رییغت تیریدم...4- Team interpersonal relationships In times of change, individual stress...

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ارائه: ر سیدک دکتر ناد لی تغییر مدیریت

Transcript of رییغت تیریدم...4- Team interpersonal relationships In times of change, individual stress...

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لیدکتر نادر سیدکال: ارائه

مدیریت تغییر

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تغییر فردی-1

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تغییرات سریع در جهان امروز•ناورینقش ف–سیکلی بودن یا خطی بودن تاریخ •

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:پرسش ها

چرا تغییر اتفاق می افتد؟•تغییر چگونه اتفاق می افتد؟•ع شویم؟چطور از تغییر استقبال کنیم و از آن منتف•

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All appears to change when we

change.

Henri Amiel

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:یادگیری و فرآیند تغییر

Learning: the process of acquiring

knowledge through experience which

leads to a change in behavior.

Buchanan and Huczynski (1985)

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یادجدیدیچیزاستقراریاتغییرفرآینددرUnlearnراقدیمیچیزیاستقراریابگیرید

.کنید

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خودروی نو و رانندگی

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The Learning Dip

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Learningآثارچطور dipبرسانیمحداقلبهرا:

کاهش سطح انتظارات در دوره تغییر•حمایت و پشتیبانی از پرسنل•یادآوری موقتی بودن افت در مقابل باور شکست•تقدیر و تحسین رشد در دوره بازگشت عملکرد•

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:گشتالتفرآیند یادگیری از منظر روانشناسی

Gestalt= Form, Shape

A theory of mind (Berlin School of

Experimental Psychology)

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:گشتالتفرآیند یادگیری از منظر روانشناسی

Kurt Koffka: The whole is other than the sumof the parts

شتالتگروانشناسی،(پاسخومحرک)رفتاریرویکردبرخالف.کندمیبحثشناختیفرآیندهایسازماندرخصوص

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:مثال

کالسازبیرونمنظرهازفرددرک•

BackgroundوForegroundدرراچیزهاطورکلیبهافراد.دهندمیقرار(Consciousness)شانخودآگاهی

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رانندگیمثال

یدن فرآیند یادگیری و رساهبه شایستگی ناخودآگ

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:Kolbحلقه یادگیری

David Kolb (1984)

تجربییادگیریمدل

میادیکردنفکرودادنانجامطریقازافرادمدل،اینبراساس.گیرند

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:Kolbحلقه یادگیری

:یادگیریتعریف.انجامدمیتاررفدرتغییربهکهایتجربهطریقازدانشکسبفرآیند

ربهتجمورددرسپسدهد،انجامراکاریواقعاًبایدفردکلب،دیدگاهازتغییرراتارشرفکهکندریزیبرنامهآنگاهوبگیردنتایجیکند،تأملخودش

.ودشطیمراحلاینهمهکهشودمیمحققزمانیفقطواقعییادگیری.دهد

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:Kolbحلقه یادگیری

:نوعندچهارهاآدمکلبدیدگاهبراساس

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:بحث

شما چطور یاد می گیرید؟(مطالعه موردی)

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:دیدگاه رفتاری به تغییر-1

خواهدبکسیکهاستزمانیخصوصبهتئوریاینکاربرد.دهدتغییررادیگریفردرفتار

ورآیندهافتغییرنههاستآدمتغییربرتمرکزدیدگاهایندر.سازمانیساختارهای

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:چهره ها

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شرطی شدن کالسیک

سگوغذاماجرایرفتارتوانمی(Punishment)تنبیهو(Reward)پاداشبا*

.دادتغییررادیگران

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Positive Reinforcement

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Positive Reinforcement:

مییتتقوبنابراینشودمیهمراهپاداشبامطلوبرفتار.شود

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Negative Addition

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Negative Addition:

میضعیفتبنابراینشودمیهمراهتنبیهبانامطلوبرفتار.شود

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Positive Subtraction

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Positive Subtraction:

بودشدهاههمرخوبرفتاریکباقبالًکه(محرکی)تنبیهی.شودمیتقویترفتاربنابراینشودمیحذف

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Negative Subtraction

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Negative Subtraction:

بودشدههمراهبدرفتاریکباقبالًکه(محرکی)تشویقی.شودمیتضعیفبدرفتاربنابراینشود،میحذف

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:استراتژی های تقویت

:مالیتقویت

مربوطشعملکردبهدقیقهایشاخصباراپرسنلدریافتیاگر...وگرنهشدخواهدبهترعملکردکنید

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:استراتژی های تقویت

:(بازخور)غیرمالیتقویت

.بودخواهدربیشتآنتأثیرباشدترویژهوتردقیقبازخورهرچه

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:استراتژی های تقویت

:اجتماعیتقویت

جامعهدرشاخصافرادبهتوجهوتقدیرتحسین،

.اندساختهراهاامروزیرفتارهاقدیمی

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:انگیزه و رفتار

تادکردنمیعملشدنشرطیتئوریبراساسمدیران60دههتا.گرفتقراربحثموردهاAnomalyتدریجبهکهاین

نتیجه؟

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:انگیزه و رفتار

گرگورمگداگالسYوXتئوری

براساس،شدنشرطیتئوریبهتوجهضمنکهمدیرانی:یافتهتریباالعملکردازکهدارندکارکنانیکنندمیعملYتئوری.برخوردارندیXمدیرانکارکنانبهنسبت

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:انگیزه و رفتار

هرزبرگفردریک

تاختبرانگیراکارکنانشودمیچطوربداندخواستمیهماو.باشندداشتهخوبیعملکرد

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:انگیزه و رفتار

محرومیتودردازدوریبهگرایش:بهداشتیعوامل

توسعهویادگیریبهگرایش:انگیزانندهعوامل

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:انگیزه و رفتار

نبود.زاندانگینمیبرراکارکنانبهداشتیعواملوجود:یافتهواملعوجود.کندمیانگیزهبیراکارکنانبهداشتیعوامل

.انگیزاندمیبرراکارکنانانگیزاننده

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:دیدگاه رفتاری به تغییر

وقتی.انگیزیدبر(شدنشرطی)تنبیهوتشویقباراافراد:نتیجهداشتهتوجهیهمYتئوریبهکنیدمیتنبیهیاتشویقراهاآن

.باشید

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:بحث

رفتارتغییربرایمامدیرانند؟کنمیعملچطورکارکنانشان

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:دیدگاه شناختی به تغییر

.بوداریرفترویکردازدلزدگیبهواکنشیشناختیرهیافت

رفتارگرایانتوجهشناختیروانشناسانتوجه

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:فرضیه نظریه شناختی

افرادهایواکنش.ماستفکرطرزازناشیمامسائلواحساساتورتصبهراهاموقعیتکهاستفعلیصورتبهدلیلاینبه

فکریشانهایفرآیندباشندقادرافراداگر.کنندمیارزیابیفعلی.استیرتغیقابلنیزمحیطبههاآنهایواکنشدهند،تغییررا

Cognitiveهایروش Behavioral Therapy:Albert Ellis- Rational Emotive Therapy (1977)

Aaron Beck-Cognitive Therapy (1970)

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CognitiveدهندهتوسعهکهBeckمثالً Therapyاعتقادبود:کهداشت

شیرووراهوسیلهبهزیادیحددرافرادرفتارهایواحساسات»کهروشیینبنابرا.شودمیتعیینکندمیتفسیرراجهانویکه

طورچهاآنکهاستاینکنندهتعیینکنندمیفکرافراد«.دهندمینشانواکنشچطوروکنندمیاحساس

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Belief System Theoryنظریه

Rokeachمیالدی70و60هایدههدر

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Belief System Theoryنظریه

Individual’s self-concept and values

Beliefs Attitudes Feelings

Behaviors Results

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Values: broad preferences concerning appropriatecourses of actions or outcomes

انسانیامتکرحفظواحترامبابشرنوعهمهبابایدوبرابرندهاانسان.کردرفتارشان

Attitudes: predispositions to respond in positive ornegative way to someone or something in one’senvironment

.ندارمدوستراچیزفالنمن

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Beliefs: Represent ideas about someone or

something and the conclusion draw about them.

