__P _N C_U H_I _N T_P K_ NGH_ PH_N M_M N_NG CAO

8/8/2019 __P _N C_U H_I _N T_P K_ NGH_ PH_N M_M N_NG CAO

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CU HI N TP K NGH PHN MM NNG CAO

Cu2: Ci g c dng lm c s kim nh cht lng phn mm:

nh gi cht lng phn mm ngi ta da vo quan im chnh sau:

Yu cu phn mm l c s o cht lng:

S ph hp vi yu cu l c cht lng

Ph hp yu cu c v s lng v cht lng

Yu cu th hin bng c t - c t phi c chun ca n mi kim tra c

Cc chun c t xc nh mt b cc tiu chun pht trin, cc tiu chun ny hngdn cch thc lm ra phn mm: nu khng tun th cc tiu chun th hu nhchc chn l cht lng s km

Lun c mt tp cc yu cu ngm thng t c nhc n

Qu thng dng, hin nhin (s dng ca s) Khng th hin ra ngoi (quy tc nghip v)

Nu phn mm ch ph hp vi cc yu cu hin th m cha ph hp vi yu cungm th cht lng phn mm l ng nghi ng

Cn lm r yu cu v a vo c t cng nhiu cng tt

Cu 3: Cc nhn t nh hng ln cht lng phn mm c my mc ? Nhng loi

nhn t no nh hng n cht lng?

- C 2 loi mc nh hng

Nhn t trc tip

Nhn t gin tip

- C 3 loi nhn t nh hng n cht lng

c trng chc nng

Kh nng ng u vi nhng thay i

kh nng thch nghi vi mi trng mi.

Cu 4: Nu cc c trng nh hng ln cht lng ca mi loi nhn t: c trng

chc nng, kh nng thch nghi vi thay i, kh nng thch nghi vi mi

trng

McCall xut 11 nhn t v phn thnh 3 loi:

(1) c trng chc nng

(2) kh nng ng u vi nhng thay i(3) kh nng thch nghi vi mi trng mi.

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Loi 1: Cc c trng chc nng - (5)

Tnh ng n

- C lm ng vi ci ti mun hay khng?

- C tha mn nhng iu c c t cha?

- C thc hin c nhng mc tiu nhim v ca khch hng cha?o y

o ha hp

o ln vt c

Tnh tin tng c

- mc hy vng vo s thc hin cc chc nng d kin

- mc chnh xc c i hi

o chnh xc

o phc tpo ha hp

o dung th li

o o moun ho

o n gin d hiu.

o ln vt c

Tnh hiu qu: khi lng ti nguyn tnh ton v m c i hi khi thc hincc chc nng ca chng trnh

o sc tch

o hiu qu thc hin

o d thao tc

Tnh ton vn: c th khng ch c vic truy cp ca nhng ngi khng cphp ti phn mm v d liu

o kim ton c

o Trang b ngh

o an ninh. Tnh kh dng: o cng sc hc hiu, thao tc, chun b u vo, th hin u ra

ca chng trnh

o d thao tc

o o kh nng hun luyn

Loi 2: kh nng ng u vi nhng thay i - (3)

Tnh bo tr c: n lc i hi nh v v xc nh c mt sai trongchng trnh

o sc tcho ho hp

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o Trang b ngh

o o moun ho

o t cp ti liu

o n gin - d hiu

Tnh mm do: n lc i hi ci bin mt chng trnho phc tp

o sc tch

o ho hp

o khuch trng c

o khi qut

o o moun ho

o t cp ti liu

o n gin - d hiu Tnh th nghim c: n lc i hi th nghim mt chng trnh v bo

m rng n thc hin chc nng c d nh cho n

o kim ton c

o phc tp

o Trang b ngh

o o moun ho

o t cp ti liu

o n gin - d hiu

Loi 3: kh nng thch nghi vi mi trng mi - (3)

Tnh mang chuyn c: n lc i hi chuyn n t mt mi trng phncng/phn mm ny sang mt mi trng phn cng/phn mm khc

o khi qut

o c lp phn cng

o o moun ho

o

t cp ti liuo c lp h thng phn mm

Tnh s dng li c: mt chng trnh (hoc mt phn ca n) c th cdng li trong mt ng dng khc

o khi qut

o c lp phn cng

o o moun ho

o t to ti liu

o c lp h thng phn mm

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Tnh lin tc c: n lc i hi ghp i mt h thng vo mt h thngkhc

o tng ng giao tip

o tng ng d liu

o khi qut

o o moun ho.

C hai mc nh hng

Nhn t trc tip: c th thc tip o nh li/KLOC/ n v thi gian

Nhn t gin tip: nhn t ch c th o c mt cch gin tip nh tnh bo trNhn t

ongn

Tin cyc

Hiuqu

Tonvn

Khdng

Botr

c

Mmdo

Thnghimc

Kim ton c X x

Chnh xc xTng ng giaotipy XPhc tp x x xSc tch x x xHa hp X x x xTng ng d liuDung th li x

Hiu qu thc hin xKhuych trngc

x

c lp phn cngTrang b ngh X x xo Modul ha x x x xD thao tc x xAn ninh XT to ti liu x x xn gin - D hiu x x x x

c lp h thngphn mmLn vt c X xKh nng hun luyn xKhi qut x

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Cu 5: C th o trc tip cht lng phn mm khng? Ti sao? Vy phi o bng

cch no?

Nhn t trc tip: c th trc tip o nh li/KLOC/ n v thi gian

Cu 6: K ra cc o c trng cht lng chnh ca McCall? Gii thch ni dungca n?

McCall xut 22 o sau:

(1) kim ton c: c th kim tra d dng v vic tun th cc chun

(2) chnh xc: chnh xc ca tnh ton v iu khin

(3) tng ng giao tip: mc s dng cc giao din, giao thc v gii thngchun.

(4) y : mc theo cc vic ci t y cho cc chc nng yu cu

c t ti.(5) phc tp: trnh dng chng trnh c phc tp cao

(6) sc tch (conciseness): gn ca chng trnh di dng s dng m.

(7) ho hp (consistancy): vic dng k thut thit k v t liu thng nht trongton b chng trnh.

(8) tng ng d liu: vic dng cc cu trc v kiu d liu chun trong ton bchng trnh

(9) dung th li: nhng hng hc xut hin khi chng trnh gp phi mt li

c chp nhn.(10) hiu qa thc hin: hiu nng khi chy ca chng trnh

(11) khuch trng c:Mc theo thit k kin trc, d liu hay th tc cth c m rng.

(12) khi qut: rng ri ca ng dng tim nng ca cc thnh phn chngtrnh.

(13) c lp phn cng: mc theo phn mm tch bit c vi phn cngm n vn hnh.

(14) Trang b ngh (instrumentation):mc theo chng trnh iu phithao tc ca ring n v xc nh cc li xut hin

(15) o moun ho: s c lp chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong chng trnh

(16) d thao tc: Vic d vn hnh trong chng trnh

(17) an ninh: c sn c ch kin sot hay bo v chng trnh v d liu.

(18) t to ti liu (self-doccumentation): mc theo m gc cung cp ti liuc ngha.

(19) n gin - d hiu: mc theo ngi ta c th hiu c chng trnh

khng kh khn.

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(20) c lp h thng phn mm: mc theo chng trnh c c lp vicc tnh nng ngn ng lp trnh, cc c trng h iu hnh v nhng rng bucmi trng khng chun khc.

(21) ln vt c: kh nng theo di cc du vt ca mt biu din thit k haythnh phn ca chng trnh thc hin so vi yu cu

(22) o kh nng hun luyn: Mc theo phn mm tr gip lm cho ngidng mi dng c h thng.

Cu 7: Gii thch ni dung cc thuc tnh cht lng phn mm sau y v nu ra cc

o lin quan c s dng o thuc tnh :

Tnh ng n

- Lm ng vi khch hng mong mun

- C tha mn nhng iu c c t (nhng yu cu ca i tng khc)

o y o ha hp

o ln vt c

Tnh tin cy c

- C th trng i vo s thc hin cc chc nng d kin

- mc chnh xc c i hi

o chnh xc

o phc tp

o ha hp

o dung th li

o o moun ho

o n gin d hiu.

o ln vt c

Tnh hiu qu: tng lng ngun lc tnh ton v m yu cu khi thc hin ccchc nng ca chng trnh l thch hp

o sc tcho hiu qu thc hin

o d thao tc

Tnh ton vn: l s khng ch c vic truy cp tri php ti phn mm v dliu h thng

o kim ton c

o Trang b ngh

o an ninh.

