Philippine Biodiversity (1)
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Transcript of Philippine Biodiversity (1)
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PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY
STATUS
OUR LIVING AND NON-LIVING
RESOURCES
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PHILIPPINES: high speciesdiversity and high endemicity
ENDANGERED
A species present in suchsmall numbers that it is at
risk of extinction.
ENDEMIC
An organism exclusivelynative to a place or biota
WHY IS THIS SO:
the patchwork of isolated islands,
the tropical location of the country,
and the once extensive areas of rainforest
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The Birds
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The Philippines is home to some of theworld's most exotic birds
Scientists have documented 577 birdspecies around the Philippine archipelago.
Of this number, 185 species are endemicto the country.
The Bird Life International listed 116 ofthem as "threatened" or "near-threatened".
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Causes of Endangerment of Birds
They are large, easily seen birds and thusvulnerable to being shot;
They are trapped for pets or food;
Their habitat has been destroyed,especially lowland virgin forest; and
They are restricted to one or two islands.
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Lives in the rainforests of
Isabela, Samar, Leyte and
Mindanao.
It has similarities with Papua
New Guinea's Harpy Eagle
(Harpyopsis novaeguinea).
It lives on large snakes,
hornbills, civet cats, flyinglemurs and monkeys - the
reason why it is also called
monkey-eating eagle.
With an estimated population
of 100 to 300 today, the
Philippine eagle is in danger ofextinction.
It is one of the 400 exotic bird
species in the Philippines,
which, if not protected, would
disappear from the face of the
Earth.
The Philippine Eagle : Pithecophaga jefferyi
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Endangered
The Philippine or Red-vented Cockatoo
(Cacatua haematuropygia)
The Palawan Peacock Pheasant
(Polyplectron emphanum)
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Endangered
Sulu hornbill and Cebu black shama, the Philippine
Eagle might follow the Cebu flowerpecker which is now
presumed extinct.
The Mindoro Imperial Pigeon
(Ducula mindorensis)
The Sulu Hornbill
(Anthracoceros montani)
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Endangered
Cebu Black Shama
Cebu Flowerpecker
(now presumed extinct)
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Endemicsand Endangered
The Negros Bleeding Heart Pigeon
Gallicolumba platenae
Visayan wrinkled hornbill
Aceros waldeni
Red-bellied pitta (Pitta erythrogaster)
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Endemicsand still widespread
GrandRhabdornis
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One of the world's rarest mammals
lives in the dwindling forest of Panay
Island: Philippine spotted deer(Cervus alfredi), considered by many
as the most endangered deer in the
planet
Deer that cannot be found
elsewhere: the Calamian hogdeer or Calamian deer
have longer and darker legs,
compared with other hog deer.
By 1996, its population further
declined to only about 900,
prompting conservationists to
declare it as an endangered
species.
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Unique pygmy water
buffalos (Bubalusmindorensis)endemic to
Mindoro listed as one of
the ten most endangered
species in the world.
From 10,000 heads in the
1900's, population went
down to 369 heads in the
late 1980's to as few as
20 heads roaming in the
wild today
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Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta)measures only about twelvecentimeters in length.
Its two big eyes cannot move anddo not have a tapetum - the upperprotective tissue; can turn its head180 degrees.
Found in the islands of Samar,Leyte, Bohol and Mindanao, thePhilippine tarsier got its namefrom its elongated tarsus bone.
Today, there are only about 1,000tarsiers inhabiting the wilds ofCorella town in Bohol provincewhere the biggest concentration ofthese rare animals was oncereported.
Ensuring the continued existenceof the Philippine tarsiers is thePhilippine Tarsier Foundation Inc.
http://www.math.is.tohoku.ac.jp/~obata/album/scenery/Tarsier2005-01-05.jpg -
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The Palawan bearcat population is threatened
by human activities.
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The Mammals
South of Palawan, lies the Balabac Island, home of the world's
smallest hoofed mammal - the Philippine mouse deer.
Locally known as Pilandok (Tragalus nigricans), this ruminantstands only about 40 centimeters at the shoulder level.
While the mouse deer are widely distributed across Asia, theirdwindling population has alarmed the World ConservationUnion, which declared them as endangered in 1996.
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The Mammals
Dugongs or sea cows,the only herbivorous marine
mammals, are often sighted in
Philippine waters,
particularly near Palawan
province and southern
Mindanao.
A dugong can live more than 70 years.
The Philippine government has bannedthe commercial exploitation of dugongsince 1991.
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Over the years, these
two species of giantfruit bats have
roamed around the
10,000-hectare Subic
Forest National
Protected Area,
which is considered
the biggest roosting
site of bats in the
world.
Golden- capped fruit
BatAcerdon jubatus
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The smallest bat in the world is the Philippine
bamboo bat (vespertilionid), which belongs to the
vespertilionid family. This bat measures about fourcentimeters (1 1/2 inches) in length and has a
wingspan of 15 cm. Approximately, it weighs 1.5
grams (1/20 ounce).
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The Mindoro Pallid Flying
Fox smallest flying fox inthe Philippines The Philippine tube-nosed bat,Nyctimene raboriof Negros is
considered highly endangered
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bare-backed fruit bat or Dobsonia chapmani
Believed to
have becomeextinct in
1970s as a
result of the
combination of
forest
destruction,
disturbance byguano miners,
and hunting
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The continuous denudation of
tropical forests in the country
threatens the remaining population of
kagwang, which used to abound in
the wilderness of Basilan, Leyte,Samar, Bohol and Mindanao.
