We all come in different We all come in different SHAPES SHAPES and SIZES. and SIZES. We all have We all have STRENGTHSSTRENGTHS and weaknesses. and weaknesses.         What's right for one person may not be right for another.What's right for one person may not be right for another.

           There are things that are important to me, that you            There are things that are important to me, that you don't care about at all!don't care about at all!

And sometimes your behavior doesn't make any sense to me.And sometimes your behavior doesn't make any sense to me.But I want for us to understand each other, and communicate But I want for us to understand each other, and communicate

well,                 well,                 because we live together in the same world.           because we live together in the same world.          

I know I can't expect you to want the same things that I want.I know I can't expect you to want the same things that I want.We are not the same person, so we will not always see things We are not the same person, so we will not always see things the same way.the same way.   I have my own Thoughts and my own Ideas,                        I have my own Thoughts and my own Ideas,                                                                                           that may or may not fit into your vision of who I should be.     that may or may not fit into your vision of who I should be.

By learning more about my own Personality, and about other By learning more about my own Personality, and about other Personality Types,Personality Types,             I can come to a better understanding of my strengths              I can come to a better understanding of my strengths and weaknesses.     and weaknesses.    

I can improve my interpersonal relationships, realign my I can improve my interpersonal relationships, realign my expectations towards others,   expectations towards others,   and gain a better self-knowledge that will help me define and and gain a better self-knowledge that will help me define and achieve goals.    achieve goals.   

PersonalityPersonality

The word "personality" originates from the Latin persona, which means mask. Significantly, in the theatre of the ancient Latin-speaking world, the mask was not used as a plot device to disguise the identity of a character, but rather was a convention employed to represent or typify that character.

a. the sum total of the a. the sum total of the physical, mental, emotional, physical, mental, emotional, and social characteristics of and social characteristics of

an individual. an individual.

b. the organized pattern of b. the organized pattern of behavioral characteristics of behavioral characteristics of

the individual.the individual.

PersonalityPersonality is the particular is the particular combination of emotional, combination of emotional, attitudinal, and behavioral attitudinal, and behavioral

response patterns of an response patterns of an individual. individual.

Personality is made up of the characteristic patterns Personality is made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that make a of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that make a

person unique. In addition to this, personality arises person unique. In addition to this, personality arises from within the individual and remains fairly from within the individual and remains fairly

consistent throughout lifeconsistent throughout lifeSome of the fundamental characteristics of personality include: Some of the fundamental characteristics of personality include: ConsistencyConsistency - There is generally a recognizable order and - There is generally a recognizable order and

regularity to behaviors. Essentially, people act in the same ways regularity to behaviors. Essentially, people act in the same ways or similar ways in a variety of situations.or similar ways in a variety of situations.

Psychological and physiologicalPsychological and physiological - Personality is a psychological - Personality is a psychological construct, but research suggests that it is also influenced by construct, but research suggests that it is also influenced by biological processes and needs.biological processes and needs.

It impacts behaviors and actionsIt impacts behaviors and actions - Personality does not just - Personality does not just influence how we move and respond in our environment; it also influence how we move and respond in our environment; it also causescauses us to act in certain ways. us to act in certain ways.

Multiple expressionsMultiple expressions - Personality is displayed in more than just - Personality is displayed in more than just behavior. It can also be seen in our thoughts, feelings, close behavior. It can also be seen in our thoughts, feelings, close relationships and other social interactions.relationships and other social interactions.

Type TheoriesType Theories

Theories adopting the type approach Theories adopting the type approach advocate that human personalities can advocate that human personalities can be classified into a few clearly defined be classified into a few clearly defined types and each person, depending types and each person, depending upon his behavioural characteristics, upon his behavioural characteristics, somatic structure, blood types, fluids in somatic structure, blood types, fluids in the body, or personality traits can be the body, or personality traits can be described as belonging to a certain described as belonging to a certain type.type.

Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist who was a Freudian disciple,

believed that we are one of two personality types:

• Introvert: Shy, self-centered person whose attention is

focused inward

• Extrovert: Bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed

outward

Jung’s Theory of Two TypesJung’s Theory of Two Types

Carl JungCarl Jung

Sheldon's Sheldon's SomatotypeSomatotype

CharacterCharacter ShapeShape PicturePicture

Endomorph Endomorph [viscerotonic][viscerotonic]

relaxed, relaxed, sociable, sociable, tolerant, tolerant, comfort-comfort-loving, loving, peacefulpeaceful

plump, plump, buxom, buxom, developed developed visceral visceral structurestructure

Mesomorph Mesomorph [somatotonic[somatotonic]]

active, active, assertive, assertive, vigorous, vigorous, combativecombative

muscularmuscular

Ectomorph Ectomorph [cerebrotonic[cerebrotonic]]

quiet, fragile, quiet, fragile, restrained, restrained, non-non-assertive, assertive, sensitivesensitive

lean, lean, delicate, delicate, poor musclespoor muscles

Trait theoriesTrait theories

In the trait approach the personality is In the trait approach the personality is viewed in terms of various traitsviewed in terms of various traits

Traits may be defined as relatively Traits may be defined as relatively permanent and relatively consistent general permanent and relatively consistent general behaviour patterns that an individual behaviour patterns that an individual exhibits in most situationsexhibits in most situations

If a person behaves honestly in several If a person behaves honestly in several situations, his behaviour may be generalized situations, his behaviour may be generalized and he may be labeled as honest and and he may be labeled as honest and honesty is then said to be a behavioural trait honesty is then said to be a behavioural trait of his personalityof his personality

Raymond Cattell: from Devon, England, believed that there

were two basic categories of traits:

• Surface Traits: Features that make up the visible areas

of personality• Source Traits: Underlying characteristics of a

personality

Cattell also constructed the 16PF, a personality test identifying 16 personality factors (source traits).

Cattell: Source & Surface Cattell: Source & Surface TraitsTraits

Raymond CattellRaymond Cattell

The Sixteen Personality The Sixteen Personality FactorsFactors

Cattell: The Big FiveCattell: The Big Five

Cattell believed that five factors were most important:

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeable

Neuroticism

Graphic: The Big FiveGraphic: The Big Five

Major determinants of Major determinants of personalitypersonality

Biological Factors

Heredity Brain BiofeedbackPhysical Features

HeredityHeredity

• • It refers to physical stature, facial attractiveness, sex, It refers to physical stature, facial attractiveness, sex, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes, energy temperament, muscle composition and reflexes, energy level, and biological rhythms are characteristics that are level, and biological rhythms are characteristics that are considered to be inherent. considered to be inherent.

• • It plays an important part in determining an individual's It plays an important part in determining an individual's personality. personality.

• • Heredity approach argues that the ultimate explanation of Heredity approach argues that the ultimate explanation of an individual's personality is the molecular structures of the an individual's personality is the molecular structures of the genes, which are located in the chromosomes. genes, which are located in the chromosomes.

• • Recent research studies shows that young children lend Recent research studies shows that young children lend strong support to the power of heredity and finding shows strong support to the power of heredity and finding shows that some personality traits may be built into the same that some personality traits may be built into the same genetic code that affects factors like height and hair color. genetic code that affects factors like height and hair color.

BrainBrain

• • Brain is the second biological approach to Brain is the second biological approach to determine personality. determine personality. • It plays an important role in determining • It plays an important role in determining personality. personality. • Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB) and • Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB) and Split brain psychology results indicates that a Split brain psychology results indicates that a better understanding of human personality and better understanding of human personality and behavior might come from a behavior might come from a closer study of the brain. closer study of the brain. • The definite areas of the human brain are • The definite areas of the human brain are associated with pain and pleasure. Research associated with pain and pleasure. Research study shows that these things are true. study shows that these things are true.