Tnh kh dng: cng sc hc hiu, thao tc, chun b u vo, th hin u raca chng trnh l chp nhn nhn c

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o d thao tc

o o kh nng hun luyn

Tnh bo tr c: n lc cn nh v v xc nh c mt li trong chngtrnh l chp nhn c

o sc tch

o ho hp

o Trang b ngh

o o moun ho

o t cp ti liu

o n gin - d hiu

Tnh mm do: n lc cn ci bin mt chng trnh l chp nhn c

o phc tp

o sc tcho ho hp

o khuch trng c

o khi qut

o o moun ho

o t cp ti liu

o n gin - d hiu

Tnh th nghim c: n lc cn th nghim mt chng trnh v bo m

rng n thc hin ng chc nng d nh l chp nhn co kim ton c

o phc tp

o Trang b ngh

o o moun ho

o t cp ti liu

o n gin - d hiu

Tnh mang chuyn c: n lc i hi chuyn n t mt mi trng phncng/phn mm ny sang mt mi trng phn cng/phn mm khc l chpnhn c

o khi qut

o c lp phn cng

o o moun ho

o t cp ti liu


Tnh s dng li c: kh nng chng trnh (hoc mt phn ca n) c thc dng li trong mt ng dng khc

o khi qut

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o c lp phn cng

o o moun ho

o t to ti liu


Tnh lin tc c: n lc i hi ghp h thng chng trnh vo mt hthng khc l chp nhn c

o tng ng giao tip

o tng ng d liu

o khi qut

o o moun ho.

Cu 8: m bo cht lng phn mm xut pht t u? Tin trin ca n nh th

no

- Khi phn mm tr thnh sn phm c nhu cu v i hi m bo cht lng: T nhu cu ca khch hng

T nh sn xut: m bo tnh ng u ca sn phm, ci thin cht lngthng xuyn

- S pht trin ca SQA

Bo m cht lng l mt hot ng ct yu trong bt k mt doanh nghip nolm ra sn phm c ngi khc dng

Lch s bo m cht lng phn mm (SQA) din ra song song vi bo m chtlng trong ch to phn cng.

Cc chun bo m cht lng phn mm u tin c a ra trong qun s, thinhng nm 70 v nhanh chng lan ra lnh vc thng mi

Cu 9:Ti sao cn m bo cht lng phn mm? N ng vai tr g trong mt

doanh nghip pht trin phn mm?

m bo cht lng phn mm l cc hot ng nhm mc tiu l sn xut ra phnmm c cht lng cao.

Phi m bo cht lng phn mm v

T nhu cu ca khch hng

T nh sn xut: m bo tnh ng u ca sn phm lm ra

Gip nh phn tch c c c t cht lng cao

Gip nh thit k c c thit k cht lng cao

Theo di cht lng phn mm

nh gi nh hng ca thay i v phng php lun v th tc ln cht lng

phn mm SQA c nhng li ch sau:

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- phn mm c t cc khim khuyt tim n hn v do mt t cng sc v thigian th nghim v bo tr

- tin cy cao hn v do khch hng tho mn hn

- Gim ph tn bo tr

- Gim ph tn tng th ton b vng i ca phn mm

n ng vai tr trong mt doanh nghip pht trin phn mm

Bo m cht lng l mt hot ng ct yu trong bt k mt doanh nghip nolm ra sn phm c ngi khc dng

Cu 10: Trong mt t chc ai l ngi tham gia vo hot ng m bo cht lng?

Vai tr v trch nhim ca mi i tng l g?

Nhng ngi trong t chc c trch nhim bo m cht lng phn mm:

- cc k s phn mm,

- cc nh qun l d n,

- khch hng,

- ngi bn hng,

- cc c nhn trong nhm SQA.

Nhm SQA ng vai tr nh i din ca khch hng - xem cht lng phnmm vi quan im khch hng

C p ng c cc nhn t cht lng khng?

C tun theo cc chun d nh trc khng?

Cc th tc phng php k thut c thc s ng vai tr ca chng tronghot ng SQA?

Cu 11: Mc tiu ca SQA l g? Cc hot ng chnh m bo cht lng phn mm

l nhng hot ng no?

m bo cht lng phn mm l cc hot ng nhm mc tiu l sn xut ra phnmm c cht lng cao.

C 7 hot ng chnh:

1. p dng cc phng php k thut tin b

2. Tin hnh r sot k thut chnh thc

3. Th nghim phn mm

4. Tun theo cc chun

5. Khng ch cc thay i

6. o lng

7. Bo co v bo qun cc bo co.

Cu 12: Gii thch ni dung tm tt ca mi hot ng chnh m bo cht lng?

1. p dng cc phng php k thut: gip cho

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- ngi phn tch c c c t cht lng cao

- ngi thit k c c thit k vi cht lng cao.

2. Tin hnh r sot k thut chnh thc: c nhm k thut tin hnh vi mc chl pht hin ra vn cht lng.

3. Kim th phn mm: l mt chin lc nhiu bc vi mt lot cc phng phpthit k cc trng hp kim th gip m bo pht hin ra cc li mt cch hiuqu.

4. Bt tun theo cc chun: L hnh thc c p dng cho tin trnh k ngh phnmm thay i tu theo cng ty.

5. Khng ch cc thay i: ng gp trc tip vo cht lng phn mm nh

+ Chnh thc ho cc yu cu i thay

+ nh gi bn cht ca s i thay

+ Khng ch cc nh hng ca s i thay

+ e do ch yu ca cht lng n t s thay i, thay i l bn cht caphn mm

+ thay i to ra tim nng sinh ra sai v to ra hiu ng ph lan truyn

p dng trong sut qu trnh pht trin v trong qu trnh bo tr

6. o lng: dng theo di cht lng phn mm v thm nh tc dng ca nhngthay i phng php lun v th tc ln cht lng phn mm c ci tin.

7. Bo co v bo qun cc bo co: Kt qu ca cc cuc hp xt duyt , kim ton,kim sot thay i, kim th phi tr thnh mt phn ca bn ghi lch s cho mt

d n v phi c phn pht cho nhm pht trin trn c s iu-cn - phi- bit.

Cu 13: R sot phn mm c hiu l g (khi nim, mc tiu, cch thc p

dng)? Nu cc li ch ca vic ra sot?

Khi nim: R sot l vic xem xt, nh gi sn phm c tin hnh mi giai on pht hin ra nhng khim khuyt cn sa cha trc khi sang giai on sau.

Mc tiu:

Ch ra cc ch khim khuyt cn phi ci thin

Khng nh nhng sn phm t yu cu Kim sot vic t cht lng k thut ti thiu ca sn phm

Cch thc p dng: R sot c p dng ti cc thi im khc nhau trong qu trnhpht trin phm mm.

C nhiu kiu r sot khc nhau:

Cc cuc hp xt duyt khng chnh thc

Cuc trnh by chnh thc trc c ta gm khch hng, nh qun l, nhn vin kthut. (ch tp trung vo cc r sot k thut chnh thc FTR-Format Technical

Review) Cc li ch ca vic ra sot

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Li ch hin nhin ca FTR l sm pht hin cc khim khuyt phn mm c th chnh sa tng khim khuyt mt trc khi bc sang bc tip theo caqu trnh phn mm.

Cc nghin cu ca cng nghip phn mm ch ra rng: cc hot ng thit kto ra n 50%-60% tng s cc khim khuyt to ra trong pht trin phn mm.

Chi ph chnh sa mt khim khuyt tng ln nhanh chng sau mi giai on.VD: Li khng c pht hin trong thit k tn ph 1.0 sa cha, trc kimth nghim: 6.5; trong th nghim: 15 v sau khi phn pht s l t 60.0 n100.0

Cu 14: Cc hnh thc ca hot ng r sot? trnh by khi nim, mc tiu ca r

sot k thut chnh thc?

C nhiu kiu r sot khc nhau:

Cc cuc hp xt duyt khng chnh thc Cuc trnh by chnh thc trc khch hng, nh qun l, thnh vin k thut

R sot do cc k s phn mm thc hin, l mt phng tin hiu qu ci thincht lng phn mm.

R sot k thut chnh thc(FTR):

- Khi nim: l hot ng m bo cht lng phn mm do nhng ngi angtham gia pht trin phn mm thc hin.

- Mc tiu:

(1) Pht hin cc li trong chc nng, trong logic, trong trin khai.(2) Kim th s ph hp ca phn mm vi yu cu

(3) Bo m rng phn mm ph hp vi cc chun nh sn

(4) m bo phn mm c pht trin theo mt cch thc nht qun.

(5) Lm cho d n d qun l hn

(6)Ngoi ra dng lm c s hun luyn cc k s tr v c ch ngay ccho nhng k s c kinh nghim.

Cu 15: V s tin trnh hot ng r sot va gii thch s b ni dung mi bc?

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Gii thch:

- Mi c nhn pht trin phi thng bo cho lnh o d n bit rng sn phm hon tt v cn phi r sot.

- Lnh o d n thng bo cho ngi chu trch nhim r sot bit

- Ngi chu trch nhim lnh o r sot:

o Xem xt sn phm c, r sot

o To ra cc bn sao ca sn phm , phn cho 2,3 ngi ra sot

o Thit lp chng trnh hp r sot

- Nhng thc hin r sot: thng tn 1-2 gi r sot vit cc bn ghi ch :tham gia cuc hp r sot.

Cu 16: Trnh by ni dung c bn mt cuc hp r sot: thnh phn, thi gian, cng

vic cn lm, phng chm , sn phm?

