(1)

O:nfd ;] g efuf] /fx] x'bf oxL x} . P] ;f]g]jfnf] hfuf] zD;f] Hh'xf oxL x} .

-cyf{t O:nfdaf6 g efu oxL g} ;Gdfu{ xf] . x] lgb««fdUg dflg;x¿xf] hfu oxL g} k|eftsf] ;"o{ xf] _

Affn aflnsfx¿sf lglDtO:nfdsf]Klxnf]lstfa

O:nfdsf]O:nfdsf]O:nfdsf]O:nfdsf] klxnf] lstfaklxnf] lstfaklxnf] lstfaklxnf] lstfa

(2)

gfdlstfa M O:nfdsf] klxnf] lstfa

n]vs M rf}w/L dxDdb z/Lkm

cg'jfbs M ctfp/ /xdfgvflnb

sDkf]h/ M ;nLdcxdb g]kfnL

klxnf] ;+:s/0f M @)!&

;+Vof M !)))

5fkf vfgfsf] gfd M afuahf/ 5fkfvfgf

k|sfzs M cxdlbof ;+3 g]kfn, l;gfd+un sf7df08f}+

(3)

k|sfzsLo l6Kk0fLk|sfzsLo l6Kk0fLk|sfzsLo l6Kk0fLk|sfzsLo l6Kk0fL

O:nfd wd{sfk|f/lDes / k|ylds 1fgx¿sf] af]w

x'g'k|To]s d';ndfgk'¿if / dlxnfsflglDtcfjZos /x]sf]

5 . To;sf/0f afNosfnb]lv g} O:nfd wd{sf] df}lns

s'/fx¿ l;Vg] lh1f;f / rfxgfafn–aflnsfx¿sf]

dgdfpTkGgug{sflglDt of] k':ts æO:nfdsf] O:nfdsf] O:nfdsf] O:nfdsf]

klxnf]klxnf]klxnf]klxnf]lstfalstfalstfalstfaÆ cToGtpkof]uL / nfebfos /xg]5 eGg]

xfd|f] wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 . pQm k':tsdfkljq s'/cfg /

xbL;sf s'/fx¿nfO{ ;xh / ;/n¿kdf k|:t'tul/Psf]

5. of] k':tshxfFafn–aflnsfx¿sflglDtdgdf]xs /

cfsif{s x'g]5 ToxfF a9L pd]/sfdflg;x¿n] klg

o;af6 nfe p7fpg] ;Sg]5g . cNnfxtcfnfn] o;

k':tsnfO{ hgsNof0fsf/L / O:nfdL lzIffh{gsf] pQd

;fwgagfpgeGg] xfd|f] xflb{s k|fy{gf /x]sf] 5 .

ejbLo

/fi6«Lo cWoIf/fi6«Lo cWoIf/fi6«Lo cWoIf/fi6«Lo cWoIf

cxdlbof ;+3 g]kfn

(4)

(5)

O:nfd O:nfd O:nfd O:nfd s] xf]s] xf]s] xf]s] xf]<<<<

O:nfd c/aL efiffsf] Pp6f zAb xf] . o;sf] cy{ cf1fkfng xf] .

cNnfx tcfnfsf] k"0f{ cg'udg / cf1fkfngnfO{ g} O:nfd elgG5 .

o;}u/L O:nfd To; wd{sf] gfd xf] h'g dSsfdf hGdg] kljq gaL xh/t dxDdb-;Nnd_ åf/f cNnfxn] k|s6 u/] . of] wd{ Pp6f ;jf{Ë;Dk"0f{ wd{ xf] o;sf] lzIff ;jf]{Ts[i6 /x]sf] 5 . o;n] j0f{g u/]sf s'/fx¿ k"0f{tM;To /x]sf 5g . o;sf cfb]zx¿cToGt nfebfos 5g . ;+;f/sf] s'g} wd{n] O:nfdsf] k|lt:kwf{ ug{;s\b}g. To;sf/0f g} xfdL d';Nfdfg xf+} / ;a} dflg;x¿nfO{ xfdL O:nfdtkm{ af]nfpg] 5f}+ . O:nfd wd{sf kfFrj6f df}lnsl;4fGtx¿ 5g . h:fnfO{ c/sfg] O:nfd -O:nfdsf :tDex¿_ elgG5 . h:t}, slndf to}af, gdfh j /f]hf hsft / xh .

-s_ slndf to}afslndf to}afslndf to}afslndf to}af M– Pp6f d';ndfgsf nflu cNnfx tcfnf Ps clåtLo x'g / xh/t dxDdb ;n nNnfx' cnl}x j ;Nnfd cNnfxsf ;FfRrf ;Gb]zjfxs x'g'x'G5 egL x[boaf6 / d'vaf6 -cyf{t -cfGtl/s / df}lvs¿kdf_ ;fIfL lbg' clgjfo{ st{Ao /x]sf] 5 .

-v_ gdfhgdfhgdfhgdfh M– k|To]s lbg kfFrk6s gdfh -cNnfxsf] pkf;gf ug{'_ k9g' cfjZos 5 .

-u_ /f]hf/f]hf/f]hf/f]hf M– kljq /dhfgsf] dlxgfdf aLdf/ / ofqfj:yfdf g/x]sf] ePdf /f]hf -pkjf;_ /fVg' cfjzos 5 .

-3_ hsfthsfthsfthsft M– olb ko{fKt wg /x]sf] ePdf j{ifdf Psk6s hsft -huft_ r'Qmf ug{' cfjZos 5 .

-8=_ xhxhxhxh M– olb ;fdfYo{ /x]df c/a b]zsf] kljq gu/ dSsfdf /x]sf] kljq a}t'Nnfx -cNnfxsf] 3/_ sf] xh ug{' cfjZos 5 .

