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APA Tip of the Day: Ellipsis in quotes

“Use three spaced ellipsis points (…) within a sentence to indicate that you have omitted material from the original course. Use four points to indicate any omission between two sentences. The first point indicates the period at the end of the first sentence quoted, and the three spaced ellipsis points follow” (APA, 2010, pp. 172-173).

NOTE!“Do not use ellipsis points at the beginning or end of any quotation unless, to prevent misinterpretation, you need to emphasize that the quotation begins or ends in midsentence” (APA, 2010, p. 173).

Announcements1. Language diary analysis assignment due next

week.2. Film review essay due March 5. E-mail me

when you can get 2 other people to agree to watch a particular film with you.

3. Watch “There’s something about Mary” by the March 5th class.

Quick questions or quandaries?

Theoretical frameworks – Contrasting paradigms

February 18, 2016

Today’s Readings: Mercer (1992) and McLaren (1994)

Social Construction of Disability

This perspective holds that there is not a one-to-one correspondence between an individual’s condition and the extent to which, if at all, he/she is considered to have or considers him-herself to have a disability. Rather, disability is constructed on the basis of a complex interplay of a variety of internal and external factors.

Social Construction of Disability

Condition Disability

• Training• Adaptive

devices• Compensatory

strategies• Lack of above• Attitudes• Assumptions• Cultural

beliefs

ObjectiveSubjective

Homogeneous

“Mercer’s Quadrant”

Heterogeneous

Note: This table is adapted from Mercer, J. (1992). The impact of changing paradigms of disability on mental retardation in the year 2000. In L. Rowitz (Ed.), Mental retardation in the year 2000 (pp. 15-38). New York: Spring-Verlag.

Note: This table is adapted from Mercer, J. (1992). The impact of changing paradigms of disability on mental retardation in the year 2000. In L. Rowitz (Ed.), Mental retardation in the year 2000 (pp. 15-38). New York: Spring-Verlag.

ObjectiveSubjective

The nature of knowledge and truth (epistemology)

(essentialist)(constructivist)

Homogeneous

The nature of society

Note: This table is adapted from Mercer, J. (1992). The impact of changing paradigms of disability on mental retardation in the year 2000. In L. Rowitz (Ed.), Mental retardation in the year 2000 (pp. 15-38). New York: Spring-Verlag.

Heterogeneous

Society as Homogenous:• This is the assumption that “societies are based

on a broad value consensus that provides unity and cohesion” (Mercer, 1992, p. 18).

• Perspectives based on this assumption “define behaviors that interfere with the smooth operation of society as dysfunctional and persons who behave dysfunctionally as deviant or ‘disabled’” (Mercer, 1992, p. 19).

Society as Heterogeneous:

This perspective “focuses on structural cleavages between social classes and ethnic groups and on differences between their social power, their cultural and linguistic backgrounds, and their norms and values. Society is characterized by the struggle for economic and political dominance. Inevitably, more powerful groups dominate less powerful groups and are able to enforce their norms, language, and culture on those who are subordinated…

Society as Heterogeneous:

“…Part of the process of subordination consists of defining the language, behavior, values, and life-style of subordinated groups as unacceptable, thus ‘disabling’ many members of subordinate groups by making them ineligible for full participation in the most desirable roles in society.” (Mercer, 1992, p. 19).

Critical Theory

Interpretivism

???

Positivism

ObjectiveSubjective

Homogeneous

Heterogeneous

Note: This table is adapted from Mercer, J. (1992). The impact of changing paradigms of disability on mental retardation in the year 2000. In L. Rowitz (Ed.), Mental retardation in the year 2000 (pp. 15-38). New York: Spring-Verlag.

Application to scientific paradigms

Small Group Activity:• Undergrads with doc students.• MA students split into 2-3 groups.• Look at the language diaries completed

by group members. o Are there sufficient entries?o Was there sufficient days of observations?o What might need to be modified or

expanded on in order to complete the assignment well.

Underlying Assumptions of Critical Theory:

• Power is the basis of society. • Certain groups are privileged over others. • All thought is mediated by power relations

that are socially and historically constituted.

• Information always involves acts of human judgment and interpretation.

More Assumptions of Critical Theory:

• Language is central to the formation of subjectivity.

• Oppression (race, class, gender, age, for example) is reproduced when subordinates accept their status or situation as natural, necessary, and/or inevitable.

Final Assumptions of Critical Theory:

• There is no such thing as neutrality. • Traditional research ideas of internal

and external validity are replaced by critical trustworthiness.

adapted from: http://www.ed.psu.edu/ci/CS597/definition.hml

(McLaren, 1994, p. 182)

“Hegemony refers to the maintenance of domination not by the sheer exercise of force but primarily through consensual social practices, social forms, and social structures produced in specific sites such as the church, the state, the school, the mass media, the political system, and the family…”

(McLaren, 1994, p. 182)

“Hegemony is a struggle in which the powerful win the consent of those who are oppressed, with the oppressed unknowingly participating in their own oppression.”

Quick Write:What are some ways in which an individual's social characteristics (i.e. social class, gender, age, language background, and/or ethnicity) might interact with his/her physical, intellectual, and/or psychological characteristics to construct a greater or lesser disability?

Thought Questions for Viewing Interviews

• What do the interviewer and interviewee seem to be arguing about?

• What seem to be the interviewers’ main points?

• What seem to be the interviewee’s main points?

• How has the power in the interview?• How is that power manifested?

Videos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0F8WiuxYoE4

http://fusion.net/video/2549/activist-janet-mock-flips-the-script-asks-alicia-menendez-to-prove-her-womanhood/

Racism

How do negative perceptions of White people by African Americans (PWD) affect White people as a group?

Racism

How do negative perceptions of African Americans by White people affect African Americans as a group?

Racism

“I am stopped regularly by the Police in Virginia, but never given a ticket because I have never broken the law. The ACLU calls this phenomenon DWB, driving while black.”

Handicapism

How do negative perceptions of people without disabilities by people with disabilities affect people without disabilities as a group?

Do these terms “hurt” people without disabilities?

• neurotypicals• temporarily able

bodied (TAB)• normals

Handicapism

How do negative perceptions of people with disabilities by people without disabilities affect people with disabilities as a group?

Looking ahead…

Topic: How disability gets constructed: The power of language

Read: Peter (2000) AND Haller, Dorries, & Rahn (2006)

Please take a minute for the minute paper.

And don’t forget to turn your phone back on.