Bt k th no, mi cuc hp r sot phi:

Thnh phn: C t 3 n 5 ngi lin quan ti vic r sot, gm c:

lnh o r sot

tt c cc c nhn r sot

ngi to ra sn phm c r sot

Thi gian:

Phi c s chun b trc, tuy nhin mi ngi khng qu 2 gi chun b. Cuc hp nn t hn 2 gi. Mi cuc hp r sot ch hn ch trong mt phn nh,

c th.

Cng vic cn lm:

Trng tm ca cc cuc hp r sot l v sn phm: mt thnh phn (mt thnhphn ca c t yu cu, mt thit k modul chi tit, mt danh sch m ngun chomt modul)

Phi a ra mt trong 3 quyt nh sau y:

- Chp nhn sn phm khng cn chnh sa- Khc t sn phm v nhng li nghim trng

- Chp nhn cho chnh sa sn phm, sau khi chnh sa phi c cuc hp r sotli

Mi thnh vin tham gia cuc hp phi k vo quyt nh

Phng chm r sot:

Cn thit lp trc phng chm r sot, phn pht cho nhng ngi lm nhimv r sot, thng nht tn thnh v tun th. Mt r sot m khng khng ch c

th c th cn xu hn l khng r sot 10 iu ti thiu trong phng chm r sot k thut chnh thc:

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(1) r sot sn phm, khng r sot ngi lm n

(2) Lp chng trnh ngh s v duy tr n.

(3) Hn ch tranh lun v bc b: cc vn tranh lun nn ghi nh cho cctho lun tip tc

(4) Trnh by r rng mch lc cc vng c vn nhng khng c gng pgii quyt mi vn nhn thy: FTR khng gii quyt vn , vic gii quytvn sau FTR v thng do chnh ngi lm ra sn phm thc hin, c thnh s tr gip ca vi c nhn khc.

(5) Nn c ghi ch trn bng tng

(6) Gii hn s ngi tham d v kin tr cc d kin

(7) Lp mt danh sch cc kim tra cho tng sn phm s c r sot:

Gip nh lnh o r sot cu trc cc cuc hp FTR

Gip ngi r sot tp trung vo cc vn quan trng

Danh sch kim tra lp cho tng loi sn phm:nh cho vic phn tch, thitk, m ho kim tra v bo tr

Mt tp th cc i din s xem li danh sch ny trnh.

(8) Cp pht ngun lc v thi biu cho cc FTR: xem n l mt nhim v trongqu trnh pht trin phn mm, v cng phi d tnh cc ci bin cn thit chos kin cha d on c

(9) Cn phi tin hnh hun luyn chnh thc cho cc c nhn ra sot

(10) R sot li cc r sot trc y.

Cu 17: Cc sn phm ca cuc hp r sot l g? Ni dung, vai tr ca mi sn

phm ?

Sn phm ca cuc hp r sot l:

Bo co cc vn ny sinh do cc c nhn r sot nu ra

Mt danh sch cc vn cn gii quyt do cuc hp thng nht.

nhn ra vng c vn trong sn phm c r sot

dng nh mt danh sch cc khon mc hnh ng ch cho ngi lm ra

sn phm cn chnh sa Cn thit lp mt th tc bo m rng cc khon mc trong danh sch

s c chnh sa thc s

Mt vn bn tng kt cuc hp r sot , vn bn ny phi ch r

R sot ci g

Ai r sot

Tm thy ci g? v kt lun

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Cu 18: Khi no tin hnh r sot? Cn r sot nhng sn phm g

- Mi sn phm to ra mi bc u c r sot (khng ch sn phm cuicng)

- R sot c tin hnh sut qu trnh pht trin

- Tin trnh pht trin chung nht gm 4-5 giai on:

K ngh h thng

Phn tch, xc nh yu cu phn mm

Thit k phn mm

Kim th phn mm

Bo tr (vi sn phm t hng)

R sot bm theo cc sn phm ca r sot ny

Cu 19: Trnh by ni dung danh mc r sot ca?

Danh mc r sot trong k ngh h thng:

Bo m cht lng mc ny l nh gi yu cu thm duyt mc h thng: Mt cuchp ln gm i din cc n v lin quan

(1) Cc chc nng ch yu c xc nh v r rng(khng m h)?

(2) Cc giao din gia cc h con ca h thng c xc nh v ng hay cha?

(3) Cc rng buc thc thi c thit lp cho ton h thng v cho tng phn t haycha?

(4) Cc rng buc thit k c thit lp cho tng phn t hay cha?

(5) kh nng chn l tt nht cha?

(6) Gii php ny c kh thi k thut khng?

(7) C ch kim chng v thm duyt wc thit lp hay cha?

(8) C s ho hp gia cc phn t ca h thng hay cha?R sot vic lp k hochLp k hoch d n phn mm da trn sn phm ca k ngh h thng a ra cc nidung ch yu:

+ Phm vi cng vic kim tra thc hin

+ c lng ngun lc, gi c, thi gian cng vic

+ Lch biu thc hin

+ T chc, nhn s, c ch trin khai

+ nh gi ri ro v k hoch khc

Danh mc

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(1) Phm vi ca phn mm xc nh ng n cha? c b hn ch hay khng?

(2) Thut ng c trong sng khng?

(3) Cc ngun lc (ngi, chi ph, thi gian): c tng xng vi phm vi khng? Cc ngun lc c sn sng cha?c s d on gi c c hp l khng?d liu nng xut v cht lng trc y c c s dng khng? S khc bit

ca c lng c s l cha?(4) Cc cng vic ln lch biu : xc nh thch hp cha? Sp xp trnh t thc hin

ng logic cha? b tr song song c ph hp vi cc ngun lc sn c haykhng?

(5) Phng n t chc v nhn s hp l cha?

(6) Cc ri ro trong tt c cc hng mc quan trng : xc nh v nh gi y cha? Lp k hoch qun l v k hoch thch hp cha?

(7) Cc nhim v tht s c xc nh v sp xp tun t cha?, tnh song song

c hp l i vi cc ngun lc sn c hay cha?(8) Ngn sch v gii hn cht c d kin: c hin thc hay khng? c ph hp vi

lch biu khng?

Trnh by nhng ni dung c bn (mc tiu, ni dung, danh mc) ca

- r sot phn tch yu cu phn mm- r sot thit k phn mm ( tng ng vi tng giai on thit k)- r sot lp m phn mm- r sot kim th phn mm (tng ng vi k hoch v th tc kim th)

- r sot bo tr phn mm (ng vi k hoch v th tc kim th)TL r sot phn tch yu cu phn mm

Mc tiu: thm nh v xc minh yu cu phn mm

phi ch ra cc nhu cu ca ngi dng l c tho mn

Cc yu cu phi nht qun, ngha l khng mu thun nhau

Cc yu cu phi y : chng phi cha mi chc nng v mi rng buc mngi dng nhm n

Cc yu cu phi l hin thc, tc l c kh nng thc hin c

Ni dung:

tp trung vo kh nng vit ra cc yu cu h thng phn mm (chc nng, phichc nng, ngoi lai)

s ph hp v tnh ng n ca m hnh phn tch.

Vi cc h thng ln cn tng cng:

Cc r sot k thut chnh thc

vic nh gi cc nguyn mu cng nh cc cuc hp vi khch hng

Danh mc: xem xt cc ch sau:(1)Phn hoch vn (h con) c y hay khng?

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(2) Ccgiao din trong v ngoi thc s c xc nh cha?

(3) Phn tch lnh vc thng tin c y , phi mu thun v chnh xc hay ko?

(4) M hnh d liu thc s phn nh cc i tng d liu, cc thuc tnh v ccquan h?

(5) Tt c cc yu cu c th ln vt c mc h thng khng?

(6) lm bn mu dnh cho ngi s dng (khch hng) cha?

(7) Liu c thc hin c vi nhng rng buc quy nh bi cc phn t h thngkhc hay khng?

(8) Cc yu cu cph hp vi lch biu, ngun lc v kinh phhay khng?

(9) Cc chun thm nh c y hay khng?

r sot thit k phn mm ( tng ng vi tng giai on thit k) Mc tiu: Hng n thit k m bo hai yu cu

Phn nh ng cc yu cu c t

cc phn

chc nng v rng buc

D liu , ph hp

C cht lng tt

Cu trc tt (phn hoch, giao din, modul ho)

Thut ton tt (t phc tp, tc cao, d hiu)

D liu tt (cu trc, biu din) C th ln vt c (d hiu, d kim tra)

Ni dung:

R sot k thut chnh thc cho khu thit k tp trung vo:

thit k d liu

thit k kin trc

thit k th tc.

C 2 kiu r sot thit k (ph hp vi bc trin khai):

r sot thit k s b - preliminary design review (nh gi vic dch cc yucu thnh thit k d liu v thit k kin trc),

r sot thit k trn vn - design walkthrough (tp trung vo tnh ng nca thut ton).

Danh mc

R sot thit k s b

(1) Cc yu cu phn mm c c phn nh trong kin trc phn mm hay khng?