Philippine government declared
kagwang as an endangered species
and banned its commercial
exploitation.
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The Visayan Warty Pig
Sus cebifrons
1994: Endangered1996 - 2004: CriticallyEndangered
Northern Luzon Giant Cloud Rat
Phloeomys pallidus
Widespread in northern and central
Luzon
From sea level to high mountains (at
least 2000 m), in primary and
secondary forest and heavily disturbed
scrub
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Crocodylus porosus, it is different from
Mindoro's freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus
mindorensis)
There were tales
that a 27-foot
saltwatercrocodile was
killed near Lake
Taal in Batangas
in 1823.
It reportedlytook 40 men to
bring the body
ashore.
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Philippine flat- headed frog
Barbourula busuangensis
Busuanga, Culion, and Palawan
inhabits clear, unpolluted swift-flowing mountain
streams and rivers in lowland rainforests where it
usually floats near the surface of the water unless
disturbed, when it will hide under submerged rocks
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Grays monitor
Varanus olivaceus
southern Luzon andCatanduanes Island
in the Philippines,
where it inhabits the
forested slopes of
low mountains
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Amphibians and Reptiles
Loggerhead (Caretta caretta)
Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea)
Hawksbill sea turtle
Philippine pond turtle
Heosemys leytensis Philippine Green turtle
Leatherback sea turtle
http://cs.brown.edu/~twd/fish/PNG/doeppne-081.jpghttp://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=287http://cs.brown.edu/~twd/fish/PNG/doeppne-081.jpghttp://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=318 -
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Donsol, a fishing town in Sorsogon province,
serves as a sanctuary to a group of 40 whalesharks (Rhincodon typus), which are consideredas the largest fish in the world.
Locally known as "butanding", whale sharksvisit the waters of Donsol from November to May.They travel across the oceans but nowhere elsehave they been sighted in a larger group than inthe waters of Sorsogon.
In 1996, a marine biologist discovered that whale sharks are ovoviviparous, which meansthat the females produce live offspring from eggs hatched in the uterus.
The Philippine government declared whale sharks as endangered species in 1998, therebybanning its plunder and exploitation.
Right now, the Department of Tourism is promoting eco-tourism to protect the whalesharks in Donsol.
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The world's smallest freshwater fish is found in the
Philippines. The dwarf goby (Pandaka pygmaea) measures
1.2 centimeters or less than half of an inch, the tiniest
known vertebrate.
American Ichthyologist Albert Herre first discovered it inMalabon River in 1925.
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World's smallest commercial fish: Sinarapan (Mistichthys luzonensis)found only in Lakes Bato and Buhi in Camarines Sur province.
Sinarapan grows to an average length of 1.25 centimeters, only slightly
longer than the dwarf goby.
Today, unabated fishing in the two lakes threatens the population of
sinarapan.
it would take a thousand to fill a tablespoon
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Chaetodontoplus caeruleopunctatus
Blue-spotted angelfish
Exyrias: goby or biya
Sawtail Catshark
Philippine Anchovy: Dilis or Bolinao
http://www.frdc.com.au/shop/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=37015009-DLD.tif&Category_Code=&Store_Code=photohttp://www.frdc.com.au/shop/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=37015009-DLD.tif&Category_Code=&Store_Code=photo -
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More than 500 of the world's 700 coral species arefound under the waters of the Philippines, which is apart of the Coral Triangle - a region in the PacificOcean.
There are at least 50 known seahorse species in theworld. They inhabit temperate and tropical waters but
most of them are concentrated in the warm coastalwaters of the Philippines.
The seahorse's scientific genus name, Hippocampus isa Greek word, which means, "bent horse."
At least 47 nations and territories around the world areinvolved in buying and selling seahorses. The largestknown importers are China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.
Among the largest exporters is the Philippines.
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The Invertebrates
About 70 percent of the Philippines nearly
21,000 recorded insect species are found only
in this hotspot.
About one-third of the 915 butterflies found
here are endemic to the Philippines, and over
110 of the more than 130 species of tiger
beetle are found nowhere else.
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The Invertebrates
Tridacna gigas grows as large as one meter in lengthand weighs 600 pounds
Tridacna gigas, one of the world's largest shells can befound under Philippine waters.
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The Invertebrates
Pisidum, the world's tiniest shell,can be found under Philippine waters.
Pisidum is less than1 millimeter long
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The Invertebrates
A shell called glory of the sea (Connus gloriamaris) is also found
in the Philippines and considered as one of the most expensiveshells in the world.
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The Plants
Total Plant Species: 9,2536 Endemic Plant Species: 6, 091 Endemics as Percentage of World
Total: 2.0
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The Plants
Velvet Apple, Mabolo
Diospyros discolor
Among the endemic fruit trees
in the Philippines are durian,
mabolo, pili and bignay
There are more than 150 species of palms and
dipterocarps in the hotspot, and around two-
thirds of these are found nowhere else in the
world.
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The Plants
Of the 1,000
species of
orchids found in
the Philippines,
70 percent are
restricted to the
hotspot.
As many as 9,000 flowering plants can be
found in the country
Gingers, begonias, gesneriads, orchids and
pandans are particularly high in endemic
species
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