PDUlec1

8/3/2019 PDUlec1

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdulec1 1/53

Power System - I

Prof. Dr. Suhail Aftab Qureshi

Electrical Engineering Department

University of Engineering & Technology

Lahore, Pakistan

Lecture # 1

Introduction to Power System

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


22

1.1. IntroductionIntroduction..

2.2. Brief Brief HistoryHistory of of ElectricElectric Power Power..

3.3. ElectricalElectrical Power Power SystemSystem..

4.4. GenerationGeneration of of ElectricalElectrical EnergyEnergy44..11 TypeType of of GenerationGeneration..

44..11..11 ThermalThermal Power Power PlantPlant..

44..11..22 Nuclear Nuclear Power Power PlantPlant..

44..11..33 HydroelectricHydroelectric PlantsPlants..44..11..44 CombinedCombined SteamSteam andand GasGas--TurbineTurbine Power Power PlantsPlants..

44..11..55 GasGas TurbineTurbine Power Power PlantsPlants..

44..11..66 RenewableRenewable EnergyEnergy SourcesSources (Solar (Solar && WindWind Power Power

PlantPlant..

ContentsContents

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


33

44..22 GenerationGeneration SourcesSources inin PakistanPakistan..

44..33 EnergyEnergy SupplySupply && ConsumptionConsumption inin PakistanPakistan..

44..44 PotentialPotential AvailableAvailable for for Power Power GenerationGeneration..

44..55 HydelHydel PotentialPotential44..66 CoalCoal PotentialPotential

44..66..11 CoadCoad ResourcesResources inin SindhSindh..

44..66..22 CoalCoal ResourcesResources inin BalochistanBalochistan..

44..66..33 CoalCoal ResourcesResources inin PunjabPunjab..44..66..44 CoalCoal ResourcesResources inin NWEP NWEP..

44..66..55 CoalCoal ResourcesResources inin AJK AJK..

44..66..66 FutureFuture CoalCoal BasedBased Power Power ProjectsProjects..

ContentsContents

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


44

5.5. Power Power TransmissionTransmission..

6.6. Power Power DistributionDistribution..

66..11 FeedersFeeders..

66..22 DistributorsDistributors..66..33 ServiceService MainsMains..

66..44 UtilityUtility RestructuringRestructuring..

77.. Power Power QualityQuality ConsiderationConsideration..

8.8. TransmissionTransmission LineLine ConductorsConductors..88..11 StrandedStranded Conductor Conductor..

88..22 TypesTypes of of TransmissionTransmission LineLine ConductorsConductors..

ContentsContents

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


55

11.. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

ElectricityElectricity isis thethe basic basic needneed for for thethe economiceconomic developmentdevelopment of of anyany

countrycountry.. ElectricityElectricity hashas nownow become become aa necessitynecessity for for allall asas itit

powers powers thethe machinery,machinery, thethe computers,computers, thethe healthhealth--carecare systemssystems andand

thethe entertainmententertainment of of modernmodern societysociety.. EveryEvery power power systemsystem hashas

threethree major major componentscomponents

LoadT.L

Transmission Line

Generator

Distribution

Figure 1.1. Components of a Power System

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


66

1. INTRODUCTION

Generation: source of power, ideally with a specified voltage

and Frequency.

Transmission system: transmits power; ideally as a perfectconductor.

Load: consumes power; ideally with a constant resistive

value.

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


77

2. BRIEF HISTORY OF ELECTRIC

POWER

Early 1880¶s ± Edison introduced Pearl Street dc system

in Manhattan supplying 59 customers

1884 ± Sprague produces practical dc motor

1885 ± invention of transformer Mid 1880¶s ± Westinghouse/Tesla introduce rival ac

system

Late 1880¶s ± Tesla invents ac induction motor

1893 ± First 3 phase transmission line operating at 2.3 kV 1896 ± ac lines deliver electricity from hydro generation at

Niagara Falls to Buff alo, 20 miles away

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


88

2. BRIEF HISTORY OF ELECTRIC POWER

Early 1900¶s ± Private utilities supply all customers in

area (city); recognized as a natural monopoly; states step

in to begin regulation By 1920¶s ± Large interstate holding companies control

most electricity systems

1935 ± Congress passes Public Utility Holding Company

Act to establish national regulation, breaking up large

interstate utilities

1935/6 ± Rural Electrification Act brought electricity to

rural areas

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


99

3. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

Figure 1.2. Typical Power System.