(2) C t c s mun ho hiu qu khng? Cc mun c c lp chc nng

hay khng(3) Kin trc chng trnh c c phn tch khng?

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(4) Cc giao din c xc nh cho cc mun v cc phn t h thng ngoilai cha?

(5) Cu trc d liu c ph hp vi lnh vc thng tin cha?

(6) Cu trc d liu c ph hp vi yu cu phn mm cha?

(7) Kh nng bo tr c xem xt cha?

(8) Cc nhn t cht lng c nh gi r rng cha?

R sot thit k ton b

(1) Thut ton c hon thnh chc nng mong mun khng?

(2) Thut ton c ng n logic khng?

(3) Giao din c ph hp vi thit k kin trc khng?

(4) phc tp logic c phi chng hay khng?

(5) S l sai c c t cha?

(6) Cu trc d liu cc b c tht s c xc nh?(7) Kin to lp trnh cu trc xuyn sut cha?

(8) Cc chi tit thit k tun theo ngn ng thc hin cha?

(9) Dng cc c im h iu hnh hay l ph thuc ngn ng?

(10) dng logic compound hoc logic inverse?

(11) Kh nng bo tr c xt ti cha r sot lp m phn mm

Mc tiu: r sot hng n m ngun t c

phn nh y , ph hp vi thit k ph hp vi ngn ng s dng (chun, c php, khai bo d liu...)

Vn bn chng trnh tt (khng li chnh t, c cu trc, nht qun ...)

Ni dung

Danh mc

(1) Thit k c thc s c dch thnh m cha?

(2) C cc sai st chnh t hoc in n no khng?

(3)C thc s dng cc quy c ngn ng hay khng?(4) C phc tng v cc chun mu lp m i vi phong cch ngn ng, ghi ch ...

(5) C ghi ch no khng ng n hoc m h?

(6) Kiu d liu v khai bo d liu c chnh xc hay khng?

(7) Cc hng s vt l c ng n hay khng?

(8) C phi tt c cc khon mc ca danh sch r sot thit k trn vn l c pdng li hay khng?

r sot kim th phn mm (tng ng vi k hoch v th tc kim th)

Mc tiu: nh gi mt cch ph phn cc k hoch kim th v cc th tc kim th

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hng n m bo cc phng php, cc chin lc v cc k thut c sdng v k hoch tt

Ni dung:

chin lc kim th

t trn xung t di ln

v n ln (big bang)

k thut kim th

kim th hp en

kim th hp trng

kim th ti trng

kim th lun si (cho h thi gian thc)

s dng CASE K hoch kim th tng th

Gii thiu chung

M t h thng cn kim th

Cc mc tiu kim th

Phng php s dng

Ti liu h tr

K hoch

Thi gian, a im

Ti liu kim th: cc ca kim th, tin trnh, lch trnh

iu kin

Cc yu cu: phn cng, phn mm, nhn s

Kim sot qu trnh kim th

Danh mc:

(1) Cc pha th nghim ch yu c thc s c nh r v c xp xp tun t

hay khng?(2) Theo di cc yu cu (tiu chun) c c thit lp nh mt phn ca pha phntch yu cu phn mm hay khng?

(3) Cc chc nng ch yu c c trnh din sm khng?

(4) K hoch th nghim c ph hp vi k hoch d n tng th hay khng?

(5) Lch trnh th nghim c c xc nh r rng hay khng?

(6) Ngun lc v cng c th nghim c minh nh v sn sng hay cha?

(7) thit lp c ch lu tr cc bo co cha?

(8) Cc b li (driver) v cc cung (stub) th nghim c minh nh cha?;cng vic pht trin chng c lp lch cha?

(9) Th nghim cng chu p lc cho phn mm c c t cha?

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(10) C hai loi th nghim hp trng v hp en c c t cha?

(11) C phi tt c cc ng logic c lp u c th nghim?

(12) C phi tt c cc ca th nghim u c minh nh v lp danh sch vi cc kt qa ch mong?

(13) Vic x l sai c c th nghim?

(14) Cc gi tr bin c c th nghim?

(15) Cc yu cu thi gian v s din tin c c th nghim?

(16) Cc bin th chp nhn c ca kt qu th nghim mong i c c tcha?

r sot bo tr phn mm (ng vi k hoch v th tc kim th)(1) xt n cc hiu ng ph gn vi cc i thay hay cha?

(2) Xem xt yu cu i thay c lp ti liu, c nh gi v c chp thunhay cha?

(3) Bo co xem xt s i thay cho tt c cc bn quan tm hay cha?

(4) Cc r sot k thut chnh thc thch hp c tin hnh hay cha?

(5) Mt r sot chp thun cui cng c thc hin bo m rng ton b phnmm thc s c cp nht, c th nghim v c thay th hay cha?

D6: c trng vo/ra ca m dun D6=1-s7/s1

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Cu20:S o phc tp ca McCabeda trn ci g v nhng i lng c thno?

- S o da trn phc tp chu trnh trong th chng trnh ca mt modun

+ S chu trnh c chu trnh lng nhau

+ S chu trnh trong mt chu trnh

- Ngi ta cng dng cc min phng ca th phng biu din th chngtrnh

Cu21: m bo cht lng phn mm da trn thng k ngha l g?N gmnhng cng vic g? K t nht nm nguyn nhn ca nhng khuyt im trong

phn mm?

L bo m cht lng thng k phn nh mt xu th ngy cng tng trong cngnghip.

Cng vic bao gm:

- Thu thp v phn loi thng tin khim khuyt phn mm.- C gng ln vt tm ra nguyn nhn

- Dng nguyn l Pare c lp 20% khim khuyt

- Sau khi tm c nguyn nhn s chnh sa cc nguyn nhn ca khim khuyt

Cc nguyn nhn gy ra khim khuyt c th l:

- c t khng y hoc sai st (IES)

- Hiu nhm khi giao tip vi khch hng (MCC)

- Lch hng d nh khi c t (IDS)

- Vi phm cc chun lp trnh (VPS)

- Sai trong biu din d liu (EDR)

- Khng ph hp vi giao din modun (IMI)

- Sai trong logic thit k (EDL)

- Th nghim sai hoc khng y (IET). . .

Cu 22: Tip cn hnh thc cho SQA ngha l g? Qu trnh phng sch l g?Phng chm ca k thut ny l g?

Ngi ta nhn thy cn phi dng mt cch tip cn hnh thc hn trong vic bom cht lng phn mm, cch tip cn ny s b sung cho cc hot ng m t trn

Tip cn hnh thc ho: c t hnh thc cho php chng minh tnh ng n,kim tra li, chuyn t ng thnh chng trnh . . . lm tng cht lng.

- Kim chng chng trnh mt cch hnh thc (chng minh tnh ng n) v bom cht lng phn mm thng k hp li vi nhau cho ta ta mt k thut cithin cht lng sn phm, c gi l qu trnh phng sch.

- Phng chm ca k thut ny l: Phng khim khuyt hn l tr khim khuyt

Cu23: tin cy ca phn mm l ci g? o tin cy da trn nhng d liuno?

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- tin cy ca phn mm l mt yu t quan trng trong cht lng phn mm.

- tin cy phn mm c nh ngha theo thut ng thng k: xc sut thao tckhng tht bi ca chng trnh my tnh trong mt mi trng t bit vi mt thi gian nh r.

- tin cy ca phn mm c o trc tip v c nh gi qua cc d liu pht

trin v cc d liu lch s.

Cu 24: Nu ch tiu tnh tin cy? Nu cng thc tnh sn sng? Gii thch

ngha ca n?

- Vi cc h thng da trn my tnh th mt s o n gin v tin cy chnh l thigian trung bnh gia hai ln tht bi k tip (MTBF- Mean Time Between Failure):

MTBF = MTTF + MTTR

- MTTF (Mean Time To Failure) l thi gian hot ng lin tc trung bnh

- MTTR (Mean Time To Repair) l thi gian sa xong li trung bnh ngha:

MTBF l cch o hu ch hn nhiu so vi t s s khim khuyt/KLOC (LOC-Line Of Code) v ngi dng cui cng quan tm ti nhng tht bi ch khng quan tmm li (nh nghin cu).

Do cc li trong chng trnh khng c cng mc (nng, nh khc nhau) nn scc li ch cho ta mt ch s nh v tin cy ca h thng.

VD: Khi a 1 chng trnh vo vn hnh trong 14 thng , trong cc li cha c

pht hin c li ch c pht hin sau dm chc nm, cc li cn li vi MTBF khong18-24 thng

- sn sng phn mm l xc sut chng trnh vn hnh ng vi yu cu ccthi im nh v c tnh nh sau:

MTTF/(MTTF + MTTR) x100%

ngha

Th hin t l thi gian lm vic trung bnh trong tng thi gian vn hnh

L o gin tip v kh nng bo tr c (s ny cng gn 100 l bo tr tt)

Cu 25: C nhng m hnh tin cy no? N da trn tham bin no v trn githit no? M hnh tin cy gieo ht da trn tng no? Mc tiu lm

g

C hai m hnh tin cy phn mm:

- M hnh tin on tin cy nh l mt hm ca thi gian lch

- M hnh tin on tin cy nh l mt hm ca thi gian x l tri qua (thigian vn hnh ca CPU). Loi ny c coi l tt hn.

