Myanmar Cupid Post - ေရႊစကား · PDF fileMudKwifawmi;yefjcif; þpmpOfonf...

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ax&0g' omoem oefU&Sif;wnfwH NyefUyGm;atmif taemf&xm rif;BuD; tultnDNzihf omoem NyKawmfrlcJhaom

&Sift&[H yHkawmf&Sift&[H yHkawmf&Sift&[H yHkawmf&Sift&[H yHkawmf yk*HNrKdU tmeE´mapwD twGif;ü&Sdonf/

xG#facgifq&mawmf &kyfxkawmfxG#facgifq&mawmf &kyfxkawmfxG#facgifq&mawmf &kyfxkawmfxG#facgifq&mawmf &kyfxkawmf (1160-1242)

q&mawmfOD;om&Tef; (OD;u0dE´) "gwfawmfrsm;q&mawmfOD;om&Tef; (OD;u0dE´) "gwfawmfrsm;q&mawmfOD;om&Tef; (OD;u0dE´) "gwfawmfrsm;q&mawmfOD;om&Tef; (OD;u0dE´) "gwfawmfrsm;

(1182-1282)

a&pBudK*lNzLawm& q&mawmfa&pBudK*lNzLawm& q&mawmfa&pBudK*lNzLawm& q&mawmfa&pBudK*lNzLawm& q&mawmf (1190-1281)

bkef;awmfBuD; OD;oDvbkef;awmfBuD; OD;oDvbkef;awmfBuD; OD;oDvbkef;awmfBuD; OD;oDv (1194-1269)

ykodrf rd*'g&Hk q&mawmfykodrf rd*'g&Hk q&mawmfykodrf rd*'g&Hk q&mawmfykodrf rd*'g&Hk q&mawmf (1194-1283)

yckuúL oJyHkawmf&q&mawmfyckuúL oJyHkawmf&q&mawmfyckuúL oJyHkawmf&q&mawmfyckuúL oJyHkawmf&q&mawmf

(1204-1288)

v,fwDawm& q&mawmffv,fwDawm& q&mawmffv,fwDawm& q&mawmffv,fwDawm& q&mawmff (1208-1285)

ppfudkif;ppfudkif;ppfudkif;ppfudkif;----0wfcsuf rif;ausmif;q&m0wfcsuf rif;ausmif;q&m0wfcsuf rif;ausmif;q&m0wfcsuf rif;ausmif;q&mawmfawmfawmfawmf (1215-1288)

ppfudkif;ppfudkif;ppfudkif;ppfudkif;----r[m*E¨´m&Hkq&mawmffr[m*E¨´m&Hkq&mawmffr[m*E¨´m&Hkq&mawmffr[m*E¨´m&Hkq&mawmff (1220-1281)

Nynf Nynf Nynf Nynf ---- tifBuif;aNrmif q&mawmf tifBuif;aNrmif q&mawmf tifBuif;aNrmif q&mawmf tifBuif;aNrmif q&mawmf (1222-1278)

anmifvGefawm&q&mawmfanmifvGefawm&q&mawmfanmifvGefawm&q&mawmfanmifvGefawm&q&mawmf (1229-1295)

oxHk aZw0efq&mawmfoxHk aZw0efq&mawmfoxHk aZw0efq&mawmfoxHk aZw0efq&mawmf

(1230-1316)

aou©sawmif q&mawmfaou©sawmif q&mawmfaou©sawmif q&mawmfaou©sawmif q&mawmf (1233-1299)

rdk;nSif;awm& q&mawmfrdk;nSif;awm& q&mawmfrdk;nSif;awm& q&mawmfrdk;nSif;awm& q&mawmf (1234-1326)

odrfaodrfaodrfaodrfawmif tif;rBuD; awm&q&mawmfwmif tif;rBuD; awm&q&mawmfwmif tif;rBuD; awm&q&mawmfwmif tif;rBuD; awm&q&mawmf

(1237-1283)

Nrif;NcHNrif;NcHNrif;NcHNrif;NcH----pGef;vGef;*lq&mawmfpGef;vGef;*lq&mawmfpGef;vGef;*lq&mawmfpGef;vGef;*lq&mawmf (1239-1314)

tbd"Zr[m&X *k&k 0ef;odkNrKdU cE¨´D;q&mawmftbd"Zr[m&X *k&k 0ef;odkNrKdU cE¨´D;q&mawmftbd"Zr[m&X *k&k 0ef;odkNrKdU cE¨´D;q&mawmftbd"Zr[m&X *k&k 0ef;odkNrKdU cE¨´D;q&mawmf (1286ckESpf? awmfovif; vNynfU *-&uf zGm;Nrifawmfrlonf/)

urÇÇmUowdyXmefomoemNyK awmifykvk urÇÇmat;q&mawmfurÇÇmat;q&mawmfurÇÇmat;q&mawmfurÇÇmat;q&mawmf

(1258ck? waygif;vNynfUausmf 3-&uf zGm;Nrifawmfrlonf/)

a&TOa'gif;awmifq&mawmfa&TOa'gif;awmifq&mawmfa&TOa'gif;awmifq&mawmfa&TOa'gif;awmifq&mawmf (1253-1346)

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odrfawmifodrfawmifodrfawmifodrfawmif----qnfBuD;q&mawmfqnfBuD;q&mawmfqnfBuD;q&mawmfqnfBuD;q&mawmf

(1244-1321)

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rdk;ukwfq&mawmfrdk;ukwfq&mawmfrdk;ukwfq&mawmfrdk;ukwfq&mawmf (1261-1324)

ed'gef;pum;ed'gef;pum;ed'gef;pum;ed'gef;pum;

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psmeftbdnmOf& tnmwuk@nf;rax&fpsmeftbdnmOf& tnmwuk@nf;rax&fpsmeftbdnmOf& tnmwuk@nf;rax&fpsmeftbdnmOf& tnmwuk@nf;rax&f yk*H? yif;, acwfysufumvMuD;um; xdkodkYaom ygarmu©MuD;rsm;yif em;a,mifzG,f&m r[m,meESifY ax&0g' &IyfaxG;ayGvdrfaom umvjzpfí cJGjcm; &Ijrifwwf&ef rvG,fulvSacs/ rnfodkYjzpfap wdkif;jynftvHk; upOfYuvsm;jzpfí omoemawmf0efxrf;wdkY y&rf;ywm &SdaepOfrSmyif psmeftbdnmOf& yk*¾dKvfxl;rsm; &Sdaeao;onfudk axmufygvQif rsufjrift& rpnfum;vSaomfvnf; "r®tiftm;um; MuD;rm;cdkifrmpGm tajcpdkufxm;jyD;udk odomvSayonf/ ouú&mZf ckESpf&m ywf0ef;usifü awm&ausmif; trsm;tjym;&SdonfrSm jrif;rl (tjrifh-tedrfY) paom a'orsm;jzpf\/ xdkpOfu awm&aeaom bkef;MuD;udk ]awmjrwfMuD;} [kac:qdkMuaMumif; xdkacwfausmufpmrsm;t& od&\/ ouú&mZf 733-ckESpfxdk; tjrifY rif;&Jausmif; ausmufpmyg awmjrwfMuD; wpfyg;\ taMumif;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSonf/ xdkawmjrwfMuD;\ trnfrSm]tnmw uk@nf;} (tnmw aum@n) rax&fjzpf\/ avmuDpsmef tbdnmOftaMumif; ausmufpmü twdtvif; a&;om;yg&Sdonf/ psmeftbdnmOf &&HkrQru avmukwå&m tiftm;rsm;udkyg awGYjrif&ojzifY t&d,m yk*¾dKvfMuD; jzpfonf[kvnf; qdkEdkifavonf/ xdkt&SifjrwfMuD;\ taMumif;udk ausmufpmü atmufygtwdkif; a&;xdk;xm;\/ ]zk&m;jrwfpGm omoemESkduf tusifhoDwif; onf;cHjcif;ESifh jynfhpHkpGmaom tvGef avmuDpsmef&jyD; aus;Zl;MuD;aom zkef;jrwfMuD;pGm tnmwuk@nf; rnfaom r[max&fonfum; MuHwlrnfaom jynf\ awmifrsufESm? &GmESifhruyf awm\t&yf opfyif&if;ü pr®cPf (om;a&tcif;) cif;í oHoydwfudk a&SYwnfvsuf bm0emrlí (w&m;xdkifí) aepOfvQif awmqifaygufjrifí ESmarmif;rdk;vsuf awmoH[def;í ajy;ckwfvwfaw;/

bk&m;yGifh&m tdEd´,EdkifiHü tb,fhabk&m;yGifh&m tdEd´,EdkifiHü tb,fhabk&m;yGifh&m tdEd´,EdkifiHü tb,fhabk&m;yGifh&m tdEd´,EdkifiHü tb,fhaMumifhomoem uG,faysmufcJh&oenf;Mumifhomoem uG,faysmufcJh&oenf;Mumifhomoem uG,faysmufcJh&oenf;Mumifhomoem uG,faysmufcJh&oenf;

&m[kvmoHudpönf;&m[kvmoHudpönf;&m[kvmoHudpönf;&m[kvmoHudpönf;

þae&mü bk&m;yGifhawmfrl&m tdEd,EdkifiHü Ak'¨omoem uG,faysmufcJh&yHk taMumif;onf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vS\/ oifcef;pm ,lzG,fvnf; aumif;vS\/ xkdtaMumif;ukd uGsEkfyfwkdh a&;om;jcif;xuf tdEd´,om;wkdh udk,fwkdifa&;om; 0efcHjcif;u ykdí avsmf\/ ckdifrm\/ xkdhaMumifh emrnfausmf pma&;q&mBuD; &m[kvmoHudpönf;\ aqmif;yg;ukd rl&if;pmom;twkdif; tusOf;csKyfí azmfjyygtHh/ ( xkdaqmif;yg; rl&if;rSm 1973ck? pufwifbmvxkwf tdEd´,jynfrS r[maAm"d*sme,f trSwf 81? 9 ü yg&dSí urÇmhAk'¨wuúokdvf okawoet&m&dS OD;[efaX;u jrefrmjyefygonf/ ) ]]jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmefjyKNyD;aemuf tESpfwpf&m Mumaomtcg 0ZDÆwkdif;om; &[ef;rsm;onf 0denf;Oya'ukd ½dkaopGm rvkdufemMuawmhbJ a&T? aiGESifh ao&nfao&uf tyfonf ponfjzifh jyefvnfjyifqifvkdMu\/ rax&fBuD;rsm;u 0denf;a'oemonf tmPma'oemawmfjzpfí wdwdusus vkdufem&rnf[k aMujimcJhMu\/ tBuD;tus,f jiif;ckef Mu\/ pdwf0rf;uGJMu\/ xkdhaMumifh a0omvDjynfü umvmaumorif;ukd trDSo[JjyKí 'kwd,o*Fg,emwifMuNyD;vQif t"r®w&m;rsm;ukd y,fzsufcJhMu&onf/ wdwdusus jywfjywfom;om; qHk;jzwfí 0denf;av;pm;aom ,if;rax&fBuD;rsm;ukd ax&0g'*kdPf;[k vnf;aumif;? t"r®0w¬Kq,fyg; wDxGifaom oHCmrsm;ukd r[moHCdo *kdPf;[k vnf;aumif; ac:wGifcJhMu\/ r[moHCdo *dkPf;uvnf; oD;jcm; o*Fg,em wifMujyefonf/ 'kwd, o*Fg,emacwfrSpí wwd, o*Fg,emacwf ( taomurif;acwf ) txd 125 ESpftwGif; ax&0g'rS wpfq,fhESpf*dkPf;? r[moHCdurS ajcmuf*dkPf; toD;oD; uGJxGufMu\/ xkdtcg Ak'¨bmom trnfcH *dkPf;rsm;u ]jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd xm0&bk&m;? xm0&bHk} ponfjzifh tawG;tac: w&m;opfrsm;ukd zefwD;vmMuukef\/ xkdhaMumifh r[marm*¾vdykwåwdó paom rax&fBuD;wkdhonf yg#vdykwf aejynfawmfü taomurif;ukd rDSí wwd,o*Fg,em wifMu&onf/ rl&if;w&m;awmfukd rvkdufemcsifaom oHCmrsm;uvnf; oD;jcm;okwf? 0denf;? tbd"r®m wkdhukd wDxGifí oD;jcm; o*Fg,em wifMujyef\/ t,l0g' tusifhodu©mü tvGeftrif; uGJjym;jcm;em;MuavNyD/ taomurif;\ aemufumvü tdEd´,jynfwGif vlrsdK;toD;oD;? rif;quftrsdK;rsdK; 0ifa&mufvmMu&m qHk*rif;quf yk&SrdMwrif;vufxufwGif Ak'¨omoemawmf rsm;pGm qkwf,kwf\/ jA[®Pbmomukd pmayopfrsm;jzifh jyefvnf trTrf;wifcJhonf/ Ak'¨bmomtrnfcH oAÁwdå0g'*kdPf;vnf; usrf;pmtrsdK;rsdK; a&;om;í tcsif;csif; tjiif;yGm;Mu&m

*svef'&NrdKh (uoD®,) ü uedoQrif;BuD;ESifh 0okrdwå? tóaCmo rax&fBuD;wkdh OD;pD;í o*Fg,em wifcJhMujyefonf/ xkdtcg 0dbmoQmac: ( r[m,e ) t|uxmBuD; oHk;usrf;ukd NyKpkí 0dbmoQm*dkPf;[k uGJjym;cJh\/ 1 - [de,me ( t&[wå,me? om0u,me ) 2 - yapöuAk'¨,meESifh 3 - Ak'¨,me ( r[m,me? aAm"dowåvrf;pOf ) [k vrf;oHk;oG,f wDxGifMuukef\/ c&pfESpf (1) &mpk? (2) &mpkwGif [de,meukd usOf;ajrmif; ,kwfnHonf[k ½Iwfcsum &[Eåmukd txifao;vmMu\/ ¤if;wkdh\ ,lqcsufrsm;ukd MoZmwufí vlBudKufrsm;vmap&ef ynmyg&rdwm paom okwåefBuD;rsm;ukd bk&m;a[m jzpfav[ef bk&m;trnfoHk;í a&;om;Mu\/ (2) &mpk? (3) &mpk wGif r[m,e*dkPf;0g'ukd twdtvif; a&;om;vmMuonf/ rsm;jym;vSaom aAm"dowå bk&m;rsm;ukdvnf; wDxGifvmMu\/ y&dedAÁmefpHNyD; ESpf 500 - 600 wGif okwåefopf? tbd"r®mopfwkdhukd &J&J0Hh0HhBuD; a&;om;í yif&if;rlv omoemESifh jcm;cGmcJhMuonf/ xkdhaemuf tdEd,awmifykdif; 0d'gwEkdifiHü em*ZÆKac: tbd"r®mq&mBuD;u rZösdrdu ( okn0g' ) *dkPf;BuD;ukd wnfaxmif\/ avm*spfenf;? 'kdif,mvufwpfenf;t& y#dpöorkyÜm'f qefqef 0g'opf zefwD;cJhonf/ xkdhaemuf ESpfaygif; 200-tMum 0dbmoQm0g'ukd y,fí ygVdawmf (r[m,eokwåefrsm;) ukdom cH,laom okwåEdÅu*dkPf;[k wpfpifaxmifMujyef\/ þ*dkPf;ü txif&Sm;qHk; acgif;aqmifrSm at'D 400-&mpkwGif ay:xGef;aom 0okAEKESifh 0dnP0g' (emrft"du0g') *dkPf;ukd wnfaxmifol ¤if;\ nDawmfto*F wkdhjzpf\/ xkd*dkPf;rS ,kwdåaA' (avm*spf) Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;BuD; cGJjcm;um 'domem*ESifh "r®uxduwkdh ay:xGef;vmMu&m bmomwGif; bmomy tjiif;tckefrsm; rsm;jym;vmcJhonf/