Biofeedback: Biofeedback:

• • It is third biological approach to determine personality. It is third biological approach to determine personality. • Physiologists and psychologists felt that biological • Physiologists and psychologists felt that biological functions like brainwave patterns, gastric and hormonal functions like brainwave patterns, gastric and hormonal secretions, and fluctuations in blood pressure and skin secretions, and fluctuations in blood pressure and skin temperature were beyond conscious control. Recent temperature were beyond conscious control. Recent research shows that these functions can be consciously research shows that these functions can be consciously controlled through biofeedback techniques. controlled through biofeedback techniques. • For this purpose, individual can learns the internal • For this purpose, individual can learns the internal rhythms of a particular body process through electronic rhythms of a particular body process through electronic signals that are feedback from equipment which is wired to signals that are feedback from equipment which is wired to body. body. • In this process, the person can learn to control the body • In this process, the person can learn to control the body process through questions. It is one of the interesting process through questions. It is one of the interesting topics to do future research work in personalitytopics to do future research work in personality

Physical FeaturesPhysical Features

• • It is fourth biological approach to determine personality. It is fourth biological approach to determine personality. • It is vital ingredient of the personality, it focus an individual • It is vital ingredient of the personality, it focus an individual person's external appearance which also determined the person's external appearance which also determined the personality. personality. • Physical features like tall or short, fat or skinny, black or • Physical features like tall or short, fat or skinny, black or white. These physical features will be influenced the personal white. These physical features will be influenced the personal effect on others and also affect self concept of individual. effect on others and also affect self concept of individual. • Recent research studies shows that definitely this features • Recent research studies shows that definitely this features influence to individual personality in an organization. In influence to individual personality in an organization. In totally, heredity would be fixed at birth and no amount of totally, heredity would be fixed at birth and no amount of experience can be altering them through creation of suitable experience can be altering them through creation of suitable environment. Apart from this, personality characteristics are environment. Apart from this, personality characteristics are not completely dictated by heredity. There are other factors not completely dictated by heredity. There are other factors also influenced to determining personality. also influenced to determining personality.

Environment factors

Cultural factors Family factors Social factors

Cultural FactorsCultural Factors

"Each culture expects, and trains, its members to behave in "Each culture expects, and trains, its members to behave in ways that are acceptable to the group. To a marked degree, ways that are acceptable to the group. To a marked degree, the child's cultural group defines the range of experiences the child's cultural group defines the range of experiences and situations he is likely to encounter and the values and and situations he is likely to encounter and the values and personality characteristics that will reinforced and hence personality characteristics that will reinforced and hence learned". -Paul H Mussen learned". -Paul H Mussen • Cultural factors are also major factors which influence to • Cultural factors are also major factors which influence to determine individual determine individual personality. personality. • It refers to traditional practice, customs, procedure, • It refers to traditional practice, customs, procedure, norms and rules and regulation followed by the society. norms and rules and regulation followed by the society. • It significantly influence to individual behavior compare to • It significantly influence to individual behavior compare to biological factors. biological factors. • Cultural factors determine attitudes towards • Cultural factors determine attitudes towards independence, aggression, competition, cooperation, independence, aggression, competition, cooperation, positive thinking, team spirit, and a host of the human positive thinking, team spirit, and a host of the human being and discharge his/her duties towards valuable being and discharge his/her duties towards valuable responsibilities to society. responsibilities to society. • Western culture influence to Indian society. It is best • Western culture influence to Indian society. It is best example of the cultural factors also determine the example of the cultural factors also determine the personality. personality.

Family FactorsFamily Factors

• • Family factors are also major factors which Family factors are also major factors which influence to determine individual personality. influence to determine individual personality. • Family consists of husband and wife and • Family consists of husband and wife and their children's. their children's. • Family role is very important for nurturing • Family role is very important for nurturing and personality development of their and personality development of their children. children. • Family will be guided, supervised, take care • Family will be guided, supervised, take care of all family members, cooperation, of all family members, cooperation, coordination and cooperation in work and coordination and cooperation in work and also explained the role and responsibilities also explained the role and responsibilities towards the family, society and real life. towards the family, society and real life. • Family either directly or indirectly influence • Family either directly or indirectly influence to person for development of individual to person for development of individual personality. personality.

