. danaSaulebrivi Sedegi Tavidan unda iqnas acilebuli
2. piri nebayoflobiT unda moqmedebdes
3. danaSaulze xelis aReba saboloo unda iyos.
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danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba Sedgeba rogorc
obieqturi, aseve subieqturi mxarisagan. danaSaulze
nebayoflobiT xelis aRebis obieqturi mxare sakuTari qmedebiT
danaSaulebrivi Sedegis Tavidan acilebas moicavs. sakuTar
qmedebaSi sxva piris saSvelad moxmobac igulisxmeba.
magaliTi: pirma msxverpli daxrCobis mizniT mdinareSi gadaagdo, Semdeg ki,
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba moisurva. radgan man curva Tavad
ar icoda, maSvels mouxmo, romelmac msxverpli gadaarCina. am SemTxvevaSi
pirma danaSaulze nebayoflobiT da sabolood aiRo xeli.
Sedegis dadgomis risks is piri atarebs, vinc xelmyof
mizezobrobas daudo saTave. Tu man danaSaulze nebayoflobiT
xelis aReba gadawyvita, magram Sedegi Tavidan mainc ver aicila,
pirs es Sedegi Seeracxeba da igi damTavrebuli
danaSaulisaTvis agebs pasuxs.
iSviaT gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi Sedegis dadgomis miuxedavad
piris qmedeba danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebad
CaiTvleba, Tu mizezobriobaSi axali sxva mozezobrioba CaerTo
da amgvarad mizezobrioba atipurad ganviTarda da SedegSi
piris mier dafuZnebuli riski ar ganxorcielebula.
magaliTi: petrem mokvlis mizniT vaso naklebad mZimed daaziana.
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis asaRebad man saswrafos gamouZaxa.
saswrafos manqana avariaSi mohyva da msxverpli gardaicvala. petre
mxolod janmrTelobis naklebad mZime dazianebisaTvis agebs pasuxs ssk
118 -e muxlis 1-li nawiliT, radgan SedegSi mis mier dafuZnebuli riski ki
ara, axali, sxva, cxovrebiseuli riski ganxorcielda.
291
Tu mizezobrioba tipurad ganviTarda da SedegSi swored piris
mier dafuZnebuli riski ganxorcielda, mas es Sedegi obieqturad
(an obieqturi Seracxvis institutis uaryofis SemTxvevaSi
subieqturad) Seeracxeba da igi damdgari SedegisaTvis daisjeba,
miuxedavad imisa, rom man danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis
aRebisaTvis yvelaferi gaakeTa.
magaliTi: petrem mokvlis mizniT vaso daaziana. danaSaulze nebayoflobiT
xelis asaRebad man saswrafos gamouZaxa. saswrafos manqana sacobSi
gaCerda da msxverpli sisxlisagan daicala. sisxlisagan dacla piris mier
dafuZnebuli mizezobriobis Sedegia da igi mkvlelobisaTvis agebs pasuxs
(ssk 108-e muxli).
mizezobriobis tipuri da atipuri SemTxvevebi erTmaneTisagan
imiTi gansxvavdeba, rom tipuri mizezobriobiT Sedegis
dadgomisas piris mier dafuZnebuli mizezobrioba agrZelebs
moqmedebas da swored is iwvevs danaSaulebriv Sedegs. atipuri
mizezobriobisas ki Sedegis dadgomas sxva, axali mizezobrioba
iwvevs.
nebayoflobiTobis kriteriumebs ssk 21-e muxli (danaSaulze
nebayoflobiT xelis aReba) ar iZleva. sisxlis samarTlis
dogmatikaSi nebayoflobiTobas fsiqologurad da normatiulad
ganmartaven. nebayoflobis fsiqologiuri gagebisas xelis aReba
nebayoflobiTia maSin, rodesac piri fiqrobs, rom mas
danaSaulis bolomde miyvana SeuZlia, magram igi am
danaSaulebriv qmedebas ar gaagrZelebs. Tu igi arasworad
fiqrobs, rom mas danaSaulis bolomde miyvana ar SeuZlia da
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qmedebas amitomac ar miiyvans bolomde, igi danaSaulze
nebayoflobiT ar iRebs xels.