Cc m hnh tin cy phn mm da trn cc gi thit:- Thi gian g li gia cc xut hin sai c phn phi m vi nhp xut hin sai,

nhp ny t l thun vi s cc li cn li

MT

Fa

Fc

-Fd

MT

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- Mi li b pht hin s c loi tr ngay lp tc v s li cn li gim i 1

- Nhp tht bi gia cc li l khng thay i

Cc gi thit ny cn phi bn: v mt li c loi tr th c th nhiu li khc lic sinh ra.

Mt lp cc m hnh tin cy phn mm da vo cc c trng tn ti ca mtchng trnh v tnh ton s d on cc sai tn ti trong phn mm

Cc m hnh ny da trn cc quan h nh lwngj nh mt hm ca o tnhphc tp, chng lin kt thit k c chng hoc cc thuc tnh hng m cachng trnh vi mt c nh s khi pht cc li c tin rng c trong chngtrnh cho

M hnh tin cy gieo ht da trn tng no? Mc tiu lm g?

tng: Mt chng trnh c gieo mt cch ngu nhin mt s cc li(k) hiuchun (calibration) vo mt chng trnh; sau em kim th (bng mt s ca

th nghim); tnh xc sut tm cjli trong tpJlixem nh tng ng vi xcsut tm c kli gieo trongKli nhng vo chng trnh.

j/J=k/K

Mc ch:

- dng nh mt ch bo ca tin cy phn mm;

- hoc mt cch thc tin hn nh mt o nng lc pht hin sai ca mt tp hpcc ca th nghim.

Cu 26: an ton phn mm l ci g?C nhng phng php no phn tch an ton?

An ton phn mm l mt hot ng bo m cht lng phn mm tp trung vovic minh nh v nh gi cc mi nguy him tim n c th gy nh hng phntc dng thm ch l gy ra tht bi ca ton h thng.

an ton phn mm xem xt li cch thc li ny sinh trong mt iu kin no c th dn ti ri ro. Ngha l li khng c xem xt trong chn khng mc nh gi trong hon cnh ca ton b h thng da trn my tnh.

C cc phng php nh:

Phn tch cy li:

dng ln mt m hnh th cc t hp tun t v song song cc s kin dnn mt s kin hay mt trng thi h thng mo him.

Dng mt cy li pht trin tt c th quan st c hu qu ca mt dy cctht bi lin kt vi nhau, xut hin trong cc thnh phn khc nhau ca hthng.

Logic thi gian thc: xy dng m hnh h thng bng cc c t cc s kin vcc hnh ng tng ng. M hnh s kin hnh ng c th c phn tch bng

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cch dng cc ton t logic th nghim cc quyt on an ton i vi cc thnhphn ca h thng v nh thi cho chng

M hnh li petry: dng xc nh xem li no l nghim trng nht

Cu 27: Kho st nhu cu SQA gm nhng ni dung g? nhm tr li cc cu hi g?

nu c nhu cu th mnh lm g?- Gm ba ni dung nhm tr li ba cu hi

+ Kim k cc chnh sch SQA: chnh sch, th tc, chun no c trong cc phapht trin?

+ nh gi vai tr ca k ngh phn mm, bo m cht lng trong t chc hinti c quyn lc n u?

+ nh gi mi quan h SQA: Giao din chc nng gia SQA vi cc n v khcnh th no? vi cc ngi thc hin r sot k thut chnh thc, qun l cu hnh v th

nghim- Nu c nhu cu th cn phi tin hnh nh gi cn thn bng quy tc b phiu.

Cu 28: C nhng vn g t ra khi trin khai SQA? Li chca SQA l g? Nguyn

tc chi ph hiu qu ca SQA l g?

- SQA c nhng vn sau y

+ Kh thit lp trong mt t chc nh: kh c ngun lc thc hin cc hotng cn thit m hin cha c.

+ N biu th mt thay i c tnh vn ho: nn chng bao gi d dng thc hin+ N i hi tiu tn khng t tin

- SQA c nhng li ch sau y:

+ Phn mm c t cc khim khuyt tim n hn v do mt t cng sc v thigian kim th v bo tr.

+ tin cy cao hn v do khch hng tho mn hn

+ Gim ph tn bo tr

+ Gim ph tn tng th ton b vng i ca phn mm

- Nguyn tc chi ph: mc c bn SQA c xem l hiu qu v chi ph nuC3>C1 + C2

y:

+ C3 l chi ph t cc sai do khng c SQA

+ C1 l chi ph cho SQA ca chng trnh

+ C2 l chi ph do cc sai khng tm thy khi chng trnh c SQA

Cu 29: Ti sao phi kim th phn mm? Mc tiu kim th l g? T c quan

nim gi sai v kim th phn mm?Kim th phn mm l yu t quyt nh ca SQA v khu in hnh ca r sot c t

thit k v lp m

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L do cn kim th phn mm:

mun nhn thy phn mm nh l mt phn t ca h thng hot ng

Hn ch chi ph phi tr cho cc tht bi do li gy ra sau ny

c k hoch tt cho sut qu trnh pht trin

o Tm quan trng. Kim th chim:- 40% tng cng sc pht trin

- >=30% tng thi gian pht trin

Vi phn mm nh hng ti sinh mng chi ph c th gp t 3 dn 4 ln tng chiph khc cng li

Mc tiu kim th (Glen Myers): Kim th l mt qu trnh vn hnh chngtrnh tm ra li. V vy:

Mt ca kim th tt l ca kim th c xc sut cao trong vic tm ra mt li

cha c pht hin Mt ca kim th thng li l mt ca kim th lm l ra c t nht mt li

cn cha c pht hin

Mt ca kim th thng li lm l ra khim khuyt, ng thi mang li cc li ch ph:

chng t rng cc chc nng phm mm lm vic tng ng vi c t,

chng t cc yu cu thc thi l ph hp

c thm cc ch s tin cy phn mm v cc ch s v cht lng phn mmni chung

Kim th khng th chng minh c vic khng c khim khuyt, n ch c thchng minh rng khim khuyt phn mm hin hu

Ngi ta thng c nhng quan nim sai g v kim th phn mm?

- Ngi pht trin khng tham gia kim th

- Phn mm c cng b mt cch rng ri ngi l kim th n mt cch tnnhn

- Ngi kim th ch quan tm khi kim bt u

- Kim th c th chng minh c phn mm khng c khim khuyt

- Php kim th thnh cng l kim th khng tm ra li no

- Ch cn kim th mt ln

Cu 30: Th no l mt ca kim th tt? ca kim th thnh cng? Li ch ph kim

th l g

Mt ca kim th tt l ca kim th c xc sut cao trong vic tm ra mt licha c pht hin

Mt ca kim th thng li l mt ca kim th lm l ra c t nht mt li

cn cha c pht hinMt ca kim th thng li lm l ra khim khuyt, ng thi mang li cc li ch ph:

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chng t rng cc chc nng phm mm lm vic tng ng vi c t,

chng t cc yu cu thc thi l ph hp

c thm cc ch s tin cy phn mm v cc ch s v cht lng phn mmni chung

Cu 31: Biu dng thng tin kim th m t ci g? v biu ca n?

Biu dng thng tin kim th tun theo hnh mu c m t nh sau:

Hai lp c cung cp cho tin trnh kim th:

(1) Cu hnh phn mm: Bn c t yu cu phn mm, bn c t thit k, chngtrnh gc

(2) Cu hnh kim th: K hoch v th tc kim th, cc cng c kim th d nhdng, cc ca kim th cng kt qu d kin.

Kim th c tin hnh v tt c cc kt qu c nh gi bng cch so snhvi kt qu d kin. Khi pht hin li, vic g li bt u c tin hnh.

Tin trnh g li thng khng d kin c thi gian nn vic lp lch kim thtr nn kh khn.V d: 1 li ch ra s sai bit 0.01% gia kt qu trng i vthc ti c th mt 1 gi, 1 ngy hay 1 thng chun on v sa cha.

Khi cc kt qu kim th c thu thp v nh gi th cht lng v tin cyphn mm dn c khng nh. Nu hay gp phi li nghim trng yu cu sa itht k th cht lng v tin cy l ng ng v cn kim th thm.

Mt khc, nu cc chc nng phn mm dng nh lm vic ng v li gp phil d sa th c th rt ra mt trong hai kt lun:

(1) Cht lng v tin cy phn mm chp nhn c

(2) Kim th khng tng xng lm l ra nhng li nghim trng.

Nu vic kim th khng lm l ra li no th c th hoi nghi rng cu hnh kimth cha c cn nhc ng mc, cc li vn cn n np trong phn mm v s b

pht hin bi ngi dng.