Powerplants

500KV Transmission

Extra High VoltageSubsation 500-220KV

220KVTransmission

66KV Sub-transmissionDistribution

Subsation (66KV)

DistributionSystem(11-KV)

Commercial

IndustrialCustomer

Urban

Customer

Distribution LinkHigh VoltageDistribution

11KV

To other High-Voltagesubstation

ResidentialCustomer

Underground DistributionTransformer

ResidentialCustomer

Overhead

DistributionTransformer

Transmission

System

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


1010


1) The generating station converts the energy of gas, oil, coal or

nuclear fuel to electric energy. The generator voltage is

around 15-25 kV (12.5KV at Mangla Dam Generation).

2) The main transformer increases the voltage to 230-765 kV.

(220-500KV in Pakistan) This reduces the current and losses.

3) The high voltage transmission line transports the energy fromthe generating station to the large loads, like towns. Example:

Energy generated at Palo Verde is transported by a 500 kV

line to the KYRENE substation at Phoenix.

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


1111

4) The high voltage substation reduces the voltage to 500-220 /

(220-132) kV. The substation serves as a node point for

several lines.

5) The sub-transmission lines (132 kV-11 kV) connect the highvoltage substation to the local distribution station.

6) The Distribution lines 11 kV distribute the energy along

streets or underground. Each line supplies several step-down

transformers distributed along the line.

7) The distribution transformer reduces the voltage to 240 (1-

phase) or 415V (3-phase) which supplies the houses,

shopping centers, etc.


8/3/2019 PDUlec1


1212

4. GENEARATION OF ELECTRICAL

ENERG Y

Electrical energy is generated at the power stations by

synchronous generators.

Typical generation voltages vary from 3.3 to 33 kV depending

upon the demand of the load.

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


1313

4. GENEARATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERG Y

Large plants (more than 500 MVA) carry constant load (base load plant). Smaller plants loads are regulated but they operatecontinuously. Minimum down time is 20-35 hours. Dependingupon the situation of the fossil fuel availability, it can be used as

base load or peak load plant. But in Pakistan, it is used as peak load plant.

4.1 Type of Generation stations

4.1.1 Thermal Power Plant

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


1414


These plants carry constant load and are used as base loads plants.


4.2. Nuclear Power Plant

4.3. Hydroelectric Plants

These plants are loaded to the maximum capacity, because of thelow operating cost. (Water is free)

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


1515


High efficiency plants for variable load.


4.4. Combined Steam and Gas-Turbine Power Plants

4.5. Gas Turbine Power Plants

Peak load plants, high operating and low investment cost.

4.6. Renewable Energy Sources (Solar & Wind)

Power Plants

Loaded to the maximum capacity when sun or wind power available.

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


1616

4. GENEARATION OF ELECTRICALENERG Y

4.2 Generation Sources in Pakistan

The Energy mix in Pakistan and various other countries for the

year 2003-04 is given in Table 1.1: -

PakistanPakistan IndiaIndia UK UK USAUSA CanadaCanada

OilOil 30.0%30.0% 35.0%35.0% 35.0%35.0% 40.0%40.0% 30.0%30.0%

Natural Gas Natural Gas 50.0 %50.0 % 7.0%7.0% 35.0%35.0% 23.0%23.0% 27.0%27.0%

CoalCoal 1.0 %1.0 % 55.0%55.0% 16.0%16.0% 23.0%23.0% 24.0%24.0%

Other (Hydel, Nuclear, etc.)Other (Hydel, Nuclear, etc.) 19%19% 3.0%3.0% 14.0%14.0% 14.0%14.0% 19.0%19.0%

Table 1.1 ± Primary Energy Mix by Country 2003-04.