Social FactorsSocial Factors

• • Social factors are also major factors which influence to Social factors are also major factors which influence to determine individual personality. determine individual personality. • It involves the reorganization of individual's in an • It involves the reorganization of individual's in an organization or society. organization or society. • It refers to acquiring of wide range of personality by • It refers to acquiring of wide range of personality by acquiring and absorbed by themselves in the society or an acquiring and absorbed by themselves in the society or an organization. organization. • Socialization process is starting from home and extending • Socialization process is starting from home and extending to work environment in an organization or society. to work environment in an organization or society. • It focuses on good relationships, cooperation, • It focuses on good relationships, cooperation, coordination and interaction among the members in the coordination and interaction among the members in the society or an organization or a family. environment factors society or an organization or a family. environment factors consist of cultural factors, family factors, and social consist of cultural factors, family factors, and social factors.factors.

SituationSituation

Situation further influences the effects Situation further influences the effects of heredity and environment on of heredity and environment on

personality. A individual's personality, personality. A individual's personality, while generally stable and consistent, while generally stable and consistent,

does change in different situations. does change in different situations. Different demands in different situations Different demands in different situations

call forth different aspects of one's call forth different aspects of one's personality.personality.

It has been observed that many It has been observed that many arrogant and indisciplined employees arrogant and indisciplined employees become humble and disciplined in a become humble and disciplined in a particular situation. Those having a particular situation. Those having a criminal background may become criminal background may become

powerful and strong administrators, powerful and strong administrators, dominant politicians, etc.dominant politicians, etc.

Assessment of PersonalityAssessment of Personality

Personality is a rather complicated Personality is a rather complicated concept, and it is very difficult to test concept, and it is very difficult to test accurately.. accurately..

Self-Report InventoriesSelf-Report Inventories

Self-report inventories are the most frequently used Self-report inventories are the most frequently used type of personality inventory. In self-report inventories, type of personality inventory. In self-report inventories, individuals answer a series of questions about individuals answer a series of questions about themselves. One of the reasons that this assessment themselves. One of the reasons that this assessment technique is so popular is because of the belief that technique is so popular is because of the belief that people know themselves better than anyone else. people know themselves better than anyone else.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality InventoryThe Minnesota Multiphasic Personality InventoryThe Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

is the most widely used psychological test. It consists of is the most widely used psychological test. It consists of more than 500 questions about the individual which more than 500 questions about the individual which must be answered with true, false, or cannot say. must be answered with true, false, or cannot say.

Other Self-Report Other Self-Report InventoriesInventories

There are a number of other self-report inventories which There are a number of other self-report inventories which are used for a variety of purposes. These other tests are used for a variety of purposes. These other tests include personality tests for normal individuals, such as the include personality tests for normal individuals, such as the California Psychological Inventory; sex-role inventories, California Psychological Inventory; sex-role inventories, such as the Bem Sex-Role Inventory; value scales, such as such as the Bem Sex-Role Inventory; value scales, such as the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values; and many the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values; and many more. more.

One of the other self-report inventories that is gaining One of the other self-report inventories that is gaining popularity is the NEO-PI (neuroticism, extraversion, and popularity is the NEO-PI (neuroticism, extraversion, and openness personality inventory). The authors of this test openness personality inventory). The authors of this test take a strong stand on the universal nature of personality. It take a strong stand on the universal nature of personality. It is becoming a popular personality test for normal is becoming a popular personality test for normal populations, and it can now be taken in self-report form or populations, and it can now be taken in self-report form or in third-person form, where people can attempt to evaluate in third-person form, where people can attempt to evaluate others' personalities. others' personalities.

Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths and Weaknesses of Self-Report Inventoriesof Self-Report Inventories

Self-report inventories are very easy Self-report inventories are very easy to give, and provide a quick to give, and provide a quick evaluation of personality. It is so evaluation of personality. It is so easy to use, in fact, that it has easy to use, in fact, that it has become somewhat overused. become somewhat overused.

Projective techniquesProjective techniques

In psychology, a In psychology, a projective testprojective test is a is a personality test designed to let a person personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts. This is different from an conflicts. This is different from an "objective test" in which responses are "objective test" in which responses are analyzed according to a universal standard analyzed according to a universal standard (for example, a multiple choice exam). The (for example, a multiple choice exam). The responses to projective tests are content responses to projective tests are content analyzed for meaning rather than being analyzed for meaning rather than being based on presuppositions about meaning, based on presuppositions about meaning, as is the case with objective tests. as is the case with objective tests.

Hermann Rorschach created Hermann Rorschach created the Rorschach inkblot test in the Rorschach inkblot test in

1921 1921

For further reading visit For further reading visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorschachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorschach

_inkblot_test#The_ten_inkblots_inkblot_test#The_ten_inkblots

Thematic Apperception Thematic Apperception TestTest

The TAT is popularly known as the The TAT is popularly known as the picture interpretation picture interpretation techniquetechnique because it uses a standard series of provocative because it uses a standard series of provocative yet ambiguous pictures about which the subject is asked to yet ambiguous pictures about which the subject is asked to tell a story. The subject is asked to tell as dramatic a story tell a story. The subject is asked to tell as dramatic a story as they can for each picture presented, including the as they can for each picture presented, including the following:following:

what has led up to the event shown what has led up to the event shown what is happening at the moment what is happening at the moment what the characters are feeling and thinking what the characters are feeling and thinking what the outcome of the story was what the outcome of the story was If these elements are omitted, particularly for children or If these elements are omitted, particularly for children or

individuals of low cognitive abilities, the evaluator may ask individuals of low cognitive abilities, the evaluator may ask the subject about them directly.the subject about them directly.

The standard version of the test contains 20 The standard version of the test contains 20 picture cards. Some of the cards show male picture cards. Some of the cards show male figures, some female, some both male and female figures, some female, some both male and female figures, some of ambiguous gender, some adults, figures, some of ambiguous gender, some adults, some children, and some show no human figures some children, and some show no human figures at all. One card is completely blank. Although the at all. One card is completely blank. Although the cards were originally designed to be matched to cards were originally designed to be matched to the subject in terms of age and gender, any card the subject in terms of age and gender, any card may be used with any subject. Most practitioners may be used with any subject. Most practitioners choose a set of between 8 and 12 selected cards, choose a set of between 8 and 12 selected cards, either using cards that they feel are generally either using cards that they feel are generally useful, or that they believe will encourage the useful, or that they believe will encourage the subject's expression of emotional conflicts relevant subject's expression of emotional conflicts relevant to their specific history and situation to their specific history and situation

Draw-A-Person testDraw-A-Person test

The Draw-A-Person test requires the subject The Draw-A-Person test requires the subject to draw a person. The results are based on to draw a person. The results are based on a psychodynamic interpretation of the a psychodynamic interpretation of the details of the drawing, such as the size, details of the drawing, such as the size, shape and complexity of the facial features, shape and complexity of the facial features, clothing and background of the figure. As clothing and background of the figure. As with other projective tests, the approach with other projective tests, the approach has very little demonstrated validity and has very little demonstrated validity and there is evidence that therapists may there is evidence that therapists may attribute pathology to individuals who are attribute pathology to individuals who are merely poor artistsmerely poor artists

Sentence completion testSentence completion test

Sentence completion tests require Sentence completion tests require the subject complete sentence the subject complete sentence "stems" with their own words. The "stems" with their own words. The subject's response is considered to subject's response is considered to be a projection of their conscious be a projection of their conscious and/or unconscious attitudes, and/or unconscious attitudes, personality characteristics, personality characteristics, motivations, and beliefs.motivations, and beliefs.