Cu 32: K cc i tng v phng php kim th phn mm? Mi phng php

thng c s dng vo giai an no ca qu trnh pht trin?

i tng v phng php kim th

Cu hnhphn mm

Cu hnhkim th

Kim th

nh gi

G li

M hnh tin cy

Phn mmchnh sa

tin cyd on

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Loi n v Tch hp Thm nh H thng

i tng M Thit k Yu cu Ton h thng

Phng php Hp trng Hp en v trng Hp en M hnhMi phng php thng c s dng vo giai on no ca qu trnh pht trin:

- Hp trng: s dng trong giai on M ha- Hp trng v en: thit k

- Hp en: Yu cu

- M hnh: K ngh h thng

Cu 33: Mt ca kim th l ci g? Mc tiu thit k ca kim th? cc bc xy

dng mt ca kim th?

Thit k ca kim th thng vi mong mun tm ra c nhiu sai nht vi n lcv thi gian l nh nht

Trong cc thp k 80-90 c nhiu loi phng php thit k ca kim th

Cc phng php tt phi cho mt c ch gip ta bo m tnh y v cung cpcho ta mt kh nng tht s pht hin c cc sai trong phn mm

C th kim th theo mt trong hai k thut sau:

Kim th hp en

Kim th hp trng

Cu 34: Kim th hp trng l ci g? N nhm kim tra nhng ni dung no?

Kim th trc tip trn m ngun

Khm xt cc chi tit th tc, cc con ng logic, cc trng thi ca chng trnh

Ch rng s con ng logic l ln mt chng trnh nh, chng hn ch c 100dng PASCAL vi mt vng lp th s con ng c th xt ln n 1014 v gi smt kim th hetes 1ms th tn 3170 nm lm kim th cho tt c cc con ng.

S dng cu trc iu khin ca thit k th tc hnh thnh cc ca kim th

m bo:o Mi con ng c lp trong modun cn c thc hin t nht mt ln.

o Mi rng buc logic c thc hin c hai pha ng v pha sai

o Thc hin tt c cc vng lp bin ca n v c vi cc bin vn hnh.

o Thc hin Cc cu trc d liu ni ti m bo tnh hiu lc ca n.

Cu 35: Kim th hp en l ci g? N gip kim tra nhng ni dung no ca i

tng kim th?

Ch thc hin cc php th tin hnh qua giao din phn mm Dng thuyt minh cc chc nng phn mm v vn hnh ng

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t ch ti cu trc logic ni ti ca phn mm

Cu 36: Chin lc kim th phn mm l ci g? Nu cc nguyn tc trong chin

lc kim th phn mm?

Mt chin lc kim th phn mm l s tch hp cc k thut thit k ca kim th

to thnh mt k hoch gm mt dy cc bc hng dn qu trnh kim th phnmm thnh cng.

Mi chin lc kim th phn mm:

Phi tch hp c:

- vic lp k hoch th nghim

- vic thit k ca s dng

- vic tin hnh kim th

- vic thu thp v nh gi cc thng tin kt qu

Phi mm do c v c sng to v vic theo khc hng (m tt c cch thng ln da trn my tnh u cn kim th tng xng)

Kim th l mt tp cc hot ng c th lp k hoch trc c v c tinhnh mt cch c h thng. Chnh v vy m cn xc nh mt khun mu chovic kim th phn mm trong tin trnh k ngh phn mm

. Nu cc nguyn tc trong chin lc kim th phn mm?

Cc c trng khi qut khn mu

Bt u mc modul v tip tc cho n khi tch hp thnh mt h thng da trnmy tnh trn vn

Cc k thut kim th khc nhau l thch hp ti nhng thi im khc nhau

c c ngi pht trin v nhm kim th c lp cng tin hnh

kim th v g li, song vic g li phi thch ng vi tng chin lc kim th

Nguyn tc

Chin lc kim th phn mm phi thch ng vi cc kim th mc thp (kim traxem tng khc m ngun c c thc thi ng n khng) cng nh vi cc kim

th mc cao (thm nh xem cc chc nng h thng ch yu c ng theo yu cuca khch hng khng)

Mi chin lc phi cung cp cc hng dn cho nhng ngi thc hnh tinhnh kim th v cung cp mt tp cc ct mc cho cc nh qun l qun l hotng m bo cht lng

Qu trnh kim th phi o c c th nhn ra cc vn cng sm cng tt

Cu 37: Nu cc bc ca chin lc kim th thi gian thc v gii thch ni dung

ca mi bc

Gm bn bc:

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1. Kim th tc v: Kim th tng tc v mt cch c lp vi nhau (bng c k thuthp trng v hp en). N cho php pht hin sai v logic v chc nng. Cha phthin hin sai v thi gian v ng x.

2. Kim th ng x:

- S dng cng c CASE to m hnh h thng m phng ng x ca

h thi gian thc, xem ng x ca n nh hu qu ca s kin ngoi.Dng kt qu hot ng phn tch ny thit k ca kim th (tng tk thut thi nhn qu)

- Phn lp s kin: (tng t phn hoch tng ng)....

Cu 38: Kim th hp trng da trn c s no thit k ca kim th? Thit k ca

kim th phi m bo iu kin g?

Kim th hp trng s dng cu trc iu khin ca thit k th tc hnh thnh cc ca

kim th.Thit k ca kim th phi m bo:

- Bo m rng mi con ng c lp trong mt mun u c thc hin t nhtmt ln.

- Mi rng buc logic c thc hin c pha true v false.

- Thc hin tt c cc vng lp bin ca n v c vi bin vn hnh ca n.

- Thc hin cc cu trc d liu ni ti bo m tnh hiu lc ca n

Cu 39: Ma trn th nghim c cu trc nh th no? N c dng lm g?

Cu trc: Ma trn kim th l ma trn vung c kch thc bng s cc nt trong thdng

- Mi dng/ct ng vi tn mt nt

- Mi l tn mt cung ni nt dng n nt ct

Ma trn kim th c s dng nh l mt d liu c cu trc kim tra cc con ngc bn.

ma trn kim th tr thnh cng c mnh m trong vic nh gi cu trc iukhin chng trnh khi th nghim ngi ta s dng ma trn c trng s (thm trng s

cho cc cung). Trng s c th l:- Xc sut cung c tin hnh

- Thi gian x l tn trong qu trnh i ngang qua cung .

- B nh i hi trong qu trnh i ngang qua cung .

- Ngun lc c i hi trong qu trnh i ngang qua cung

Ma trn kim th dng nh mt d liu c cu trc kim tra cc ng c bn. (Vth tc suy dn ra th dng v xc nh mt tp cc ng c bn tun theo vicmy mc ha)

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Cu 40: Nu cc loi iu khin trong cu trc iu khin v cho v d? C nhng

loi sai no trong iu kin khi kim th

Cc loi iu khin:

- iu khin n: l 1 bin bool hoc 1 biu thc quan h (c th c ton

t ph nh ng u)Biu thc quan h l mt biu thc Bool xc nh quan h gia 2 biu thc shc bng mt php so snh:


30/40

If C4

Then B4;

Else B5;

Endif;

Else If C3

Then B2;

Else B3;

Endif

Endif

Enddo;

B6;

End proc;Gi s bin X c nh ngha trong cu lnh cui ca cc khi B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 vc dng trong cu lnh u tin ca cc khi B2, B3, B4, B5 v B6. Chin lc kimth DU i hi vic thc hin ca ng i ngn nht t mi Bi 0


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Cu 42: M hnh ca kim th hp en quan tm n nhng nhn t no ca phn

mm? N nhm tm ra cc loi sai no? Nu cc phng php p dng cho n?

Phng php kim th hp en tp trung vo cc yu cu chc nng ca phn mmVic kim th hp en nhm tm cc loi sai sau:

- Chc nng thiu hoc khng ng

- Sai v giao din

- Sai trong cu trc hoc trong truy cp d liu ngoi

- Sai thc thi chc nng

- Sai khi u hoc kt thc modun

Nu cc phng php p dng cho kim th hp en?

- Phn hoch tng ng: chia min vo ca chng trnh thnh cc lp d liu a ra cc ca kim th

- Phn tch gi tr bin (BVA): l k thut b sung thm cho phn hoch tngng. Thay v chn bt c phn t no ca lp tng ng, BVA chn cc cakim th st vi lp tng ng. Thay v tp trung vo iu kin vo, BVA cna ra cc ca kim th t min ra. Phng php ny cho rng s ln cc sai xuthin bin nhiu hn l vng d liu trung tm. Khng nhng ch n d liutrong v st bin m cn ch n d liu ngoi v st bin

- th nhn qu: cung cp cch biu din chnh xc cc iu kin logic v hnhng tng ng

- Kim th so snh(kim th da vo nhau): thc thi nhiu bn khc nhau cho cngmt c t. Thc hin cc k thut kim th hp en trn vi cc sn phm chocng cc ca kim th v cng cc d liu vo. So snh cc kt qu thu c. Nuc khc bit th nh th c sai trong mt sn phm no .

Cu 43: Trnh by phng php phn hoach: nguyn tc, mc tiu v thit k ca kim

th? Phng chm xc nh lp tng ng l gi?