frankis formulis mixedviT, nebayoflobiT piri maSin iRebs
xels danaSaulis Cadenaze, rodesac igifiqrobs: „ar minda, romc
SemeZlos“. nebayoflobiToba ki gamoricxulia maSin, rodesac
piri fiqrobs: „ar SemiZlia, romc mindodes“. danaSaulze xelis
aReba nebayoflobiTia, rodesac piri danaSaulze avtonomiuri
motiviT, anu sakuTari gadawyvetilebiT iRebs xels. danaSaulze
xelis aReba nebayoflobiTi araa, rodesac piri danaSaulze
heteronomiuri motiviT iRebs xels, anu rodesac danaSaulis
bolomde miyvanas raime, pirisagan damoukidebeli garemoeba
aferxebs.
danaSaulze xelis aRebisas erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben
sasjelis abstraqtul da konkretul SiSs. sasjelis
abstraqtuli SiSi emyareba piris varauds, rom misi qmedeba
odesme gamJRavndeba da igi amisaTvis daisjeba. sasjelis
abstraqtuli SiSi danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebas
xels ar uSlis. sasjelis konkretuli SiSi ki maSin gvaqvs,
rodesac pirs mocemul konkretul momentSi danaSaulze
dauyovnebliv waswrebis an raime konkretuli garemoebis gamo
mxilebis eSinia (icno msxverplma). sasjelis konkretuli SiSis
gamo danaSaulze xelis aRebisas danaSaulze xelis aRebis
nebayofloboba gamoircxulia.
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebisaTvis xelis aRebis
motivis zneobrivi xasiaTi araa mniSvnelovani. Tu danaSaulze
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xelis aRebisas xelis aRebis motivi da nebayoflobiToba ver
dgindeba, in dubio pro reo principidan gamomdinare, piris mier xelis
aReba nebayoflobiTad unda CaiTvalos.
nebayoflobiTobis normatiuli gagebisas danaSaulze xelis
aReba nebayoflobiTi maSinaa, rodesac piri samarTlisadmi
erTgulebis motiviT moqmedebs, anu rodesac mis mimarT arc
specialuri da arc generaluri prevenciis mosazrebidan
gamomdinare sasjelis gamoyeneba saWiro araa. danaSaulze sxva
mizeziT xelis aReba nebayoflobiTobis normatiuli gagebisas
pirs sasjelisagan ar gaaTavisuflebs.
magaliTi: petre sxvadasxva adgilze myofi ori adamianis mokvlas
ganizraxavs. erTs ipovis, mas iaraRs daumiznebs, magram ar esvris, radgan,
misi azriT, meoris mokvla ufro mniSvnelovania da am meoris mosaklavad
gaeSureba.
danaSaulze nebayoflobiTobis normatiuli gagebiT, mocemul
SemTxvevaSi piri pirveli adamianis mokvlis mcdelobisaTvis
pasuxs agebs, radgan mas mkvlelobis ganuxorcieleblobiT
samarTlisadmi loialuri damokidebuleba ar daumtkicebia.
nebayoflobiTobis fsiqologiuri gagebis mixedviT ki igi
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT iRebs xels, radgan man danaSaulis
bolomde miyvanis es gadawyvetileba avtonomiuri motividan
gamomdinare miiRo.
sasjelis miznis Teoria, romelic danaSaulze nebayoflobiT
xelis aRebis dausjelobis safuZvlad piris mier
kanonmorCilebis Cvenebas da misTvis sasjelis daniSvnis
294
prevenciuli saWiroebis ararsebobas aRiarebs,
nebayoflobiTobis normatiul gagebas emyareba. dasaCuqrebis
Teorias ki, romelic danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebis
dausjelobis safuZvlad samarTlebrivi sikeTis dauzianeblobas
acxadebs, nebayoflobiTobis fsiqologiur gagebamde mivyavarT.