(6)

O{dfgsf] JofVofO{dfgsf] JofVofO{dfgsf] JofVofO{dfgsf] JofVof M– 1. cNnfxk|lt O{dfg . 2. kml/Ztf -b]jb"t_ x¿k|lt O{dfg . 3. O{Zj/Lo k':tsx¿k|lt O{dfg . 4. -cNnfxsf_ ;Gb]zjfxsx¿k|lt O{dfg . 5. clGtd lbg-k|no_ k|lt O{dfg . 6. cNnfxsf] k|ltbfg -k'/:sf/ / b08_ k|lt O{dfg . 7. cNnfx Ps clåTfLo /x]sf 5g . pgsf] sf]xL ;xefuL

5}g. pgn] g} ;a}sf] ;[li6 u/]sf x'g / xh/t dxDdb d':tkmf -;Nnd _ pgsf eQm / ;Gb]zjfxs -k}uDa/_ x'g.

8. cNnfxsf kml/Ztf -O{zb"t_ x¿ /x]sf 5g eGg] s'/f] lgtfGt ;To xf] .

9. cNnfxsf ;d:t wd{u|Gyx¿nfO{ dfGg' cfjZos 5 . 10. cNnfxsf ;a} gaLx¿ ;fRFrf x'g . 11. sofdt -k|no_ sf] lbg /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f] lgtfGt ;Toxf] 12. lg0f{osf lbgdf x'g] cNnfxsf lg0f{ox¿ 7Ls x'g .

cNnfx tcfnfcNnfx tcfnfcNnfx tcfnfcNnfx tcfnf

cNnfx Ps clåtLo /x]sf] 5g .pgL ;d:t ljz]iftfx¿ /

dlxdfx¿sf :jfdL x'g . pgsf] sf]xL;xefuL 5}g . pgL cefjxLg /x]sf 5g . pgsf] sf]xL ;Gtfg 5}g g pgL s;}sf ;Gtfg x'g . pgL h:tf] cGo sf]xL 5}g . g pgsL sf]xL kTgL 5g . pgL g} xfdLnfO{ kfN5g / cfxf/ k|bfg u5{g . pgL b]V5g k/Gt' pGfnfO{ cfFvfsf] cfjZostf 5}g. pgL af]N5g k/Gt' pGfnfO{ lha|f]sf] cfjZostf 5}g . pgL ;'G5g / cfˆgf eQmx¿sf k|fy{gfx¿ :jLsf/ u5{g . pgL ;bf hLljt 5g / ;b}j hLljt /xg] 5g .

(7)

pgL sfod -l:yt_ / ;d:t sfod -l:yt_ j:t'x¿ pgs} cfb]zaf6 sfod 5g . pgL g t ;'T5g g pgL pF3\5g pgL w/tL / cfsfzsf :jfdL x'g / ltgLx¿sf] ;'/Iff pgn] g} u5{g. pgL ;d:t k|s6 / u'Kt /x]sf j:t'x¿nfO{ hfGb5g . s'g} s0f / k/df0f' pgsf] 1fgaf6 aflx/ 5}g .pgL ;d:t j:t'x¿sf ;|i6f x'g .

s'g} s'/f] pgsf nflu sl7g 5}g . ;"o{, rGb|df ,w/tL / cfsfzd08n pgn] xfd|f] kmfO{bfsf nflu agfPsf x'g .

hLj hGt'x¿ xfd|f cf/fdsf nflu, kfgL xfdLnfO{ lkpgsf nflu, cGg vfgsf nflu ,gaL -k}uDa/_ xfdLnfO{ ;Gdfu{ b]vfpgsf nflu, lbg sfd sfh ug{sf nflu / /flqcf/fd / lj>fd ug{sf nflu pgn] agfPsf x'g .

k|To]s If0f pgn] xfdLnfO{ b]lv/x]5g . k/Gt' xfd|f cfFvfx¿n] pgnfO{ b]Vg;Sb}gg . pgn] dfu] lagf g} lbg]u5{g . pgL ;d|f6x¿sf ;d|f6 x'g . pgL wgLx¿nfO{ u/La / u/Lax¿nfO{ wgL agfpF5g . pgL c;xfosf] k|fy{gf ;'g\5g . pgL g} pkf;gfof]Uo /x]sf 5g . dfUbf pgn] g} xfdLnfO{ lbg\5g . pgL g} lhljt u5{g / df5{g .ha xfdL dg]{ 5f} ta xfdLnfO{ pgn] k'gM hLljt ug]{5g . tyf pgn] xfdLnfO{ xfd|f k'0osd{x¿sf] kmn

/ b'isd{x¿sf] b08 lbg]5g . b'v / ;'v k|To]s cj:yfdf pgLtkm}{ em'sg' cfjZos 5 . k|To]s sl7gfOsf ;dodf pgnfO{ g} k'sfg{' plrt 5 . ljGtL pgLl;t} ug{' cfjZos 5 . pgL ;TsdL{x¿sf] ;xof]u u5{g / ;bf ltgLx¿sf ;fy=;fy /xG5g . pgL ;Tojflb / ;TsdL{x¿ l;t jftf{ u5{g / pgLx¿nfO{ ;Gdfu{df lx8fpF5g . pgL xfdL ;a}l;t k|]d u5{g / dftf lktf eGbf klg clws k|]d u5{g .

(8)

kml/Ztfkml/Ztfkml/Ztfkml/Ztf----O{zO{zO{zO{zb"b"b"b"t_ xt_ xt_ xt_ x¿¿¿¿ kml/Ztfx¿ v'bf tcfnfsf cfWoflTds / cnf}lss ;[li6

x'g . ltgLx¿ lg/Gt/ x/If0f v'bf tcfnfsf] pkf;gf / cf1fkfngdf Jo:t /xG5g .

