mxatvruli azrovnebis ganviTareba XX saukunis I naxevris ... · periodis mwerloba, omisSemdgomi...

baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti

ganaTlebisa da mecnierebaTa fakulteti

qarTuli filologiis departamenti

manana TavdgiriZe

mxatvruli azrovnebis ganviTareba XX saukunis I naxevris aWaraSi

(sadisertacio naSromi filologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad)

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: asocirebuli profesori malxaz CoxaraZe

baTumi 2013

2

sarCevi

Sesavali …....................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Tavi I. mxatvruli sityvis aRorZineba aWaraSi XIX saukunis bolos

da XX saukunis dasawyisSi ................................................................................................... 6

Tavi II. mweralTa gaerTianebebi XX saukunis I naxevris aWaraSi..................... 12

$ 1. mweralTa gaerTianebebi 20-ian da 30-ian wlebSi................................................. 12

$ 2. saqarTvelos proletarul mweralTa aWaris ganyofileba.................... 19

$ 3. saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwerlebis aWaris ganyofileba................................. 37

Tavi III. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis baTumis saliteraturo presa ............ 48

Tavi IV. epoqis ideologiuri struqtura da regionuli mwerlobis

Taviseburebebi.................................................................................................................................... 65

$ 1. pirveli literaturuli Taoba aWaraSi da mwerlobis bolSevi-

zaciis zogierTi principi........................................................................................................... 65

$ 2. axali adamiani socializmis epoqaSi da mxatvruli literaturis

funqcia............................................................................................................................................................. 69

$ 3. socialisturi Sromis apologia........................................................................................ 76

$ 4. axali kerpebi da axali TariRebi..................................................................................... 82

$ 5. regionis cxovrebis suraTebi................................................................................................ 86

$ 6. religia da literatura........................................................................................................... 104

Tavi V. patriotuli motivi ....................................................................................................................112

$ 1. patriotizmi da da bolSevizmi ...................................................................................... 112

$ 2. omis Tema da ideologiuri mwerlobis zogierTi Tavisebureba..... 127

$ 3. baTumSi moRvawe poetebi socialisturi realizmis epoqaSi

da tao-klarjeTis savaneTa bediswera............................................................................... 133

Tavi VI satrfialo lirika ................................................................................................................ 141

daskvnebi...................................................................................................................................................................... 151

gamoyenebuli literatura ..................................................................................................................... 165

3

Sesavali

aWaraSi qarTuli kazmulsityvaobis aRorZineba da, Semdgom etapze,

sakmaod swrafi tempiT ganviTareba XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze iwyeba. XX

saukunis 20-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, miuxedavad im mZime viTarebisa,

romelic qveyanaSi partiul-ideologiuri diqtatis damyarebas mohyva

Sedegad, regionis mwerloba TandaTan Camoyalibda, rogorc Cveni

literaturis istoriis uaRresad saintereso da mniSvnelovani nawili.

Tumca, unda vaRiaroT, rom epoqis ZiriTadi niSani socialisturi

realizmis da proletaruli kulturis Zaladobrivi damkvidrebis procesi

iyo, romelic winaaRmdegobaTa mZime, xSirad metismetad tragikul jaWvs

qmnida. es winaaRmdegoba ukiduresad gamwvavda 30-ian wlebSi. 1932 wlis 23

aprils sakavSiro kompartiis centralurma komitetma ,,saliteraturo -

samxatvro organizaciaTa gardaqmnis Sesaxeb” specialuri dadgenileba

miiRo, romelic gardamtex mijnad iqca meoce saukunis Cveni literaturis

istoriaSi. am droidan moyolebuli, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi qveynad

damkvidrebulma ideologiurma diqtaturam rkinis artaxebiT SeboWa

SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis Tavisufleba da udidesi vneba moutana sulieri

kulturis ganviTarebas.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs agreTve, meore msoflio omis

periodis mwerloba, omisSemdgomi wlebis literaturuli garemo da sxva.

XX saukunis pirveli naxevris aWaraSi moRvawe mwerlebis Semoqmedeba

erTi bunebrivi, mniSvnelovani da ganuyofeli nawilia sazogadod qarTuli

literaturis istoriisa da igi, erTi mxriv, regionis istoriis

specifikurobidan, meore mxriv, sabWoTa ideologiuri diqtaturis

Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, erTob saintereso problematikiTa da

mizandasaxulobiT xasiaTdeba, rac, Sesabamisad, aqtualobas matebs dasmul

problemas. XX saukunis dasawyisis da Semdgomi wlebis, iseve rogorc

sazogadod sabWoTa periodis mxatvruli literaturis, saliteraturo

kritikis, publicistikis da a.S. obieqturi Seswavla, qveyanaSi arsebuli

politikuri reJimis gamo, SeuZlebeli iyo. mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris

4

demontaJis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli obieqturi kvleva da gamoqveynda kidec

araerTi saintereso naSromi. kerZod, i. bibileiSvilis “suli ukvdavi”,

wigni I (2003 w), wigni II (2005 w.), r. kverenCxilaZis “sabuTebi RaRadeben”

(2007w.), m. CoxaraZis “literaturuli werilebi (1997w.) da sxv.

XX saukunis dasawyisis mTeli qarTuli literaturis istoriis Tu

misi romelime nawilis (Cvens SemTxvevaSi - aWaraSi mimdinare literaturuli

procesebis) kvleva ukve gulisxmobs mniSvnelovan siaxleebs iseT dargebSi,

rogoricaa: literaturis istoria, saliteraturo kritikis istoria,

publicistikis istoria da a.S.

aqve aucileblad migvaCnia, aRvniSnoT Semdegi: roca XX saukunis

dasawyiss, metadre sabWoTa epoqis xelovnebas vexebiT, roca vsaubrobT

socialisturi realizmis mwerlebze, roca vmsjelobT ideologiiT savse

sapropagando literaturaze, socialisturi cxovrebis wesis, beladebis

da a. S. saxotbo Txzulebebze, sruladac ar visaxavT miznad vinmes

dakninebas. Cveni poziciis warmosaCenad am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze

moxerxebulad migvaCnia akaki baqraZis im sityvebis moxmoba, “mwerlobis

moTvinierebas” rom waumZRvara: “roca “mwerlobis moTvinierebas” vwerdi,

_ aRniSnavs kritikosi, _ miznad ar mqonia vinmes sayveduri-damunaTeba.

ar mqonia imitom, rom ar vici, Tavad rogor moviqceodi, imaT

mdgomareobaSi rom Cavvardniliyavi. winaswar aravin uwyis, vin ras

Caidens, roca yurSi nemss gauyrian, roca fexebiT Tavdayira dakideben,

roca rkinis ketebiT Zvlebs daumtvreven da kidev vin icis, ra wamebas

miayeneben. Tu yvelaferi es gadagitania da ar gatexilxar, maSin gaqvs

ufleba, Sexedo sxvas sayveduriani da mpatiebeli TvalebiT. magram roca

araferi gemuqreba da Tbil loginSi arxeinad nebivrob, maSin iolia

sxvaTa gankiTxva da patiosnebis TamaSi. me ubralod mindoda, sabuTebis

moSveliebiT drois suraTi damexata da am droSi ganwiruli adamiani

(gansakuTrebiT mwerali)” (baqraZe 1990:2).

rasakvirvelia, Cven esoden masStaburi mizani ar dagvisaxavs da arc

Sesabamis ambicias gamovxatavT. mxolod imas vcdilobT, Cveni

damokidebuleba warmovaCinoT naSromSi ganxiluli literaturuli

produqciis da avtorebis mimarT.

5

mocemul Temaze Sexebisas uTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am

Taobam, miuxedavad kompromisebisa, ideologiuri wnexisa da masTan

dakavSirebuli mravalricxovani problemisa, mniSvnelovani amagi dasdo

aWaraSi qarTuli mxatvruli azrovnebis jer aRorZinebas, Semdeg

ganviTarebas. bedis ironiiT, jer osmalobagamovlil da mere ruseTis

imperiis klanWebSi moqceul am uZveles qarTul mxareSi qarTuli

mwerlobisken mobruneba swored sabWoTa epoqaSi, komunisturi

ideologiiT, yalbi RirebulebebiT gajerebul, TavisuflebaSezRudul

epoqaSi moუxda. SeiZleba msjeloba imaze, Tu rogor ganviTardeboda

movlenebi, Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi atmosferos pirobebSi, magram es

unayofo msjeloba iqneba. XX saukunis I naxevris aWaraSi saliteraturo

cxovreba warsulis faqtia da igi unda miviRoT iseTi, rogoric iyo –

Tavisi nakliTa Tu, rac mTavaria, RirsebiTac, romelic, miuxedavad

epoqis xasiaTisa, imJamindeli mxatvruli literaturis araerT nimuSs

axasiaTebs.

warmodgenili naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlis, paragrafebad dayofili eqvsi

Tavisa da daskvnebisagan, rasac Tan erTvis gamoyenebuli literaturis sia.

monografiaSi farTodaa asaxuli qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis erT-

erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani etapi - XX saukunis pirveli naxevari, kerZod,

aWaraSi moRvawe mweralTa Semoqmedeba, literaturis ganviTarebis procesi,

is problemebi da winaaRmdegobebi, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo im epoqisaTvis.

gamoyenebulia bevri axali masala. Sedegebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia

qarTuli literaturis istoriis swavlebisa da kvlevis dros.