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


1717

4.3 ENERG Y SUPPLY & CONSUMPTIONIN PAKISTAN

Source wise primary energy supply in Pakistan in 2003-04 is

indicated below: -

OilOil GasGas HydelHydel CoalCoal NuclearNuclear

15.8 %15.8 % 50.8 %50.8 % 30 %30 % 0.2 %0.2 % 3.3 %3.3 %

Table: 1. 2 ± Energy Supply in Pakistan 2003-04

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


1818

4.3 ENERG Y SUPPLY & CONSUMPTION INPAKISTAN

Sector wise energy consumption, excluding fuels consumed in

thermal power generation in FY 2004 is as follow: -

Table 1.3 ± Energy Consumption in Pakistan 2003-04

IndustryIndustry TransportTransport DomesticDomestic CommercialCommercial AgricultureAgriculture Other Other GovernmentsGovernments

38.3 %38.3 % 32.0 %32.0 % 21.7 %21.7 % 3.2 %3.2 % 2.5 %2.5 % 2.3 %2.3 %

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


1919

4.4 POTENTIAL AVAILABLE FOR

POWER GENERATION

God has blessed Pakistan with tremendous potentials available

for power generation is:

Hydel Potential Coal Potential

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


2020

4.5 POTENTIAL AVAILABLE FOR

POWER GENERATION

Following table presents the multipurpose projects whose

feasibility are completed.

Multipurpose Projects

Name of ProjectName of Project Capacity (MW)Capacity (MW) Feasibility StatusFeasibility Status

KalabaghKalabagh 36003600 CompletedCompleted

MundaMunda 740740 CompletedCompletedBashaBasha 45004500 In HandIn Hand

TotalTotal 88408840

Table 1.4 ± Future Multipurpose projects in Pakistan 2003-04

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


2121

4.6 HYDEL POTENTIAL

Pakistan is a water rich country with a hydel potential of more

than 50,000 MW but unfortunately Pakistan¶s energy market

investment in hydel-power generation has been caught up in

confusion and paradoxes for more than decade and no significant

progress has been achieved so far.

To exploit Pakistan¶s hydel resource productively, huge

investments are necessary, which our economy cannot afford

except at the expense of social sector spending. Considering thelimitations and financial constraints of the public sector, the

Government is trying to facilitate private investors to promote

hydel power generation in the country

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


2222

4.6 HYDEL POTENTIAL

Following is the list of run of river Projects whose feasibility

studies are in hand;

Run of River Projects Feasibility Studies in Hand

Table 1.5 ± Hydel Projects under Feasibilty in Pakistan 2003-04

Name of ProjectName of Project Capacity (MW)Capacity (MW) Feasibility StatusFeasibility Status

BunjiBunji 54005400 In Hand ³In Hand ³

DasuDasu 37003700 ³³

GabralGabral 105105 ³³

Keyel Khwar Keyel Khwar 130130 ³³

LawiLawi 6565 ³³

Spat GahSpat Gah

Lower schemeLower scheme 545545 ³³

Chor NullahChor Nullah

Lower schemeLower scheme386386 ³³

TotalTotal 1033110331

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


2323

4.6 HYDEL POTENTIAL

Following is the total hydro power potential in Pakistan;

Pakistan¶s Total Hydropower Potential

Table 1.6 ± Total Hydro Power Potential in Pakistan 2003-04

Station/ProjectsStation/Projects Capacity (MW)Capacity (MW)

Hydel Stations in OperationHydel Stations in Operation 65966596

Under ImplementationsUnder Implementations 19651965

Feasibility Study CompletedFeasibility Study Completed

i.i.Run Of River Run Of River

ii.ii.MultipurposeMultipurpose

17801780

88408840

Feasibility Studies in HandFeasibility Studies in Hand 1033110331Projects for Which Feasibility Studies are to be CarriedProjects for Which Feasibility Studies are to be Carried

OutOut

2500025000

TotalTotal 5451154511

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


2424

4.7 COAL POTENTIAL

Coal is global energy source in the true sense of the world. Coal

contributes approximately 38% to the total global primary energy

demand. Share of coal in total electricity production in different

countries are:

China = 81%

USA = 56 %

UK = 58 %

Unfortunately, the share of coal in total electricity production in

Pakistan is less than 1%.