kml/Ztfx¿nfO{ cNnfx tcfnfn] xfd|f sfdx¿df v6fPsf 5g . sf]xL kfgL a;{fpF5 . sf]xL cfTdf -k|f0f_ xfN5 sf]xL k|f0f -cfTdf_ lgsfN5 / sf]xL xfjf rnfpF5 . sf]xL v'bf tcfnf -k/d]Zj/ _ sf] jf0fL pgsf kljq / enf eQmx¿k|lt ptf5{ . ltgLx¿ xfd|f lglDt leGg –leGg sfo{x¿ ug]{u5{g . kml/Ztfx¿ c;+Vo / cglugt 5g . ltgLx¿sf] -;Qf_ k|lt O{dfg -ljZjf;_ :yfkgf ug{' cfjZos5 .kml/Ztfx¿ kfkd'Qm / kljq x'G5g . ltgLx¿ v'bf tcfnfsf] OR5fg';f/ sfo{ u5{g. ----O:nfd wdf{O:nfd wdf{O:nfd wdf{O:nfd wdf{g';f/g';f/g';f/g';f/_ k|l;4_ k|l;4_ k|l;4_ k|l;4 kml/Ztfx¿sf] gfd lgDgfg';f/ kml/Ztfx¿sf] gfd lgDgfg';f/ kml/Ztfx¿sf] gfd lgDgfg';f/ kml/Ztfx¿sf] gfd lgDgfg';f/ 5 M5 M5 M5 M–––– lha|fO{n ldsfO{n O{;|fkmLn Oh|fO{n

Dfflg;sf dgdf h'g pQd s'/fx¿ / wf/0ffx¿ pTkGg x'G5g tL kml/Ztfx¿sf tkm{af6 x'g tL kljq / pQd wf/0ffx¿nfO{ dfGg' / ltgLx¿nfO{ Jojxfl/s ¿k lbg' cfjZos 5 . kml/Ztfx¿n] ToxL sfd u5{g h;nfO{ ug]{ cfb]z v'bf tcfnfn] pgLx¿nfO{ lbG5g .

ONxfdL ONxfdL ONxfdL ONxfdL ----O{Zj/k|bO{Zj/k|bO{Zj/k|bO{Zj/k|bQQQQ_ u|Gyx_ u|Gyx_ u|Gyx_ u|Gyx¿¿¿¿ cfNnfx tcfnfn] xfd|f] ;'wf/ / enfO{sf nflu cfˆgf

tkm{af6 k':tsx¿ k7fPsf x'g . oL k':ts -u|Gy_ x¿ v'bfsf jx\oL -O{zjf0fL_ x'g . leGg leGg gaLx¿dfkm{t oL u|Gyx¿

(9)

plqPsf x'g . oL k':tsx¿df O{Zj/sf e[Tox¿sf lglDt p4f/sf ;Gdfu{x¿ j0f{g ul/Psf 5g / tL sfo{x¿af/] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 h;nfO{ kljq cNnfxn] dg k¥ofpF5g / h:faf6 pgL k|;Gg x'G5g .

oL k':tsx¿v'bfsf ljwfgx¿ x'g . hf] JolQmn] logsf lj?4 sfo{ u5{ To;n] b08 ef]Ug' kg]{5 . v'bf tcfnfsf ;d:t lstfa -u|Gy_ x¿dfly O{dfg Nofpg' / ljZjf; ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ;fwf/0ftM k|l;4 k':ts -u|Gy_ x¿ kfFrj6f /x]sf 5g M–

� ;'x\km] Oa|fxLd -Oa|fxLdsf] k'l:tsf_ � tf}/ft -ox'bLx¿sf] wd{u|Gy_ � ha'/ -ehg ;+lxtf \ tf}/ftsf]Pp6f c+z_ � OGhLn -O{;fO{x¿sf] wd{u|Gy_ � kljq s'/cfg -d'l:ndx¿sf] wd{u|Gy_

sfg"g / wd{ljwfg tf}/ft / kljq s'/cfgdf j0f{g ul/Psf]

5 .... klxnf tf}/ftklxnf tf}/ftklxnf tf}/ftklxnf tf}/ft Oh|fO{nsf ;Gtfgx¿ -ox'bLx¿_sf nflu

cjtL0f{ eof] . To;kl5 ;d:t ;+;f/sf nflu / ;bfsf nflu kljq s'/cfg cjtL0f{ eof] . kljq s'/cfg ;jf]{Qd / ;jf{Ë ;Dk"0f{ k':ts -u|Gy_ /x]sf] 5 . o;df ;a} u'0fx¿ kfOG5g, k|To]s pQd s'/f] o;df pknAw 5 . tf}/ftnfO{ dflg;x¿n] lauf8] cyf{t b'lift kf/] . kljq s'/cfgnfO{ eg] g s;}n] lauf{g ;s\5 g t -klxnf_ s;}n] lauf{g ;s\of] . tf}/ftnfO{ kljq s'/cfgn] d+;"v -lglis[o_ u/]sf] 5 . k/Gt' kljq s'/cfg slxNo} d+;"v -lglis[o_ x'g]5}g . cNnfx tcfnfn] :jo+ kljq s'/cfgsf] ;'/Iff ug]{jrg lbPsf 5g . ca kljq s'/cfg -sf lzIffx¿_ df rn]/ dfq d'lQm k|fKt x'g]5 .

(10)

v'v'v'v'bfsf gbfsf gbfsf gbfsf gaaaaLLLLxxxx¿¿¿¿ Hfa dflg;x¿ kye|i6 eP/ lau|g nfU5g / v'bf

tcfnfnfO{ e'Ngk'U5g ta pgn] cfˆgf gaL, /;"n / k}UfDa/ x¿nfO{ k7fpF5g . ltgLx¿ dflg;x¿nfO{ ;Gdfu{ k|bz{g ug{sf lglDt cfpF5Gf . ltgLx¿ kfkd'Qm x'G5g . ltgLx¿n] v'bf tcfnfsf] cfb]z ljk/Lt s'g} sfo{ ub}{gg . ltgLx¿ v'bfsf wfld{s / ;fFRrfe[To x'G5g . v'bfn] k|To]s ;do ltgLx¿sf] ;xof]u u5{g . cfh;Dd ;+;f/df Ps nfv rf}aL; xhf/ k}uDa/x¿ cfP . logLx¿dWo] s]xL gaL -k}uDa/_ x¿sf] gfd kljq s'/cfgdf jl0f{t 5 . gaLx¿ k|To]s hflt / k|To]s b]zdf cfP . k|l;4 gaLx¿lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g .

xh/t g"x cn}lx:;nfd, xh/t Oa|fxLd -cn}_, xh/t O:dfO{n -cn}_ xh/t O:xfs -cn}_, xh/t ofs"a -cn}_, xh/t d";f -cn}_, xh/t bfpb -cn}_, xh/t ;'n}dfg -cn}_, xh/t ox\of -cn}_, xh/t O{;f -cn}_, xh/t dxDdb d':tkmf -cn} ;Nnd_ oL ;d:t gaLx?dWo] ;j{>]i7 xh/t dxDdb /;'n'Nnfx -;Nnd_x'Gg'x'G5 . cNnfx tcfnfn] pxfFnfO{ ;a} gaLx¿sf d'lvof / vftdGglaoLg 3f]lift u/]sf 5g .