6

Tavi I. mxatvruli sityvis aRorZineba aWaraSi XIX

saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi

aWaraSi mwignobroba ganviTarebuli rom unda yofiliyo, amis

dasturad tbel abuserisZis moRvaweobis xsenebac sakmarisia.

niSandoblivia, rom es regioni uSualod esazRvreboda aTormet savaneTa

mxares da arc is unda iyos saeWvo, rom klarjeli berebis moRvaweobis

sxivi aWarasac moswvdeboda. Tumca JamTa siavis gamo XVI saukunidan

moyolebuli qarTuli kulturis aRmavloba droebiT Sewyda. gasagebia,

rom mSvidi literaturuli cxovrebisaTvis aravis ecala, magram

SemoqmedebiTi energia zepirsityvierebaSi gamovlinda da uaRresad

saintereso nimuSebi me-19 saukunis bolosac ki iyo Semonaxuli.

magaliTad, zaqaria WiWinaZes maxinjaurel usein-beg beJan-oRlisagan

Cauweria “Zveli qarTuli saxalxo leqsi” Tamar mefis Sesaxeb:

“aTasi kaba yma myvanda

yvelani oqros RiliTa,

vaWmevdi dedal xoxobsa,

vasomdi brolis WiqiTa,

vinc rom Semeba – Sevebi,

alaliTa da jiqiTa,

awi Tqven iciT, mefeno,

vinc darCiT amas iqiTa” (WiWinaZe 1913:32).

dedasamSoblosTan dabrunebis Semdeg nela, Znelad, magram mainc

momzadda safuZveli literaturuli saqmianobisaTvis. regionis mTavari

qalaqi baTumi TandaTan Camoyalibda samrewvelo da kulturul centrad.

niSandoblivia, rom aq wlebis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda

araerTi qarTveli mamuliSvili – qarTuli literaturis klasikosi

mwerali daviT kldiaSvili, cnobili poeti da sazogado moRvawe

grigol volski da sxvani.

meoce saukunis dasawyisSi saliteraturo asparezze gamovida memed

abaSiZe. igi ufro politikuri moRvawe iyo – aWaraSi erovnuli

moZraobis moTave. Sesabamisad, mxatvrul literaturasTan SedarebiT misi

publicisturi moRvaweoba ufro nayofieri da mravalferovania, Tumca,

7

man kazmulsityvaobaSic datova kvali. igi avtoria araerTi mxatvruli

Targmanisa (namik qemalis piesebi: ”samSoblo”, ”zevali Cijuki”,

”gulnihali”, sefveT nehizis piesa ”arc SekiTxva da arc ganmarteba”,

jelil memed yuli zades piesa ”micvalebulni”, guzide samris moTxroba

”muneveri”, abdulah zudis moTxroba ”dai”, omar xaiamis rubiebi da sxva.)

mkiTxveli icnobs mis originalur moTxrobasac (”sula maRlaZe”),

kritikul naSromebsa da leqssac, romlis fragmentia mxolod

Semonaxuli:

”mze gadixara! baTumis caze

varskvlavebma Tavis qeba iwyes cimcimiT,

ros kvlav ixara

_ ver SevedrebiTo, -

varskvlavebi Caqrnen sircxviliT” (SaraZe 1995:55).

Tavad memed abaSiZe 1935 wels mweralTa kavSiris anketaSi kiTxvaze

“ra literaturuli nawarmoebi gaqvT da sadaa dabeWdili”, - ase

pasuxobda:

“samSoblo” – silistria” – “moambeSi” 1904 wels; “arc SekiTxva da

arc ganmarteba” – gazeT saxalxo furclis damatebaSi; “gulnehali” –

gazeT “saqarTvelos” damatebaSi, mxolod erTi moqmedebaa dabeWdili;

‘muneveri” da “micvalebulni” – saxelgamis mier gamoica; “sabralo

bavSvi” – saxelgams jer ar gamoucia; “anzori” – Turqulze

gadmoTargmnili – arc esaa dabeWdili; “farvanebi” – Turqulidan

qarTulze, araa dabeWdili; sakuTari Cemi satira “sula maRlaZe” –

“baTomis gazeTSia” dabeWdili. exla vTargmni omar xaiams” (SaraZe 2002:6).

rogorc vxedavT, aq naxsenebia “baTomis gazeTic”. es iyo pirveli da

karga xnis ganmavlobaSi erTaderTi qarTulenovani gazeTi baTumSi,

romelic 1911-1914 wlebSi gamodioda. XX saukunis dasawyisSi aq

literaturuli presa ver iarsebebda da verc “baTomis gazeTi” Seavsebda

am xarvezs, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom mis furclebze ibeWdeboda mcire

moculobis feletonebi Tu leqsebi, ZiriTadad adgilobrivi avtorebisa.

cxadia, es nabeWdi produqcia, umetes SemTxvevaSi, raime Rirebulebas ar

warmoadgenda da verc literaturul aminds qmnida, magram arsebul

vakuums erTgvarad mainc avsebda.

8

niSandoblivia, rom 1917 wels gamarTul qarTvel xelovan mweralTa

pirvel yrilobaze samuslimano saqarTvelodan miwveuli iyvnen memed

abaSiZe da haidar abaSiZe (CoxaraZe 1997:73).

mxatvrul literaturas garkveul adgils uTmobda gazeTi

“samuslimano saqarTvelo”, - samuslimano saqarTvelos

gamaTavisuflebeli komitetis organo. es gazeTi 1919-21 wlebSi

gamodioda (pirveli nomeri 1919 wlis 11 ianvars gamovida), sul daibeWda

xuTasi nomeri. mas gamoscemda saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministro.

Tavdapirvelad gazeTs hasan Tahsin ximSiaSvili redaqtorobda, Semdeg,

1919 wlidanve – memed abaSiZe. aRsaniSnavia, rom gazeTi Tavis profils

gansazRvravda, rogorc “sapolitiko, saekonomio da saliteraturo”

gazeTisas, Tumca literaturas mcire adgili eTmoboda da igi

ZiriTadad poeziiT, SigadaSig ki literaturasTan dakavSirebuli

statiebiT iyo warmodgenili.

adgilobriv avtorTagan “samuslimano saqarTvelo” beWdavda xasan

TxilaiSvilis, memed aRa Wyonias leqsebs, romlebic marTalia maRali

mxatvruli RirebulebiT ar gamoirCeva, magram Rrma patriotizmiTa da

gulwrfelobiT namdvilad iqcevs yuradRebas.

xasan TxilaiSvilis “mesxeTs” politikur movlenaTa cxel kvalze

dawerili leqsia. igi warsulsac exeba da Tanamedroveobasac:

“istoriulad naqebo

mesxeTo, turfa mxareo,

SoTa rusTvelis samSoblo

gamoiRviZe maleo,

SoTas sityvebi axlac hquxs:

mesxeTo gaixareo.

simarTlis mzema anaTos,

mohfinos Cveni mxareo,

Tamar mefisa naSeni

cixe aq blomad dganao

is mowmobs Cvensa warsulsa,

dedam rom gviTxra nanao” (TxilaiSvili 1920:#375).

9

- wers poeti (albaT ufro swori iqneba, Tu mas saxalxo mTqmels

vuwodebT) da iqve exmianeba im ukuRmarT realobas, romlis

gamosasworebladac ibrZoda samuslimano saqarTvelos

gamaTavisuflebeli komiteti (romlis aqtiuri wevri Tavad iyo):

“xels gviwvdis dedasamSoblo,

- Cemi suliko nenao,

modi da gulSi Camekar,

ar Segeyaros snebao,

yornebs ki laxvrad esobaT,

dedis es tkbili sityvebi,

da yovel Rones xmaroben,

SeviqneT kvalad monebi,

daZrwian yovel sofelSi

uvicni, moqrTamulebi,

mtrebs gverdiT amodgomian,

Caujibaven fulebi,

ojaxs gvingreven, samSoblos

ganadgurebas lamoben

mterebi ferxuls uvlian,

Cveni wvalobiT xaroben” (TxilaiSvili 1920:#375).

amave suliskveTebisaa memed aRa Wyonias “salami saqarTvelos”.

avtori miuTiTebs, rom es leqsi dawerilia mokavSireTa mier

saqarTvelos cnobis gamo:

“saqarTvelo, salams giZRvni,

ar varT gamonaklisi,

mtrebi Semogvesia,

uangariSo aTasi...

mSvenieri dRe dagvidga,

gadvixadeT paraklisi,

madloba RmerTs – moveswariT,

gavxdiT bednier dRis Rirsi,

dRevandel dRes mogilocavT,

gasZeliT aTi aTasi” (Wyonia 1920:#293).