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebisas
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxva mxolod
maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac pirma danaSaulis Cadenaze
sabolood aiRo xeli da ara droebiT.
nebayoflobiT xelis aRebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxva
vrceldeba mxolod mcdelobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobaze. Tu
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebisas piris mier
faqtobrivad Cadenili qmedeba sxva danaSaulis niSnebs Seicavs,
igi ssk 21-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT am danaSaulisaTvis daisjeba.
magaliTi: pirma qurdobis mizniT saxlis kari Seamtvria da binidan
gamovida ise, rom araferi auRia, Tumca mas es SeeZlo. man amgvarad binis
qurdobaze nebayoflobiT aiRo xeli. igi daisjeba ara binis qurdobis
mcdelobisaTvis, aramed binis an sxva mflobelobis xelSeuxeblobis
darRvevisa (ssk 160-e muxli) da sxvisi nivTis ganzrax dazianebisaTvis, Tu
karis Semtvrevam mniSvnelovani ziani gamoiwvia ssk 187-e muxlis 1-li
nawili).
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba SesaZlebelia rogorc
momzadebis, aseve daumTavrebeli da damTavrebuli mcdelobis
stadiaze. danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba momzadebis
stadiaze erTpirovnuli amsruleblis mier an mis srul
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pasiurobaSi, an (saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi) danaSaulis Casadenad
Seqmnili pirobebis ganeitralebaSi gamoixateba.
magaliTi: pirma mavanis mosaklavad saWmeli mowamla, Semdeg ki mkvleloba
gadaifiqra da saWmeli gadaRvara. aq man momzadebis stadiaze aiRo xeli
danaSaulis Cadenaze. es xelis aReba nebayoflobiTi iyo da aqtiuri
qmedebiT ganxorcielda.
Tu pirma danaSaulis Cadenaze momzadebis stadiaze
nebayoflobiT aiRo xeli, igi mxolod maSin daisjeba, Tu man
mosamzadebeli qmedebiT raime dasjadi qmedeba ganaxorciela.
magaliTi: Tu petrem vasos mosaklavad marTlsawinaaRmdegod SeiZina Tofi
da Semdeg mas danaSaulis Cadena ar ucdia, anu momzadebis stadiaze
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT aiRo xeli. igi mkvlelobis momzdebisaTvis
pasuxs ar agebs. ssk 21-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT mas pasuxismgebloba mxolod
cecxlsasroli iaraRis marTlsawinaaRmdego SeZenisaTvis daekisreba (ssk
236-e muxli 1-li nawili).ს
rogorc wesi, erTpirovnuli amsrulebeli daumTavrebeli
mcdelobisas, e.i. rodesac mas danaSaulebrivi Sedegis
dasadgomad jer yvelaferi ar gaukeTebia, danaSaulze xels
umoqmedobiT iRebs. rodesac erTpirovnulma amsrulebelma
danaSaulebrivi Sedegis misaRwevad yvelaferi gaakeTa, mis xelT
arsebuli yvela SesaZlebloba amowura, anu rodesac man
damTavrebuli mcdeloba ganaxorciela, danaSaulze
nebayoflobiT xelis asaRebad man, rogorc wesi, aqtiuri qmedeba
unda ganaxorcielos.
sakamaToa,Mmcdeloba damTavrebulia Tu daumTavrebeli iseT
SemTxvevebSi, rodesac pirma danaSaulebrivi Sedegis misaRwevad
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erTi an ramdenime qmedeba ki ganaxorciela, magram mas mis xelT
arsebuli yvela SesaZlebloba jer ar amouwuravs.
magaliTi: petrem vasos mosaklavad esrola da aacdina. petres mravali
bevri tyvia hqonda, magram meored aRar usvria.