-gaLx¿sf df]xf]/_ pFxfsf] df]xf]/sf] ;xL5fksf sf/0f g} xfdL -klxnfsf_ ;a} gaLx¿nfO{ dfG5f} . eljiodf pxfFsf] cg'ofoL / cg'ufdLafx]s cGo sf]xL ;'wf/s cfpg ;Sb}g . pFxfsf] z/Lct -wd{ljwfg_ sofdt -k|no_ ;Dd /xg]5 . cNnfx tcfnfsf ;a} gaLx¿k|lt O{dfg -ljZjf;_ Nofpg' clgjfo{ /x]sf] 5 .

k|nk|nk|nk|noooosf]sf]sf]sf] lbglbglbglbg ha xfd|f] d[To' x'g]5 ta sofdt -k|no_ sf] lbg xfd|f

v'bf -;[li6stf{_ n] xfdLnfO{ hLljt ug]{5g . Pp6f o:tf] lbg

(11)

cfpFg]5 ha ;a} dflg;x¿sf] d[To' x'g]5 . To;kl5 cfNnfx tcfnfn] ;a}nfO{ hLljt ug]{5g / lx;fa lng]5g . olb xfdLn] pQd sfo{x¿ u/]sf /x]df xfdLnfO{ pQd k|ltbfg k|bfg ug]{5g . olb b'isd{x¿ u/]sf /x]df xfd|f sd{x¿sf] b08 xfdLnfO{ lbg]5g . h:fsf k'0ox¿ clws x'g]5g Tof] :ju{df x'g]5 / h;sf kfkx¿clwsx'g]5g Tof] -JolQm_si6df kg]{5 . h;sf kfk / k'0o a/fa/ x'g]5g To;nfO{ v'bf tcfnf -k/d]Zj/_ n] cfˆgf] s[kfåf/f Ifdf ul/lbg]5g . clGtd -k|no_ sf lbg v'bfsf] bZ{fg x'g]5 . hf] JolQmx¿ k'0osdL{ / wfld{s x'g]5g . ltgLx¿af6 v'bf k|;Gg x'Gf]5g . k|nosf lbgk|lt O{dfg -ljZjf;_ :yfkg ug'{ clgjfo{ /x]sf] 5 .

xxxxh/t dxDdb h/t dxDdb h/t dxDdb h/t dxDdb /;"/;"/;"/;"n'Nnfx ;nnNnfx' n'Nnfx ;nnNnfx' n'Nnfx ;nnNnfx' n'Nnfx ;nnNnfx' cn}lx j ;Nndcn}lx j ;Nndcn}lx j ;Nndcn}lx j ;Nnd

xh/t dxDdb /;"Nf'Nnfx -;Nnd_ ;a} gaLx¿sf d'lvof

x'g'x'G5 . pxfF c/a b]zsf] kljq gu/ dSsfdf !@ /aLcf]n cJjn %&)O{= df hGdg'eof] . pxfFsf]hGd ePsf] rf}bx ;o jif{ eGbf clws ;do lalt;s]sf] 5 .pxfFsf] j+z / kl/jf/ cToGt pQd tyf enf] lyof] . pxfFsf lktfsf] gfd cAb'Nnfx / dftfsf] gfd cfldgf lyof] . pxfFsf lktfsf] pxfF hGdg' eGbf klxnf g} d[To' ePsf] lyof] .pxfF hlGdPsf] s]xL jif{ leq}df pxfFsL dftfsf] klg lgwg eof] . To;kl5 pxfF k'0f{tM 6'x'/f] x'g k'Ug'eof] . pxfF afNosfnb]lv g} ;Tojflb / ljZj;gLo x'g'x'GYof] . dflg;x¿n] pxfFsf] ;Ddfg uy]{ . pxfFn] slxNo} ldYof af]Ng' ePg g pxfFn] s;}nfO{ ufnL lbg'eof] . pxfF 6'x'/fx¿k|lt bof ug'{ x'GYof] / cefju|:tx¿sf] ;xof]u ug'{x'GYof] . pxfFn] slxNo} d"lt{k'hf ug'{ ePg . pxfF ;bf Ps, clåtLo cNnfxsf] pkf;gf ug{'x'GYof] . ha pxfFsf] cfo' rfnL;

(12)