10

memed aRa Wyoniac erovnul-patriotuli moZraobis monawile iyo da

samuslimano saqarTvelos gamaTavisuflebel komitetTan erTad ebrZoda

yvelas, vinc cdilobda aWaris mowyvetas dedasamSoblosgan. mis leqsSi

”samSoblos siyvaruli” igrZnoba r. erisTavis ”samSoblo xevsurisas”

motivebi da gamoxatulia usazRvro erTguleba mamulisadmi:

”samSoblo miwis namceci

yovel sxva qvaze Zviria

mas mkerdiT davefarebi,

Tund viqne ganagmiria.

misTvis vSoblivar, gavzrdilvar,

sicocxle misTvis mWiria,

misTvis lxinad miCans yoveli

tanjva da gasaWiria.”

literaturis Sesaxeb dabeWdili publikaciebis paTosic

patriotulia. magaliTad, noe CxikvaZis poeziis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli

statiis avtori SeniSnavs, rom “misi ocneba”, misi natvra iyo monobisgan

daxsna mSobeli xalxisa, Tavisufleba tyve samSoblosi... noe CxikvaZe am

xalxis simRera iyo! kerZod, cxovreba man gaatara tanjva-vaebaSi,

ukidures xelmokleobaSi! Mmis leqsSi striqonebi cecxlis eniT

laparakoben... ers mouxmobs brZolisken da hRaRadebs:

“Tavisuflebis arwivno,

lomgulno mSobel erisa,

aRsdeqiT mterze, masmineT

xma Tqveni abjarT JRerisa...“ (CxikvaZe 1920:#372).

magram ZiriTadi amgvar statiebSic samuslimano saqarTvelos

bediswera iyo. magaliTad, movixmobT jemal qiqavas publikacias “Zmis

guliTadi madloba”, exeba ra qeTo nakaSiZis leqss, igi wers:

“Cveni gazeTis mesame nomerSi dabeWdilia leqsi qeTo nakaSiZisa, ra

Zlieri grZnoba, ra mSobliuri suliskveTebaa am leqsSi Caqsovili,

romlidanac gadmohquxs nakadi sixarulisa, aRfrTovaneba RviZli disa,

rac gamowveulia gzadabneuli Zmebis mier Tavis mSobliuri keris

gamoZebniT, am keraSi Tavis moyriT da es droebiT gzadabneuli Zma, roca

kiTxulobs am striqonebs, grZnobs da igonebs nacnobs, mSobliurs, rac

11

droebiT daviwyebia da rasac agonebs mas es mSvenieri leqsi. dae im

striqonebma, rogorc mowyalebis dis mzrunveli xeli avsebs sixaruliT

da madlobiT daWrils guls, ise aRavsos sixaruliTa da aRfrTovanebiT

gzadabneuli Zmebis suli da guli da gahyven es Zmebi am saerTo gzas,

romelzec mouwodebs maTi poeti da” (qiqava 1920:#5).

marTalia, im periodis baTumSi, rodesac vTqviT, literaturuli

cxovreba ar duRda, magram SigadaSig garkveuli RonisZiebebi mainc

imarTeboda. “samuslimano saqarTvelos 1920 wlis 9 ivnisis (#378) nomeri

iuwyeboda saliteraturo dRis Sesaxeb, romelic baTumis qarTuli

gimnaziis moswavleebs gaumarTavT “rkinis Teatris” SenobaSi. werilis

avtori maRal Sefasebas aZlevs am RonisZiebas da saqebar sityvebs ar

iSurebs organizatorebis mimarT:

“Tqven da Tqvenma moswavleebma 13 ivniss baTumis qarTveli

sazogadoebis damwuxrebul guls droebiT mainc CamoaSoreT mware

sevdis bangi... Svebis Jruanteli mogvgvareT, sixarulis cremlebi

gvafrqvevineT...

sad iyo am dros is, vinc qarTuli gimnaziis xsenebaze xels

asavsavebs... vinc Cveni gimnazia ubinao dastova... gadahkravda Tu ara mis

saxeze sircxvilis siwiTle...”

rogorc vxedavT, dedasamSoblosTan dabrunebul samxreT

saqarTveloSi SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba TandaTan cocxldeboda. Tumca,

1921 wlidan es regioni axali realobis winaSe aRmoCnda da

literaturisa daU xelovnebis ganviTarebis gzac am axal realobas

daeqvemdebara.

12

Tavi II. mweralTa gaerTianebebi XX saukunis I

naxevris aWaraSi

$ 1. mweralTa gaerTianebebi 20-ian da 30-ian wlebSi

dRemde miRebuli TvalsazrisiT mweralTa pirveli gaerTianeba

aWaraSi 1927 wlis 7 agvistos Seiqmna da es iyo aWaris proletarul

mweralTa asociacia, romelic imave wlis 20 seqtembridan saxeldebul

iqna, rogorc saqarTvelos proletarul mweralTa asociaciis aWaris

ganyofileba. kerZod, imJamindeli samTavrobo gazeTi ,,fuxara” 1927 wels

iuwyeboda:

,,kviras, 7 agvistos, ganaTlebis muSakTa saxlSi Sesdga aWaristanis

proletarul mweralTa pirveli saorganizacio kreba.

aWaristanSi proletarul mweralTa organizaciis Camoyalibebis

Sesaxeb moxseneba gaakeTa amx. maxaraZem, romelmac mokled aRniSna

proletarul mwerlobis mokle warsuli da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba,

Seexo misi ganviTarebis da gzis sakiTxebs saqarTveloSi.

momxsenebelma aRniSna aWaristanSi myof proletarul mweralTa

SekavSirebis da muSaobis masebSi gadatanis saWiroeba.

moxsenebis irgvliv gamarTul msjelobaSi monawileoba miiRes: amx.

amx. T. sixaruliZem, bondo keSelavam, miSel astralma, ev. jijeiSvilma

da sxv.

krebam erTxmad saWirod scno proletarul mwerlobis SekavSireba

da airCia xelmZRvaneli biuro Semdegi SemadgenlobiT: amx. amx. T.

sixaruliZe, maxaraZe, ev. jijeiSvili, jemal noRaideli da d.

beruCaSvili.

kandidatebaT: amx. amx. S. astrali da leJava (qali).

axladarCeul biuros daevala momavali samuSao gegmis gamomuSaveba

da aWaristanSi myof proletarul mwerlobis aRricxvaze ayvana”

(“fuxara” 1927:#179).

es namdvilad iyo proletarul mweralTa pirveli organizaciuli

gaerTianeba aWaraSi: am periodisaTvis sabWoTa xelisufleba jer kidev

13

iTmenda mweralTa sxva, ase Tu ise damoukidebeli jgufebis arsebobas,

magram imedovnebda, rom proletaruli mwerloba, partiis mxardaWeriT,

iqceoda warmmarTvel Zalad literaturul frontze da SeZlebda

ideologiuri diqtaturis damyarebas mwerlobaSi. Sesabamisad, erTi

mxriv, cdilobda maqsimalurad gaeZlierebina centraluri organizacia,

meore mxriv, qmnida regionul gaerTianebebs: daaxloebiT amave periodSi

daarsda proletaruli asociaciis adgilobrivi ganyofilebebi

sxvadasxva qalaqSi.

amdenad, mweralTa proletaruli gaerTianebis Seqmna baTumSi

sabWoTa xelisuflebis politikis nawili iyo da ara literaturuli

procesebis bunebrivi ganviTarebis Sedegi.

niSandoblivia, rom xSirad Semdgomi periodis mkvlevrebi mweralTa

prolet. gaerTianebis Seqmnis faqts axasiaTeben ara rogorc

proletarul mweralTa pirvel organizaciul gaerTianebas, aramed

sazogadod, mweralTa pirvel organizaciul gaerTianebas aWaraSi. aq

mxolod oriode fragments davimowmebT: S. quriZe ganixilavs ra

zemoxsenebul krebas, aRniSnavs: ,,...ase Caeyara safuZveli mweralTa

pirvel organizacias baTumSi – saqarTvelos proletarul mweralTa

asociaciis aWaristanis ganyofilebas” (quriZe 1970:10).

i. bibileiSvilis sityviT ki: ,,aWaraSi moRvawe mweralTa pirveli

organizaciuli gaerTianeba moxda 1927 wlis 7 agvistos...” (bibileiSvili

2003:17).