- Nguyn tc: chia min vo ca chng trnh thnh cc lp d liu a ra cc cakim th.

- Mc tiu: Nhm tm ra mt ca kim th b l mt lp sai, bi vy n rt gn sca kim th cn pht trin

- Thit k ca kim th: Da trn nh gi cc lp tng ng i vi mt iukin vo. Lp tng ng biu th cho mt tp cc trng thi hp l hay khnghp l i vi iu kin vo

- Phng chm:

o iu kin vo l phm vi rng hay mt gi tr c bit th cn xc nh:+ Mt lp tng ng hp l

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+ Hai lp tng ng khng hp l

o iu kin vo c t mt thnh phn ca mt tp hoc iu kin Bool thcn xc nh:

+ Mt lp tng ng hp l

+

Mt lp tng ng khng hp lCu 44: K thut nhn qu ngha l g? Nu cc bc ca k thut ?

K thut th nhn qu l mt k thut thit k ca kim th, n cung cp mt biu dinchnh xc cc iu kin logic v cc hnh ng tng ng.

- Cc bc: 4 bc

o Lp danh sach cc nguyn nhn (iu kin vo) v kt qu (hnh ng)cho tng mun v gn gi tr nh danh cho chng.

o Pht trin th nhn qu

o Chuyn th thnh bng quyt nh

o Cc quy lut ca bng quyt nh c s dng xy dng cc ca kimth

Cu 45: Chin lc kim th thi gian thc gm my bc? l nhng bc no?

Gii thch ni dung c bn mi bc?

Chin lc kim th thi gian thc gm 4 bc:

- Kim th tc v: kim th tng tc v mt cch c lp vi nhau (cho c k thuthp trng v k thut hp en). Kim th loi ny cho php:

o Pht hin cc sai v logic v chc nng

o Khng pht hin cc sai v thi gian v ng x

- Kim th ng x:

o S dng cng c CASE to m hnh h thng m phng ng x camt h thi gian thc v xem ng x ca n nh l mt hu qu ca ccs kin t ngoi. Kt qu cc hot ng phn tch ny c th c dng thit k cc ca kim th.

o Dng k thut tng t nh phn hoch tng ng ng phn lp skin. Mi s kin c kim th ring v ng x ca h thi hnh cc khm nghim pht hin cc sai do vic x l kt hp vi cc skin .

o Kim th mi lp s kin. Cc s kin c a vo trong h thng theoth t ngu nhin v vi tn sut ngu nhin nhm pht hin cc sai ngx.

- Kim th lin tc: kim th tm cc sai lin quan n thi gian. Cc tc v

khng ng b khi c lin tc vi cc tc v khc. V th cn kim th vi ccnhp iu d liu v ti x l khc nhau xc nh xem liu cc sai ng b lintc c xy ra khng. Hn na, cc tc v khng ng b do giao tip ph thuc

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hng i thng ip hoc truy cp kho d liu (data store) cng c th bc lcc sai v c d liu.

- Kim th h thng: sau khi tch hp phn cng v phn mm tin hnh kim thh thng tm ra cc sai v giao din.

Cu 46: Kim th n v l g? Quan h ca n vi hot ng m ha nh th no?Kim th n v l tin trnh kim th tp trung kim chng vo n v nh nht cathit k phn mm l mun. Kim th n v bao gi cng hng theo hp trng v

bc ny c th c tin hnh song song cho nhiu mun.

N kim th cc phn sau:

- Th nghim giao din

- Khm nghin cu trc d liu cc b.

- Th nghim vi cc iu kin bin.

- Cc ng c lp.- Cc ng x l sai.

Quan h ca n vi hot ng m ha:

- Kim th n v thng c coi l phn ph thm ca bc m ha.

- Sau khi bc m ngun c pht trin, c r sot v kim tra tnh ngn c php th vic thit k ca kim th n v bt u

Cu 47: Kim th tch hp thc hin khi no? Ti sao phi kim th tch hp?

Kim th tch hp l mt k thut c tnh h thng xy dng cu trc chng trnhngay khi ang tin hnh kim th pht hin sai lin kt vi giao din.

Phi kim th tch hp v:

- D liu c th b mt khi i qua mt giao din

- Mt moun c theh c mt hiu ng bt li v tnh ln cc mun khc

- Cc chc nng ph khi kt hp li c th khng sinh ra chc nng chnh mongmun

- Cc iu khng chnh xc ring r c th b phng i n mc khng chp nhn

c.- Cc cu trc d liu ton cc c th l ra cc vn ..

Cu 48: C nhng phng php g c p dng cho kim th tch hp? m t tm

tt ni dung mi phng php?

C cc phng php:

- Phng php big-bang: c gng tch hp khng tng dn tc l xy dng chngtrnh bng cch tip cn v n ln big-bang. Tt c cc mdun u c t hp trc.Ton b chng trnh c kim th nh mt tng th v thng s l mt kt qu hn

lon. Gp phi mt tp hp cc li. Vic sa i gp kh khn v vic c lp nguyn nhn

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b phc tp bi vic tri rng trn ton chng trnh. Khi nhng li ny c sa thnhng li mi li xut hin v tin trnh ny c tip din trong vng lp v hn.

- Phng php tch hp trn xung: y l mt phng php tch hp tng dn vi vicxy dng cu trc chng trnh. Cc mun c tch hp bng cch i dn xung theotrt t iu khin, bt u vi mun iu khin chnh (chng trnh chnh). Cc mun

ph thuc (v ph thuc cui cng) vo mun iu khin chnh s c t hp dn votrong cu trc theo hoc chiu su trc hay chiu rng trc.

- Phng php tch hp di ln: bt u xy dng v kim th vi cc mun nguyn t(tc l cc mdun mc thp nht trong cu trc chng trnh). V cc mun ny ctch hp t di ln nn vic x l yu cu i vi cc mun ph thuc vo mt mcno bao gi cng c sn v nhu cu v cung b dp b.

Cu 49: Cc ti liu kim th tch hp gm nhng loi g?

+ Phm vi kim th

+ K hoch th nghim

+ Cc pha th nghim v cc cm (build)

+ Lch trnh

+ Phn mm chung (overhead)

+ Mi trng v ngun lc

+ Th tc kim th n (m t th nghim cho build n)

+ Th t tch hp

+ Mc ch+ Cc mun c kim th

+ Cc kim th n v cho cc mun trong build

+ M t kim th cho mun m

+ M t phn mm overhead

+ Cc kt qu mong i

+ Kim th tch hp

+ Cc k thut v cc cng c c bit+ M t phn mm overhead

+ D liu ca s dng

+ Cc kt qu ch i cho build n

+ Cc kt qu kim th thc s

+ Cc tham kho

+ Ph lc

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Cu 50: Kim th Beta l ci g? Kim th Alpha l ci g? Gia chng khc nhau c

bn ch no ?

Ngi pht trin thc ra khng th on trc c khch hng thc s dngmt chng trnh nh th no

Cc ch dn s dng c th b hiu lm Cc t hp d liu l c th b s dng bt k

u ra c v l r rng vi ngi kim th nhng li kh hiu i vi ngidng

Khi phn mm c xy dng cho mt khch hng:

mt hot ng c tin hnh khch hng thm nh mi yu cu

tin hnh kim th l ngi s dng u cui ch khng phi ngi thng

kim th chp thun c th tin hnh vi tun hoc vi thng mt ln, nh m bc l c cc li tch lu lm suy gim h thng theo thi gian.

Khi phn mm c xy dng cho nhiu ngi dng:

kim th chp thun bi mt khch hng l khng thc t

Do phi dng qu trnh kim th alpha v beta cho nhiu ngi tinhnh bc l cc sai m c l ch cc ngi s dng u cui mi c th

pht hin c

Kim th Alpha

c bn pht trin tin hnh phn mm s c dng trong bi cnh t nhin ngi pht trin "nhm

qua vai" ngi s dng v bo co cc sai v cc vn s dng

c tin hnh trong mt mi trng c iu khin (theo k hoch cangi pht trin)

Kim th Beta

c mt hay nhiu ngi t hng tin hnh

khng hin din ngi pht trin

p dng phn mm trong mi trng thc, khng c s kim sot ca ngipht trin

khch hng s bo co tt c cc vn (thc hoc tng tng) m h gptrong qu trnh kim th cho ngi pht trin mt cch nh k

da theo bo co ngi pht trin tin hnh sa i v chun b phnphi bn pht hnh cho ton b cc ngi t hng

Cu 51 : Ni dung chnh ca kim th h thng ? Nu mt s cu hi t ra cho kim

th h thng ?

H thng da vo my tnh do nhiu bn xy dng, ngi pht trin phn mmch l mt bn

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Vic kim th h thng d c nguy c " li cho nhau"

Ngi pht trin phn mm cn on trc cc vn giao din c th ny rav

Pht hin cc thit k ng x l sai thng qua kim th tt c cc thngtin n t cc phn t khc ca h thng

Tin hnh mt lot kim th m phng cc d liu xu hoc cc sai timtng khc ti giao din phn mm

Bo co cc kt qu kim th lm chng c phng nga li cho nhau

Nhng ngi tham gia vo trong vic hoch nh v thit k cc kim thh thng bo m rng phn mm c kim th y

Vic kim th h thng thc t l mt lot cc bc kim th khc nhau cmc ch chnh l th y h thng da trn my tnh.