.استمسئولیتفاقدمنشغل

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اختیارآندرچون(Attitude)ندارمدوستراشغلممن.(Belief)ندارمگیریتصمیم

وظایفهحیطدرباشند،کهسازمانیمرتبههردربایدکارکنان)((Value)باشندبرخوردارگیریتصمیمدراستقاللازخود

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Belief System Theoryنتایج نظریه

کنند؟تغییرتوانندمیچگونهافراد-

هاحرکماینبهنسبتشماپاسخوخارجیهایمحرکموضوعبهایعالقهشناختیرهیافت-دارند،ودشانخبرایهاییبرنامهچهافرادکهاستاینبهمعطوفبیشترتوجهشمقابلدر.ندارد

.دهندیمانجامکارهاییچههاآنبهرسیدنبرایوکنندپیدادستچیزهاییچهبهخواهندمی

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پرسش های اصلی برای تغییر

•Self conceptهاارزشوهانگرشوباورها•احساسات•رفتار•نتایج•

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هدفگذاری در رهیافت شناختی

.تاسبیشترآنبهدستیابیاحتمالباشدترروشنهدفچههر•

Richardپژوهش• Bradler & John Grinder (1979)

؟کنندگانابداعWellnessوموفقکاوانروان

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فهم نتایج کارهایمان

(2فرد،1فرد)موفقیت(2فرد،1فرد)شکست

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:بحث

.یافتیدندستمدنظرتانهدفبهکهبیاوریدخاطربهرازمانیچطور؟بودچهتانمحدودکنندهباورگفتید؟چهخودتانبه

فکردیگریرجواگرکنید؟فکردیگریگونهبهتوانستیدمیبگیرید؟توانستیدمینتایجیچهبودیدکرده

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تکنیک های تغییر

مثبتفهرست•

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تکنیک های تغییر

تأییدات•

I am always enthusiastic when it comes to

work.

Personal, present, positive attribute, potent

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تکنیک های تغییر

تصویرسازی•

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تکنیک های تغییر

بندیبازصورت•

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تکنیک های تغییر

الگوشکنی•

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تکنیک های تغییر

شدنجدا•

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تکنیک های تغییر

اندازیلنگر•

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تکنیک های تغییر

منطقیتحلیل•

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یافته های جدید

Neuroscienceمدیریتو

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یافته های جدید

(1968)میشلوالترتوسطMarshmallowآزمایش

شد؟خواهدترموفقکسیچه

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خودکنترلی

مؤثرمغزینواحیوخودکنترلیقابلیت•

...وغیرغالبدستبکشیم؟دستبدعادتیکازچطور

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خودکنترلی

هایبهجنهمهرویطغیانگریبرخالفخودکنترلیتقویت•.گذاشتخواهدتأثیرزندگی

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خودکنترلی

کنندهمصرفرفتاروخودکنترلی•

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نتیجه

شدهکیمترفتاریرهیافتهایپایهبرشناختیرهیافتاستردهکمتصلباورهابهرارفتارکهتفاوتاینبااست

.داردنتایجبرهمبیشتریتأکیدو

گریمربیدرگستردهطوربهشناختیرهیافتازامروزه.شودمیگرفتهبهره

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:بحث

(ناختیشدیدگاه)داد؟خواهیدتغییرراخودتانچطوربعدبهامروزاز

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:به تغییر( پویایی روانی)دیدگاه سایکودینامیک

Kubler-Ross)راسکوبلرمدل Model)

-On Death and Dying (1969)

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:به تغییر( پویایی روانی)دیدگاه سایکودینامیک

فرآیند تغییر و انطباق

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(Adams, Hayes and Hopson, 1976)منحنی تغییر