sinamdvileSi, mweralTa profesiuli gaerTianebis istoria aWaraSi

ufro adre daiwyo. kerZod, rogorc adgilobrivi gazeTi ,,uwyebebi”

amcnobda mkiTxvels, “1921 wlis 29 aprils memed abaSiZis

TavmjdomareobiT baTumSi Sedga iq myof qarTvel mweralTa da mgosanTa

kreba, romelmac daadgina: 1) daarsdes qarTvel mweralTa seqcia, romelic

imuSavebs revkomis saxalxo ganaTlebis ganyofilebasTan arsebuli

xelovnebis ganyofilebis mzrunvelobis qveS; 2) daevalos baTomSi myof

yvela mwerals, ganurCevlad mimarTulebisa, Caeweron seqciaSi; 3) 7

maisisTvis gamoices qarTuli poeziis gazeTi, amisTvis Sedges saredaqcio

kolegia: sandro CaCikaSvili, simon weveli (gaCeCilaZe) da s. qarTlel-

imereli (seno wereTeli); 4. periodulad gamoices saliteraturo-

14

samecniero Jurnali; 5. gaimarTos leqciebi, saRamoebi; 6. gamoices

iaffasiani broSurebi” (kverenCxilaZe 1983:379).

aSkaraa, rom mweralTa seqcia Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc 1917 wels

Seqmnili ,,qarTvel mweralTa kavSiris” (1920 wlidan ,,saqarTvelos

mweralTa kavSiris”) baTumis organizacia. sxvas yvelafers rom Tavi

davaneboT, swored 1917 wels mweralTa I yrilobaze dadginda, rom 7

maisi poeziis dRed gamoecxadebinaT. am TvalsazrisiT logikuri iyo

mweralTa krebis Tavmjdomared memed abaSiZis arCevac. zemoxsenebul

yrilobaze miwveul mweralTa siaSi, romelic 1917 wlis 17 ivniss

gamoqveynda gazeT ,,saxalxo furcelSi”, memed abaSiZec iyo.

cxadia, rom axladdaarsebulma seqciam garkveuli saqmianoba

imTaviTve daiwyo. amas isic mowmobs, rom 1921 wels marTlac gamoica

gazeTi ,,poeziis dRe”. aseTive gazeTi gamoica 1922 wlis 7 maissac.

Tumca, rogorc Cans, seqciis srulfasovan moqmedebas Tan sdevda

dabrkolebebic. amas mowmobs isev gazeT ,,uwyebebis” cnoba, romlis

Tanaxmadac, gaerTianebis formireba amave wlis noemberSic araa

damTavrebuli. kerZod, 1921 wlis 23 noemberis 199-e nomerSi aRniSnulia:

,,am kavSiris daarseba baTumSi metad dagvianda, magram rogorc

naTqvamia, umjobesia gvian, vidre arasdros.

meore dRea baTumSi myofma qarTvelma mwerlebma da literatorebma

Tavis kavSiri organizaciul faqtiurad arsebulad gamoacxades da

gamgeobac airCies. rogorc centrSi, ise aqac mweralTa da literatorTa

kavSiri garda zogad literaturul kulturul muSaobisa, miznad

isaxavs samuslimano saqarTvelos Seswavlas da gamokvlevas, wignebisa da

Jurnalebis gamocemas.

kavSiri jer-jerobiT norCi da usaxsroa, gamgeobas jerxnobiT

araviTari nivTieri fondi ar aqvs Tavis gankargulebaSi” (samxreTeli

1921:#199).

,,meore dRe” niSnavs 1921 wlis 22 noembers. finansuri problemebis

mosagvareblad mwerlebs saqvelmoqmedo saRamos mowyoba ganuzraxavT.

,,uwyebebis” 202-e nomerSi am sakiTxs exeba vinme ,,baTomelis” werili:

15

,,xval yofil sakrebulo darbazSi imarTeba qarTvel mweralTa da

literatorTa kavSiris saRamo.

am saRamos mizania baTomis qarTvel mweralTa kavSirs nivTierad

xeli gauxsnas da muSaobis saSvaleba misces.

samwerlo da literaturuli dargis muSakni eris potencial

avladidebis gamomxatvelni arian, mwerloba – literatura yvela xalxis

gonebrivi da sulieri Zalaa.

samwerlo da saliteraturo SemoqmedebiT icnoben ers da sakuTar

Semoqmedebis mixedviT akuTvneben mas Sesafer alags msoflio kulturis

ojaxSi.

mwerloba gansakuTrebul pativs da saTuTad mopyrobas moiTxovs.

samwerlo asparezze gamosulTaTvis eri unda hqmnides Sesafer

uzrunvelyofil pirobebs da maT muSaobas xels uwyobdes.

...qarTuli mwerloba da literatura yovelTvis mware bedis

anabaraT iyo minebebuli. TviT bumberazni mweralni da literatorni

Cveni qveynisa absolutur siRatakes ganicdidnen.

qarTveli mwerali Tu literatori lukma puris Zebnis gzaze ra

gind niWieric ar unda yofiliyo igi Tavis mowodebas ver emsaxureboda

da SeumCnevlad hqreboda.

... lukmisaTvis ramden mwerals da literators dautovebia Tavisi

pirdapiri gza da gadavardnila cxovrebis meSCanur ufskrulSi. magram

ra saWiroa moTxroba imisi, rac yvelam zed miwevniT icis...

am Jamad qarTvel mweralni da literatorni am axirebul yofasTan

sabrZolvelad da qveynis winaSe Tavis wminda movaleobis

Sesasruleblad SeerTebuli gamodian sakuTar kavSirSi, saerTo ZaliT

ebrZvian cxovrebis siduxWires da gaerTianebulad muSaoben samwerlo

asparezze.

aseTi SekavSireba centris mere moxda baTumSic.

es kavSiri, rogorc norCi da nivTierad carieli xeliT hmarTavs

Tavis saRamos da mis SemosavaliTYhfiqrobs samuSaod xelis momarTvas”

(baTomeli 1921:#202).

aWaris mweralTa gaerTianebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb cnobebi mwiria.

faqtia, rom memed abaSiZe ver SeZlebda mis xelmZRvanelobas: igi rogorc

16

bolSevikebisTvis ideologiurad miuRebeli, amave wlis 6 dekembers

daapatimres, jer baTumidan gaasaxles da TbilisSi cxovrebis ufleba

misces. Semdeg, igi ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, sxvadasxva saxis

sasjels ixdida (kverenCxilaZe 2007:260).

miuxedavad amisa, rogorc Cans, es organizacia uqmad ar yofila.

,,poeziis dRis” gamocema ukve vaxseneT. garda amisa, ramdenime Jurnali

Tu gazeTi gamosces mweralTa calkeulma jgufebmac: Jurnali ,,kandeli”

(1922 w.), gazeTi ,,aspirozi” (1923 w.), gazeTi ,,mwvervali” (1923 w.),

,,aWaristani” (1926 w.) da sxva. Zneli saTqmelia, ra kavSiri hqondaT am

gamocemebs mweralTa seqciasTan, magram faqtia, rom baTumSi

saliteraturo presa, ase Tu ise, arsebobda. amasTan, rogorc vTqviT,

seqcia Seiqmna ,,revkomis saxalxo ganaTlebis ganyofilebasTan arsebuli

xelovnebis ganyofilebis mzrunvelobis qveS”. amitom gasakviri araa, rom

masTan proletmwerlebic TanamSromlobdnen. yovel SemTxvevaSi, werilSi

,,saq. proletmweralTa asociaciis 10 w. Tavi” p. oboli aRniSnavda:

,,aWaristanSi jer kidev 1921 wels arsebobda mweralTa sazogadoeba,

romelSic gaerTianebuli iyvnen rogorc proletaruli mwerlebi, ise

sxvadasxva mimarTulebaTa mimdevrebi. 1924 wlidan baTomSi Camoyalibda

saqarTvelos proletmweralTa asociaciis aWaristanis ganyofileba,

romelsac saTaveSi Caudga proletaruli axalgazrdoba” (oboli

1931:#136).

1921 wels baTumSi Seqmnili mweralTa gaerTianeba saqarTvelos

mweralTa kavSiris nawili rom iyo, amas isic cxadyofs, rom mas ,,axali

mwerlobis kavSiric” daupirispirda. tician tabiZem gazeT ,,baxtrionSi”,

1922 wels, varam gagelis fsevdonimiT gamoaqveyna werili ,,xelovnebis

mTavari Stabi”, romelSic igi aRSfoTebas gamoTqvamda baTumsa da

quTaisSi ,,calke mweralTa kavSirebis” daarsebis gamo. misi azriT,

amgvari qmedebebi mweralTa daqsaqsvas uwyobda xels: ,,am dros iwyeba

dekadansi mweralTa kavSiris. ...konstituciiT ver moxda misi

legalizacia, radgan kavSirebi am konstituciiT warmoebiT sistemaze

aris agebuli, aman uflebrivad bevri ziani miayena mweralTa kavSirs,

magram amas kidev imodena ubedureba ar eqneboda, rom TviTon kavSiri ar

daqsaqsuliyo. pirvandel mweralTa kavSiris magier, romelsac yvela

17

entuziazmiT ekideboda, dRes mweralTa kavSiri daarsda ,,aWaristanSi”.