erTiani aqtis Teoriis mixedviT, yoveli calkeuli qmedeba,
romelic danaSaulebrivi Sedegis misaRwevadaaa
ganxorcielebuli, damoukidebeli, damTavrebuli, xelSeSlili
mcdelobaa. yuradReba ar eqceva imas, rom pirs mas mis xelT
arsebuli yvela SesaZlebloba ar amouwuravs. erTiani aqtis
Teoria danaSaulze xeli saRebis SesaZleblobebs zRudavs.
mocemul magaliTSi petre mkvlelobis mcdelobisaTvis (ssk 108-e
muxli) agebs pasuxs.
qmedebaTa erTobliobaSi Sefasebis Teoriis mixedviT ki maSin,
rodesac pirma danaSaulebrivi Sedegis misaRwevad erTi an
ramdenime qmedeba ganaxorciela, magram mas mis xelT arsebuli
yvela SesaZlebloba ar amouwuravs, man amis Sesaxeb icis, amasTan
es SesaZleblobani da mis mier ganxorcielebuli mcdeloba
erTmaneTTan drosa da sivrceSi mWidrod ukavSirdeba, piri
daumTavrebel mcdelobas axorcielebs da mas danaSaulze
nebayoflobiT xelis aReba (umoqmedobiT) SeuZlia. Tu pirma
msxverpls esrola da aacdina, mas msxverplis mravali sxva
saSualebiT mokvla SeeZlo, magram es ar gaakeTa, igi qmedebaTa
erTobliobaSi Sefasebis Teoriis mixedviT, danaSaulis Cadenaze
nebayoflobiT iRebs xels.
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danaSaulebrivi Sedegis miRwevis SesaZleblobebi da Sedegis
misaRwevad ganxorcielebuli mcdelobis qmedeba erTmaneTs
drosa da sivrceSi acdenili ar unda iyos. Tu pirma msxverpls
esrola da aacdina, danaSaulis Casadenad mas sxva araviTari
saSualeba ar gaaCnda da mas amitomac araviTari qmedeba aRar
ganuxorcielebia da mkvlelobidan ori dRis Semdeg igi
msxverpls Sexvdeba da mcdelobas aRar gaimeorebs, igi
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xels ar iRebs.
wmnida umoqmedobisas rogorc wesi, mcdeloba da Sesabamisad,
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba SeuZlebelia. Tu
qmedebis valdebuleba ar damdgara, arc danaSaulis momzadeba
da mcdeloba arsebobs. Tu moqmedebis valdebuleba saxezea da
piri ar moqmedebs, igi ukve damTavrebul danaSauls sCadis.
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba Sereuli umoqmedobisas
SesaZlebelia rogorc momzadebis, aseve mcdelobis stadiaze.
xelis aReba, rogorc wesi, moqmedebiT xdeba.
magaliTi: garanti xedavs, rom Seuracxadi Tavis (an sxvis) mosaklavad
iaraRs amzadebs da xels ar uSlis mas. igi danaSauls umoqmedobiT
amzadebs. danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba SesaZlebelia mxolod
moqmedebiT.
Tu garanti mcdelobis etapze SeuSlis xels Seuracxads
(damiznebul Tofs xelidan gaagdebinebs), igi danaSaulze
moqmedebiT iRebs xels.
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nebayoflobiT xelis aReba kvalificiur Semadgenlobaze gvaqvs
maSin, rodesac piri mxolod ZiriTad Semadgenlobas asrulebs
da xels kvalifikaciaze iRebs.
magaliTi: piri mkvlelobis ganzraxviT sam kacs esvris. erTs tyvia
moxvdeba da gardaicvleba. oris mimarTulebiT piri aRar gaisvris, Tumca
mas es SeuZlia da icis kidec. igi amgvarad maT mimarT danaSaulze xels
umoqmedobiT iRebs. amitomac piri pasuxs agebs ara damamZimebel garemobaSi
Cadenili mkvlelobis mcdelobisaTvis, ssk 109-e muxlis me-3 nawilis a)
puqtiT, aramed mxolod ssk 108-e muxliT, mkvlelobisaTvis.