Ak'äe&m ewfbk&m;rsm;a&mufAk'äe&m ewfbk&m;rsm;a&mufAk'äe&m ewfbk&m;rsm;a&mufAk'äe&m ewfbk&m;rsm;a&muf

c&pfawmfay:NyD; 400-&mpkwGif a0bmoQdu?okwåEdÅu? 0dÓP (a,m*gpm&) rZösdrdu [laom zDvkdqkdzD Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;BuD; av;*kdPf; ay:xGef;vsuf&dS\/ jA[®Prsm;ESifh tawG;tac: wkdufyGJ qifETJcJhMuav\/ þ&mpkESpfwGif tdEd,ü yif&if;rlv Ak'ömoemjzpfaom ax&0g'ESifh ax&0g' ygVdpmayrsm; vHk;0 qdwfokOf;&avNyD/ ]]Ak'¨\ yif&if; rlrSef w&m;awmfum; tb,fenf;}} [k odjrif&ef cufcJoGm;avawmh\/ aAm"dowåudkyif bk&m;tjzpf ajymif;vJukd;uG,fvmMu\/ r[m,me uAsmq&mBuD;rsm;onf aAm"dowåudk ukd;uG,fylaZmf&ef? r[m,meomvQif edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; w&m;tjzpf jyo&ef okwå? uAsm? p&dw pmaytrsdK;rsdK;ukd a&;om;vmMu\/ þ 400-pk 500-pk wGif owå0gtm;vHk; aAm"dowåcsnf;[k vnf;aumif;? vlwkdif; (&[EåÅmtygt0if) or®morÁK'¨ jzpf&rnf[k vnf;aumif;

aMujimMuavonf/ bk&m;xuf bk&m;avmif;ukd tom;ay;vmMujyef\/ bk&m;avmif;rSmvnf; t&darwÅ,s tavmif;omru topftopf jzpfaom t0avmuDawoG&? rOÆKo&D? "&yPÖd paom ewfbk&m;rsm;ukd wDxGifvmMu&m aemufqHk;wGif vlwkdif; bk&m;? bk&m;avmif;jzpf&ef cJ,Of;aMumif; 0efcHaomtm;jzifh aumif;uifbHk&dS bk&m;avmif;ukdom ukd;uG,f&ef nTefMum;&jyefonf/ tdEd´,wGif ae&mtESH aAm"dowåukd ewfbk&m;toGif ukd;uG,fyo vmMuukef\/ tppftrSef uG,favNyD/ ( yk*HewfavSmifausmif; owd&zG,f )

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a&TOrifESifY awmifzDvmyk*¾dKvfausmfa&TOrifESifY awmifzDvmyk*¾dKvfausmfa&TOrifESifY awmifzDvmyk*¾dKvfausmfa&TOrifESifY awmifzDvmyk*¾dKvfausmf (940(940(940(940----1012)1012)1012)1012)

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"mwfwltwkrJh pGrf;tm; tultnDwdkYonf jrpfa&wm½kd; usdK;ouJhodkY xdk;vSdrfhpD;qif;um t[keft&Sdefjyif;pGmjzifh &efoltm; eif;acs zsufrIef;ay;onfudk a,m*Dudk,fwdkifyif wtHhwBoodjrifvmygvdrfhrnf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfudk,fwkdif toHk;cs oHk;oyfjyD;rS xdktwkrJh twdkif;rod obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;udk xkwfazmfcJhjyD r[kwfygavm/ cufonfum; a,m*Dudk,fwdkifu &efolESifhrdwfaqG tiftm;rsm;udk owdrrlrdbJ ]igaumif;wmvkyfaewmyJ} [k rdrdudk,fudk txifBuD;í? rodí? r,Hkí earmferJh aerdjcif;yifwnf;/ ,if;onfyifvQif a,m*D\ ESvHk;om;onf &efolYvufü ygoGm;cJh&avjyD/ (rnrmaem acg bdu©a0 Aa'¨g rm&ó/ /,0uvmydokwf/ oVm-oH-405/)

tEÅ&m,frsm;vSaom omoem tewåomoemonf tEÅ&m,frsm;vSyg\/ tyifaygufí tañSmufuwnf;u ydk;udkufcJhonf/ twåurÇmü tewåomoem rsdK;aphcsrnfholum; od'¨w¦wnf;/ olYudk zcifudk,fwdkifuyif bk&m;jzpf&ef rvdkvm;/ pBumrif;BuD; crnf;awmf jzpfvdkaom tm;enf;csuf(tñDS)&Sd&mrS taESmuft,Suf ,ifydk;wG,fvmcJh\/ um,uH&Sif(oka'¨g'e) udk,fwdkifyif r&dyfrdcJh/ odkYaomf rsufpd&SdolwdkYu jrifBuonf/ BudKwifae&m,lBu\/ tuGufqifí yl;0ifESifhBuavjyD/ xdktcg oka'¨g'e bmvkyfoenf;/ od'¨w¦tm; bk&m;rjzpfatmif tBuHxkwf&\/ rdef;rtxdef;awmf? tacsmhawmf? tqdkawmf? rdef;rt&Ha&Gawmf wdkYjzifh zHk;tkyfay;&av\/ rdef;rwyfBuD;jzifh txyfxyf umqD;ay;xm;&onf/ umr*kPfü ESpfjr§yfxm;vdkufjcif;yifwnf;/ oka'¨g'eonf ]]ighpdwful;ESifhig}} vkyfaeaomfvnf; &efolvufoyf arG;cH&rSef;rodcHcJh&&Sm\/ wpfzef rdrd\ twyfa[m a0'ynmudkvnf; tBuGif;rJh ,Hkpm;? od'¨w¦udkvnf; tm;udk;ygonfqdkaom aum@n? olonf ]]od'¨w¦ rkcs bk&m;jzpf&rnf}} [laom ,HkBunfcsufjzifh tESpfoHk;q,fausmf 'ku©cHawmxGufESifhí tavmif;awmftm; tultnD ay;cJh&m bk&m;jzpfcgeD;wGifrS awmfvSef xGufoGm;cJh\/ aum@n tajymif;tvGJum; jrefqefvGef;pGmh? avmuDtodESifh 0D&d,ZGJBuD;rm;aom olonf acwfrD acwfpm;aeaom twåudvrxvrf;pOfü t,lonf;rI(tm;enf;csuf)&Sd&mrS &efolYtBudKuf vkyfaqmifay;cJh&onf/ xdkYjyif tavmif;awmf udk,fwkdifyifvnf; tawG;? tBuH? pdwful;wpfcsufrSm;í (0g) &efol\ rjrif&aomqGJaqmifrIt& 6-ESpfvHk;vHk; vrf;rSm;BuD;udk aovkarsmyg; vdkufpm;rdcJhonf/ xdktcg a&SYaemuf urÇmav;q,fudk 'dk;,dkayguf jrifEdkifaom ajray:wefcdk;&SifwdkY trsm;tjym; &SdaeBu\/ (0d? |? 1/ 130/ 0dok'dr*f? 2? 41/) avmuBuD;udk BuD;yGm;apvdkaom? pdkjynfapvdkaom? rjrif&aom ajrxuf wefcdk;&SifwdkYvnf; &SdaeESifhBu\/ touf&Snfí wefcdk;vnf; BuD;rm;Buukefonf/ xdktcgrsdK;ü twåomoem jyK&rnfrSm olwdkY\ r[mwm0efBuD;aywnf;/ tavmif;awmfonf xdkonfhtaESmuft,Suf tcuftcJrsm;Bum;rSyif aAm"dyifESifh a&Tyv’ifodkY ta&mufcsDawmfrlEkdifcJh\/ bk&m;jzpfayawmhrnf/ xdktcsdefrsdK;ü twåwefcdk;&SifwdkYonf vufeuf vloltpGrf;ukef tiftm;ukef &SdpkrJhpk oHk;Bu&ayvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaBumifh rm&fewfonf vufraES;/ a&SYwef;odkY udk,fwdkif xGufvm\/ twdkif;rodaom ppfonf vufeuftm;udk;jzifh yv’ifudk vkav\/ yv’ifvdkcsifí r[kwf?

bk&m;jzpfrnfpdk;í/ (xdkobm0udk em;rvnfEdkifaom Oa&mywdkuf ygVdynm&Sif tcsdKYonf ]rm&fewf[lonf owå0gtaumiftxnf &Sdaom t&mr[kwf/ pdwfü wpfpHkwpfck jzpfay:rIudk wifpm;jcif;rQom} [k rSwfxif ,lrSm;Buav\/) bk&m;jzpfawmfrlonfh aemufydkif;wGifvnf; oHCmwGif; y#dyu©rsm;? pifjydKifbk&m;rsm;? omoem0ifí w&m;cdk;um ]]igwdkYvnf; 'Dtwdkif; a[majym usifhBuHonf}} [k toHvTifhaeaom w&m;twkta,mifrsm;? rdef;rESifh pGyfpGJjcif;? AuuJhodkY twåwefcdk;&SifBuD;awGudk,fwdkif 0g'wdkufyGJ0ifjcif;? aemufqHk; toufudkyif vkyfBuHBuonftxd y&dedAÁmef pH0ifawmfrl&onfhwdkifatmif qufwdkuf rvGwfpwrf; aESmuf,SufcJhBuav\/ ,if;odkYqdkaomf tb,frnfaom a,m*Donf olYpufuGif;rS vGwfuif;Edkifygcsdrfhrnfenf;/ ur®|mef;owd &Sdae½kHrQjzifh ab;&efvHkjyD[k r,Hkpm;tyf/ (owdrawm oka0aoa,sm? a0&m e y&drkpöwd/ / rPdb'´okwf/ o*gxm-oH-210/)

urÇmudkyif BudK;udkifcsifolrsm;

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twuúm0pa&m "ar®mtwuúm0pa&m "ar®mtwuúm0pa&m "ar®mtwuúm0pa&m "ar®m þomoem0ifwGif a,m*D olawmfpifBuD;rsm;\ b0jzpf&yfrsm;udk oHk;oyfazmfjy&mü pmzwfolwdkif; em;vnfrnf r[kwfaomta&;tom;rsm; ygaumif; yg0ifayvdrfhrnf/ avmutjrif ½Iaxmifht& a0zefwwfol? y&d,wådtjrifudkom qkyfudkifxm;olwdkYtwGuf ,kwådrwef vufrcHEdkifaom t,ltqrsm;vnf; tenf;i,f ygaumif;yg0ifayvdrfhrnf/ yg0ifcJhaomf ½kwfjcnf;tjypf ½IawmfrrlBubJ acwå&yfqdkif;í rSwfom;xm;apcsifygonf/ tb,faBumifhqdkaomf &efoltaESmuft,Sufrsm;onf vnf;aumif;? rdwfaqG w&m;awmf\ twkrJh pGrf;tm;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;? rsufpdjzifh jrifaumif;aom (0g) udkifjyí &paumif;aom t&mrsm; r[kwfygukef/ *rÇD&-euf½Idif;í? 'k'´o-jrifEdkifcufí? y@dwa0'eD,-ynm&Sdaom a,m*DwdkYom odEdkifjrifEkdifí? twuúm0p&=tawG;tac: acwfÓPfjzifh ta0zefaumif;olwdkY\ ouf0ifusufpm;&m r[kwfaomaBumifhwnf;/ (0de,? r[m0*¾-5/) pifppf þordkif;udk jyKpk&mü jyqdkcJhonfhtwkdif; tjrGufrQ ysdK;cJhaom þoabmrsm;udk ydkifvQif tmZmenf a,m*D olawmfpifBuD;wdkY\ taBumif; XKyÜwfudk zwf½I&müvnf; pmwGifa&;rxm;aom t&omrsm;udkyg cHpm;&ygvdrfhrnf/ xdkoabmw&m;rsm;udk t,lonf;í? txiftrSwfvGJí? tpGJrSm;í a&;om;jcif; r[kwfyg/ pdwful;,Ofoufoufjzifh a&;om;xm;jcif;vnf; r[kwfyg/ y"meokwf? jA[®edrEÅeduokwf? rm&wZÆeD,okwf? ,0uvmydokwf? rm&oH,kwf? r[my&dedAÁmeokwf paom ygVdawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh omoem0if c&D;wpfavQmuf ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;t& a&;om;jcif; jzpfygonf/ tvkyfcGifESifh qufEG,faom ta&SUwkdif; taemufwdkif; *E¨&Dynm pdwfynmrsm;ESifhvnf; ÓPftvSrf;rDorQ ESD;aESmxm;ygonf/ xdkrQomvm; r[kwfao;? a,m*D olawmfpifBuD;rsm; jzpfBuaom q&morm;rsm;ESifh rdb tpfudktpfr "r®rdwfaqGrsm;\ udk,fawGUjzpf&yfrsm;udkvnf; xif[yfxm;ygonf/ tcsKyftm;jzifh tvkyfcGifü

w&m;uay;aom todrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ xdkYaBumifh uREkfyfwdkY BudKwifajymyg&ap-]]oifvufcH ,HkBunfatmif tjynfht0 rwifjyEdkifao;onfhtwGuf cGifhvTwfygbd/ odkYaomf xdkwifjycsuf xdktodrsm;udk tvsifpvdk y,fcsxm;jcif; rjyKao;bJ acwå &yfqdkif;í aw;rSwfxm;ygavOD;/ tcsdeftcgu oifhtm; tajzay;aumif; ay;ygvdrfhrnf}} [lownf;/ w&m;oabmum; euf½Idif;avpGmh/ (,HwH aeu©ar®e ÓwAÁH? wH 0w umry&da,oem, Oókaum Oówd0g? aewH XmeH 0dZÆwd/ 'EÅ blrdokwf? Oy&d-yH-172/)

