Need

http://www.greenfacts.org/en/biodiversity/images/bdv-3-17-n-fertilizers.jpg

SCN /C.elegans

www.epa,gov

Resistant Soy

http://www.biochem.arizona.edu

Rhizobium http://cache.viewimages.com/xc/3353096.jpg?v=1&c=ViewImages&k=2&d=0629904139C22E587A5A3CC511DB2D78A55A1E4F32AD3138

Paecilomyces lilacinus

http://www.im.ac.

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http://www.wmc.ac.uk/biology/Image2.jpg

Pasteuria Penetrans

www1.montpellier.inra.fr

Chitin/Clove Oil

http://www.wmc.ac.uk/biology/Image2.jpg

www.koihealth.org Inheritance of resistance to SCN

in RIL soy Tilka •Tilka confirms resistant soy are unaffected by SCN

•SCN can circumvent soy resistance in under 3 years (36 generations

•Creation of new resistant strains is more difficult

Resistant Strain V. Susceptible Strain

http://www.nature.com

Pathogenicity of Fungi to Eggs of Heterodera Glycine

Dickson

• Dickson Concludes that parasitic nematodes were reduced significantly by fungus

•Dickson says fungi inhibits the hatching of nematodes eggs

• Dickson suggests that egg and juvenile parasitism is the best way to reduce nematodes

http://fulltextt10.fcla.edu/DLData/SN/SN0022300X/0028_002/96_19.pdf

•Chitin levels greater or equal to .05% limit nematodes by 50%

•At .05% chitin levels plant height is greater that controls

Control of Soybean Cyst Nematode By Chitionolytic Bacteria and Chitin Substrate

Tian

Life Cycle Ultrastructure and Host Specifity of Pasteuria that Parasitizes theSoybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera Glycines by G. R. Noel

• endospores only attach themselves and develop in female juvenile nematodes

• 100,000 endospores/g reduced nematode population by 95%

• Pod yields increased 94% with 100,000 endospores/g

PurposeThe purpose of the experiment would be to

test how biological controls to parasitic nematodes (i.e. SCN) would work with a SCN resistant variety of soy to limit both

damage of SCN to soy and the development of resistance among parasitic nematodes, the experiment would also test how fungi

effects the local micro biota . Hypothesis

Hypothesis: H(o)- Resistant soy inoculated with biological controls will have no significant difference in C.elegan count or Rhizobium population from that in plain soy.

H(a)- Resistant soy inoculated with biological controls will have significantly lower C.elegan count than that in plain soy and similar to that in soy exposed to Copper Sulfate. Resistant soy inoculated

with biological controls will have statistically similar Rhizobium populations to plain soy and statistically higher Rhizobium populations than the soy with resistant Rhizobium and copper

sulfate.

Effects of clove oil on SCNMeyer

•.4% levels of clove oil significantly decreased egg count

•.12% levels kill half of all eggs and hatched nematodes

http://www.fao.org/docrep/

v9978e/v9978e07.jpg

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Food Prices have risen in recent years

World Food Prices Soy

Use of Resistant SoyEffects of SCN

•Resistant Soy is the primary non-chemical SCN control

•SCN significantly reduces soy yield

•In the cyst form SCN are nearly impossible to destroy

•Rhizobium perform sybiosis with soy , fixing nitrogen

• Rhizobium reduces the need for nitrogen fertilizer by half

•Paecilomyces lilacinus traps and kills nematodes by interfering with their cell membranes

•Chitin/ Clove Oil are potential organic nonliving biocontrols

•Pasteuria Penetrans endospores paralyze female juvenile SCN