(amas Tavis droze ganixilavs istoria) mweralTa kavSiri daarsda

quTaisSi, romelsac aqvs Tavisi gamocemebi da sruliad angariSs ar

uwevs tfiliss, TviTon tfilisSi kavSiri orad gaiyo da Tu saerTo

muSaobaze SeiZleba laparaki, piriqiT, aq zogierT upasuxismgeblo

pirebma iseTi antagonizmi dabades, rom lamis aris mwerloba SeaZulon

yvelas.”

saqme isaa, rom saqarTvelos mweralTa III konferenciaze, romelic

1921 wlis 9-12 oqtombers gaimarTa, saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiri orad

gaixliCa: imis gamo, rom kavSiris prezidiumis zogierTi wevri

(“cisferyanwelebi” da sxvani) axal gamgeobaSi ver moxvda, mweralTa

nawili gavida kavSiridan da daaarsa ,,axali mwerlobis kavSiri”.

rogorc vxedavT, es winaaRmdegoba, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, baTumel

mwerlebsac Seexo. am SemTxvevaSi ki CvenTvis arsebiTi isaa, rom tician

tabiZe 1922 wels aRiarebs mweralTa organizaciis arsebobas aWaraSi.

aWaraSi mweralTa kavSiris daarsebis TariRis gansazRvrisas

gasaTvaliswinebelia mweral p. obolis werili “saq. proletmweralTa

asociaciis 10 w. Tavi”, sadac aWaraSi mweralTa gaerTianebis istoriis

gansxvavebul istoriis gansxvavebul versias acnobs mkiTxvels:

“aWaristanSi jer kidev 1921 wels arsebobda mweralTa sazogadoeba,

romelSic gaerTianebuli iyvnen rogorc proletaruli mwerlebi, ise

sxva da sxva mimarTulebaTa mimdevrebi” (oboli 1931:#136).

rac Seexeba am droisaTvis moRvawe mwerlebs, perioduli presis

garda, maT Sesaxeb informacias vRebulobT im literaturuli

JurnalebiTac, romelTa gamocema pirvelive nomris dabeWdvis Semdeg

Sewyda. kerZod, Jurnal “pontosSi” ibeWdeba akaki gorgilaZis, daTa

TaqTaqiZis, lelian anelis, vanion daraselis da sxvaTa Txzulebebi.

garda amisa, rodesac imarTeboda TbilisSi sruliad saqarTvelos

mweralTa yrilobebi, ra Tqma unda, delegatis mandatiT iwvevdnen

aWaraSi moRvawe mwerlebsac. mkvlevar r. kverenCxilaZes axali

mwerlobis kavSiris 1921-23 wlebis wevrTa monacemebis safuZvelze siaSi

Seyavs grigol cecxlaZe. amave avtors memed abaSiZesTan erTad vxvdebiT

18

sruliad saqarTvelos mweralTa yrilobis (1926w.) delegatTa Soris

saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris (Zveli) siiT (kverenCxilaZe 2008:361).

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saintereso informacias gvawvdis

saqarTvelos proletarul mweralTa asociaciis aWaris ganyofilebis

wevrTa sia, romlis mixedviTac dgindeba 10-20-30-ian wlebSi baTumSi

moRvawe mweralTa samwerlo saqmianobis staJi da partiuli mimarTuleba.

upartio TadumaZe barnaba SemoqmedebiT procesSi 1918 wlidan gamoCenila,

SaviSvili – 1920 wlidan da a. S.

amdenad, 20-ian wlebSi, proletaruli mwerlobis aWaris

ganyofilebis Camoyalibebamde, mweralTa myari gaerTianeba ar Cans. maT

saqmianoba uwevT revkomis zedamxedvelobis qveS, Tumca baTumSi moRvawe

zogierTi mwerali ama Tu im literaturuli gaerTianebis wevria da misi

saxeliT saqarTvelos mweralTa yrilobebsac eswreba.

1927 wlis 7 agvistos, rogorc vTqviT, Seiqmna aWaris proletarul

mweralTa asociacia (imave wlis 20 seqtembridan _ saqarTvelos

proletarul mweralTa asociaciis aWaris ganyofileba), romlis

Tavmjdomaredac Toma sixaruliZe airCies. am periodSi mweralTa seqciis

arsebobis Sesaxeb cnobebi ar mogvepoveba. faqtia, rom, ,,revkomis

saxalxo ganaTlebis ganyofilebasTan arsebuli xelovnebis

ganyofilebis mzrunvelobis qveS” moqmedi organizacia Tu jer kidev

arsebobs, mniSvnelovani aqtiurobiT ar gamoirCeva.

1932 wlis 23 aprilis cnobilma sakavSiro dadgenilebam

,,saliteraturo-samxatvro organizaciaTa gardaqmnis Sesaxeb”, miuReblad

miiCnia xelovanTa calkeuli dajgufebebis arseboba. am dadgenilebis

safuZvelze mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi gauqmda calkeuli samwerlo

organizaciebi. amave wlis 27 ivniss gaixsna saqarTvelos sabWoTa

mwerlebis sagangebo yriloba da Seiqmna ,,saqarTvelos sabWoTa

mwerlebis kavSiri”. bunebrivia, procesi regionebSic gagrZelda. amave

wlis 6 oqtombers, aWaris mweralTa pirvel sagangebo yrilobaze

daarsda saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwerlebis aWaris ganyofileba, romlis

Tavmjdomared airCies daviT dumbaZe, moadgiled _ nestor malazonia,

xolo pasuxismgebel mdivnad _ parmen loria.

19

amiT dasrulda mweralTa damoukidebel gaerTianebaTa istoria

baTumSic da mTel saqarTveloSic, Caqra Tavisuflebis is mciredi

naperwkalic, amgvar gaerTianebebSi rom bJutavda. mwerloba,

organizaciuli TvalsazrisiT, savsebiT da srulad iqca bolSevikuri

qveynis ideologiur danamatad da msaxurad.

$ 2. saqarTvelos proletarul mweralTa aWaris gayofileba

proletarul mweralTa aWaris ganyofileba oficialurad dafuZnda

1927 wlis 7 agvistos. gaerTianebas amave wlis 20 seqtembridan ewoda

saqarTvelos proletarul mweralTa asociaciis aWaris ganyofileba.

Tavmjdomared airCies Toma sixaruliZe, biuros wevrebad daasaxeles:

maxaraZe (saxeli ar aris miTiTebuli), ev. jijeiSvili, j. noRaideli, d.

beruCaSvili, xolo kandidatebad S. astrali da T. leJava.

vidre am organizaciis saqmianobis Sesaxeb visaubrebdeT, oriode

sityviT unda iTqvas misi daarsebis TariRis Sesaxeb. parmen obolis, igive

parmen lorias werilSi („saqarTvelos mweralTa asociaciis 10 w. Tavi“)

naTqvamia, rom „1924 wlidan baTomSi Camoyalibda saqarTvelos

proletmweralTa asociaciis aWaris ganyofileba, romelsac saTaveSi

Caudga proletaruli axalgazrdoba“ (oboli 1931:#136).

proletarul mweralTa aWaris ganyofilebis daarsebis TariRad erT–

erT saarqivo dokumentSi 1927 welia miTiTebulი, magram aq gansxvavebulia

Tve da ricxvi. kerZod, 1928 wlis oqmebs Soris Cakrulia saqarTvelos

proletmwerlobis aWaristanis ganyofilebis ganvlili muSaobis amsaxveli

mokle moxseneba, romelsac arc xelismomweri hyavs da arc Sedgenis TariRi

aweria. oqmi iuwyeba:

”1927-wels 17 ivniss q. baTomSi Camoyalibda saq. prolet. mweralTa

asociaciis aWaristanis ganyofileba. aWaristanis komkavSiris partiis

saolqo kometetis da saq. prolet. mweralTa asociaciis centralur

20

gamgeobis xelmZRvanelobiT pirvel xanebSi am organizaciaSi erTiandeboda

mxolod 4-5-amxanagi. Semdeg wlebSi TandaTan izrdeboda es organizacia”

(fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 1, oqmi #62).

niSandoblivia, rom dokumentSi miTiTebul TariRze wiTeli fanqriT

xazia gadasmuli. saeWvo Cans aq dasaxelebuli raodenoba organizaciaSi

gaerTianebuli „amxanagebisa“: xuTi wevri marto xelmZRvanel biuroSi

iricxeboda, rasac emateboda 2 kanidadati biuros wevrobisa.