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xdkodkYaom pG,fpHk tmZmenf yk*¾dKvfxl;BuD;rsm;twGuf odyÜHynmonf þurÇmtm; aq;aBumrGrf;rHvsuf&SdavjyD/ ({0½laye acg om&dykwå bdu©Kem a*god*Fomv0eH aomab,s/ r[ma*god*Fokwf/ rlvyH-281/) xdkYaBumifh xl;jrwfaom þacwftcgrsdK;wGif wpfurÇmvHk; jidrf;csrf;&m jidrf;csrf;aBumif; aumif;onfxuf aumif;? ydkíaumif;? taumif;qHk;aom vrf;pOfodkY ouf0ifvmBuygap&ef &nfoef½kd;&if; ESvHk;oGif;jzifh yGifhvif; ½kd;om;pGm xkwfazmf&ygaBumif;/

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pwk*D&dpwk*D&dpwk*D&dpwk*D&d----awmifav;vHk; q&mawmfawmifav;vHk; q&mawmfawmifav;vHk; q&mawmfawmifav;vHk; q&mawmf

(1088 (1088 (1088 (1088 ---- 1186) 1186) 1186) 1186) ]]om;awmfBuD;? armifyZif; a&;om;onfh ½IzG,frsm;rSm bk&m;&Sif udk,fawmfjrwf tvdkawmfus omoemh0efxrf;wJh usrf;aumif;BuD;rsm; jzpfayw,f/ aeUpOf ½ª&dIufauG;qefUNyD; aeMuayr,fh ½ªrSef;&dIufrSef; auG;rSef;qefUrSef; rodolawGu trsm;BuD;/ rdrdolwpfyg; tusdK;rsm;atmif BudK;pm;NyD; ûypkygav armifyZif;}} ]]rSefvSyg? crnf;awmf t&Sifbk&m;}} ]],ck þ½IzG,f usrf;vnf; crnf;awmf tNrJwap Munfhvdku Munfh½Iawmfrl&efESifh crnf;awmfudk taMumif;cHNyD; pdwftMuH&ovdk edAdÁE´ÚmPf &ifhoefBuD;yGm;&avatmif om;awmfudk,fwdkif ayrSmwifNyD; pD&ifcJhygoz&m;}} oufawmf oHk;q,fcefU &dSaom ]tHawmfacsmif;? 'DCm,k*gr0goD (ouf&Snf&Gmae) &[ef;ysdK OD;ar"m0Du crnf;awmf OD;yOÆif;BuD;tm; ]emr&lyedAÁdE´½IzG,f} aypmudk qufuyfpOf ajymqdkaeMuyHk jzpf\/ OD;yOÆif;BuD;um; usD;rEdk; awm&ausmif;ü wpfyg;wnf; &[ef;w&m;udk ESvHk;oGif;ae&m &[ef;0gtm;jzifh igh;q,fhESpf0g oufawmftm;jzifh &Spfq,f &dSavNyD/ om;jzpfol OD;ar"m0D ESpfESpfom; t&G,fuyif &[ef;ûycJh\/ tcsdefum; tif;0jynfBuD; tNyD;wdkif ysufpD;&ef ig;ESpfcefUrQom vdkawmhonfh acwfysufBuD;yifwnf;/ OD;ar"m0Dum; xdk tif;0ukef;abmif Mum;umv 1088-ckESpfwGif vlvmjzpf&&Sm\/ Zmwdum; a&Tbdke,f OoQpfaus;&Gm jzpfonf/ tavmif;awmfrif;w&m;BuD; rif;jzpfaom (1114) tcg

&[ef;ûyí ajcmuf0grQom &dSao;\/ bGJU-OD;ar"m0D ac:wGifonf/ bdk;awmfrif;w&m; vufxufwGif ]rkedE´mbdvuFm& o'¨r®omrd r[m"r®&mZ*k½k} bJGUwHqdyfawmf cH,l&onfh awmifav;vHk; q&mawmf [lonf OD;ar"m0Dyifwnf;/

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]]acG;\tyg; 0uf\teD; apmif;wD;ouJhodkU &dSwwfMuonf/ xkduJhodkU ighnDr&dSapvifh/ tusifhnpfvQif oHo&mü epfNrJ/ ([E´'ged bdu©a0) oem;í rSmxm;cJhonf[k odwwfap/ nDawmfrSwfav/ oHa0*rdrd owd&&? ,ckb0üyif r*fzdkvfNyD;ajrmuf edAÁmefodkUa&mufatmif vHkUvûyEdkifwdkif; aumif;awmhonf}} (w? 142/) ]]t&Sif"r®yd, nDvS? owdruGm? ynmESifhwuG udk,fusdK;&dSatmif tcgcyfodrf; usifhoifhvSawmhonf/ tNrJtHoGm;cJí usifhav/ (149) [kwfrSefwdkif;udk rodbJvsuf arharhavsmhavsmh raeoifh/ jyoEdkifaom q&mudk &Smí [kwfrSefpGm odatmif vHkUvûyav? tm;xkwfav}} (151/) ]]ig\ udk,f[k r[kwfrrSefajymqdkrSwf,lol....ig\ omoemawmfodkUr0ifNyD/ ]ykxkZÆaem Or®wåu o'daom} ol½l;ESifh wlaom ykxkZOf[k bGJUcsnfí vTwfonfrSwf/ onftwdkif;om rSefvQif r*fapmf zdkvfapmf reH? edAÁmefESifh a0;onfxuf a0;vdrfhrnf acG;[lvdk (179)/ ,ck acG;xD; acG;r wdkUonfvnf; rif;orD; rif;om;a[mif;? ewforD; ewfom;a[mif; wdkUyif/}} (156/) q&mawmfonf ]earmwóç Ak'¨H o&PH *pämrd} t"dyÜm,frStp a,bk,s em;vnfrIrsdK;udk ausmfvGefum owdy|mef tmemyge tvkyfpcef;odkU ta&muf tiftm;ygygESifh wGef;ydkUawmf rlxm;avonf/ 'ge oDvcef;vnf; rvGwf/ bk&m;'um bk&m;tr? ausmif;'um ausmif;trwdkU rdpäm'd|d jzpfrSef;rod jzpfaewwfyHkrStp vlwef;pm; toD;oD;twGuf a&;om;awmf rlcJhonf/ omoemawmfESifh BuHK&onfhtcg ]]bm ta&;BuD;qHk;vJ}} qdkonfudk tajccHrSpí axmufjyxm;\/

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&[EÅmt&Sifjrwfrsm;rSmvnf; t"d|merSomvQif t"d|mefonfhtwkdif; jzpfEkdifavonf/ (tH? |? 1/ 0*Ðo0w¬K-209/)<o></o> <o></o> <o></o> t&Sifom&d ykMwm "mwfawmfrsm; yGwfopfp c&koif;uJhodkY juGif;usef\/ (r[m0*¾oH,kwf t|uxm- pkE´okwf- 254/)<o></o> <o></o> t&Sif'AÁrax&fum; aumif;uifü wifysOfacGí ormywf 0ifpm;jyD; t"d|mefawmf rlonfhtwkdif; jymrQrusef&atmif awaZm"mwf avmifuRrf;onf/ (O'gef; t|uxm-'AÁokwf-389/) &Sif'AÁum; &[EÅyif jzpfaomfvnf; toufawmf&SdpOfuyif pGyfpGJ cH&jcif; ponfjzpfcJh&m ol\"mwfrsm; pifMu,frI r&SdvSojzifh "mwfawmf rxm;cJhjcif; jzpfay rnfvm; rod/<o></o> <o></o> <o></o> oufawmf&Snf t&Sif Amukvrax&fum; tjcm;olwkdYtm; rdrdtwGuf wm0efydkrwufap&ef xkdifvsuf awaZm"mwfavmifí y&dedAÁmefjyK&m jrwfav;yef;iHkyrm "mwfawmfrsm; usukef\/ (Oy&dyPÖm t|uxm Amukvokwf-140/)<o></o> <o></o> <o></o> ]]xkdrSwpfyg; udavom tmoa0gukefaom &[EÅm t&Sifjrwfrsm;\ tavmif;awmf onfvnf; tykyfeYH rxGufaMumif;}} (okwåedygwf-tmr*E¨okwftzGifh-303/) ü zGifhqkdxm;onfrSm rSwfzG,fwpf&yfyif/<o></o> <o></o> <o></o> (t&dk;uGif;quf? csdwfquf? awhqufrsm;taMumif; rdk;ukwfq&mawmf tcef;½I þrQaom pum;tpOfjzifh "mwfawmfusaom ]]jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywåd omoem0if}} bkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDvESifh þ,ckbkef;awmfMuD; ponfwkdYum; "mwfawmfusonfudk axmufqí cDPmo0tppf &[EÅm yk*¾dKvfMuD;rsm; jzpfaMumif; rrSdwfrokef ,HkMunf 0rf;ajrmufxkdufvSaypG/

ydEéJuGif;q&mawmf OD;uvsmPydEéJuGif;q&mawmf OD;uvsmPydEéJuGif;q&mawmf OD;uvsmPydEéJuGif;q&mawmf OD;uvsmP

( 1188 ( 1188 ( 1188 ( 1188 ---- 1270) 1270) 1270) 1270) ydEéJuGif; q&mawmf OD;uvsmPESifhwuG aemuf 'kwd,ç wwd, q&mawmfrsm;yg ysHvGefBuaomtcg okH;yg;vkH;yif tavmif;awmfrsm; rykyfreH yuwdtwkdif; ,ckxd &SdaeBuonf/ yxr q&mawmf bk&mBuD; OD;uvsmP t|KyÜwådudk armifausmf'ifqdkolu vGefcJhaom tESpf&Spfq,fcefYu a&;om;cJhzl;\/ um&efeabrsm;jzifh a&;xm;í tcsKdUt"dyÜm,frsm; roJruGJ

jzpfae\/ rsufESmzkH;ü 'kwd,q&mawmf OD;0g,r\ ykHawmfudk awGY&onf/ pkpkaygif; wpfq,fh&SpfrsufESmrQom/ ausmif;'umrsm;rSm bdk;yef;&ESifh OD;yg[k awGY&\/ q&mawmfonf a&TawmifjrdKUü rdcif a':&pfrS 1188-ckESpf 'kwd,0gqdkvqef; 13-&uf weif;vmaeYzGm;? i,frnf armifcdsef/ pmayusrf;*efrsm; wwfajrmufjyD;aemuf a&TawmifjrdKUrS ydEéJuGif;&GmodkYBuGa&mufoDwif;okH;onf/ rdcifBuD;udkyg jyKpkvkyfauR;\/ ydEéJuGif;[lonf tkwfzdk (t*Fyl) jrdKUe,ftydkif taemuf½kd;rteD;&Sd uGif;aumufajcmuf&Gmwdkuf tygt0if jzpf\/ &Gmausmif;ü ckESpf0grQaejyD;vQif 12-0gt& taemuf½kd;rwGif tjrifhqkH;jzpfaom opfap;awmif? uAsKdU(urf;jydK)awmif? &efuif;awmif? uRJroem;awmif? udk;armif;awmif? pkdifawmif ponfjzifh 15-Xmeawm&pcef;wdkYü vSnfhvnf oDwif;oHk;onf/ 15-XmevHk;ü txdrf;trSwf apwDrsm; wnfxm;cJh\/

w&m;tpGrf; xl;qef;tHhzG,f toG,foG,f q&mawmfonf tvGef vlola0;acgifaom awmawmift&yfü aeawmfrlonfh tavsmuf qif½kdif;? usm;½kdif;ESifh uRJEGm;rsm;udkyif udkufowf rsdKEkdifaom ajrGqdk;BuD;rsm;? trsdK;rsdK;aom a0rmedursm;? aywrsm;ESifhvnf; Budrfzefrsm;pGm awGYBuHK&ifqdkif&avonf/ xkdodkY awGY&Sd&ykHrsm;udk um&ef eabvuFmoGm;rsm;jzifh wpfckpD wpfckpD a&;om;xm;onfudk t|KyÜwåd pmwef;ü zwf½I&onf/ arwåmwefcdk;onf ajrvQdK; rdk;ysHEdkifaom wefcdk;xuf tm;udk;&onfudk om"u rloifhBuay\/ OD;vlvS (q&mawmfudk odrDol) \ om; OD;tkef;jrifh polwdkYxHrS wpfqifh rSwfom;&aom tHhzG,frsm;vnf; renf;acs/ xkdtHhzG,frsm;rS tenf;i,f azmfjy&aomf- (1) uRJroem;awmifü aeawmfrlpOf vltrsm; vma&muf zl;Bu&m wpfaeYwGif tvdkvdk prf;a&xGufaeaom uef (ewfa&uef) ü 'umrwpfOD; a&csdK;jyD;aemuf csufcsif; a&rsm;cef;ajcmufoGm;í q&mawmftm; avQmuf&m em&Dydkif;twGif; a&rsm; jyefxGufvmaBumif;? (2) urf;jydKawmifü aepOf noef;acgifausmfü aumif;uifrS wl&d,moHrsm; teD;ywf0ef;usifrS vlrsm;yif Bum;Bu&aBumif;? (3) &efuif;awmifü a&S;apwDa[mif;udk ikHí topfwpfzef jyKjyif&m xD;a[mif;rSm vltm;ESifhyif qGJcsí r&Ekdifojzifh vufavQmhaeBupOf csufcsif; ivsifvIyfcgcsí xD;awmfrysuf ajrcç vmaBumif;? (4) ¤if;awmifü aepOf qGrf;vSLvmol okH;av;q,fcefY &Sd&m vmwdkif;vdkvdkyif q&mawmf tcef;üvnf; rzl;awGYBu&/ qGrf;pm; wkH;acgufí tcsufay;vQif rdrdwdkYa&SYüyif zl;awGY Bu&aBumif;? (5) eHuol*l ponfwdkYü &Hcg uyÜd, wpfa,mufESifhom oDwif;okH;&m e*g;vdkvdk? ajrGvdkvdk owå0grsm;tm; ]]'umu a&SYwdk;? 'umru aemufqkwf}} ponfjzifh trdefYay;&m trdefY twdkif; vdkufemí w&m;a[mavh&SdaBumif;? tjcm;qef;Bu,faom blw owå0grsm;tm; w&m;a[maBumif;? &wemrsm; awGY&pOf uyÜd, pdwfxm;rajzmifhí *lwHcg;BuD;ydwfoGm;ojzifh uyÜd,tm; rmefrJ&aBumif; .....ponf/ q&mawmfonf 1270-jynfhESpf &Gmausmif;odkY ajymif;a&TYjyD; ESpf0gavmuft& oufawmf 82-ESpfwGif ysHvGefawmfrl\/ BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm psmyeyGJvkyfí ylaZmfBu&m rD;oj*ØK[frnf&Sdaomtcg rnfodkYrQ jyKjyif rxm;&bJ tavmif;awmfrSm yuwd usdef;pufaeouJhodkY &Sdí *loGif; ylaZmfxm;Buonf/ ,ck

uAsKdU(urf;jydK)awmifü &Sd&m t&yfav;rsufESmrS vma&muf zl;ajrmfBu\/ tavmif;awmfrSm ajcmufaoGY roGm;onfhtjyif tarG;awmfrsm;yif yuwd&Sdonf[k qdkavonf/

a&pBudK *ljzLawm& q&mawmfa&pBudK *ljzLawm& q&mawmfa&pBudK *ljzLawm& q&mawmfa&pBudK *ljzLawm& q&mawmf