jif{ k'Uof] cNnfx tcfnfn] pxfFnfO{ ;+;f/sf] ;'wf/ / p4f/sf lglDt lgo'Qm u/] . pxfF ;bf dflg;x¿nfO{d"lt{k'hfaf6 /f]Sg'x'GYof]/ cNnfx tcfnftkm{ d"lt{k'hsx¿nfO{ af]nfpg' x'GYof] . d'lZf|s -cg]s]v/jflb_ x¿ pxfFsf zq' aGgk'u] . pgLx¿n] xh/t dxDdb -;Nnd_ / pxfFsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ clt si6 lbGy] . ufln lbGy] / df/lk6 uy{] . xh/t dxDdb -;Nnd_ / pxfFsf ;fyLx¿ w}o{uy]{ / cfˆgf zq'x¿sf nflu cNnfxsf r/0fdf ltgLx¿nfO{ ;Gdfu{ b]vfp egL k|fy{gf uy]{ . cGttM t]/x jif{kl5 xh/t dxDdb -;Nnd_ / pxfFsf ;xfaf -;xr/_ x¿n] dSsfaf6 lxh/t -b]zTofu_ u/] / dbLgf k|:yfg u/] . ToxfF b;jif{ /xg' eof] zq'n] pxfFl;t n8fFO{ u/] k/Gt' ltgLx¿ c;kmn /x] xh/t dxDdb -;Nnd_ ha zq'x¿dfly ljhoL x'g'eof] ta pxfFNf] ltgLx¿nfO{ Ifdf ul/lbg'eof] .pxfFsf] pRr cfr/0f / pQd lzIffsf sf/0f pxfFsf] hLjgsfn d} ;d:t c/ajfl;x¿ d';ndfg eP . pxfFn] ;d:t dflg;x¿sf] ;'wf/ ug{'eof] . ;Gdfu{df rnfpg' eof] . / lbg /ft ToxL sfo{df Jo:t /xg'eof] . lq;¶L jif{sf] cfo'df pxfFn] ;+;f/jf6 ljbf lng'eof] . pxfFsf] sa| -;dflw_ kljq dbLgf gu/df 5 . pxfFk|lt cNnfx tcfnfn] ;bf cfˆgf] ckf/ s¿0ff / s[kf jif{0f u¿g . h'g dxfg sfo{x¿ xh/t dxDdb -;Nnd_n] u/]/ hfg'eof] tL sfo{x¿ cGo s'g} gaLn] ug{ ;Sb}gg . v'bf tcfnfn] pxfFsf] 7'nf] dbb / ;xof]u u/] . pxfFh:tf] dflg; g ;+;f/df klxnf hlGdof] g t eljiodf hGdg] 5 . k|nosf lbg -pxfFSm} ;j{k|yd_k'g¿Tyfg x'g]5 . pxfFn] g} zkmfct -l;kmfl/;_ ug'{x'g]5 . pxfF ;d:t hutsf nflu s[kfsf ¿kdf cfpg'eof] . sflkm/ -cljZjf;L_x¿ pxfFsf] cfr/0f / Jojxf/ b]v]/ d';ndfg aGy] . pxfF /ftel/ gdfh -pkf;gf_ df Jo:t /xg'x'GYof] .pxfF cToGt bfgL klg x'g'x'GYof] . h'g wg xftdf cfpFYof] Tof] ;a} v'bfsf] dfu{df vr{ ul/lbg'x'GYof] . pxfFn] slxNo} k]6el/ /f]l6 vfg'ePg . 6'x'/fx¿ / bl/b+|x¿sf] pxfFnfO{

(13)

cToGt lrGtf /xGYof] . pxfFn] zf/Ll/s ;'v / ef]unfO{ slxNo} dg k¥ofpg' ePg . pxfF ;d|f6 /x]/ klg bl/b|em} /xg'eof] . pxfF cfˆgf ;xfaf -;xr/_ x¿ / cGo d';ndfgx¿l;t cToGt k|]d ug{'x'GYof] . xh/t dxDdb /;'n'Nnfx -;Nnd_ sf] cfzLif / j/bfg k|no;Dd hf/L /xg]5 . pxfF ;"o{ x'g'x'G5 . cGo ;a} dxfTdfx¿ / ;Gtx¿n] pxfFaf6 g} cfWoflTds Hof]lt k|fKtu5{g / ug{]5g . xh/t d;Lx df}pb -k|lt>'t d;Lx / dxbL_ cn}lx:;nfd klg pxfFs} k|sfz / Hof]lt lnP/ cfpg'ePsf] xf] . xh/t dxDdb d':tkmf -;Nnd_ sf] :j{ujf;kl5 pxfFsf rf/hgf vnLkmfx¿ -pQ/flwsf/Lx¿_ Jf|mdzM pxfFsf pQ/flwsf/L ag] . pxfFx¿sf gfd lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g . -1) xh/t ca"as/ /hLcNnfx' cg\x'

(2) xh/t pd/ /hLcNnfx' cgx'

(3) xh/t p;dfg ugL /hLcNnfx' cgx'

(4) xh/t cnL /hLcNnfx' cgx'

xxxxh/t d;Lx df}ph/t d;Lx df}ph/t d;Lx df}ph/t d;Lx df}pbbbb----k|lt>'t d;Lx / dxbL k|lt>'t d;Lx / dxbL k|lt>'t d;Lx / dxbL k|lt>'t d;Lx / dxbL cn}lx:;nfd_cn}lx:;nfd_cn}lx:;nfd_cn}lx:;nfd_

xh/t ldhf{ u'nfd cxdb ;fx]a sflbofgL cn}lx:;nfd

v'bf tcfnfåf/f lgjf{lrt tyf O:nfdnfO{ k'ghL{jg k|bfg ug{ cfpg'ePsf] xf] . pxfF lhNnf u'/bf;k'/ k+hfasf] sflbofg gfdsf kljq e"lddf 1835 O{, df hGdg'eof] . rf}wf}F ztfAbL lxh|Lsf] cf/Dedf cNnfx tcfnfn] pxfFnfO{ d'hl4b -;'wf/s_ agfP . kljq s'c/gsf] z/Lct -wd{ljwfg_ nfO{ tfhf ug{sf nflu pxfFnfO{ v6fP . pxfF afNosfnb]lv g} kljq / wd{k/fo0f JolQm x'g'x'GYof] . ;a} dflg;x¿ pxfFsf] k|z+;f ug]{ uy]{ . pxfF