ase iyo Tu ise, aWaris proletari mwerlebi organizaciulad

gaerTiandnen. mmarTvelo organoebic airCies da muSaobis sakmaod

masStaburi gegmebic dasaxes. Tumca am gegmaTa Sesrulebis niaTi da

potenciali ar gaaCndaT (quriZe 1970:12) da amitom biuri araerTxel

gadaxalisda – jer 1927 wlis noemberSi, mere 1928 wlis aprilSi, amave wlis

agvistoSi da a. S.

vidre asociaciis Semadgenlobis, saorganizacio da sxva sakiTxebis

Sesaxeb gavagrZelebdeT saubars, oriode sityva unda iTqvas

proletmweralTa miznebisa da amocanebis Sesaxeb. Tundac imisaTvis, rom

xSirad am miznebis Seusabamoba maT SesaZleblobebTan xdeboda safuZveli

winaaRmdegobebisa da zogjer wmendisa.

asociaciis ZiriTadi mizani, cxadia, iyo bolSevikuri partiis

ideologiuri xazis gatareba mwerlobaSi. Semoqmedis funqcia propagandis

farglebSi Tavsdeboda da es propagandac niWierad rodi gamosdiodaT.

miuxedavad amisa, asociacia cdilobda aqtiurad ecxovra: marTavda

mecadineobebs – ganaTlebis donis amaRlebisaTvis, literaturul

saRamoebsa da gasamarTlebebs – „proletaruli gemovnebis“

CamoyalibebisaTvis, aRmzrdelobiT Sekrebebs da gamosvlebs fabrika–

qarxnebSi mwerlebisa da sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebSi bolSevikuri

suliskveTebis gaRvivebisaTvis da a. S. am saqmianobis Sesaxeb naTel

warmodgenas gviqmnis saqarTvelos proletmweralTa asociaciis

aWaristanis ganyofilebis samuSao gegma, romelic axladCamoyalibebuli

organizaciis saqmianobas asaxavs:

21

,,1/ - morigi mecadineoba kviraSi erTxel.

2/ - literaturaSi memarjvene gadaxrebis winaaRmdeg yovel-gvari

zomebis miReba.

3/ - gamorkveva qalaqis da mazrebis biblioTekisa da samkiTxveloTa.

4/ - Seswavla mkiTxvelebisa.

5/ - warmoebebSi, muSaTa ubnebSi, skolebSi lit-wreebis mowyoba da

masze xelmZRvaneloba.

6/ - ufaso lit-saRamoebis da gasamarTlebebis gamarTva rogorc muSaTa

ubnebSi ise qalaqSi.

7/ - prolet. literaturebis gamomcemlobis mowesrigeba.

8/ - ufaso disputebis da leqciebis mowyoba proletliteraturis,

kinos, Teatris, Tanamedrove ojaxebis da sxvebis Sesaxeb.

9/ - komkavSirel mweralTa wreze xelmZRvaneloba da aRmzrdelobiTi

muSaobis warmoeba.

10/ - komkavSirel mweralTa gamokvebis mogvareba.

11/ - kavSiris daWera prof-sabWos kult-ganyofilebasTan da

mTavlitTan Cveni warmomadgenlebis mimagrebiT” (fondis P – 928, anaweri, 1,

saqme 1, oqmi #72).

es dokumentic naTelyofs asociaciis ideologiur da sapropagando

funqcias. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom gamgeobas xSirad uxdeboda wevrTa

proletaruli sifxizlis Semowmebac da Sefasebac. e. w. wmendasa da

disciplinarul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli miTiTebani zogjer

kuriozebamdec midioda. sailustaraciod moviyvanT grigol SaviSvilis

SemTxvevas, romlis saqme gamoiZia specialurad am mizniT Seqmnilma komisiam

nestor malazonias, vladimer gorgaZis, irakli feraZis da lado SaraSiZis

SemadgenlobiT. metad mkacri iyo Salva arTilayvas gamosvla 1929 wlis 29

ianvris sxdomaze:

,,asociaciis wevrma gr. SaviSvilma Caidina mTeli rigi

borotmoqmedebaTa: 1) gamosca asociaciis saerTo suraTi, 2) miiTvisa

asociaciis biuros uflebebi, 3) warsulSi igi datusaRebuli iyo, rogorc

22

fulis gamflangveli, 4) moaTavsa asociaciis saerTo suraTSi ara

proletarul mweralTa al. mgelaZis da gr. grigorianis portretebi, 5)

iCenda xandaxan yoyoCobas raic mtkicdeboda imiT, rom gamocemul suraTSi

warweriT “aWaristanis proletarul mweralebi” – Tavisi Tavi SuaSi

moaTavsa; yvela amis gamo gr. SaviSvili gamoricxul unda iqnes asociaciidan

rogorc uRirsi wevri” (fondi P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 1 oqmi#1(12):57).

komisiam bolos mainc lmobiereba gamoiCina, sayveduri da gafrTxileba

akmara:

,,komisia gr. SaviSvilisadmi wayenebul zog braldebas damtkicebulad

cnobs. aRniSnavs agreTve, rom SaviSvilis muSaobaSi zogjer yoyoCobasac

hqonda adgili, magram iRebs ra mxedvelobaSi, rom gr. SaviSvili iyo

asociaciis erT aqtiuri wevrTagani, ucxadebs sastik sayvedurs da aZlevs

ukanasknel gafrTxilebas” (fondi P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 1 oqmi #1(12):57).

danaSaulad miiCneoda mecadineobaTa gacdenac sadac mwerlebi

komunizmis mSeneblobisaTvis aucilebel codnas da politikur–

ideologiur wrTobas Rebulobdnen, Tumca yovelTvis rodi ekidebodnen

gulisyuriT am saqmianobas. Sesabamisad, asociaciis xelmZRvanelobac

simkacres iCenda:

,,is amxanagebi, romlebic, ar ivlian sistematiurad Cvens mecadineobaze,

mieces pirveli da ukanaskneli gafrTxileba, ris ganmeorebis Semdeg

garicxul iqnas asociaciidan” (fondi P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 1, oqmi #14). –

naTqvamia 1928 wlis 4 noembris sxdomis dadgenilebaSi. Salva arTilayvas

jer kidev am sxdomaze mouTxovia gr. SaviSvilis dasja.

,,radgan gr. SaviSvilma dastova Cveni kreba Tavmjdomaris daukiTxavad,

gavida gareT da nardis TamaSi daiwyo, amisaTvis gamoecxados sayveduri da

mieces ukanaskneli gafrTxileba” (fondi P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 1, oqmi#14).

komisiam daakmayofila misi moTxovna da gr. SaviSvils gulgrili

muSaobisaTvis ukanasneli gafrTxileba misca. amave wlis 14 noembers igi

saerTod garicxes asociaciidan, magram ramdenime TveSi aRadgines, Tumca,

23

rogorc zemoTmoyvanili (1929 wlis 29 ianvris) dadgenilebidan Cans,

xelmZRvanelobis mowoneba mainc ver daumsaxurebia.

realurad proletmwerlobis aWaris organizacia cdilobda Tbilisis

„dedaorganizacias“ mihyoloda kvalSi da misi moqmedebis kalkirebas

axdenda saqmianobaSic da dasja–wmendis organizebaSic. marTalia,

Tbilisel proletmweralTa arc gaqaneba hqondaT baTumSi, arc energia da

arc Tavxedoba, magram masebTan muSaobis aw ukve daxvewil–damuSavebul

meTodebs da wmenda–filtraciis xerxebs aqac aqtiurad iyenebdnen.

“pirvel xanebSi ganyofilebis muSaoba moisustebda, raSidac mTavar

rols TamaSobda saxsrebis uqonloba da amas garda organizaciis wevrTa

siWrele. ar iyo Sig namdvili daxvewili proletaruli mwerlebi magram es

nakli male gamosworda. rogorc TbilisSi ise aqac Catarda specialurad

prolet. mwerlebis wmenda da amis Semdeg ganyofileba ganTavisuflda

nawilobriv zedmet balotisgan romelic Tavis daRs asvamda ganyofilebis

muSaobas” (fondi P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 1:111) – aRniSnulia baTumis

organizaciis erT–erT dokumentSi.

mivubrundeT saorganizacio sakiTxebs: biuros arCevidan ramdenime

Tvis Semdeg asociacia biuros SemadgenlobaSi cvlilebis Setanis

aucileblobis winaSe aRmoCnda. imis gamo, rom kavSiris pirveli

xelmZRvaneli organos wevrebidan baTumSi mxolod ori mwerali

imyofeboda, 28 noembers gamarTulma 25-kacianma krebam axali ASemadgenloba

ganixila. Zveli wevrebidan biuros SemadgenlobaSi darCa T. sixaruliZe da

v. maxaraZe, xolo kandidatad dasaxelebuli T. leJava ukve sruluflebian

wevrad iTvleba.

saqarTvelos proletarul mweralTa asociaciis aWaristanis

ganyofilebaSi ganxorcielebul cvlilebebze gazeTi “fuxara” wers:

- ,,vinaidan Zvel biuros Semadgenlobidan baTomSi mxolod ori kaci

darCa (danarCeni baTomidan waviden), krebam saWirod scno biuros gadarCeva.