Cu 52 :Trnh by cng on kim th phc hi, kim th an ninh, kim th p lc,kim th thi hnh ? Kim th phc hi l g ?

Nhiu h thng cn phi phc hi sau li li tip tc x l trong mt thigian c t trc

Trong mt s trng hp, h thng cn th li, ngha l vic x l li bt buckhng c lm ngng hot ng ca ton b h thng

Trong mt s trng hp khc li phi c khc phc theo tng chu k cc t nu khng thit hi kinh t nghim trng s xut hin

Kim th phc hi l kim th h thng bt buc phn mm phi hng theonhiu cch xem c phc hi c hay khng

C 2 cch phc hi:

Nu phc hi t ng (c thc hin bi bn thn h thng): khi ngli, c ch checkpoint, phc hi d liu v cho chy li s c nh gi lng n

Nu phc hi i hi s can thip ca con ngi th phi nh gi thi giantrung bnh dng sa cha v xc nh xem liu n trong gii hn

chp nhn c khng?Kim th an ninh l g ?

Kim th an ninh c gng kim tra c ch bo v c xy dng trong hthng c c t c cc hiu qu trc cc t nhp khng hp php haykhng?

Cn ch ti tt c cc loi tn cng: "trc mt", "ngang sn", "sau lng"

Khi kim th an ninh, ngi kim th ng vai tr ca k t nhp h thng

V nguyn tc, thi gian v ngun lc th cui cng s t nhp c Bi ton thit k h thng t ra l:

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Lm cho vic thm nhp tn ph nhiu hn gi tr thu c

Cng sc b ra xy dng cng c bo v phi t hn gi tr mt i nu bt nhp

Kim th p lc l g

Cc k thut kim th hp trng v hp en c dng nh gi chc nngv s thi hnh ca chng trnh bnh thng

Kim th p lc l vn hnh h thng vi i hi ngun lc vi s lng, tnsut v cng d thng. Chng hn:

Kim th sinh ra 10 ngt trong 1 giy trong khi t l trung bnh ch lmt hoc hai

t l d liu vo c th tng ln theo mt cp ln no xc nh cchcc chc nng vo s p ng

cc kim th c th i hi b nh ti a cc ti nguyn khc c th phithc hin

cc ca kim th c th gy ra p v h iu hnh

cc ca kim th c th gy ra vic tiu tn d liu thng tr trn a cng

V bn cht, ngi kim th c gng ph v chng trnh

Mt loi khc ca kim th p lc l kim th nhy cm: lm bc l cc t hpd liu (lp d liu vo c hiu lc) hay s kin m c th gy ra vic x lkhng n nh hoc khng chnh xc

Kim th thi hnh l g?

i vi cc h thng nhng v h thi gian thc, phn mm cung cp chcnng yu cu nhng khng ph hp vi cc yu cu thi hnh u l khngchp nhn c

Kim th thi hnh c thit k kim th vic thi hnh run-time ca phnmm trong khi h thng c tch hp

kim th thi hnh xut hin trong tt c cc bc ca qu trnh kim th, tuynhin ch n khi tt c cc phn t ca h thng c tch hp th kim thmi c th thc s l chc chn

kim th thi hnh i khi gn lin vi kim th p lc v c hai thng i hicc dng c phn cng v phn mm. l do cn s tng hp ngun lc(trong, ngoi). Nh dng c ngoi lai c th gim st cc khong vn hnh,cc s kin log (ngt) khi n xut hin, c th ly mu cc trng thi my

Kim th c th lm bc l cc tnh th dn n s suy gim hoc tht bi hthng tim n

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Cu53 : Cu hnh phn mm l ci g? Ni dung cc khon mc chnh trong cu hnh

phn mm gm nhng g?

Kt qu ca qu trnh k ngh phn mm l cc thng tin c th c chiathnh 3 loi:

Cc chng trnh my tnh (c mc ngun v mc chy c) Cc ti liu m t chng trnh my tnh (nhm n c nhng ngi thc

hnh k thut ln nhng ngi dng)

Cc cu trc d liu (c bn trong v ngoi chng trnh)

Cc khon mc cu thnh cc thng tin c sn ra nh l mt b phn caqu trnh k ngh phn mm c tp hp li gi l CU HNH PHN MM

* Ni dung cu hnh phn mm gm

c t h thng

K hoch d n phn mm c t yu cu

c t yu cu phn mm

Nguyn mu thi hnh c hoc nguyn mu "giy t"

S tay s dng s ng

c t thit k

M t thit k d liu

M t thit k kin trc

M t thit k moun

M t thit k giao din

M t i tng (nu dng k thut hng i tng)

M ngun v kim th

K hoch v th tc kim th

Cc ca kim th v cc kt qu c ghi li

Cc s tay vn hnh v s tay lp t

Chng trnh thi hnh c Cc moun v m thi hnh c

Cc moun lin kt

M t c s d liu

Lc v cu trc cc file

Ni dung h s ban u

S tay ngi s dng

Cc ti liu bo tr

Cc bo co nhng vn phn mm

Cc yu cu bo tr

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t thay i k ngh

Cc chun v cc th tc cho k ngh phn mm

Cu 54 : Qun l cu hnh nhm mc tiu g?Nm nhim v ca qun l cu hnh l

g

Mc tiu nguyn thu ca qun l cu hnh phn mm l kim sot cc thayi

Sau ny c thm cc mc tiu:

Minh nh cc khon mc cu hnh, cc version ca phn mm

S kim ton cu hnh phn mm cng bo m rng phn mm cpht trin ng v vic bo co tt c cc thay i l c p dng cho cuhnh

Nm nhim v ca qun l cu hnh l

Xc nh cu hnh

Kim sot version

Kim sot thay i

Kim ton cu hnh

V bo co

Cu55 : Phng php g c p dng cho vic qun l cu hnh? Mc gii l ci g?

S dng mc gii kim sot s thay i nh th no?

Phng php hng i tng p dng cho vic qun l cu hnh

Mc gii l mt ranh gii c t ra:

Trc n th c th thay i nhanh chng v khng chnh thc

Sau n th c th thay i, nhng cn cc th tc c bit v chnh thc c th nh gi v kim th tng thay i mt

ng mc gii l nh du vic phn pht mt vi khon mc cu hnhphn mm

Ti ng mc gii cc khon mc cu hnh phn mm tng ng c avo c s d liu d n

Cu 56 : Trnh by tin trnh kim sot s thay i?

Nhn ra nhu cu thay i

Ngi dng trnh yu cu thay i

Ngi pht trin nh gi

Sinh ra bo co v thay i

Ngi c thm quyn quyt nh kim sot thay i

Xp hng cc yu cu, sinh ra th t thay i k thut

Phn cc i tng cu hnh cho cc c nhn Yu cu b bc b

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Cc (khon mc) i tng cu hnh "check out" Thng bo cho ngidng

Thc hin thay i

Ra sot thay i (kim ton)

Cc (khon mc) i tng cu hnh "check in"

Thit lp cc ng mc gii kim th

Xem li cc thay i s c bao gm vo trong lnphn pht mi

Xy dng li phin bn mi ca phn mm

R sot li s thay i ca tt c cc khon mc cu hnh(kim ton)

Bao gm cc thay i vo trong phin bn mi

Phn phi phin bn mi

Cu 57: Phin bn l ci g? Lm th no kim sot cc phin bn

* Phin bn l mt thc th mi ca mt CI (Configuration Item) sau khi qua mthoc nhiu ln xem xt v thay i

* Kim sot cc phin bn =t hp cc th tc v cc cng c qun l cc phin bnkhc nhau ca cc i tng cu hnh ( c to ra trong qu trnh k ngh phnmm)

Cu 58 :Kim ton cu hnh phn mm ngha l g? Hot ng kim ton cn tr linhng cu hi g?

Kim ton cu hnh phn mm b sung cho r sot k thut chnh thc bngcch nh gi mt i tng cu hnh cho cc c tnh m thng khng cxt trong qu trnh r sot

Hot ng kim ton cn tr linhng cu hi sau:

Thay i c c t trong trt t thay i k thut c thc hin haycha? Nhng ci bin ph no c phi hp?

R sot k thut chnh thc c tin hnh nh gi s ng n kthut hay cha?

Cc chun k ngh phn mm thc s c tun th cha?

i thay ni bt ln trong cc khon mc phn mm cha? C c tngy v tc gi ca i thay khng? Cc thuc tnh ca i tng cuhnh phn nh c i thay cha?

Cc th tc qun l cu hnh phn mm quan st i thay , ghi li n,bo co v n c c tun th hay khng?

__P _N C_U H_I _N T_P K_ NGH_ PH_N M_M N_NG CAO

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