( 1191( 1191( 1191( 1191---- 1281) 1281) 1281) 1281) a&pBudKjrdK h taemufajrmuf okH;rdkifcef h ompnf&Gmü tbOD;xyf? trdr,fidkwdk hrS 1190-jynfhESpfzGm;/ i,frnf armifausmf&GJ h? bGJ h t&Sifar"m/ i,fpOf ausmufcwf&Gmü ynmoifí aemuf a&pBudK q&mawmf OD;0&oarÁm"d? tif;0jrdKU Am;u&mq&mawmf ESifh eef;ausmif;q&mawmfrsm;xH ynmoifonf/ 0denf;t&mü txl;ausmfBum;í pHxm;jcif; jyKBu&onf/ 0dok'd¨r*fESifh yd#uudk acgufa& 52-acgufwdkifwdkif ydk hcsawmfrlaom[l\/ oufawmf 91-ESpf? 0gawmf 72-0gwdkifwdkif qGrf;cHjcif;paom "kwif 13-yg;udk &moufyef aqmifawmfrl&m ysHvGefcgeD; 11-&ufom yd@ygwf"kwif tysufcHavonf/ qGrf;cHí &orQwGif qefjzLqefaumif; qGrf;udk oHCmawmftm; vSLí rdrdrSmrl ajymif;qefBurf; qGrf;eDeDBuD;rsm;udkom bkOf;ay;avh&Sdowwf/ zdeyfrpD;? xD;raqmif;? ,yfraqmif;? xef;&Guftwdkif; oifh&kHjyKjyifí udkifawmfrlonf/

rdk;ñSif;q&mawmf enf;cHzl;jcif;rdk;ñSif;q&mawmf enf;cHzl;jcif;rdk;ñSif;q&mawmf enf;cHzl;jcif;rdk;ñSif;q&mawmf enf;cHzl;jcif;

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tvGefacgifvSaom {&m0wD taemufwpf&kd;wGif y&d,wf? y#dywfrsKd;apYukd csysKd;awmf rlcJYBuukef\/ q&mawmfum; tNrJyHYokul wdpD0&duf "kwifaqmifí ouFef;oHk;xnfNzifYom aeawmfrl\/ ouFef;wGif oef;rsm;? tdyf&mwGif Burf;ykd;rsm; pGJuyfaeaomfvnf; &Sif;vif;cGifYrNyKay/ pm;rI?aerI? 0wfrIwGif tvGefNcKd;NcHí acgif;yg;pGm usifUBuHawmfrlavY&Sdonf/ tocFwedAÁme"gwfBuD;ESifY wkduf&kdufqufoG,fEkdifaom t&dyfvu©Pmrsm; ay:vGifvSay\/ vmb? ouúm&? odavmu[laom vmbf&Ncif;? tylaZmfcH&Ncif;ESifY ausmfaZmowif;*kPfrsm;ukd yuwdNzLpifaom pdwf"gwfNzifYyif ausmfvGefEkdifonfrSm xif&Sm;vSayonf/ yuwdr[kwfvQif Bum&Snf[efaqmifEkdifaom t&mr[kwfacs/ trsm;pkum; ouúm&? odavmuukd rqkdxm;bd? vmbf&Ncif;uEÅm&rSyif rausmfwufEkdif/ xkdüom epfuRHí oGm;BuukefNrJ/

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q&mawmf OD;Bunfonf 1255-ckESpfwGif tdEd,okdY bk&m;zl; <uawmfrlonf/ w&m;OD;a[m&m rd*'g0kefawmpaom Xmersm;okdY <ua&mufzl;aNrmf\/ 1258-ckESpfwGifvnf; oD[kdVfuRef;okdY <ua&mufawmfrlí r[mapwDESifY pG,fawmfponfrsm;ukd zl;aNrmfawmfrl\/ tdEd,rS tNyef aAm"dyifysKdwpfyifyifYaqmifí yckuúLykxkd;ausmif;wkdufOD;ü pkdufysKd;ylaZmfxm;Buonf/ txl;oNzifY tdEd,okdY<uawmfrlaomtcg BuD;pGmaom "r®oHa0* Nzpfawmfrlonf/ aemufyg bk&m;zl;&[ef;wynfY'umrsm;ukdvnf; “oDvukd BuKd;pm;aqmufwnfBu/ arwÅmykdY trQa0Buyg” [k rBumcP wkdufwGef;awmfrl\/ tdEd,Nynf bk&m;yGifYawmfrl&m aAm"dyif a&Tyv’mifXmerSpí Ak'¨bmom t"du& XmeBuD;wkdif;rSmyif tNrifrawmfaom &kyfwkrsm;? [dE´Lbkef;BuD;rsm;ukdcsnf; awGYNrifae&avonf/ “pmxJrSm pdwful;ESifY zl;&wmurS aumif;ao;w,f” [kyif vlomrmefwkdY nD;wGm;avmufatmif taNymif;tvJBuD; aNymif;vJaeaomaBumifY Nzpf\/ Ak'¨bmom pwifay: xGef;vm&m rdcifa'oBuD;ü omoem taiGYtoufrQom awGY&awmYoNzifY bk&m;zl;rsm; rsm;pGm oHa0* NzpfBu&\/ “rnfonfY bmomu rw&m;0g'NzifY ESdyfpufí? rnfonfYbmomu "g;0g'NzifYzsufqD;í” [k twdwfukd vSefum oHa0*toGif a'go-a'greó 0ifBu? aNymqkdBu\/ “rnfonfYacwfu rnfolrnf0gwkdYu Ak'¨bmomausmif;rsm;ukd rD;&IdYí &[ef;awmfaygif;rsm;pGmukd owfNzwfBuaBumif;” bk&m;zl;tzGJY0if wynfYtcsKdYu pdwfrcsrf;aNrYzG,f&m ZmwfaBumif;vSef aNymqkdaeBuonfukd q&mawmf Bum;awmfrlavvQif- “tif;........ukokdvf&atmif BuKd;pm;vmcJYBu&wm? tukokdvf ygrvmBuapeJY? NrwfpGmbk&m;yGifYawmfrlwJY tdEd,wkdif;NynfBuD;rSm omoemuG,fcJY&wm wpfNcm; bmom wpfNcm;&efolwkdYaBumifY r[kwfbl;? bk&m;&Sif&JY tarGcH om;awmfawG ukd,fwkdifu ukd,fUoEÅmefrSm ukd,fykdifomoem tm;enf;BuvkdYyJ? oDv arwÅmacgif;yg;BuvkdYyJ/ olrsm;ukd tNypf&Smwm rrSefuefbl;/ (oH,k*f ygVdawmf? t*FkwÅ&ygVdawmf ) BuD;awGrSm aemifumv omoemawmf b,fvkd

qkwf,kwfr,fqkdwmukd a[mxm;wm tvGefus,f0ef;w,f/ vkd&if;csKyfvkdufawmY olrsm;aBumifY r[kwfbl;/ “ b,folrNyK? rdrdrI ” qkdovkd ukd,fw&m;ysufvkdY rm&fewfu tcGifYomwmbJ? oDvBuKd;pm; aqmufwnfNyD; arwÅmykdY trQa0Bu? ukd,fUomoem rysufBuapeJY” [kqkH;rawmfrl\/ ukd,fawmfwkdifvnf; bk&m;zGm;&m? yGifY&m? w&m;OD;a[m&m paom (t0dZ[du oHa0Zed,) orkdif;0if Xmewkdif;ü 0dyóem &IyGm;awmfrlonf/ q&mawmf\/ Bo0g'rSm wefbkd;&SdvSay\/ aemufyg bk&m;zl;rsm;vnf; xkdtcgrSpí arwÅm&IyGm;um csrf;csrf;omom vSnfYvnf zl;aNrmfEkdifBuonf/ tedpövu©Pm wifEkdifBu\/ ukd,fYoDv? orm"d? ynm rdrd\ ukd,fykdif tZÑwÅdu omoemomvQif y"getZÑwÅdu omoemomvQif y"getZÑwÅdu omoemomvQif y"getZÑwÅdu omoemomvQif y"ge NzpfaBumif; qifNcifEkdifBuavawmY\/ rSefvSay\/

bk&m;Asm'dwf omoemuG,faBumif;rsm;bk&m;Asm'dwf omoemuG,faBumif;rsm;bk&m;Asm'dwf omoemuG,faBumif;rsm;bk&m;Asm'dwf omoemuG,faBumif;rsm; (1) (1) (1) (1) bk&m;&Sif oufawmfxif&Sm; &SdpOfu t&Sifudrdvu bk&m;&Siftm; tem*gwfomoema&;ukd arQmfawG;aavQmufzl;\/ “&Sifawmfbk&m;? y&dedAÁmefpHonfYaemufumvü omoem t&Snf rwnfwHYEkdifNcif;onf tb,ftBumif;rsm;aBumifYygenf;/” xkdtcg bk&m;&Sifu – “bk&m;-w&m;-oHCmü r&kdao rav;pm;Ncif;? ukd,fusifYw&m;ESifY orx 0dyóemwkdYü r&kdao rav;pm;Ncif;? wpfOD;ESifYwpfOD; t&kdtao wefNcif;? y#doE¨m& (w&m; ypönf;NzifY tapYtpyf vkdufavsmnDaxG NyKrlNcif; ) trIü r&kdraoNyKrlNcif;” rsm;aBumifY omoem uG,fEkdifaBumif; (t*FkwÅ& yOöu? ouú? owÅu udrdvokwudrdvokwudrdvokwudrdvokwfrsm;ü) twdtvif; a[mawmfrlonf/ (2) (2) (2) (2) yOöuedygwf o'¨r®oar®moo'¨r®oar®moo'¨r®oar®moo'¨r®oar®mo okH;okwfwGifvnf; “w&m;awmfukd us,fus,fNyefYNyefY t&kdtao oifBum; em,laqmifxm;Ncif;r&Sd? pOf;pm; usifYyGm;Ncif; rNyK? rSm;,Gif;pGm oif,lykdYcsNcif;? EIwfvSHxkd;Ncif;? oHCmuGJNym;Ncif;” rsm;aBumifY omoem arS;rSdef&aBumif;ukd a[mawmfrlonf/ (3) (3) (3) (3) xkd yOöuedygwfüyif “omoemaemifa&; awGYrnfYab;” [kqkdxkdufaom tem*wb,okwftem*wb,okwftem*wb,okwftem*wb,okwf av;okwf &Sd&m a[mawmfrlvkd&if;um; þokdY Nzpfonf/ “&[ef;wkdYonf acgif;yg;í tEú&m,frsm;vSaom awmxJü raevkdNcif;? w&m;bm0em r&Sdol tqufqufu &[ef;NyKay;BuNcif;? ukd,fusifYuGmí bm0em a0;Ncif;? ynm oDv ("r®? 0de,) ESifYpyfaom pum;ukd rodNrifawmYNcif;? vufopf acwfay: w&m;qef;rsm;ukdom em,lvkdNcif;? a[mBum;vkdNcif;? bkef;BuD;atmifvkyfNcif;? oDvodu©mü avQmYaps;wGufum avsmY&J&JvkyfNcif;? ypönf;av;yg; taumif;BuKdufí ukd,fwkdif qGrf;cHí pm;Ncif; paom "kwif tusifYaumif; olNrwfavmif;wkdY\ tavYrsm; uG,fyum umrabm*DwkdYuJYokdYyif 0wf-pm;-aexkdifNcif;? rmwk*gr ponfwkdYESifY a&ma&maESmaESm aexkdifqufqHNcif;”wkdY Nzpfukef\/

(4) (4) (4) (4) xdkrSwpfyg; ed'ge0*¾oH,kwf ygVdawmfwGif “aemifwpfacwf omoem” taBumif; txl;yGifYvif;pGm a[mxm;aomAsm'dwfa'oem &Sdayao;onf/ tmPdokwtmPdokwtmPdokwtmPdokwfNzifY “aemifwpfacwf w&m;awmf” taBumif;azmfNyí uvd*F&okwuvd*F&okwuvd*F&okwuvd*F&okwfNzifY “aemifwpfacwf &[ef;awmfrsm;” taBumif;ukd nTefNyawmfrlcJY\/ tmPdokwf\ qkdvkd&if;um;- a&S;tcgu 'om&[ac: rif;nDrif;om;wkdY tmPac: r*FvmpnfBuD;ukd tokH;NyKBu\/ wpfq,fYESpf,lZemuyif Bum;&onf/ umvBumaomtcg xkdpnfBuD; aygufí tBudrfBudrf zmax;Bu&m aemufqkH;wGif rl&if;pnfom; r&SdawmYbJ tzmtax;csnf;om usef&SdawmYí wpfq,fY,lZem rqkdxm;bd? Z&yftwGif;rSmyif oJYoJYrQom Bum;&awmYonf/ xkd OyrmuJYokdY aemifwpfacwfwGif tppftrSef bk&m;a[mw&m;awmfrsm; pmay usrf;*efrsm;ukd em,lrSwfom; oifBum;avYvmvkdpdwf r&SdBu/ om0ursm;? Am[d& ta&;taNymaumif;olrsm;\ ygXfteuf t"dyÜm,f NznfYpGuf Nyifqifí ukd,fvkdcsifovkd qGJa&;aompmrsm;? tqef;wBu,f a&;om;a[maNymaom okwÅef vufopf? w&m;? tawG;tac: tqef;tNym;wkdYukdom ta&;w,l em,lrSwfom; zwfBum; avYvmvkdBurnf/ xkdtcg tmPu pnfBuD;uJYokdY w&m;tum tzmtax; tavS;tzsif;wkdUom NyefYyGm;ukefvwÅHU? w&m;tppftrSef uG,fvwÅHU-[ka[mawmfrlcJYonf/ (tmPdokwf? ed'ge-457-ESifY wdu edygwf? uuú#Zmwf-308/) (5) (5) (5) (5) “aemifwpfacwf &[ef;awmfrsm;”ESifY pyfí uvd*F&okwf ü a[mawmfrlonfrSm- “vdpä0Drif;om;wkdYonf ynmtwwf oif,lrIü rarYravsmY opfom;wkH; acgif;tkH;aeBuoNzifY tZmwowf BuHír&Ekdif/ umvBumaomf xkdrif;om;wkdY El;nHYaom aNcvuf &Sdukefonf Nzpfí El;nYHaom tdyf&mü vJrIdYacgif;tkH;ukd tkH;vsuf aexGufatmif tdyfBuvwÅHU/” xkdtcg tZmwowf tBuHatmif tcGifY&vwÅHU/ “xkdYtwl ,cktcg &[ef;wkdYonf ravQmYaom vkHYv tyÜrm' owdw&m; &SdBuukefí opfom;wkH; acgif;tkH;aeBuoNzifY rm&fewf tcGifYr&av/ aemufumv &[ef;wkdYonfum; El;nYHaom aNcvuf &SdBuukefonf Nzpfí El;nYHaom tdyf&mae&mü vJrIdYacgif;tkH;ukd tkH;vsuf aexGufatmif tdyfukefBuvwÅHU/ xkdtcg rm&fewf yl;0ifcGifYomvwÅHU”[k &[ef;wkdY bm0em owdw&m;ESifY 0d&d,tm;enf;vsuf rm&fq,fwyfukd vuf,yfac:&ma&mufí omoem uG,faysmufaBumif;Nzpfonf[k a[mawmfrlvkdayonf/ (6) (6) (6) (6) xkded'ge0*¾oH,kwf ygVdawmf(422)üyif w&m;wk w&m;a,mifwkdY\ tEÅ&m,faBumifY omoemuG,f&ykHukd a[mawmfrlonfrSm ykdí rSwfom;zG,f aumif;\/ okwf\ trnfum; o'¨r®y#d&lyuokwfo'¨r®y#d&lyuokwfo'¨r®y#d&lyuokwfo'¨r®y#d&lyuokwf[k ac:ayonf/ &Sifr[m uóyu bk&m;&Siftm; avQmufí a[mawmfrlaom okwfwnf;/ &Sifr[m uóyu- “ NrwfpGmbk&m;? a&S;tcgu 0denf;ynwfawmfrsm; enf;yg;aomfvnf; w&m;xl;&onfY yk*¾Kdvfrsm; rsm;Nym;Buygonf/ ,cktcg 0denf;ynwfrsm; rsm;Nym; ygvsuf tb,faBumifY w&m;xl;&onfY