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


2525

4.7 COAL POTENTIAL

Pakistan is a coal rich country, but unfortunately coal has not

been developed for power generation for more than three decades

due to lack of infrastructure, insufficient financing and absence

of modern coal mining expertise. The Government has now

determined to facilitate private investors to promote investmentin coal development and coal power generation.

Coal is a cheap indigenous resource and after the discovery of

175.5 billion tones of coal in Thar area of Sind, Pakistan¶s coal

power potential has increased manifold. It is anticipated that if properly exploited, Pakistan¶s coal resources may generate more

than 100,000 MW of electricity for the next 30 years. Pakistan is

now the 6th richest nation of the world in respect of coal

resources.

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


2626

4.7 COAL POTENTIAL

4.7.1 Coal Resources of Pakistan

There are vast resources of coal i.e. 185,175 million tonnes in allfour of Pakistan¶s provinces and in AJK

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


2727

4.7 COAL POTENTIAL

4.7.2 Coal Resources in Sindh

Following are the coal resource is Sindh area.

LocationLocation MillionMillion TonnesTonnes

Thar Thar 175175,,506506

LakhraLakhra 11,,328328

SondraSondra ± ± Jherruck Jherruck 55,,523523

MetingMeting ± ± Jhimpir Jhimpir 473473

IndusIndus EastEast 11,,777777

BadinBadin 1616

TotalTotal 184184,,623623

Table 1.7 ± Coal Resources in Sindh 2003-04

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


2828

4.7 COAL POTENTIAL

4.7.3 Coal Resources in Balochistan

Following are the coal resources in Balochistan.

LocationLocation MillionMillion TonnesTonnes

Sor Sor -- Range/DegariRange/Degari 5050

Khostan/sharigh/Hanai/ZiaratKhostan/sharigh/Hanai/Ziarat 8888

MachMach 2323DukiDuki 5656

TotalTotal 217217

Table 1.8 ± Coal Resources in Balochistan 2003-04

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


2929

4.7 COAL POTENTIAL

4.7.4Coal Resources in Punjab

Following are coal resources in Punjab.

Table 1.9 ± Coal Resources in Punjab 2003-04

LocationLocation Million TonnesMillion Tonnes

SaltSalt -- RangeRange 213213

MakarwalMakarwal 2222

TotalTotal 235235

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


3030

4.7 COAL POTENTIAL

4.7.5 Coal Resources in NWFP

Following are coal resources in NWFP

Table 1.10 ± Coal Resources in NWFP 2003-04

LocationLocation Million TonnesMillion Tonnes

CheratCherat 99

HunguHungu 8282

TotalTotal 9191

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


3131

4.7 COAL POTENTIAL

4.7.6 Coal Resources in AJK

Following is coal resource in AJK.

Table 1.11 ± Coal Resources in AJK 2003-04

LocationLocation MillionMillionTonnesTonnes

KotliKotli 99

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


3232

4.7 COAL POTENTIAL

4.7.7 Future Coal Based Power Projects

Following is the list of coal based power project in Pakistan.

Table 1.12 ± Future Coal Based Power Projects 2003-04

ProjectsProjects Capacity ( MW )Capacity ( MW )

Thar Thar CoalCoal 42004200

LakhraLakhra CoalCoal 450450

SondaSonda ± ± Jherruk Jherruk CoalCoal 200200

GhotkiGhotki 150150

TotalTotal 50005000

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


3333

4.7 COAL POTENTIAL


The electricity demand in the country is increasing day by day.

The demand/supply projections indicates that power shortage will

appear from the year 2006, and will increase to 5500 MW in the

year 2010 if no measures are taken to bring in new capacity.

For Pakistan, the cornerstone of self-reliance in power sector

development is optimal utilization of hydel resources.

Hydropower is cheaper, eternally available source of energy and

a bounty of nature in contrast to environmentally hazardous and

non-renewable sources of energy. Pakistan is fortunate to be

endowed with economically exploitable hydropower potential of

more than 50,000 MW.