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba SeiZleba ara mxolod
erTpirovnuli amsruleblis mier, aramed agreTve
Tanaamsruleblis mierac.
Tanamonawileobis dros danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba
ssk 21-e muxlis me-3 da me-4 nawilebiT regulirdeba.
Tanamonawileobis dros danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis
aRebisas saWiroa Tanamonawilem danaSaulis dasrulebas xeli
SeuSalos da Sedegis dadgoma Tavidan aicilos.
ssk 21-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT, (fsiqikur da fizikur) damxmares
danaSaulis CadenaSi aqtiur xelis SeSlas ar iTxovs, Tu man
danaSaulis dawyebamde uari Tqva Sepirebuli qmedebis
Sesrulebaze.
magaliTi: ivane petres danaSaulis dafarvas Sehpirda. man amgvarad
fsiqikuri daxmareba ganaaxorciela, petres mier miRebul danaSaulis
Cadenis gadawyvetilebas gaamyara. Tu igi danaSaulis Cadenamde dafarvaze
uars etyvis, igi danaSaulze nebayoflobiT iRebs xels.
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magaliTi: ivanem petres mier danaSaulis Cadenamde danaSaulis Casadenad
gadacemuli iaraRi an saSualeba ukan daibruna. man amgvarad danaSaulis
Cadenaze nebayoflobiT aiRo xeli.
aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi damxmare danaSaulis CadenisaTvis pasuxs
ar agebs, radgan mis qmedebasa da Sedegs Soris araa mizezobrivi
kavSiri. Tu saqme mZime da gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulis
Cadenas exeba, SesaZlebelia maTi pasuxisgebaSi micema
SeutyobineblobisaTvis, ssk 376-e muxliT.
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba Tanamonawileobisas
SesaZlebelia rogorc moqmedebiT, aseve umoqmedobiT.
Tanamonawile danaSaulis Cadenaze umoqmedobiT maSin iRebs
xels, rodesac misgan danaSaulis Casadenad aqtiuri qmedebaa
saWiro.
magaliTi: darajis qurdebs Sehpirda, rom igi maT sacavis kars gauxsnida.
Tu igi sacavis kars ar gaxsnis, danaSaulis Cadenaze xels umoqmedobiT
aiRebs xels.
rodesac erT-erTi Tanamonawile xels iRebs danaSaulis
Cadenaze, Sesabamis saWiro aqtiur qmedebas axorcielebs,
danarCenebi ki mas eTanxmebian, umoqmedobis miuxedavad
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebis da dausjelobis
SeRavaTi maTzec vrceldeba.
ssk 21-e muxlSi araa daregulirebuli sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra pirobebs unda akmayofilebdes erTi Tanaamsruleblis mier
danaSaulis Cadenaze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba. danaSaulze
nebayoflobiT xels erTi Tanaamsruleli maSin aiRebs, rodesac
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igi ssk 21-e muxlis me-3 da me-4 nawilis teleolgiuri
ganmartebidan gamomdinare, dafuZnebuli mizezobriobis jaWvs
gawyvets da danaSauls Tavidan aicilebs. aq gamoviyenebT
argumentacis wess - „mciredan metisaken“, anu argumentum a minore ad
maius. e.i., Tu wamqezebeli da damxmare valdebulni arian,
danaSaulis Cadenas aqtiurad SeuSalon xeli da danaSaulebrivi
Sedegi Tavidan aicilon, igive valdebuleba miT ufro unda
daekisros Tanaamsrulebels da man pasuxi agos im qmedebisaTvis,
romelic danaSaulis mosamzadebel etapze Caidina.