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ta&SUbuf awmifwef;BuD; wpfckvHk;udk NcHKí txl;qifjcifvsuf tyÜemarwåm yGm;ydkUawmfrl&m ,cifxuf wefcdk;BuD;aom ewfrif;BuD; tNcHt&Hrsm;pGmESifh vma&mufuefawmhjyef\/ aerdE¨&awmifyif rqHhacs/ ewfrif;BuD;u a&S;twdkif; uwdûyum.... ]]þawmifapmifh ewfrsm;udkvnf; trdefUay;xm;NyD;ygNyD}} [k avQmuf\/ ]]wynfhawmf[m oxHkûrdUBuD;udk yxrqHk; wnfaxmifcJhwJholyg}} [k avQmufí w&m;emNyD; jyefoGm;onf/ aemufaeUwpfn/ oxHkûrdY ywf0ef;usif&Sd ewfrif;BuD;rsm; vma&muf uefawmhMujyefonf/ a&S;ewfrsm;xuf ta&mift0g wefcdk;? ta>ct&Hrsm; ydkíBuD;rm; rsm;jym;\/ awmifay:rQru awmif0Srf;ûrdUt0Srf; wpfckvHk; vif;xdefoGm;onf/ ykxkZOfrsm; pdwfazmufjyefavmufatmifvnf; Munfh½IzG,f aumif;vS\/ ]]txuf ewfrif;BuD;rsm; trdefUt& tm;vHk; apmifha&SmufMuygrnf}} ponf uwdûyum- ]]þawmif ywf0ef;usif&Sd ewfrif;BuD;rsm;? ta>ct&Hrsm;tm;vHk; oxHkûrdUBuD;udk tkyfpdk;oGm;cJhMuaom rif;rsm;ESifh ta>ct&Hrsm;csnf; jzpfMuygonf/ tcsdKUt0ufom r[kwfygbk&m;}} [kvnf; 0rf;enf;aMuuGJpGm avQmufxm;ojzifh qifjcif Munfh½Iawmfrl&m txuftrdefUt& oxHkûrdUywf0ef;usifücsnf; olUtkyfpkESifhol apmifhMunfh aexdkifMu&&Smonfudk oHa0*jzpfzG,f awGUjrifawmf rl&ojzifh êud;pm;í acscRwfawmfrlavonf/ 10-&uf 10-nvHk; aeYy&dowf? ny&dowfwdkUjzifh tm;vyfcGifh &awmfrrlacs/

odrforkwf&m taESmifht,SufESifh tHhzG,f ûrdUrsufESmzHk; 'umç'umrrsm;vnf; txl; 0rf;omtm;&jzpfum odrforkwf&ef pDpOfMu\/ ûrdUcH oHCmh r[max&fBuD;rsm;udkvnf; yifhí ]e,fodrf;pepf} jzifh orkwf&ef qHk;jzwfMuonf/ ]e,fodrf;pepfrSm} rSm tMurf;tm;jzifh odrfudpö aqmif&GufaepOf owfrSwfxm;aom e,ftwGif;odkU tjyifrS &[ef;rsm; r0if&atmif 0ifvrf; toD;oD;ü tapmifhrsm; csxm;&onf/ xdke,ftwGif;&Sd oHCmrsm; r<uvmEdkifu oabmwlaMumif; EIwf>rwfqE´ ûyMu&onf/ xdkpepfonf 0denf;ESifhrnD[k oxHk q&mawmfwpfyg;u apm'uwufí ajz&Sif;&ao;\/ qE´vnf;ray;? <uvnf; r<uvSmaom bkef;BuD;wpfyg;udkvnf; oGm;í oabmwlnDcsuf (qE´) ,l&jyefonf/ q&mawmfESifh *sKyfyifawm& xaemif;wdkif OD;wdu© q&mawmf? a&v,fq&mawmf oHk;yg;u yxrqHk; odrfEkwfí 1284-ckESpf? waygif;vjynfhaeU n 10-em&D wpfûrdUvHk; ausmufpnfacgif;avmif; aMu;armif;wD;um tapmifh rsm;pGmcsí orkwfawmfrlMu\/ orkwfNyD;aemuf ta&;ydkif OD;ausmf'Gef; polwdkU 'kv’b&[ef; cHMuonf/

&[EÅmt&SifjrwfBuD; ESpfyg;onf odrf atmifçratmif qifjcif Munfh½IMuaomtcg bkef;BuD;wpfyg;u aESmifh,Sufojzifh ratmifyJ &Sd&onfudk awGUjrifawmf rlMuavonf/ &[ef;wpfyg;onf tapmifhrsm; wm;jrpfonfudk r&bJ odrforkwfcsdefü tjcm;e,frS owfrSwfe,ftwGif;odkY ZGwf0ifvmaMumif; 'umrsm;uvnf; avQmufMuonf/ qifjcif Munfh½Iawmfrlaomtcg bGJUtrnf? ausmif;wdkuf? ajymqdkaom pum;rsm;udkyg odjrif Mum;odawmfrlMu\/ xdkUaMumifh waygif;vjynfhausmf ckepf&ufaeU eHeuf ckepfem&Dtcsdef xyfí orkwfMu&jyefonf/ aeUcif;orkwfí ûrdUvlxkrSm ysm;yef;cwfrQ vma&muf MunfñdkMu&\/ aEGacgifacgifwGif rdk;wdrf tHkYrdIif;um rdk;aygufrsm;yif tenf;i,f usvm\/ xl;qef;onfrSm rdk;wdrfonf aerdE¨&awmif tay:üom tkyfqdkif;aeonf/ ydkíxl;qef;onfum; odrforkwfcsdefwGif rD;&xm; t0iftxGuf r&Sdjcif;yifwnf;/ rD;&xm; t0iftxGuf &Sdí xdkrD;&xm;ü bkef;BuD;wpfyg;yg; ygvmcJhaomf odrforkwfuH ysufEdkif\/ ½kwfw&uf wHwm;usdK;aeí [k qdkonf/ ]tb, rked apwd, odrfawmf} [k trnforkwfí ,ck xdkae&mü apwDyif wnfxm;onf/ odrforkwfNyD;aomtcg q&mawmfrsm; tm;vHk; jyef<uaomfvnf; anmifvGefUq&mawmfESifh wynfhESpfyg; 'kv’b&[ef;rsm;ESifhtwl aerdE¨&awmifü oDwif;oHk; aeawmfrlcJh\/ xdkü oDwif;oHk;cdkuf vª'gef;vdkolrsm; tvkt,uf jzpfaeMuojzifh &yfuGuftvdkuf csD;ajr§muf&\/ armfvûrdif? rk'Hk? usdKu©rDpaom ywf0ef;usif ûrdU&Gmrsm;uvnf; yifhí aeUpOfESifhtrQ tylaZmfcHum w&m;csD;jr§ifhawmfrl&\/ xdkacwfwefzdk; av;aomif;ausmf ig;aomif;cefU vªzG,f0w¬K ypönf;rsm;tm;vHk; vªaomûrdU&Gm &yfuGuf&Sd bkef;BuD;rsm;tm; tukefvªap\/ 1285-ck e,kefvukefrS anmifvGefUawm&odkU jyefa&mufawmfrlonf/ tvGefewfMurf;aom aerdE¨&awmifvnf; omoema&mif vTrf;í ur®|mef;XmeBuD;tjzpf oxHkûrdU\ usufoa&udk wdk;jr§ifhapawmhonf/ (&[EÅm t&SifjrwfBuD;ESpfyg;\t|KyÜwådrsm;udk toD;oD; a&;om;Mu&mwGif rdrdwdkU\ q&mh*kPfudk jzpf&yfvnf;rSef? ,kwådvnf;wefí wpfqifhcH em;Mum;udkyif csJUum;í *kPfûyjcif;rsdK; tvsOf; ryg0ifapoifhyg/ tcsif;csif;vnf; cspfMunf &ifESD;pGm omoemûyawmfrlcJhMu&m t&SifjrwfBuD;wdkUtm; xdyg;ykwfcwf&m ra&mufatmif a,medaom reodum&jzifh toD;oD; owdûyawmf rlMuygvQif tpOftqufvnf; oHo,uif;pGm ukodkvfyGm;Muay&m\/ owdûyawmf rlMuygukef/)

t&dyfedrdwf wxdwfxdwfESifh usdwfíylaqG;

]]bkef;BuD;wdkU OD;yOÆif;wdkU? tcgaumif; tcGifhaumif;BuD; &wkef; y&d,wådvJ êud;pm;oif,lMu? ,ckydkUcsaewJh 0denf;pm0gudkvnf; rSefrSefwufMu/ aemufwpfBudrfcszdkU rvG,fbl;/ tpdk;r&wJh

'D½kyfemrfvJ wpfESpfyif ausmfvGefrnfr[kwf/ y#dywfudkvJ raerem; êud;pm; tm;xkwfMuyg/ igwdkUr&SdumrS aemifwç rjzpf&pfMuESifh/}} 1294-ckESpf ESpfOD;avmufrSpí q&mawmfonf pm0gydkUcsonfhtcg rMumcP owday;awmfrlavh&Sd\/ xdkpum;udk Mum;&aomtcg jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmefrûyrD oHk;vtvdkü êudwif>rwfMum;aom pum;aMumifh OD;acgif;ü rdk;êud;usouJhodkU "r®oHa0* jzpfcJhol ]"r®"& &[ef;i,f}uJhodkU y#dywfudk ydkíêud;pm;aom wynfhrsm;vnf; renf;ay/ xdkodkU pum;rsm;udk Mum;&NyD;aemuf rMumrDyif ]]tvGefw&m awmufyí vSyqef;Mu,faom &wemjyom'fBuD;onf aemufrS xufMuyfruGm vdkufygaeonfudk awGUae&onf}} [k trdefU&Sdonfudk wynfhwdkif;vdkvdk Mum;&jyefonf/ ewfjA[®mwdkU tEÅdrylaZmfjcif;avm? tm½kocFg vTwfcsdef wefygNyD}} [k avQmufxm;jcif;avm/ rnfodkUqdkap? q&mawmfum; pm0grsm;udkvnf; csNrJcsydkUawmfrl\/ omoema&; udpöESifh oHCmha0,sm0pörsm;udkvnf; ûyvkyfNrJ ûyvkyfawmfrlonf/ 1295-ckESpf e,kefvwGif jrif;NcHûrdU pGef;vGef;q&mawmfvnf; psmyeudpöwpfckjzifh <uvmuefawmhNyD;vQif q&mawmfESifh cgwdkif;uJhodkUyif at;aq;&ifESD;pGm awGUqHkonfudk awGU&\/ pGef;vGef;q&mawmfu q&mawmf\ wynfhBuD;rsm;udkvnf;- ]]q&mawmfonf trSefyif &[ef;udpöNyD;cJhNyD}} [kom trdefU&SdNyD; jyef<uoGm;\/ a&TûrdUbkef;BuD; OD;ukov\ odrforkwftwGuf r<uawmh[kae&m ZGwfvmí yifhMuojzifh <uawmfrl&mrS awmrD;añSmfeHjcif;? rdk;OD;rdjcif;aMumifh zsm;emawmfrlcJh&m aumif;pGm raysmufEdkifbJ &Sdav\/ (t&d,m olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm; ajcwpfvSrf;rQ ydkívSrf;ay;&jcif;rStp rdrdwdkUtwGuf wm0efydkrwuf&atmif owdynmjzifh qnf;uyfMu&monf/) todÓPf tajrmftjrif&Sdaom wynfhBuD;rsm;rSm tcsdefydkíeD;uyfvmNyD[k ,lqum tm;i,fp ûyvmMu\/ qGrf;pm;ausmif;teD; pdkufxlxm;aom ae em&DwdkifrSm tcdkiftcHh &Sdvsufu tvdktavsmufvJus\/ ausmif;ywf0ef;usifü tcgrJh yef;rsdK;pHk yGifhaeMujyefonf/ MuufzBuD;cefUMuD;aom iSufMum;BuD; wpfaumifuvnf; we*FaEGaxmifhrSvmí ausmif;tay:ü 0JysHum aMumufvefUzG,f toHuGJBuD;jzifh idknnf; jrnfwrf;aeonfrSmvnf; rMumcPjzpfonf/ ausmif;wdkuf ywf0ef;usif wpfckvHk;rSm tkwftkwfusufusuf roJuGJaom idknnf; ½dIufiifoHrsm; &ufrsm;pGmyif Mum;aeMu&\/ vlajcwdwfaom tcgwGif ydkí ausmcsrf; tm;i,fxdwfvefUzG,f &SdvSonf/ tcsdeftcgESifh aus;Zl;*kPfudk odjrifolwdkUu idkESifhMuavNyD/