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


3434

4.7 COAL POTENTIAL


There are vast resources of coal in Pakistan as well and coal is a

cheap indigenous energy resource. Pakistan¶s coal resources may

generate more than 100,000 MW of electricity for the next 30

years.

The power requirements must be fulfilled by setting up new

projects based on indigenous fuel resources such as coal, hydel

power, and renewable energies.

Development & utilization of indigenous available potential fuel

resources will not only reduce the cost of electricity but also

strengthen the country¶s economy and save precious foreign

exchange.

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


3535

5. POWER TRANSMISSION

The power stations are located quite far away from the load

centers. Transmission networks are required to:

Connect generating plants to consumption points

Create large power pools for increased reliability

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


3636


The primary transmission voltages are 110, 132, 220 or 500 kV

depending upon the distance and amount of power to be

transmitted. Secondary transmission is normally of the order of

66kV (obsolete in Pakistan now) and 132 kV.

High voltage AC transmission offers:

Higher transmission capacity / Km

Lower line-voltage drop / Km

Lower transmission losses / MW transfer Reduced right-of-way requirement / MW transfer

Lower capital and operating costs / MW transfer

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


3737


The equipment used for power transmission system is

Transformers

Step-up transformer

Voltage Regulators

Phase Shifters

Step-down Transformers

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


3838


Transmission Lines & Cables

Relays & Circuit Breakers

Disconnectors & Earthing Switches Shunt & Series Reactors & Capacitors

Static VAR Compensators

Current Transformers & Potential Transformers

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


3939

6. POWER DISTRIBUTION

Power Distribution System receives electrical energy from theHV/MV levels at bulk power delivery points and supplies

energy to customers

At standard voltage levels

Single phase and/or three-phase

The voltages for primary distribution are 11, 6.6 or 3.3 kV

depending upon the requirement of bulk consumers and for

secondary distribution the voltage level are 415/240V.

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


4040


It is made up of the following main equipment:

Distribution transformers (DXF)

Feeder sections (including underground cables)

Switches, fuses, reclosures

Automatic load transfers

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


4141


1414

Bulk

Power

Point

33/11

DXF

11/5

DXF

5/0.4/0.21

DXF

HV / MVHV / MV

NetworkNetwork

33KV33KV 15 KV15 KV 5 KV5 KV220V220V

IndustrialIndustrial

CustomersCustomers

ResidentialResidential

CustomersCustomers

CommerciaCommercia

ll

& Municipal& Municipal

CustomersCustomers

LargeLarge

IndustrialIndustrial

CustomersCustomers

Power Distribution

Figure 4. Typical Power Distribution System

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


4242


Feeders are the conductors, which connect the substations to theareas fed by those substations. Generally feeders are not tapped

at any point for supply to the consumers, therefore, current

density remains constant throughout the length of the feeder.

Hence, it is designed mainly for constant current carrying

density.

A distribution system may further be classified into feeders,

distributors and service mains.

6.1 Feeders

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


4343


Distributors are the conductors from which load is tapped at

different points for supply to the consumers. The current density

of a distributor does not remains constant throughout its length.Distributors are designed mainly for voltage drop in them. The

voltage drop in a distributor should not exceed +- 5%.

6.2 Distributors

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


4444


Service Mains are the conductors, which connect the distributor

to the consumer¶s premises.

6.3. Service Mains

Figure 5. Elements of a Distribution System

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


4545


Driven by significant regional variations in electric rates

Goal of competition is to reduce rates through the introduction

of competition

Eventual goal is to allow consumers to choose their electricity

supplier

6.4 UTILITY RESTRUCTURING

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


4646


6.4 UTILITY RESTRUCTURING

In Pakistan, WAPDA is also under the process of

disintegration. Eight Distribution companies (Disco) are

being constituted: which are

LESCO GEPCO MEPCO IESCO

FESCO KESC PESCO

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


4747

7. POWER QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS

Frequency Regulation: System frequency must remain within its

operational range

f min < f(t) < f max

49.5 Hz < f(t) < 50.5 Hz

Voltage Regulation: Bus voltages must remain within their

operational limits

Vmin < V(t) < Vmax

0.95 pu < V(t) < 1.05 pu

8/3/2019 PDUlec1


8.8. Transmission Line ConductorsTransmission Line Conductors

TheThe materialmaterial of of t het he conductorconductor toto bebe usedused f orf ortransmissiontransmission && distribut iondistribut ion of of electricalelectrical powerpower must must

havehave f ollowingf ollowing characterist ics,characterist ics,

1.1. High electrical conduct ivityHigh electrical conduct ivity2.2. High tensile strengt hHigh tensile strengt h3.3. Low specific gravityLow specific gravity4.4. Low cost Low cost