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Virginia)ستیرویرجینیامدل Satir Model)

Satir’s Model

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Critical points in the change processGerald Weinberg (1997)

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نتیجه

تاکندمیکمکمدیرانبهسایکودینامیکدیدگاهییرتغمعرضدرکهزمانیراکارکنانشاندرونیحاالت

.کننددرکبهترگیرندمیقرارفرودهایوفرازهاانسانهمهدیدگاهاینبراساساین.کرددخواهنتجربهتغییردورهدررایکسانیکمابیش

.استبودنانسانازبخشی

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:بحث.وریدبیاخاطربهرااستدادهرخسازمانتاندراخیراًکهتغییراتیازیکی.یدکننگاشتواینبرگوستیرمدلبرراتغییرفرآیندکنیدسعی

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:به تغییردیدگاه انسانی

نیازهامراتبسلسلهومازلو

ت،شجاعمعنا،مسئولیت،واال،هایارزشرشد،خالقیت،عشق،شدنوبودن

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نیازهامراتبسلسلهومازلو

روانیهایبیماریعالئمبهپیشینروانشناسانبرخالفمازلوونهچگهاانساندریابدکهبودآندرپیبلکهنداشتتوجه

میتشفقشوند،میانگیختهدرونازدهند،مینشانخالقیت.کنندمیتجربهتمامیبهرازندگیوکنند

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نیازهامراتبسلسلهومازلو

.رفتندگپیشدرراشاگردانشوفرویدمخالفرویکردیگراهاانسان

Our prime aim is to enable the person to get in touch

with their real self’ (Rowan, 1983).

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(نیازهامراتبسلسله)مازلوانگیزهنظریه

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

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نیازهامراتبسلسلهومازلو

ومعنیدرونی،اشباعاحساسصلح،فهم،دانش،شاملعالینیازهای.هستندزیبایی

But the need for beauty is neither higher nor lower

than the other needs at the top of the pyramid. Self

actualization needs aren’t hierarchically ordered

(Griffin, 1991).

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:به تغییردیدگاه انسانی

(فردیرشدمسیر)راجرز

Client-centred approach

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:به تغییردیدگاه انسانی

(فردیرشدمسیر)راجرز

:مشاورانبرایاساسیشرطسه1- Genuineness and congruence

2- Unconditional positive regard

3- Empathic understanding

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:به تغییردیدگاه انسانی

:راجرزدیدگاهازتغییرمرحلههفت

اولمرحله.1دیگرانباخودشمورددرکردنصحبتبهتمایلعدم•تغییربهتمایلعدم•مشکالتواحساساتازمشخصیدرکنداشتن•

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:به تغییردیدگاه انسانی

:راجرزدیدگاهازتغییرمرحلههفت

دوممرحله.1خودابرازآغاز•خارجیعاملیعنوانبهمشکالتدرک•نگریگذشته•فردیمسئولیتپذیرشعدم•

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:به تغییردیدگاه انسانی

:راجرزدیدگاهازتغییرمرحلههفت

سوممرحله.1ابژهعنوانبهخوددرموردمحدودگفتگوی•احساساتمحدودابراز•آنهامورددرمنفیقضاوتواحساساتپذیرشعدم•

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:به تغییردیدگاه انسانی

:راجرزدیدگاهازتغییرمرحلههفت

چهارممرحله.1گذشتهازشدیدتراحساسات•محدودصورتبهکنونیاحساساتابراز•احساساتمحدودپذیرش•فردیمسئولیتمحدودپذیرش•

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:به تغییردیدگاه انسانی

:راجرزدیدگاهازتغییرمرحلههفت

پنجممرحله.1کنونیاحساساتآزادانهابراز•خوداحساساتازشگفتیوتعجب•فردیپذیریمسئولیتافزایش•تناقضاتباشدنمواجه•