tyÜrma'e orÜma'x

q&mawmfum; ydkí a&m*gqdk;&Gm;vSonf rxif&/ tom;ta&awmf Munfvifvsuf a[mMum;qHk;rNrJ qHk;rvsufyif &Sdonf/ e,kefvjynfhausmf oHk;&ufaeUwGifum; ydkítm;enf;vmyHk&\/ a':apmwif aqmufvªaom ausmif;BuD;atmufxyfü oDwif;oHk;ae&mrS pmcsawmfrl&m ukvm;xdkifay:odkU ajymif;a&GUay;Mu&onf/ wdkufwGif;&Sd oHCmtm;vHk;tm; yifhac:apí- ]]bkef;BuD;wdkU OD;yOÆif;wdkU? y&d,wf y#dywftvkyfudk rqkwfrepf êud;pm;Muyg/ 0denf;odu©myk'fawmfESifh pyfvdkU tao;tzGJuav;utp xdef;odrf;NyD; q&morm;wdkU\ 'd|mEk*wd &SdMu&rnf/ jrwfpGmbk&m; wm;jrpfwm? vkyfcdkif;wmawG tm;vHk;[m owå0gawG csrf;omzdkUcsnf;yJ? ocFg& w&m;awG[m bmrS tm;udk;p&m tESpfom& r&Sdbl;}} ponfjzifh qHk;r a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ xdkUaemuf q&mwlwynfhjzpfí rdrdxuf toufodu©m BuD;Muaom v,fa0; OD;tmp&ESifhOD;aZm (q&mawmfBuD;ESpfyg;) tm; OD;cs uefawmhawmfrl\/ rMumrD n 11-em&Da&mufvQif ukvm;xdkifay:ü ajccsxdkifawmfrlvsuf ]tEkyg'daoo tocFw} tNidrf;"mwfBuD;odkU tNyD;tjywf udef;0yfpHum y&dedAÁmefûyawmfrl\/ 0gqdkvqef; oHk;&ufaeUwGif y&dowfwpfaomif;ausmf oHCmawmf av;&mcefUwdkU pka0;í wpfpHkwpfck wdkufwGef;EdI;aqmfjcif; rûy&yJ tppt&m&m vdkavao;r&Sd jynfhpHkpGmjzifh om"kuD|eobif qif,ifMuonf/ eHUomxif;rsm; (rnfolrQ rûyvkyfbJvsuf) tvdktavsmuf pkyHkylaZmfMujcif;? rdk;onf;xefpGm &GmoGef;jcif; paom tHhzG,frsm;udkvnf; awGUêuHMu&onf/ t½dk;awmf"mwfudkvnf; ½kyfyGm;wnfí ylaZmfxm;&SdMuonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywåd omoem0ifü 0denf;t"du pmcspmoifyHkpepfESifh rqkwfrepf ,Hk,HkMunfMunfjzifh êud;pm;ygvQif bk&m;&Sif omoemawmfonf owå0gwdkU tm;xm;&mBuD; tppfjzpfaMumif; ñTef;jyawmf rlavNyD/ (1316-ckESpf? wynfha,m*D rax&fBuD;rsm; pkaygif; ûypkí 1327-ckESpfwGif ½dkyfESdyfaom ]ax½kyÜwåd tusOf;ESifh anmifvGefUawm& w&m;tm;xkwfpOf} usrf;üvnf; tjynfhtpHk Munfh½Iawmf rlEdkifMuygonf/ q&mawmf\ Oyedó,twdkif; tm;xkwfí NyD;ajrmuf atmifjrifawmf rlMuaom a&TOa'gif;awmif q&mawmf? ajrmif;jr a0|K0wD q&mawmfrsm; taMumif;udkvnf; a&SUü Munfñdk&ygvwåHU/)

oxHkaZw0ef q&mawmfoxHkaZw0ef q&mawmfoxHkaZw0ef q&mawmfoxHkaZw0ef q&mawmf ( 1230( 1230( 1230( 1230---- 1316 ) 1316 ) 1316 ) 1316 )

Zmwf? ½kyfao;wdkUü &Snfvsm;aom Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk ujyMu&m yxrwGif at;at;aq;aq;

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&[EÅm [kwf-r[kwf odvdkvQif 1/ twlwuG aejcif;jzifh oDvudkod&\/ (oH0gaoe oDvH a0'dwAÁH/) 2/ ajymqdkjcif;jzifh pifMu,frIudk od&\/ (oHa0g[ma&e aomap,sH a0'dwAÁH/) 3/ ab;&ef BuHKaomfrSom ÓPfpGrf;tm;udk od&\/ (tmy'gok xmarm a0'dwaAÁm/) 4/ aqG;aEG;Munfhjcif;jzifh ynmudk od&\/ (omupäm, ynm a0'dwAÁm/) ,if;wdkUudkvnf; tcsdefMumrS? ESvHk;oGif;rS? ynm&SdrSom od&\/ tcsdefwdkvQif? ESvHk;roGif;vQif? ynmr&SdvQifum; rodEdkif/ (wdw¬dwdkUudk &[EÅm[k ajymrdaom aumovrif;BuD;tm; a[mawmfrlonf/ o*gxm0*¾-owåZ#dvokwf/) (&[EÅm [kwf-r[kwf pdppfpHkprf;enf; tus,fudk Oy&dyPÖmo-qAÁdaom"eokwf ygVd? t|uxmESifh 0d-|? 2? 11 pwkw¬yg&mZdu/ tbd-|-2? 470/ 0dok'd-|? 2? 270/ om&w¬#Dum=2? 282-ponfwdkUü Munfh½IMuygukef/ olrsm; [kwf-r[kwfxuf rdrd [kwf-r[kwfonf omí ta&;BuD;vSyg\/)

a&Tawmifq&mawmf OD;wdud© Ed´,a&Tawmifq&mawmf OD;wdud© Ed´,a&Tawmifq&mawmf OD;wdud© Ed´,a&Tawmifq&mawmf OD;wdud© Ed´, ( 1232 - 1303 )

a&TawmifûrdY tr®&mrausmif;wdkuf OD;wdud© Ed, q&mawmfonfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywåd omoem0ifü armfuGef;wif rSwfom;&rnfh q&mawmfwpfyg; jzpfonf/ usrf;pmtrsKd;rsKd; ûypkum 0dyóem ur®Vmef;oHudk wpfEdkifiHvHk; jyefUatmif EdI;vSefYvIYHaqmf&mwGif þt&SifjrwfBuD;\ toHrSm ,ckwdkif jrnfnHvsuf&Sdygacs\/ ]t&SifOD;wdud© Ed´, 0dyóemtzGJU} [kyif wnfaxmifum q&mawmf\ y#dywf tarGqufcHomoemûyMuayonf/ xdkrQ xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vSygaomfvnf; twGif;usus avhvm pHkprf;jcif; rûyEdkifao;ygí (yg0ifwefvsuf <uif;usef&pfrnf pdk;&ygojzifh) q&mawmf ûypkaom ]orkyÜg' eda&m"*usrf;} yxrwGJ ed'gef;yg tw¬KyÜwåd pmwrf;tusOf;rQudkom rl&if;twdkif; ul;,lazmfjy Munfñdkap&ygonfudk cGifhvTwfum auseyfESifhMuygukef/ «aumZmouú&mZf 1232-ck? Owk*dr®EÅ 0gqdkvqef;yu© 12-&uf paeaeY eHeuf av;em&Dausmf tcsdefü ppfawGûrdY abmufoD;pk&yf pma&;BuD; OD;&Jabmf\ ZeD;jzpfaom pma&;BuD;uawmf a':jryef;OD;rS jrwfpGmbk&m;\ omoemawmfjrwfBuD;udk txl;tm;jzifh t"dynm 0dyóem omoemawmfjrwfudk pnfyifjyefYyGm; xGef;um;atmif aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh om;&wemudk zGm;jrifawmfrlonf/ i,frnfrSm ]armifomrmOD;} jzpfonf/ q&mawmf OD;wdud© Ed´, tavmif;tvsm armifomrmOD;rSm nDtpfudkt&if; ESpfa,muf&Sdonf/ armifomrmOD;u tpfudkBuD;jzpfí nDi,frSm armifay:xGef; (aemiftcg jrefrmEdkifiH jynfxJa&;0efBuD; jzpfvmonfh qmay:xGef;) jzpfonf/ tjcm; armifomrmOD;\ 0rf;uGJrsm;rSm- 1/ OD;ZHomOD;? a½TpvG,f& puf&Sifrif;BuD;? zsmyHkûrdY/ 2/ OD;apmjzL? 'dpBwdwf ta&;ydkifrif;? awmifilûrdY/ 3/ OD;armifxGef;atmif? txl;&mbuf w&m;olBuD;? ykodrfûrdY/ 4/ OD;a½Tom? ykvdyftifpyufawmf? zsmyHkûrdY wdkUjzpfonf/ armifomrmOD;udk t½G,fodkUa&mufaomtcg rdbrsm;onf acwfynm twef;ausmif;ü xm;&m ckepfwef;udk jrefrmwpfjynfvHk;ü yxr&cJhonf/ armifomrmOD;udk rdbrsm;u omoemawmf\ tarGudk cH,lEdkif&ef Ak'¨bmomrsm;\ xHk;wrf;pOfvmt& ppfawGûrdY taemuf aygufawmacsmif awm& (,ck bk&m;av;qlausmif;) emZDq&mawmf\ txHawmfü &SifomraP ûyonf/ udk&ifomrmOD;udk ]udk&ifwdó} [k OyZösm,f emZDq&mawmfbk&m;u bGJUoem;awmfrlonf/ udk&ifwdóonf omoemawmfü arGUavsmfojzifh aysmfydkufaevmcJh&m touf 20-aphaomtcg OyZösm,f emZD q&mawmfbk&m;u &[ef;ûyí

ay;awmfrlonf/ &[ef;awmf OD;wdóonf &efukefûrdYodkY <uvmí ausmif;awmf&m a½Tusifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ txHawmfü yd#uusrf;*ef ynmt00wdkYudk oifMum;em,lvsuf ausmif;awmf&m a½Tusifwdkufü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/ wpfzef tdEd´,odkY <ua&mufvsuf tdEd,ü oHk;ESpf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/ tdEd,rS wpfzef oD[dkVfodkU<ua&mufvsuf oD[dkVfü ig;ESpf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/ oD[dkVfü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlpOf oD[dkVf 'ud©Pomcg aAm"dyifü bk&m;*kPfawmfudk tm½Hkûyvsuf vGefpGmMunfñdkvmojzifh vuf0Jbuf vufñdI;udkjzwfvsuf qDqGwfaom t0wfjzifh &pfywfí 'ud©Pomcg aAm"dyiftm; qDrD; ylaZmfawmfrlonf/ oD[dkVfrS jyef<uvmNyD;aemuf ppfawGc½dkif awmausmif; wpfausmif;wGif oDwif;oHk;awmfrl&m BuD;us,fpGm rusef;rrm jzpfawmfrlojzifh vlxGuf (y&Dok'¨ûy) awmfrlonf/ aemufrMumrDyif oHa0*&vsuf &aohûyvkyfí r[mûrdif awm&ü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/ xdkûrdYrS BuHcif;ûrdY uefuav;awm&odkY <ua&mufNyD;aepOf ausmif;trBuD; a':azmh\ avQmufxm;csufjzifh anmifwkef;ûrdY a½T[oFmawm&odkY <ua&mufNyD; ausmif;awmf&m a½Tusif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;udk OyZÑ,fûyí (xdktcgü &efukefûrdY ausmif;awmf&m a½Tusif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf anmifwkef;ûrdY a½T[oFmawm&ü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/) q&mawmfbk&m;u ]OD;wdud© Ed,} [laom bGJUjzifh &[ef;ûyay;awmfrlonf/ OD;wdud© Ed, t&Sifjrwfonf Budrfacsmif;üvnf;aumif;? av;rsufESmü vnf;aumif; oDwif;oHk;awmfrlzl;onf/ jrif;NcHü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlpOf xl;qef;vSpGmaom tdyfrufudk jrifrufNyD;aemuf þ0dyóemvrf;pOfudk xdk;xGif;odjrifawmfrlNyD;vQif usifhBuHBudK;ukwf tm;xkwfawmfrl&m wynfh'g,um &Sifvltm;vHk;uyif ]t&d,m olawmfpif rax&fjrwf} [lí ,HkMunfo'hg ½Tifvef;pGmjzifh qnf;uyf udk;uG,fMuavonf/ xdkOD;wdud© Ed, t&Sifjrwfonf xdkxdkûrdY½GmodkY vSnfhvnfvsuf w&m;"r®wdkUudk a[mMum;jyo qHk;rawmfrlpOf BuHcif;ûrdY uefuav; awm&ü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlcdkuf ol&Jwef;olBuD; OD;okc\ yifhavQmufcsufjzifh ol&Jwef; yef;awmif;ûrdYwdkYodkU<ua&muf w&m;a[mawmfrl&m yef;awmif;ûrdY 'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;\ yifhavQmufcsufjzifh yef;awmif; aMu;bk&m;BuD;teD; ausmif;ü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/ xdkaemuf ausmif;'g,umBuD; OD;a½Txdkuf\ yifhavQmufcsufjzifh a½TawmifûrdY a½Tajymifajymifbk&m;twGif;odkY <ua&muf w&m;a[mMum;awmfrlygonf/ xdktcg OD;bdk;qdkif? OD;pHñGefY? OD;opf? OD;a½Txdkuf? OD;atmifausmf wdkYonf ,ck tr®&mr wdkufwnf&m o&ufNcHO,mOfudk 0,f,lMuNyD;vQif 1282-ckESpf tr®&mrausmif;wdkufudk wnfaxmifvsuf OD;wdud© Ed´, t&Sifjrwfudk udk;uG,fMuavonf/

OD;wdud© Ed, t&Sifjrwfonf a½TawmifûrdY tr®&mr ausmif;wdkufü rdrdvnf; tm;xkwf? olwpfyg;wdkUtm;vnf; a[mMum;jyovsuf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlpOf ausmif;'umBuD; OD;pHñGefY uG,fvGefNyD; wpfaeYaomtcgü pBuøausmif;BuD;ay: ckwiftxufü w&m;tm;xkwfawmfrl&m a&S;a&S;tm;xkwfpOftcgrsm;uxuf w&m;tjrifaygufawmfrlonf/ xdkaemuf ppfawGûrdY tmuRwfawmfukef; q&mawmf OD;em&'tm; rdrdw&m;tjrifaygufyHkwdkUudk rdefYMum;awmfrlonf/ xdktcgrSpí wynfh&Sifvl tm;vHk;uyif tvGef&ifhoefonfh ]tm&d,molawmfpif} [k ESvHk;ydkuf ,HkMunfum qxufxrf;ydk; wdk;í ylaZmfMuonf/ þodkY ur®Vmef; bm0em w&m;t&mü pmawGU udk,fawGU ESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom OD;wdud© Ed´, t&Sifjrwfonf- 1/ orkyÜg' eda&m"*usrf;? 2/ "r®pMum tar;tajzusrf;? 3/ y&rw¬m'de,'óeusrf;? 4/ a0oemEkyóemusrf;? 5/ eDa&mr 0dedpä,usrf;? 6/ Ak'¨gEkówdusrf;? 7/ yOmAsmu&Pusrf;? 8/ 0dnmPmEkyóemusrf;? 9/ edAÁmew¬0dedpä,usrf;? 10/ oN*ØK[fedosusrf;? 11/ pwkopömEkyóeDusrf;? 12/ wda[wku 0dedpä,usrf;? 13/ £osm'dyumoeDusrf;? 14/ r[mowdy|meokwf edó, ESifh tajzusrf;- tp&Sdaom usrf;aygif;rsm;pGmwdkYudk ûypkawmfrlonf/ ,if;odkY usrf;aygif;rsm;pGmudk ûypkawmfrlum rdrdodjrifxm;onfh w&m;oabmwdkYudk azmfjyí omoemûyjcif;jzifh tm;&wif;wdrfjcif; &Sdawmfrrlaom q&mawmf OD;wdud© Ed, onf w&m;;odjrifvdkol taygif;wdkYtm; udk,fwdkif awGYqHka[majymvdkaomaMumifh . . . . ]]rnfonfhûrdYurqdk w&m;"r®udk odvdk? emcHrSwfom; avhusufvdkí yifhac:vQif taMumif; nDnGwfygu cGifhay;ygaMumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m; omoemawmf yGifhvif;zdkY&m tusKd;aqmifvsuf tpOf&SdygaMumif;? trx 0dyóem w&m;tvkyfudk usepGm vkyfvdkol taygif;wdkYonf a½TawmifûrdY &Srf;wef;xdyf? tr®m&mrwdkufodkY vma&mufí w&m;tvkyf BudK;pm;Mu&ef wdkufwGef; EdI;aqmfvdkufygonf}}-