Tu piri danaSaulis momzadebaSi miiRebs monawileobas,
dagegmili danaSaulis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebaze ki
nebayoflobiT ityvis uars, igi mxolod danaSaulSi
daxmarebisaTvis unda agebdes pasuxs. igi Tanaamsruleblad ver
CaiTvleba, radgan sxva Tanaamsruleblebis (an amsruleblis)
mier ganxorcielebul qmedebaze ar batonobs da misma
saqmianobam danaSaulis Cadenas mxolod xeli Seuwyo.
magaliTi: Tu petrem, pavlem da ivanem kacis erTad mokvla gadawyvites.
ivanem danaSaulis Casadenad iaraRi SeiZina, danaSaulis ganxorcielebamde
mkvlelobSi Tanaamsrulebloba gadaifiqra, magram nayidi iaraRi ver
daibruna, petres da pavles mier ivanes SeZenili iaraRiT kacis mokvlis
SemTxvevaSi ivane mxolod mkvlelobaSi daxmarebisaTvis agebs pasuxs.
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba SualobiTi
amsruleblobisasac SeiZleba. xelis aReba am dros aqtiuri
qmedebiT, moqmedebiT unda moxdes. danaSaulze nebayoflobiT
xelis aRebisaTvis Sedegis daudgomlobaa saWiro. SualobiTi
amsruleblobis mosurnem xelis aRebisas iseve, rogorc
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danaSaulSi waqezebisas (ssk 21-e muxlis me-3 da me-4 nawili)
Sedegi Tavidan unda aicilos.
magaliTi: Tu eqimi eqTans avadmyofis mosaklavad SxamiT savse Sprics
miscems da daavalebs, rom erTi saaTis Semdeg avadmyofs es nemsi gaukeTos,
Semdeg ki Tavad saavadmyofodan wava, magram erTi saaTis gasvlamde igi
eqTans telefoniT simarTle etyvis da daJinebiT mosTxovs, rom avadmyofs
nemsi ar gaukeTos, avadmyofis mokvlis surviliT Sepyrobili eqTani ki
eqims ar daujerebs, avadmyofs nemsi gaukeTebs da moklavs, eqimi
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan ar gaTavisufldeba
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebis gamo. piri pasuxs SualobiTi
amsruleblobisaTvis ki ara, mkvlelobis daxmarebisaTvis (ssk 24-e muxlis
me-3 nawili da 109-e muxlis me-2 nawilis b) punqtis meore alternativa)
agebs, radgan eqTanma icoda, Tu ras akeTebda, igi SecdomaSi ar iyo
Seyvanili da amasTan, man swored is iaraRi gamoiyena danaSaulis Casadenad,
rac mas eqimma gadasca.
„cocxali iaraRis“ mier danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis
aRebisas SualobiTi asrulebeli pasuxs agebs imisda mixedviT,
Tu ra etapze aiRo xeli danaSaulze „cocxalma iaraRma“. Tu
„cocxalma iaraRma“ danaSaulze momzadebis etapze aiRo xeli,
SualobiTi amsrulebeli danaSaulis momzadebisaTvis agebs
pasuxs, xolo Tu „cocxalma iaraRma“ mcdelobisas aiRo xeli,
maSin SualobiTi amsrulebeli mcdelobisaTvis daisjeba.
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebis instituti
analogiurad unda gavrceldes agreTve im Tanamonawileebzec,
romlebmac danaSulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba seriozulad
scades, Sedegi maT TavianTi qmedebiT ver aiciles, magram es
Sedegi sxva garemoebebidan gamomdinare mainc ar dadga.
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danaSaulze xelis aRebis mcdeloba maSinaa serozuli, rodesac
mesame piris, obieqturi damkvirveblisaTvis damajerebelia, rom
Tu sxva piri an sxvagvari garemoeba danaSaulebrivi Sedegis
dadgomas xels ar SeuSlida, piris mier danaSaulze xelis aReba
SesaZlebeli iqneboda (hipoTeturi mizezobriobis
sagamonakliso SemTxveva, rodesac sissxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgebloba gamoiricxeba).
rogorc wesi, danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba
SeuZlebelia iseT deliqtebSi, romlebic danaSaulis momzadebas
da mcdelobas damTavrebul danaSaulad Tvlian. amgvar
SemTxvevebSi samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofaze uaris Tqma
qmediTi monaniebis institutiT dajildovdeba. qmediTi
monaniebis winapirobebs ssk 68-e muxli aregulirebs.