(14)

v'bfsf] pkf;gfdf / xh/t dxDdb /;"n'Nnfx -;Nnd_ k|lt b¿b -cNnfxsf] s[kf / zflGt_ k|]i0fdf Jo:t /xg'x'GYof] . ha pxfFsf] cfo' k|fo rfnL;jif{sf] x'gk'Uof] ta cNnfx tcfnfn] pxfFnfO{ lgjf{lrt u/] . dflg;x¿n] pxfFl;t klg zq'tf u/] . b'v lbP, ufnL unf]r u/] . pxfF eg] ufnL lbg]x¿sf lglDt b'cf -k|fy{gf_ ug'{ x'GYof] . pxfFn] c:;Lj6f k':tsx¿sf] /rgf ug{'eof] . tL k':tsx¿ c/aL, kmf/;L tyf pb{' efiffdf /x]sf 5g . pxfFk|lt v'bf tcfnfsf] jx\oL -O{zjf0fL_ cjtL0f{ x'GYof] . w/tL / cfsfzdf pxfFsf ;dy{gdf lrx\gx¿ / rdTsf/x¿ k|s6 eP .kljq s'/cfg / xbL;x¿df pxfFsf af/]df va/x¿ / eljiojf0fLx¿ Dff}h'b 5g . pxfFsf] z/Lct -wd{ljwfg_ kljq s'/cfg xf] . pxfFnfO{ dfGg' xfd|f] st{Jo / clgjfo{ sfo{ xf] . pxfFsf] hLjgsfnd} kfFrnfveGbf clws dflg;x¿n] pxfFk|lt O{dfg -ljZjf;_ NofPsf lyP cyf{t pxfFnfO{ dfg]sf lyP . pxfFn] cfˆgf] hdftsf] gfd cNnfx tcfnfsf] cfb]zg';f/ cxdlbof hdft /fVg'eof] . cfh of] hdft ;+;f/sf leGg leGg b'O{;oeGbf clws b]zx¿df :yflkt 5 . kljq gu/sflbofg o; hdftsf] s]Gb|:yn xf] . 26dO{, 1908O{,df xh/t d;Lx df}pb ldh{f u'nfd cxdb sflbofgL -cn}_ sf] :ju{jf; eof] . pxfFk|lt ;bf v'bf tcfnfsf] ckf/ s[kf / s?0ff jif{0f xf]; . xh/t xflkmh xfhL xsLd df}njL g'?4Lg -/hL_ pxfFk:rft pxfFsf klxnf vnLkmf -pQ/flwsf/L_ lgjf{lrt x'g'eof] . To;kl5 1914 O{, df xh/t ldhf{ azL?4Lg dxd'b cxdb

/hL bf];|f vnLkmf / 1965 O{ df xh/t ldhf{ gfl;/ cxdb -

/x_ t];|f] vnLkmf lgjf{lrt x'g'eof] . pxfF kl5 1982 O{, df

xh/t ldhf{ tflx/ cxdb -/x=_ / 2003O{= df xh/t ldhf{ d;¿/ cxdb ;fx]a cxdlbof hdftsf kfFrf} vnLkmf lgjf{lrt x'g'eof] . cNnfx tcfnfn] pxfFnfO{ nfdf] cfo' k|bfg u¿g / ;a} OR5f / pb]Zox¿df ;kmntf k|bfg u¿g . vnLkmfsf]

(15)

cf1fkfng /cg';/0f ug{' clgjf{o st{Jo /x]sf] 5 . h:fn] vnLkmfnfO{ c:jLsf/ u5{ kljq s'/cfgn] To;nfO{ cwdL{ / b'/frf/L 3f]lift u5{ . cNnfx tcfnfn] vnLkmfx¿sf] ljz]if ;xof]u ug{]u5{g . ltgLx¿åf/f wd{nfO{ b[9tf / l:y/tf k|bfg u5{g . j:t't M vnLkmf v'bfn] g} agfpF5g To;sf/0f pgL g} ltgLx¿sf ;xof]uL klg aG5g .

KKKKffffljq s'/cfgljq s'/cfgljq s'/cfgljq s'/cfg Kfljq s'/cfg v'bf tcfnfsf] jf0fL xf] . of] ;a}eGbf clGtd

O{Zj/Lo k':ts xf] o;sf] pkl:yltdf k|no;Dd cGo s'g} z/Lct -wd{ljwfg_ sf] cfjZostf 5}g . o;df dfgjhfltsf ;a} cfjZostfx¿sf] pNn]v / ;dfwfg 5 . s'g} dflg;n] o; k':tssf] 5f]6f]eGbf 5f]6f] / ;fg' eGbf ;fg' ;"/ M -cg'R5]b_ t'No klg agfpg ;s\b}g . kljq s'cf{g wfld{s / ;f+;fl/s -ef}lts_ 1fgx¿sf] Pp6f vhfgf -eF8f/_ xf] h'g slxNo} ;dfKt x'g]5}g . hf] dflg;x¿ o;sf cfb]zcg';f/ rN5g ltgLx¿n] ;+;f/ / k/nf]s b'j}df cf/fd / zflGt k|fKt u5{g . v'bfsf ;fFRrf cf1fsf/L / kljq ÅboL eQmx¿k|lt dfq o;sf u"9 ;Tox¿ V'fN5g . kljq s'/cfgdf of] eGbf klxnf cfPsf ;a} OZj/Lo k':tsx¿sf ;fFRrf / pQd s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z 5g . kljq s'/cfgsf ;fFRrf cf1fsf/ / cfg'ofoL s'g} If]qdf c;kmn x'Fb}gg . o; k/d jf0Ldf cfh;Dd Ps/lQe/ klg km/s cfPsf] 5}g g t k|no;Dd cfpFg]5 .

;'Ggt / xbL;;'Ggt / xbL;;'Ggt / xbL;;'Ggt / xbL; h'g z/Lct -wd{ljwfg_ xh/t dxDdb /;"n'Nnfx -

;Nnd_ dfly cjtL0f{ eof] Tof] kljq s'/cfg xf] . o;}u/L

(16)

xh/t dxDdb -;Nnd_ sf sfo{x¿/ cfr/0fx¿nfO{ ;'Ggt elgG5 . k|To]s d';ndfgn] xh/t dxDdb -;Nnd_ n] u/]sf sfo{x¿ h:t} sfo{ ug{' k/d st{Jo /x]sf] 5 . o;}nfO{ ;'Ggt -cfbz{_ sf] cg's/0f elgG5 . pxfFn] eg]sf s'/fx¿ / pkb]zx¿nfO{ xbL; elgG5 . xbL;x¿ pxfFsf ;xfaf -;xr/_ x¿ / cGo JolQmx¿sf d'vaf6 ;'g]/ n]lvPsf x'g . xbL;sf w]/}j6f k':tsx¿ 5g .