[laom (t&Sifjrwf\ usrf;tcsdKUü) zdwfac:pm xnfhoGif;xm;ayonf/ þodkYvQif avmutusKd;? omoemtusdK;? rdrd\tusKd;? olwpfyg;wdkY\tusKd; wdkYudko,fydk;awmfrlvsuf 1303-ck? 0gqdkvjynfhausmf 11-&uf aomMumaeY nOfh&Spfem&Dtcsdefü b0ewfxH ysHvGefawmfrlonf jzpfygaMumif;/» q&mawmfonf EkpOfb0 Mum;umvwGif tdrf&maxmifí orD; ESpfa,mufyif &&SdcJhbl;&m ZeD;ESifh orD; ESpfa,mufvHk; ppfudkif; r*¾ifacsmif? rdk;ukwfZ&yfü (orD;BuD;rSm 0wfaMumifESifh) oDv&Sif0wfjzifh {umoedufç ywåydkPf"kwif tNrJaqmifí w&m;bm0emESifh aeMuaMumif;? ]aomwmyefom;trd} [líyif ajymqdkMuí 1308-ck? 99-ESpfwGif rdk;ukwfolZeD;a[mif; a':ynm uG,fvGefaMumif;? tbd"Z a½T[oFmq&mawmf bk&m;BuD; ausmif;om;b0u q&mawmfxH pmwuf&í awm&aqmufwnf&mwGif 0wfBuD;0wfi,f ûy&zl;aMumif; ]a½T[oFmq&mawmfb0ESifh pmaytaxGaxG} 39? 137-ü zwf½I&&m ]{uawmf 0ded0wå,Hk=wpfpkwa0;MuD; EdAÁefcdkvIHMuNyD} [kom atmufarh&ef &Sdygawmhonf/

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ur®|mef;todjzifh usrf;ñSdjcif; q&mawmf OD;wdavmuonf rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; &Gyf&GyfcRHcRHBuD; tm;xkwf\/ a,m*D wynfhrsm;udkvnf; vufcHí w&m;jyay;\/ te,fe,fodkU <ua&mufívnf; w&m;a[m\/ usrf;rsm;pGmudkvnf; ûyawmfrlcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywåd w&m;pnfBuD;udk q&m\ ajc&mvdkufí wD;cwfEdkifool jzpfygayonf/ q&mawmf ûypkaom usrf;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/ 1/ aeu©r®"me'DyeD (1258)? 2/ t&d,r*¾'DyeD (1262)? (v,fwDq&mawmf\ 0dZÆmr*¾'DyeDudk twGif;ü Xmyemxm;onf/) 3/ y@dw a0'eD, 'DyeD (1267)? 4/ wdkif;BuD;aomVo 'DyeDESifh ,if; tñTef;usrf;i,f (1280)? 5/ ed½kwåd y'AsOÆeD? 6/ 0dedpä, yumoeD? 7/ pwkAÁd" Asmu&P? 8/ tbd"r®wå o½ly'DyeD (1273)? 9/ r*Fvm tqHk;tjzwf? 0dedpä, trsdK;rsdK;ESifh &wkuAsmrsm;? 10/ "r®&moDusrf;/ (q&mawmf r&Sdonfhaemuf 1296-ckESpf wynfhrsm;u ½dkufxm;onf/)

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ta&miftvif;ESifh 0dyóem vrf;cGJrsm; q&mawmfonf 0dyóem npfñl;aMumif; q,frsdK;udk y@dwa0'eD,usrf;aemufrS a&;om;aom ]]tbd"r®wåo½ly'DyeD}} usrf;ü ydkí jynfhpHkpGm azmfjyxm;onf/ 1/ Mobmo = ta&miftvif;? 2/ yDwd = tvGefyDwdjzpfjcif;? 3/ yó'd = udk,fpdwfESpfyg; tvGefat;Nidrf;aejcif;? 4/ t"darmu© = tvGefMunfvifí o'¨gjzpfjcif;? 5/ y*¾[ = tvGef0D&d, rQwjcif;? 6/ okc = tvGef&Tifvef; csrf;omjcif;? 7/ ÓP = tvGeftodÓPf xufjrufjcif;? 8/ Oy|me = tvGef owdxifjcif;? 9/ Oayu©m = Oayu©m tm;aumif;jcif;? ([efcsufnDjcif;) 10/ eduEÅd = (,if;odkU jzpf&onfrsm;udk) ESpfoufom,mjcif;/ q&mawmfonf txufygq,frsdK;wGif ]ta&miftvif;} ESifh pyfí þodkU rSwfcsuf ay;awmfrl\/ « ]]ta&mifMobmoum; yk*¾dKvfwdkif;rSm rjzpf/ psmevmbD orm"d BuD;xGm;aom yk*¾dkvfwdkYrSm jzpfwwf\/ olwpfyg; rjrif&bJ rdrdom jzif&aom pdwfMunf pdwfvif;? ÓPfMunf ÓPfvif; ta&mifvnf; jzpfay:vmwwf\/ olwpfyg;wdkUyg jrifaumif; avmufatmif udk,fa&mifvnf; xGufwwf\/}} »

xdkq,frsdK;wGif ]eduEÅd} wpfckomvQif tukodkvfjzpf\/ y"mejzpf\/ usefudk;rsdK;um; aAm"dÓPf &ifhoefaMumif; (aAm"Dyu©d,) w&m;aumif;rsm;om jzpfukef\/ w&m; wdk;wufvmonfh trSwftom;rsm;wnf;/ odkU&mwGif xdkodkU wdk;wufvmonfudk ESpfouf wG,fwmaewwfojzifh ]0dyóeyuúdavo- 0dyóem npfñl;aMumif;w&m; q,fyg;? 0dyóem acs;añSmf q,frsdK;} [k qdk&onf/ ,if;q,frsdK;ESifh pyfí q&mawmf rSwfcsufay;onfrSm rSwfom;zG,f aumif;vS\/ y@dwa0'eD,usrf; (1267) wGifum; MobmoESifh pyfí atmufygtwdkif; rSwfcsuf ay;awmfrlcJhonf/ « ]]jzpfrIysufrI O',AÁ, oabmudk aumif;pGm xifjrifEdkifaom tedpö0dZÆmÓPf jzpfay:í vmcgeD;aomtcg ÓP\ a&SUoGm; ÓPfa&mif pdwfa&mif ta&miftvif; tmavmuvnf; jzpfay:wwfonf/ þtvif; tmavmuudk ]Mobmo} [k ac:onf/ 0if;0if;ajymifajymif udk,frSxGufwJh udk,fa&mifjcnfrsdK; r[kwfbl; wynfhwdkU/ udavom yg;ojzifh pdwfÓPf Munfjcif;aMumifh pdwfÓPfvif;wJh tvif; tmavmuwnf;/ ]]xdktcg xdka,m*Dyk*¾dKvfonf 'dAÁpu©Krm yk*¾dKvfuJhodkU ta0;ü? uG,f&mü? nOfhtcgü aomfvnf; ½lyg½HkwdkUudk raem'Gg&jzifh xif&onf wynfhwdkU/ xdktcg xdka,m*D yk*¾dkvftm; orxt&mü y#dbm*odkU a&mufcgeD;tcg psmeft*FgawG ay:bdouJhodkU r*¾ifw&m;awG? aAmZÑifw&m;awG? aAm"dyu©d, w&m;awGvnf; tm;aumif;í xif&Sm; ay:ívmMuonf/ ]]þodkU rdrdoEÅmefü a&S;u rawGUpzl; rjrifpzl; tenf;i,f txl;taxGudk awGUjrif& aomtcg ]þw&m;pk[m r*fzdkvfw&m;yJxif&JU? igr*fzdkvfudk &awmhwmyJ xif&JU} vdkUvJ rSwfxifjcif; jzpfwwfonf/ rrSwfrxif&bl; wynfhwdkU/ r*fzdkvf r[kwfao;bl;}} » tbd"r®wåo½ly 'DyeDusrf; (1273) a&;aomtcg 0dyóem txifrSm; tjrifrSm; todrSm;rsm;udk ydkí yGifhvif;pGm atmufygtwdkif; xkwfazmf owday;awmfrlcJh\/ udk,fwdkif xdawGUaom yk*¾dKvfxl;BuD;rsm;\ trdefUtrSmrsm;udk av;pm;pGm owdrltyf? vdkufemtyfay\/

ur®|mef;½l;? orm"darSmf « ]]w&m;vrf;pOfü rvdrfrmaom yk*¾dKvfwdkUrSm þae&modkU usvQif (O',AÁ,ÓPf? r*¾gr*¾ÓP 'óe0dok'd[k qdkvdkonf/) ]]þyDwd? yó'dpaom w&m;wdkU onfyifvQif r*fyJ? zdkvfyJ? r*fzdkvfudk&íom ta&mif (Mobmo) wdkUonf xGufukef\/ igonf r*fzdkvf w&m;xl;udk&NyD? udpöNyD;NyD}} [k rSwfxifí vrf;rwfwwfwGif wefY&yfvsuf qkwf,kwf ysufpD;í oGm;wwf\/

]]þuJhodkU r*fzdkvf[k rxifrSwfaomfvnf; þMobmo yDwdponfwdkUudk tm;&ESpfouf om,maom wPSmeduEÅd tm;BuD;pGm jzpfay:vmí pdwfnpfEGrf;ojzifh xdkaAm"dyu©d, w&m;wdkUwGif ikyfvsuf qkwf,kwf ysufpD;í oGm;wwf\/ xdk txl; jzpfay:vmaom Mobmo yDwd ponfwdkUudk vdkufí vdkufí tm½Hkûyaeojzifh pdwfwkefvIyf ysHUvGifhjcif; ("r®K'¨pö) jzpfívnf; qkwf,kwf ysufpD;oGm;wwfonf/ ]]xdkrSwpfyg;vnf; þuJhodkU 0dyóemudk tm;xkwf&mwGif w&m;t&mü rvdrfrmaom Munfñdkaom ewfwdkUonf ulyHhí tm½Hkudk xifjrifatmif jywwf\/ tedpöxifatmif ysuf½kyfawG zefqif;í jywwf\/ 'ku©xifatmif olem½kyf? tao½kyf? t½dk;pkawG zefqif;í jywwf\/ orxudk tm;xkwf&mrSmvnf; orx tm½Hkedrdwfudk zefqif;í jywwf\/ rdrdjrifvdk&m trsdK;rsdK;aom tm½HkwdkUudkvnf; jywwf\/ ]]xdkodkUjyí xifjrif&aomtcg rdrdpdwfÓPf &ifhoefí xifjrifjcif; r[kwf/ pdwfÓPf r&ifhoef rMunfvifbJ olwpfyg; ya,m*aMumifh xifjrif&jcif; jzpfí aMumuf&GHU xdwfvefUvsuf ESvHk;aoG;ysufí oGm;wwfonf/ pdwfÓPf &ifhoefí tcsdefusí xifjrifrI r[kwfjcif;aMumifh rsufvSnfhonf zefqif;íjyaom &T? aiG? xrif;? a&wdkUuJhodkU xdkewfjyaom tm½HkwdkUonf &SnfjrifhpGm &í wnfí raeukef/ rsufvSnfh xrif; a&udk pm;aomuf&aomoltm; 0jcif;? qmavmifuif;jcif; rjzpfbdouJhodkU xdkewfjyaom tm½HkedrdwfwdkUudk jrifíxifí aejim;aomfvnf; eD0&Puif;jcif;? psmef? r*f w&m;xl;&jcif; rjzpfukef/ udpörNyD;ukef/ ]]xdk ewfjyaom tm½Hkudk rpGefYy,f? tm;&0rf;om ESpfoufvsuf Munfh½IíaevQif xdkewfwdkUuvnf; ]igwdkUtm½Hkudk ESpfoufonf} [k Munfñdkcspfcifí tm½Hkudk wdk;í wdk;í xifjrifatmif jy\/ rdrdwdkU wwfpGrf;EdkiforQ wefcdk;udkvnf; ewftmEkabmfjzifh ay;\/ xnfh\/ ewfwdkU wefcdk;ay;zef? xnfhzefrsm;vQif xdkyk*¾dKvfonf ]rsufpdjrif? em;Mum;} arSmfaygufí oGm;wwf\/ psmefvrf;? r*fvrf;odkU ra&mufNyD/ eD0&P udavomwdkU ruif;uGmNyD? þuJhodkU aygufaom arSmfudk ]orm"darSmf} [lí ac:\/}} ]]þum;-psmefvrf;? r*fvrf;wdkUü zDvmuefUvefU awGU&aom acsmufurf;yg; vrf;rSm;wdkUwnf;/ þuJhodkU ]þum; psmefvrf;? r*fvrf;r[kwf? vrf;auGUvrf;rSm; acsmufurf;yg;wdkUwnf;? þum; t&d,mwdkU oGm;&m psmefvrf;? r*fvrf; vrf;ajzmifh vrf;rSefwnf;} [k qHk;jzwfí xdkvrf; rwfwwfü awGUaom txl;taxG taESmifh t,SufwdkUudk ÓPfynmjzifh vTrf;rdk; y,fazsmufí? 0dyóemwifí vrf;rSefudk odEdkif-vdkufEdkifaom ÓPfudk ]r*¾gr*¾ÓP 'óe 0dok'¨} ac:ygonf/}} (r*¾= vrf;rSef? tr*¾= vrf;rSm;udk? ÓP'óe= odjrifaom ÓPf\? 0dok'¨= pifMu,fjcif;/)}} » þae&mü q&mawmf\ tawGUtBuHKrSm &Sif;vif; jywfom;ay\/ ewfwdkY jyaom tm½HkESifh tedpö? 'ku© xifjrifrIonf rsufvSnfhxrif; pm;&ouJhodkU wu,fr0yHk? xdktm½Hkudk vufcHrdvQif qufí tMum;tjrif wefcdk;rsm; ay;wwfyHk? ]w&m;aygufNyD} [k xif&aomfvnf; udavom ravsmhonfhtjyif taESmifht,Sufyif jzpfyHkwdkUrSm vGefpGm av;eufvSukef\/