8/3/2019 PDUlec1



Previously,Previously, coppercopper conductorsconductors werewere usedused forfor thethetransmittingtransmitting thethe electricalelectrical powerpower becausebecause of,of,

1.1. High electrical conduct ivityHigh electrical conduct ivity2.2. High tensile strengt hHigh tensile strengt h3.3. High current densityHigh current density

Though copper is as ideal material, yet it suff ers Though copper is as ideal material, yet it suff ers f ollowing disadvant ages,f ollowing disadvant ages,

1.1. High cost High cost 2.2. NonNon--availabilityavailability

8/3/2019 PDUlec1



Now,Now, aluminiumaluminium conductorsconductors havehave completelycompletelyreplacedreplaced coppercopper conductorsconductors becausebecause of,of,

1.1. Aluminium

Aluminium is lig

hter in weig

ht as compared to is lig

hter in weig

ht as compared to copper.copper.

2.2. Aluminium Aluminium is cheaper in cost as compared to copper. is cheaper in cost as compared to copper.

8/3/2019 PDUlec1



8.18.1 Stranded Conductor Stranded Conductor

As conductors become larger, As conductors become larger, t hey become too rigid f or easy t hey become too rigid f or easy

handling. Bending can damage ahandling. Bending can damage alarge solid conductor. For t hese large solid conductor. For t hese pract ical reasons, t he stranded pract ical reasons, t he stranded conductor was developed.conductor was developed.

A stranded conductor consists A stranded conductor consists

of a group of wires twisted into aof a group of wires twisted into asingle conductor. The more wires single conductor. The more wires in t he conductors cross sect ion, in t he conductors cross sect ion, t he greater will be its flexibility. t he greater will be its flexibility.

8/3/2019 PDUlec1



If t here are nIf t here are n--layer of strands of equal diameter in a circular strand layer of strands of equal diameter in a circular strand f ormat ion wit h one central strand, f ormat ion wit h one central strand, Tot al number of conductors in a strand of n layers = 1 + 3n (n+1)Tot al number of conductors in a strand of n layers = 1 + 3n (n+1)Overall diameter of a stranded conductor wit h n layers = (2n + 1)dOverall diameter of a stranded conductor wit h n layers = (2n + 1)dWhere d = diameter of each strand.Where d = diameter of each strand.

For n = 1, tot al number of conductors = 7For n = 1, tot al number of conductors = 7So, a 7So, a 7--strand conductor has a central strand wit h 6 outer strands.strand conductor has a central strand wit h 6 outer strands.

For n = 2, tot al number of conductors = 19For n = 2, tot al number of conductors = 19

So, a 19So, a 19--strand conductor has a central strand wit h 6 strands in t he strand conductor has a central strand wit h 6 strands in t he first layer and 12 strands in t he second layer.first layer and 12 strands in t he second layer.

8.1 Stranded Conductor

8/3/2019 PDUlec1



8.28.2 Types of Transmission Line ConductorsTypes of Transmission Line Conductors

1.1. All All Aluminium Aluminium Conductor (AAC)Conductor (AAC)

2.2. Aluminium Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforce (ACSR)Conductor Steel Reinforce (ACSR)

3.3. Expanded ACSR Conductor Expanded ACSR Conductor

4.4. Aluminium Aluminium Conductor Alloy Reinforce (ACAR)Conductor Alloy Reinforce (ACAR)

5.5. Expanded ACAR Conductor Expanded ACAR Conductor

6.6. Copper Coated ACSR ConductorsCopper Coated ACSR Conductors

PDUlec1

Documents

Transcript of PDUlec1