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:به تغییردیدگاه انسانی

:راجرزدیدگاهازتغییرمرحلههفت

ششممرحله.1مبهمیاشدهپنهانشدیداًاحساساتازبخشیشدنآزاد•احساساتازایمجموعهعنوانبهخوددرک•جهانبهدیدگاهتغییروگاردشکستن•

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:به تغییردیدگاه انسانی

:راجرزدیدگاهازتغییرمرحلههفت

هفتممرحله.1اکنوندرجدیداحساساتپذیرشوکردنتجربه•خودکاملدرک•(ترکمانجمادبا)خودبازسازی•فردیپذیریمسئولیتوانتخابحقنیرومنداحساس•

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نتیجه

تاکندتالشبایدفردانسانی،رهیافتهایآموزهبراساسازدرستدرکیوبشناسدخوبیبهراخوداحساساتکهاستحالتایندرتنها.کندپیدانیزدیگراناحساسات

ودبهبرادیگرانوخودیادگیریبودخواهدقادرفرد.بخشد

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نتیجه

تغییرهبانسانیدیدگاهدرشدهمطرحهایبحثازبسیاری.است(1998)گلمندنیلهیجانیهوشتئورییادآور

ازکههستندافرادیموفقمدیرانگلمنتئوریبراساسانندتومیوبرخوردارندبیشتریاحساسیخودآگاهی

دخواحساساتوکننددرکخوبرادیگراناحساسات.دهندنشانخوبیبهرا

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...و

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تغییر تیمی-2

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:مقدمه

گروهوتیمتفاوتهاتیمانواع

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پروژهتیم

Project Manager

Project Sponsor

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ماتریسیتیم

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مجازیتیم

راهمندرتبهیاکنندنمیمالقاترایکدیگرحضوریصورتبهاصالًیامجازیهایتیم.کنندمیمالقات

Townsend et al (1998) defined virtual teams as ‘groups ofgeographically and/or organizationally dispersed co-workers that areassembled using a combination of telecommunications andinformation technologies to accomplish an organizational task.

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مجازیهایتیمدرتغییر

Change creates an increased need for communication, clear

goals, defined roles and responsibilities, and support and

recognition processes.

یکدیگرابحضوریطوربهکهاستهاییتیمازدشوارترمجازیهایتیمدرتغییر.کنندمیکار

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Rollin and Christine Glaser (1992) have identified

five elements that contribute to the level of a team’s

effectiveness or ineffectiveness over time.

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1. team mission, planning and goal setting;

2. team roles;

3. team operating processes;

4. team interpersonal relationships; and

5. inter-team relations.

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1- Team mission, planning and goal setting;

Clarity of objectives together with a common

understanding and agreement of these was

seen to be key.

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a 16 percent average improvement is

reported in effectiveness for teams that use

goal setting as an integral part of team

activities.

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2- Team Roles

When change happens – within, to or by the

team – clarity about role has two useful

functions. It provides a clear sense of purpose

and it provides a supportive framework for

task accomplishment.

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3- Team operating processes

Typical areas that a team need actively to

address by discussing and agreeing …

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• frequency, timing and agenda of meetings;

• problem-solving and decision-making methodologies;

• groundrules;

• procedures for dealing with conflict when it occurs;

• reward mechanisms for individuals contributing to team

goals;

• type and style of review process.

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4- Team interpersonal relationships

In times of change, individual stress levels rise and there is

a tendency to focus more on the task than the people

processes. High levels of trust within a team are the bedrock

for coping with conflict.

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5- Inter-team relations

It is also because the environment is changing

faster and is more complex, so keeping in

touch with information outside of your own

team is a basic survival strategy.

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Tuckman’s model of team

change

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1- Forming

Attempt at establishing primary purpose,

structure, roles, leader, task and process

relationships, and boundaries of the team

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2- Storming

Dealing with arising conflicts surrounding

key questions from forming stage

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3- Norming

Settling down of team dynamic and stepping

into team norms and agreed ways of working

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4- Performing

Team is now ready and enabled to focus

primarily on its task while attending to

individual and team maintenance needs