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avxk\zdtm;onf urÇmajrESifha0;av avsmhenf;avjzpfum udk,fwGif;&Sd zdtm;ESifh jyifyavxk zdtm;wdkU rrQwaomaMumifh aoG;aMumavaMumrsm; jywfxGuf oGm;Edkif\/ jrifhav avtm;enf;av jzpfí ½ª&efav (atmufpD*sif) udk ,laqmif oGm;Mu&\/ ,if;odkU ½ª&efavom ygroGm;cJhvQif ayav;aomif; tjrifhü vlonf av;rdepfom touf&SifEdkif\/ tmumowGif (toHudk o,faqmif&ef Mum;cHypönf; r&Sdí) toH[lí r&Sd/ ajymír&/ rMum;&/ rdk;wdrf &moDOwkESifh aeY-n umv[lívnf; r&Sd/ urÇmajr\ qGJiiftm; rrDawmhojzifh tav;csdef [lívnf; r&Sd/ urÇmajrü wpfaygifav;aom ypönf;onf rdkif&Spfaxmif tjrifhü wpf udk;ydkif; ckepfydkif;atmifprQom av;awmhonf/ xdkUaMumifh tmumoü vrf;avQmuf&mwGif ajcvSrf;rrSef? anmif;nmrIr&Sd? aZmufxdk;rdk;arQmf jzpfaeaomfvnf; taercuf/ tm;vHk;udk ûcHíqdk&aomf urÇmajrü aeaom vlwdkU\ tjriftodrsm; tm;vHk; tmumoü ajymif;jyef jzpfukef\/ þodkU tyltat;? tav;taygh? tjriftMum;rsm; tm;vHk; uGmjcm;aeojzifh tmumo oGm;rnfholrsm;onf ajrjyifü tat;cef;? tylcef;BuD;rsm; twGif; &ufaygif;rsm;pGm 0ifatmif;í 'PfcHEdkif&nf&Sdatmif avhusifh&jcif;? tpm;tpmudkvnf; ZGef;? yef;uefjzifh pm;ír&? oGm;wdkufaq;bl;uJhodkU ñSpfí tpmudk avhusifhNyD; vaygif;rsm;pGm pm;ae&jcif;? aoG;aMum jywfrwwf jyif;xefvIyfcgaom 'kef;ysH'Pfudk cHEdkif&nf&Sd&ef oHurÇmvHk; twGif;odkU 0ifí &ufaygif;rsm;pGm txdk;tvSdrfhcH prf;ae&jcif; ponfjzifh 'ku©awGum; rsm;ukef\/ (a,m*Drsm; twk,lzG,f) urÇmajrESifh tmumo tppt&m&m jcm;em;aejcif;aMumifh avol&Jonf aywpfaomif; tjrifhodkU a&mufoGm;aomtcg jrif&onfh ywf0ef;usifrSm tvdkvdkNiD;aiGU pdwfysuf p&mBuD; jzpfaeawmhonf/ rdrdudk,fudk ,HkMunf udk;pm;pdwfvnf; avsmhoGm;\/ trSm; wpfckck vkyfrdaomfvnf; jyif&ef owdr&/ awGa0í? idkifí aewwfonf/ tjrifhay wpfaomif;ig;axmif? ESpfaomif;ig;axmifwGifum; t&uf aomufxm;oluJhodkU u½l;rl;xdk; jzpfvm\/ rdrdudk,fudk txifBuD;pdwfrsm; tvdkvdk 0ifvmjyef\/ trSm;rsm;udk vkyfrdaomfvnf; udk,fvkyforQ trSefcsnf; xifaewwfonf/ pdwfawG *a,mifacsmufcsm; jzpfoGm;wwfonf/ xdktaMumif;udk BudKwif od&Sdxm;Mu&onf/ 31-bHk qGJtm;rS ½kef;uefxGufcGm&ef [efjyifaeaom a,m*D\ b0tajc ysdK;pçum; tmumool&Jrsm; urÇmajrqGJtm;rS ½kef;uef xGufcGm&ouJhodkU &Sdayawmhonf/

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(wPSmt&if;cHaom txif? rme t&if;cHaom txif? 'd|dt&if;cHaom txif) txifrSeforQ t&d,mwdkU tjrifü ajymif;jyef jzpfoGm;onf/ orm"djrifhav uGJjym;av jzpfum todÓPf r&ifhao;ygvQif xifpm;rI? arQmfvifhrI? wG,fwmrIBuD;av wkefvIyf csmufcsm;rIBuD;av jzpf&wwfonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; oD[dkVfacwfu &[ef;wpfyg; vu©Pma&; oHk;yg;wifí 0dyóemw&m; a[mMum;pOf vma&mufem,laom 'umwpfOD; w&m;em&if; jzpfysufudk jrifp oJurf;yg;xdyfu vdrfhusouJhodkU ]]igr&Sdawmhbl;? igh[mvJ r&Sdawmhyguvm;}} [k oabmaygufum aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefUpGm tdrfodkU xGufajy; oGm;cJhzl;av\/ (cE¨0*¾-O'geokwftzGifh/) xdkodkU pyful;rwful;wGif txifESifhtjrif vGJwwfojzifh ]]½kyfemrfwdkUonfomvQif jzpfysufaeonf/ ig? ighOpömr&Sd}} [k NiduyfwG,fwmrI uif;EdkiforQ uif;atmif BudKwifí oDv ponfjzifh avhusifh &Sif;vif;xm;ESifh Mu&avonf/ olawmfaumif;w&m;onf 31-bHkü tdk;ruGm tdrfruGm aevdkaom vlrdkufwdkU twGuf aMumufp&mBuD;yifwnf;/

tm&kHaNcmufyg; vkdif;cGJrsm;tm&kHaNcmufyg; vkdif;cGJrsm;tm&kHaNcmufyg; vkdif;cGJrsm;tm&kHaNcmufyg; vkdif;cGJrsm; oDvarwÅmponfNzifhvnf;aumif;?okwr,ÚmPfNzifh vnf;aumif; r&Sif;vif;Ekdifygu a,m*D\ todÚmPfonf ykdí&IyfaxG;vmwwf\/ tmumookdU wufaom avol&JuJhokdU ukd,fhukdukd,fyif r,kHBunfNcif;? oDv arwÅmpaom vufeufud&d,mukd tokH;rcsrdNcif;? tm;rukd;&JNcif;? taNz&Smr&bJ rIdifawGcsíaeNcif;? ukd,fhukdukd,f txifBuD;Ncif;ESifh ukd,fvkyforQ trSefcsnf;bJ xifNcif;? vkyfrSm;onfukdyif Nyif&efowdrxm;EkdifNcif; ponfNzifh pdwfrsm;*a,mifacsmufNcm; url;&ª;xkd; Nzpfvmwwfavonf/

1. rsufpdrsufpdrsufpdrsufpdrsm;u xl;Ncm;aom thHzG,fo@efrsm;ukd Nrifa,mifí aBumufNcif;? 0rf;omNcif;? wpfpkHwpfOD; ûyrlaeonfukd Bunfh&Ií aBumif;usKd; uGif;qufrsm;ukd Nrifa,mifaeNcif;? rdrdtvkd&Sdaom ypönf;? vl? ,kwfpGmh tqkH; taBumif;t&mpmay t"dyÜm,frsm;ukd ewfrsm;vmí Nyvmay;vSmonf[k xif&avmufatmif tHhBopGm awGUNrif&Ncif;? txl;rBuKd;pm;&bJ tvG,fwul rsufpdatmuf a&mufvm&Ncif;? Bunfhp&mpmawG tvG,fwul&í tvkyfysufatmif BunfhrqkH;Ncif;? rsufpdrsm; rl;a0um csmcsmvnfNcif;? xkHxkdif;tkHUrIdif;aeNcif;? umr tm&kHrsm;ESifhNcnf; awGUBuKHae&Ncif;? Nrif&orQ tay: pdwfwkdpdwfysufaeNcif;/

2. em;em;em;em;uxl;qef;aom toHrsm;ukd Bum;&Ncif;? rdrdvkyfaeonfukd rvkyf&Jatmif wpfpkHwpfOD;u aNymvmNcif;? Bum;&Ncif;? rdrdvkyfaeonfukd qufomvkyf? trSefyifNzpfonf [laom t"dyÜg,fNzifh wpfenf;enf;Nzifh Bum;vm&Ncif;? tusKd;vkdvm;í aNymonfukdyif r,kHBunfNcif;? em;cg;Ncif;/

3. ESmacgif;ESmacgif;ESmacgif;ESmacgif;u teUHxl;rsm;arT;Ncif;? eHNcif;/ 4. vQmvQmvQmvQmrSaeí roifhaom tpmrsm;ukd taBumif;tqufqufzefwD;um rvTJra&Smifom pm;rdaeí

a&m*ga&mufvG,f&Ncif;? awmifaNymrnf[k BuHxm;vQuf aNrmufukd aNymrdNcif;? twkduftcH aNymvkdNcif;? w&m;pum;a[maNymvkdvSNcif;? vkH;0raNymbJvJ aevkdNcif;? EIwfydwfusifhvkdNcif;? tmap;cwfxm;ouJhokdU vkH;0aNymr&atmif t-aeNcif;?

5. ukd,fukd,fukd,fukd,füa&m*gESifhywfoufí aBumifhBuNcif;? aeUcsif;ncsif; aoavmufatmif a&m*gNzpfawmhrnfvm;[k xif&Ncif;? wpfudk,fvkH;&Sdtiftm;rsm; avylazmif;aygufouJhokdU wpfcPcsif; aNcawG vufawG (xl;cwfxm;ouJhokdU ) qkwfqkdif;aeNcifbD;wyfxm;ouJhokdU oGm;vmayghyg;vGef;Ncif;? ysH rwwf&SdNcif;? 0d&d,wkd;vkdufvQif aornf[kxifNcif;? rawmfwq 'Pf&mrsm; &vG,fNcif;? acgif;rl;í rxlvkdNcif;? ESvkH;om; (&if0) usOf;usyf ylavmifwwfNcif;? ESvkH;om;ukd qkyfukdifcH&ouJhokdU&SdNcif;? xkdokdU NzpfNyD;vQif a'gotm&kHukd awGU&Ncif;? awGUNyD;vQif xkdtvkH;usoGm;Ncif;? (rD;,yfonf aoG;EkouJhokdU aoG;EkNcif;? taBumufvGefNcif;/ )

6. pdwfpdwfpdwfpdwfxJwGif NyqkdcJhonfhtwkdif; Za0Z0g NzpfNcif;? wkd;wufaeaomfvnf; rwkd;wuf[kxifNcif;? qkwf,kwfaeaomfvnf; wkd;wufaeonf[k xifNcif;? teD;uyf a&mufvmol\ aumif;qkd;pdwftBuHrsm; rdrdü ta&mif[yfí xyfwlcHpm;&Ncif;? w&m;xl;&vkdpdwf apmvQifum; b0ifukd rdaeNyD; {u*¾wmusaeonf? edAÁmefukd cHpm;aeonf[k txifa&mufNcif;? xkdü om,mvQuf 0yfNyD;cH&um rwkd;wufbJaeNcif;? pdwfqkd;vG,fNcif;? rmeBuD;Ncif;? ae&onfrSm t&omr&Sd ][m} aeNcif;? touf&Sd&kHNzpfaeNcif;? w&m;t&omr&Sd? aygh[m[mNzpfaeNcif;? pD;yGm;tmPmwefckd; ponf NrLqG,fonfhaemufokdU vkdufygvG,fNcif;? Nr§LqG,frIuvnf; rsm;Ncif;? t"dyÜm,fr&Sd pEkd;paemifh pvkHpckNzpfNcif;? aemifwNzpfNcif; (aq;rdouJhokdU) awGa0aeNcif;? rIdif;rdaeNcif;? owdarhNcif;/

þokdUponfNzifh 'Gm&aNcmufyg;ü tm&kHaNcmufrsKd;wkdUonf a&m&maomif;aNymif; taumif;tqkd; trsKd;rsKd;wkduf0ifvmBu&m a,m*Donf ]tb,ft&monf taumif;? tb,ft&monftqkd;} [kcGJNcm;odNrifwwf&ef? odNrifaomtcg ûyNyifaNymif;vJ oGm;wwf&ef cJ,Of;aewwfBu\/ rBuKduftm&kHukd wpfenf;enf;NzifhcGmí&apumrl BuKduftm&kHNzpfcJhaomf wkd;wufonf[kyifxifum xkdtm&kHukdyif usK;Hí vkyfauR;ae&wwf\/ auseyfaewwf\/ Nrif;pD;vQuf txD;rSef;trrSef; rodonfrSm tqkd;qkH;Nzpfonf/ 'Gm&aNcmufyg;rS 0ifa&mufwdkufckdufvmaom tm&kHaNcmufyg;aemuf vkdufum ]],ck rdrdtvkyfonf rSefuef\avm? bk&m;BuKdufESifhnD\avm? nDaomf rZÑdry#dy#musus vkyfaeNcif; [kwfyg\avm?

wkd;oavm? qkwfoavm? &yfwHhaeoavm}} ponfNzifh tNrJwef; t&IH;tNrwf i,fEkdifpm&if;Nzifh oGm;Bu&\/ oGm;wkdif; c&D;aygufonf r[kwfacs/

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odrfawmifodrfawmifodrfawmifodrfawmif----qnfMuD;qnfMuD;qnfMuD;qnfMuD; awm& q&mawmf awm& q&mawmf awm& q&mawmf awm& q&mawmf

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aoQmifMuD;aAGESifU rwifrusaoQmifMuD;aAGESifU rwifrusaoQmifMuD;aAGESifU rwifrusaoQmifMuD;aAGESifU rwifrus

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q&mawmf\ vufa&;rSwfpkü atmufygtwdkif; a&;xm;onfudk zwf&I&onf- (1268? awmfovif; vqef; &Spf&uf? a&TwGif;wl;ausmif; c@odrfü yxr ur®0gq&m rHkawm*dkPf;axmuf OD;rmvm? xaemif;ukef;*dkPf;axmuf OD;0dok'¨? wrmukef; o&ufjcH *dkPf;axmuf q&mawmf/ aeUem&Djyef wpfcsuf/ 1290-jynfU? 23-0g&/ 1268-0gwGif; omraP vkyfae&/ 1294?27-0g&/)

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Myanmar Cupid Post - ေရႊစကား · PDF fileMudKwifawmi;yefjcif; þpmpOfonf...

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