;xL a'vf/L “ xbL;sf] ;a}eGbf k|l;4 / ljZj;gLo k':ts xf] . xbL; kljq s'/cfg a/fa/ x'g;s\b}g . ;Jjf]{Rr :yfg kljq s'/cfgnfO{ k|fKt 5 . bf];|f] :yfg ;'Ggtsf] xf] / t];|f] :yfg xbL;sf] xf] . logLx¿dWo] k|To]snfO{ logsf] :yfg / bhf{g';f/ dfGg' / To;sf] cg's/0f ug{' d';ndfgsf nflu clgjf{o /x]sf] 5 . cxdlbof hdftsf] oxL l;4fGt /x]sf] 5 . cxdbLx¿ k|To]s ;To s'/f]nfO{ dfGb5g / k|To]s ldYof / agfj6L s'/f]nfO{ c:jLsf/ u5{g . j:t't M xh/t dxDdb /;"n'Nnfx -;Nnd_ sf] klg oxL l;4fGt / lgod lyof] / pxfFsf ;xr/x¿sf] klg .

cTofjZosLo s'/fxcTofjZosLo s'/fxcTofjZosLo s'/fxcTofjZosLo s'/fx¿¿¿¿ gaLx¿ k|To]s b]z / k|To]s hfltx¿df cfpg] u5{g .

;fFRrf] d':fndfg ToxL g} xf] h:fn] ;a} gaL -k}UfDa/_ x¿nfO{ dfG5 . xh/t O{;f -d:fLx_ klg Pshgf gaL lyP pgL ;nLa -z"nL_ df dfl/Pgg g pgL ef}lts z/L/;x cfsfzdf uP . g pgL cfh;Dd hLljt 5g g t k'gM ctLtsf] z/L/ lnP/pgL ;+;f/df cfpg]5g . clkt' pgn] Ps;oaL; jif{sf] cfo' ;+;f/df latfP/ d[To' k|fKt u/] . pgsf] ;dflw ef/tsf] >L gu/ zx/df /x]sf] 5 . d/]sf dflg;x¿ kmls{P/ ;+;f/df cfpFb}gg . d[To' ;a} dflg;x¿sf nflu clgjfo{ /x]sf] 5 . s;}n] v'bfsf] sfg'g -lgod_ nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;s\b}g .

(17)

O{;fO{x¿sf] lktf, k'q / kljq cfTdf -ltgj6f v'bf_ eGg] cf:yf 7Ls xf]Og . tLg Ps / Ps tLg x'g;s\b}g . s;}n] s;}sf] kfksf] af]em p7fpg ;s\b}g . dg'io v'bf x'g;s\b}g g v'bf dg'io x'g;s5 . xh/t d;Lx df}pb -k|lt>'t d;Lx_ cn}lx:;nfd xh/t dxDdb /;"n'Nnfx ;n\nNnfx' cn}lx j ;Nndsf lhNn -k|lt5fof_ x'g'x'G5 . s;}sf] 5fof p;af6 cnu x'g;s\b}g .xh/t dxDdb /;"n'Nnfx -;Nnd_ ;d:t hutsf dfu{bz{s x'g'x'G5 .pxfFsf] dfu{bz{g xh/t d;Lx df}pb4f/f ;d:t ;+;f/df ca km}ln/x]5 . pxfFnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{] JolQm v'bfsf] ck/fwL /x]sf] 5 . b'i6x¿dfly O{Zj/sf] -cNnfx_ sf] b08 cjtL0f{ x'G5 . ljZjJofkL b}ljs k|sf]k / b08 k|s6 x'g'eGbf klxnf /;"n -k}uDa/_sf] cfudg clgjfo{ /x]sf] 5 . O{dfd dxbL -slNs cjtf/_ cfP/ t/jf/ rnfpFg]5g / To;4f/f O:nfd km}nfpg]5g eGg] JolQmx¿ c1fgL x'g . O:nfddf v'gL dxbL -v'g aufpg] ;'wf/s_ sf] s]xL sfd -cfjZostf_ 5}g . h'g dxbL -;'wf/s_ n] cfpg' lyof] pxfF cfO;Sg' eof] . pxfFn] ;+;f/sf ;fd'Gg] v'bfsf] ;+Gb]Zf k|:t't klg ug{'eof] . xh/t ldhf{ u'nfd cxdb sflbofgL -cn}lx:;nfd_ g} tL -dxbL_ x'g'x'G5 .

(18)

kljq s'/kljq s'/kljq s'/kljq s'/cfgsfcfgsfcfgsfcfgsf] lzIff] lzIff] lzIff] lzIff

1. lzs{ -d"lt{ k'hf OToflb_gu/ . cNnfx Ps, clåtLo /x]sf 5g .

2. s]jn v'bf tcfnfsf] pkf;gf u/ cGo sf]xL pkf:o 5}g .

3. dftf –lktfsf] cfb/ ;Ddfg u/ / plgx¿sf] cf1fkfng u/ .

4. gdfh -pkf;gf_ sf] cg'i7fg u/ .

5. /dhfg -sf] dxLgf_ sf /f]hf -pkjf;_ /fv.

6. huft lt/ .

7. olb ;fdYo{ / ;fwg /x]df xh u/ .

8. v'bf / pgsf /;"nsf cfb]zx¿sf] kfng u/ .

9. ;a} df]ldg -ljZjf;L_ x¿ efO{–efO{ x'g To;sf/0f s;}sf] cjx]ngf / ckdfg gu/ . uLatcyf{t s;}sf] cg'kl:yltdf To;lj?4 s'/f gu/ .