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moqmedebiT Cadenili danaSaulis momzadebis sqema, ssk me-18
muxlis me-2 nawili
kvalifikaciis Sesavali - daumTavrebeli danaSauli
1. danaSaulis daumTavrebloba
2. danaSaulis momzadebis dasjadoba (ssk me-18 muxlis me-2
nawili)
I. qmedebis Semadgenloba
1. qmedebis subieqturi mxare: sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebisaTvis pirobebis Seqmnis mimarT
pirdapiri ganzraxva.
2. qmedebis momzadebis obieqturi mxare: momzadebuli
pirobebis vargisianoba danaSaulis Casadenad; qmedebis
socialuri adeqvaturobis gamoricxva
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba
III. brali
IV. danaSaulis Cadenaze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba
(amsruleblis, organizatoris, wamqezeblis da damxmaris
mier)
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moqmedebiT Cadenili danaSaulis mcdelobis sqema, ssk me-19
muxli
kvalifikaciis Sesavali - daumTavrebeli danaSauli
I. qmedebis Semadgenloba
1. qmedebis subieqturi mxare - ganzraxva, romelic
danaSaulis obieqtur mxares moicavs
2. qmedebis obieqturi mxare - qmedeba, uSualod
mimarTuli danaSaulis Casadenad
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba
III. brali
IV.danaSaulis Cadenaze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba
(amsruleblis, organizatoris, wamqezeblis da damxmaris
mier)
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umoqmedobiT Cadenili danaSaulis mcdeloba, ssk me-8 muxlis me-3
nawili da me-19 muxlis 1-li nawili
kvalifikaciis Sesavali - daumTavrebeli danaSauli
I. qmedebis Semadgenloba
1. qmedebis subieqturi mxare - ganzraxva, romelic
danaSaulis obieqtur mxares moicavs da qmedebis
subieqturi Semadgenlobis sxva niSnebi; codna imisa, rom
subieqts garantis funqcia aqvs.
2. umoqmedobis obieqturi mxare - umoqmedoba, garantis
movaleoba; im obieqturad SesaZlo qmedebis
ganuxorcieleblobis dawyeba, romliTac albaTobis
maRali xarisxiT am Sedegis Tavidan acileba
SesaZlebeli iyo.
II. marTlwinaaRmdegoba
III. brali
IV. xelis aReba
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erTi piris mier danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba, ssk 21-e
muxlis 1-li nawili
1. xelmocaruli (xelSeSlili) mcdelobis gamoricxva
2. danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebis winapirobebi ssk
21-e muxlis 1-li nawili
(1) obieqturi mxare - danaSaulis damTavrebaze xelis
aReba (moqmedebiT an umoqmedobiT)
(2) subieqturi mxare - nebayoflobiT da sabolood
organizatoris, wamqezeblis da fsiqikuri damxmaris mier
danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba, ssk 21-e muxlis me-3
nawili
1. xelmocaruli mcdelobis gamoricxva
2. danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebis gansakuTrebuli
winapirobani ssk 21-e muxlis me-3 nawili
1. obieqturi mxare - danaSaulis damTavrebisaTvis xelis
SeSla
2. subieqturi mxare – nebayoflobiT da sabolood
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fizikuri damxmaris da fsiqikuri damxmaris erTi nawilis
(amsruleblisaTvis raime qmedebis ganxorcilebis Sempireblis)
mier danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba, ssk 21-e muxlis me-3
nawili
1. xelmocaruli mcdelobis gamoricxva
2. danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebis winapirobebi
21-e muxlis me-3 nawilis mixedviT
(1) obieqturi mxare - uaris Tqma daxmarebaze
danaSaulis dawyebamde an danaSaulis Casadenad
micemuli saSualebebis ukan dabruneba mis
damTavrebamde
(2) subieqturi mxare – nebayoflobiT da sabolood