10. v'bf tfcfnfl;t cfˆgf kfkx¿k|lt Ifdf df+u .

11. ;Í6 / ljklQsf ;dodf w}o{ wf/0f u/ . cGox¿nfO{ klg w}o{ ug]{ pkb]z b]pm .

12. cfk;df Ps csf{l;t ;lGw / ;Demf}tf u/ .

13. 7"nf] / dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ ug{' cufl8 Ps cfk;df k/dfz{ / ;Nnfx u/ .

14. s]jn cNnfx tcfnfdfly e/f];f u/ . pgLl;t ;xfotf dfu+ .

15. cNnfx tcfnfsf s[t1 -wGojfbL_ ag . pgLafx]s s;}sf cufl8 ;h\bf -;fi6f+u k|0fd_ gu/ .

(19)

16. levf/LnfO{ gw'Tsf/ . olb bfg lbg g;s]df s'g} pQd s'/f] atfpm .

17. O:nfdsf] ;Gb]z ;d:t ;+;f/df km}nfpm .

18. ha s;}nfO{ jrg lbG5f} ta To;nfO{ cjZo k"/f u/ lsgeg] lbPsf] jrg ;DaGwL v'bf tcfnfn] ;f]w\g]5g.

19. gofo u/ / s;}sf] zq'tfsf sf/0f cGofo gu/ .

20. abhGgL -s' wf/0ff_ af6ar .cfˆgf efO{x¿sf af/]df ;'wf/0ff / pQd ljrf/ /fv .

(20)

xbL;sf lzIffxxbL;sf lzIffxxbL;sf lzIffxxbL;sf lzIffx¿¿¿¿

1. df]ldg -ljZjf;L_ cf8Da/L x'b}g .

2. s'g} d';ndfgn] d';ndfg efO{nfO{ b'v glbof]; g af]nL jrgn] / g xftn] .

3. s;}nfO{ ufnL gb]pm .

4. dftf lktfsf cf1fsf/L ag .

5. k|To]s d';ndfg k'?if–dlxnf , o'js, o'jtLsf nflu 1fg k|fKt ug{' clgjfo{ /x]sf] 5 .

6. v'bf tcfnfsf lgcdt -bfg–cg'u|x_ x¿k|lt s[t1tf k|s6 u/ .

7. 7'nfx¿sf] dfg u/ / ;fgfx¿l;t :g]x / k|]d u/ .

8. kljq s'/cfgsf] cTolws kf7 u/ oxL g} d'lQmsf] ;fwg xf] .

9. k|To]s ;do :jR5 / kljq /xg] u/ lsgeg] v'bf tcfnfn] kljqx¿nfO{ k|]d u5{g .

10. jrg eË gu/ .

11. ldYof gaf]n .

12. rf]/L gu/ .

13. ;fFrf] ujfxL b]pm .

14. l5d]sLsf] enf] u/ .

15. ;nfd-clejfbg_ sf] pQ/ cjZo lbg] u/ .clkt' ltdLx¿ g} klxnf ;nfd ug{] u/ .

16. lzi6 / nHhf /fVg] eQmx¿ v'bfnfO{ lk|o 5g .

17. lk7\o'Fkl5 s;}sf] s'/f] gu/ / cx+sf/ gu/ .

(21)

18. 1fgL JolQmx¿sf] ;efdf a:g] u/ . pkb]zd'ns s'/fx¿ ;'g / ltgLx¿sf] cg's/0f u/ .

19. df]ldg -ljZjf;L JolQm_ s[k0f x'b}g . sGh';L gu/ k/Gt' ckJoo klg gu/ .

20. pQd rl/q / u'0fx¿ pTkGg u/ . v'bf tcfnf -k/d]zj/_ n] ;bfrf/L / rl/qjfg JolQmx¿nfO{ rfxG5g .

(22)

xh/t xh/t xh/t xh/t dxDdb d':tkmfdxDdb d':tkmfdxDdb d':tkmfdxDdb d':tkmf ;n;n;n;n\\\\nNnfxnNnfxnNnfxnNnfx'''' cn}lx j ;Nndcn}lx j ;Nndcn}lx j ;Nndcn}lx j ;Nnd

�jx k]zjf xdf/f lh; ;] x} g"/ ;f/f

gfd p;sf x} dxDdb lbna/ d]/f oxL x} .�

cyf{t –xfd|f tL dfu{bz{s h;af6 ;d:t k|sfz -Hof]lt_ k|fKt x'G5 pxfFsf] gfd dxDdb xf] / pxfF g} d]/f cfTdLo x'g'x'G5 .

�;a kfs x}+ koDa/ Os b';/] ;] a]xt/

n]s\ ch\ v'bfP a/t/ v}?n j/f oxL x} .�

cy{ftM– ;a} k}uDa/x¿ Ps ;] Ps kljq / pQd /x]sf 5g k/Gt' v'bf tcfnfsf lgs6 pxfF g} k|f0fLx¿df ;j{>]i7 x'g'x'G5.

�kxnf]+ ;] v'at/ x} v"aL d] Ps sd/ x}

p; k/ x/ Os gh/ x} ab?4'hf oxL x} .�

cyf{tM– klxnfsf ;a} -gaLx¿_ eGbf pxfF >]i7 x'g'x'G5 / ljz]iftfdf dfgf} Pp6f rGb|df x'g'x'G5 .pxfFdfly g} k|To]ssf] b[li6 /x]sf] 5 . lsgeg] k"0f{rGb| pxfF g} x'g'x'G5 .

�kx]n] tf] /fx d] xf/] kf/ p; g] x} ptf/]

d} hfpF p;s] jf/] a; gfv'bf oxL x} .�

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lbn of/ ;] ldnfP jx cfzgf oxL x} .�

(23)

cyf{tM– -dfu{df /x]sf_kbf{x¿ ;a} x6fpg' eof] / pxfFn] g} xfd|f] x[bonfO{ O{Zj/l;t hf]8\g' eof] / pxfF g} j:t't M -dfu{sf_ 1ftf x'g'x'G5 .

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(24)

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