24

axal biuroSi krebam airCia: amx. amx. T. sixaruliZe, s. karsaniZe, g.

gorgaZe, v. maxaraZe, g. nucubuZe, T. leJava, imedaSvili; kandidatebaT: j.

noRaideli, odiSeli p., gr. ramiSvili.

asociaciis TavmjdomareT krebam airCia amx. T. sixaruliZe, mdivnad amx.

v. maxaraZe” (lampari 1927:297).

biurom Tavis mxriv, saWirod scno prezidiumis gamoyofa, romlis

SemadgenlobaSic Tavmjdomarisa da mdivnis garda, wevris statusiT g.

nucubiZe Sevida.

gadarCevis mizezze gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba aqvs kritikos SoTa

quriZes. igi miiCnevs, rom biurom saTanadod ver Seasrula nakisri

valdebulebebi da misi Secvlis sakiTxic amitom dadga dRis wesrigSi:

“axladSeqmnili mweralTa organizaciis winaSe didi da pasuxsagebi

amocanebi idga. maTi ganxorcielebisTvis brZolas saTaveSi unda

Casdgomoda xelmZRvaneli biuro da farTo organizatoruli muSaoba

gaeCaRebina. samwuxarod, biuros dakisrebuli movaleoba pirnaTlad ver

Seusrulebia da misi arCevidan oTxi Tvis Semdeg proletarul mweralTa da

aqtivis saerTo krebam, romelsac ukve ocdaxuTi kaci eswreboda, igi

arsebiTad gadaaxalisa, amasTan saWirod scno Seeqmna xelmZRvaneli biuros

prezidiumi” (quriZe 1970: 12).

aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom mkvlevari biuros pirveli gadarCevis

gazeT “fuxaraseul” versias xelmZRvaneli organos meored Secvlis mizezad

asaxelebs:

“axalma biurom mniSvnelovnad gaaZliera muSaoba, xSirad awyobda

leqcia-saubrebs, xelnawer TxzulebaTa kiTxva-ganxilvas, romelTa mizani

iyo mweralTa da literaturuli aqtivis ideur-politikuri, gansakuTrebiT

ki saerTo ganaTlebisa da profesiuli ostatobis donis amaRleba. amis

miuxedavad, 1928 wlis 28 aprils es biuroc gadaaxalises, radgan misi

zogierTi wevri aRar imyofeboda baTumSi” (quriZe 1970: 12).

sakuTriv aWaris mweralTa kavSirSi movlenebi sxvagvari

TanmimdevrobiT ganviTarda. 1928 wlis 26 Tebervals mowveul krebaze

25

mimdinare sakiTxebis ganxilvisas mwerlebma kritikulad Seafases biuros

muSaoba da rekomendaciebic warmoadgines:

“amx. Salva arTilayvas, p. obolis p. odiSelis iason nucubiZis da

sxvebis gancxadeba imis, rom asociaciis biuro da saredaqcio kolegia ver

ewevian iseT muSaobas, rogoric saWiroa. risTvisac saWiroa biuros

gamococxleba, xSirad sxdomebis mowveva, masiuri muSaobis meti gaRrmaveba,

asociaciaSi aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis warmoeba da sxva mTeli rigi

sakiTxebi, romlebzec miuTiTeben mokamaTe amxanagebi” (fondis P – 928,

anaweri 1, saqme 1, oqmi #3:3).

krebam sapasuxod daadgina: “vinaidan biuros gamoaklda wevrebi, ris

gamoc moisustebs muSaoba biuroSi, kreba erTxmad adgens raTa komkavSiris

komitetTan SeTanxmebiT momaval kviras, 4 marts moxdes sazogado kreba,

sadac gadaxalisebuli iqnes biuro da saredaqcio kolegia” (fondis P – 928,

anaweri 1, saqme 1, oqmi #3:3).

28 aprilis sxdomis oqmis saubaris Tema biuros muSaobaa Tavisi

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Sesabamisad, axali

biuros arCevnebic Sedga da mis SemadgenlobaSi Semdegi mwerlebi Sevidnen:

d. dumbaZe v. maxaraZe, s. karsaniZe n. quTaTelaZe p. odiSeli. kandidatebad

warmodgenili iyvnen: S. arTilayva, gr. SaviSvili da T. leJava. cvlilebebi

biuros arCevnebiT ar dasrulebula. rogorc xdeboda xolme, asociaciis

wmenda Caatares komkavSiris komitetTan SeTanxmebiT.

,,gawmendil iqnas asociacia gareSe elementebisagan da moxdes

asociaciis wevrTa gareSe amxanagebis aRricxva, romlebic eswrebian Cvens

mecadineobas sistematiurad” (fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 1, oqmi#3:5).

rogorc asociaciis krebaTa oqmebidan Cans, xSirad icvleboda biuros

Semadgenloba. cxadia, zemdgomi organoebisaTvis miuRebeli iyo misi muSaoba

da nakisri valdebulebebis Sesrulebis xarisxi. biuros gadarCevis namdvil

mizezs xan asaxelebdnen, xan – ara, xan kidev am sakiTxze saubars gverds

uvlidnen saerTod. sailustraciod gazeT “fuxaraSi” (1928 wlis #214)

26

dabeWdili informacia mogvyavs: ,,mosmenil iqna proletarul mweralTa

asociaciis adg. ganyofilebis saorganizacio biuros muSaobis angariSebi.

biuros muSaoba krebam damakmayofileblad scno da airCia axali

biuro”.

Cndeba kiTxva - damakmayofileblad Tu muSaobdnen, maSin ratom airCies

axali biuro? rogorc Cans, dadebiTi Sefaseba pirobiTi iyo da muSaobis

xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad mis SemadgenlobaSi cvlilebebi Seitanes. amas

asociaciis wevrTa wmendac emateba da ramdenimewliani cvlilebebis Semdeg

kavSirSi Zveli Semadgenlobidan ramdenime mweraliRa rCeba.

morigi wmenda 1928 wlis 27 agvistoTi TariRdeba. erTiani

gadawyvetilebiT biuros wevrebad: daviT dumbaZe, sergo karsanaZe, Salva

arTilayva, grigol SaviSvili da parmen odiSeli saxeldebian. saqarTvelos

mweralTa kavSirSi mimdinare wmendis paralelurad analogiuri procesis

dawyeba igegmeba baTumSi. krebaze sityviT amis aucileblobis Sesaxeb

SaviSvili saubrobs da Tanamoazreebic mzadyofnas gamoTqvamen mis

gansaxorcieleblad (fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, oqmi#2(9): 8). amisaTvis biuro

komisias qmnis, romelic 1928 wlis 1 oqtombers ikribeba. asociaciis

mecadineobaSi Cabmuli amxanagebis siaSi arian: d. dumbaZe, S. arTilayva, v.

maxaraZe, p. odiSeli, gr. SaviSvili, s. karsaniZe, T. leJava, q. noRaideli, b.

TavdumaZe, gr. gorgaZe da p. loria. maTgan gafrTxileba v. maxaraZes

gamoucxades mxolod. gamwmendma komisiam xazi gausva mis intriganul

gamosvlebs da gafrTxileba misca, raTa momavalSi msgavsi saqcielisgan

Tavi Seekavebina.

amave komisiam asociaciis wevrobis kandidatebis anketebi ganixila da

gadawyvita maT dasamtkiceblad Suamdgomloba gauwios centralur

gamgeobaSi. ase, rom samwerlobo asparzezze gamosasvlelad emzadebian

Semdegi avtorebi: i. feraZe, gr. SaraZe, l. SaraSiZe, m. maniZe, i. nucubiZe, n.

imedaSvili, s. begiaSvili, n. quTaTelaZe, T. CaxvaZe, v. giorgaZe, ir. lazuri,

gr. Todua, m. Sengelia da v. doborjginiZe” (fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 1

oqmi #1:12). maTgan komisiis imedebs mxolod ramdenime amarTlebs. amave

27

fondSi dacul CanawerebSi nawili fiqsirdeba, nawili – ara. gansxvavebaa

Sesabamisad asociaciis wevrTa raodenobaSic.

saqarTvelos proletaruli mwerlobis asociaciis aWaristanis

ganyofilebis wevrTa 1930 wlis 9 aprilis saerTo krebaze Salva arTilayva

ajamebs ramdenime wliani muSaobis Sedegebs da acxadebs:

“Cemi moxseneba exeba Cveni muSaobis periods - 1928 wlis dekembridan

dRemde. biuroSi Sedioda 5 wevri. organizaciaSi iTvleboda 11

damtkicebuli wevri, romelTagan aq darCa 6 kaci (erTi gairicxa da sxvebi

wavidnen sxva qalaqebSi), 10 wevri jer daumtkicebelia, romelTa anketebi

gadagzavnilia tfilisSi dasamtkiceblaT, 8 wevri axalia; amgvaraT

organizaciaSi dRes muSaobs 24 kaci. amaTgan 14 komkavSirelia, 2 p. wevri,

danarCeni upartio. aRniSnuli ricxvidan 5 aWarelia, 3 qali” (fondis P – 928,

anaweri 1, saqme 1, oqmi #35).

amave fondSi inaxeba “saq prolet mw. asociaciis aWaristanis

ganyofilebis wevrTa sia”, romelSic mocemulia centraluri gamgeobidan

damtkicebuli da daumtkicebeli mwerlebis saxl-gvarebi. ucnobia, Tu vin da

rodis Seadgina sia. savaraudod, es nusxa 1931 wlamde unda iyos Sedgenili,

radganac mis Semdeg warmodgenili krebaTa oqmebi 1928-29 wlebiT TariRdeba.

amave periods mimoixilavs organizaciis pasuxismgebeli mdivani nestor

malazonia, romelic aRricxavs wevrebisa da kandidatebis monacemebs da rac

mTavaria, fondis P - 928 anaweri 1928-1930 wlebiT TaridReba (fondis P – 928,

anaweri 1, saqme 1:64).

pirveli dokumentis mixedviT, proletmwerlebi ramdenime kategoriad

daiyo. centraluri gamgeobidan damtkicebuli arian: sergo karsaniZe, Salva

arTilayva, parmen odiSeli, vasil maxaraZe, noRaideli, barnaba TavdumaZe,

Tamar leJava, luba Jvania, parmen oboli da zia qemxaZe. samwuxarod, bolo

avtoris vinaobis amokiTxva ar xerxdeba, xolo SaviSvili grigolis saxelsa

da gvarze xazia gadasmuli da kiTxviTi niSani aqvs dasmuli. am sakiTxs cota

mogvianebiT davubrundebiT da saubars gavnagrZobT centraluri gamgeobis

mier daumtkicebeli avtorebiT. eseni gaxlavT: lado SaraSiZe, griSa

28

SaraSiZe, komando doborjginiZe, nestor imedaSvili, iagor jibuti, irakli

feraZe, nestor maniZe, daviT dumbaZe, niko quTaTelaZe, nikoloz

nikolaiSvili, iason nucubiZe, Salva kobaxiZe, miSa Sengelia, aleqsandre

qinqlaZe, xasan komaxiZe, simon jorbenaZe, griSa CxobaZe, xasan gogitiZe,

Tamar sirbilaZe, angelina WeiSvili da pavle mamalaZe.

calke arian dasaxelebuli is mwerlebi, romelTac anketa aqvT

Sevsebuli: simon saRareiSvili, SaniZe Salva, barnaba TadumaZe, parmen

loria, Salva arTilayva, nestor imedaSvili, akaki Sengelia, kote doxniZe,

kalenike rusiZe, SoTa royva, aslan dadiani, karlo gogiberiZe da Tengiz

bregaZe.

organizaciis pasuxismgebeli mdivnis yuradRebis miRma ar rCebian is

amxanagebic, romlebic krebebs drogamoSvebiT eswrebian. kerZod, CaxvaZe

Teofane, grigoriani grigoli, gremi zeqeria, qadagiZe aleqsandre da simon

saRariSvili xvdebian am niSniT Seqmnil siaSi.

dasaxelebuli avtorebidan nestor malazonias mier warmodgenil siaSi

ar gvxdeba sergo karsaniZe, luba Jvania, parmen oboli, niko quTaTelaZe,

daviT dumbaZe, nikoloz nikolaiSvili, iason nucubiZe, Salva kobaxiZe,

Teofane CaxvaZe, grigol grigoriani, simon saRariSvili, Salva SaniZe, akaki

Sengelia, SoTa royva, Tengiz bregaZe, kalenike rusiZe da kote doxnaZe.

xolo siis amave variantisagan gansxvavebuli wevrebi Seyvanili arian 23

kacian nusxaSic. eseni gaxlavT: grigol gorgaZe, ali qaTamaZe, ilia jibuti

da ivane askurava.

saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris aWaris ganyofilebis fondi P – 928,

anaweri 1, saqme 1, organizaciis 1928-1930 wlebis saqmianobas asaxavs,

romelic aWaristanis komkavSirel mweralTa wris wevrebis siiT sruldeba.

nusxa 18 adamians aerTianebs. maT Soris pirveladaa naxsenebi qevser

TxilaiSvili, veruliZe riza, miSa gegelaSvili, miSa sarjvelaZe, akaki

manjaviZe, miSa mefariSvili da ZimistariSvili (fondi P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme

1).

29

asociaciis xelmZRvanelebs proletaruli literaturis ganviTarebis

erT–erT umTavres dabrkolebad organizaciis wevrTa ganaTlebis dabali

done miaCndaT, romlis srulyofis gzad rom specialuri mecadineobebi iyo

miCneuli, ukve vTqviT. isic vaxseneT, rom mwerlebi didi enTuziazmiT rodi

ekidebodnen am saqmes. amitomac Cioda d. dumbaZe: „Cvens asociaciis umetes

wevrs aqvs momzadebis dabali done, ris gamoc ar SeuZlia Cvenma wevrebma

Seqmnas raime Rirseuli nawarmoebni, amisaTvis saWiroa dauRalavi

mecadineoba. mxolod Cveni amxanagebi am mecadineobas gulgrilad xvdebian”

(fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 1, oqmi #14:111).

am gulgrilobas damsjeli RonisZiebebi mohyveboda xolme, magram

proletmwerlobas Rirseba mainc ar emateboda. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom

SemoqmedebiTi sazogadoebis nawili problemis arss asociaciis

xelmZRvanelobis mouqnel muSaobaSi xedavda. d. volski magaliTad

SeniSnavda: saWiroa “axalgazrdoba iwvrTnebodes, swavlobdes dRevandel

niWier mwerlebs, klasikosebs, weris texnikas. saWiroa koleqtiuri swavla,

Cveni organizaciis xelmZRvanelobis sisustiT unda aixsnas axalgazrdebis

aseTi CamorCeniloba, dabeWdili leqsebidan gamosWvivis Cveni mwerlebis

politikuri moumzadebloba, leqsebi teqnikuradac sustia da aklia

ideologiuri simaxvile. uamaTod ki mxatvruli nawarmoebi ar varga”

(fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 1,oqmi #35).

proletaruli mwerlobis donis amaRlebas asociacia literaturuli

produqciis ganxilvis gziTac cdilobda. specialurad am mizniT

organizebul Sekrebebze ganCxrekdnen ama Tu im nawarmoebs, afasebdnen erTi

mxriv, mxatvrul Rirebulebas da am kuTxiT, umetes SemTxvevaSi, saeWvo iyo

TviT msjavris damdebTa kompetencia, xolo meore mxriv, gansakuTrebuli

gulmodginebiT, ideur gamarTulobas; avtors aZlevdnen rCevebs da

rekomendaciebs nawarmoebis dasaxvewad, arc Tu iSviaTad, kritikis

qarcecxlSi atarebdnen da mizanSeuwonlad miiCnevdnen dabeWdvas Tu

scenaze dadgmas.

30

amgvar SekrebaTa xasiaTis Tu kompetenturobis warmosaCenad oriode

magaliTis motanac sakmarisia: 1927 wlis 25 dekembris Sekrebaze ganuxilavT

SiukaSvilis piesa „amerikeli Ziis gasabWoeba“ da kritikis qarcecxlSi

gautarebiaT.

,,krebam erTxmad aRiara, rom SiukaSvilis piesa ,,amerikeli Ziis

gasabWoeba” ar aris is komedia, romelic misaRebia CvenTvis. Cveni cxovrebis

zogi ukuRmarTi movlena, romlebic uTuod gamonakliss Seadgens, avtors

gauzrdia, gauberavs da Cveni Tanamedroveobis tipiur movlenebaT miuRia.

avtoris midgoma sakiTxebisadmi uTuod antisabWoTa yaidisaa. proletarul

mweralTa asociacia mwuxarebiT aRniSnavs, rom aseTi miuRebeli, uvargisi,

aramxatvruli piesa Seipara Cveni Teatris repertuarSi” (fondi P – 928,

anaweri 1, saqme 1).

1928 wels erT-erT krebaze (Tve da ricxvi ucnobia) asociaciam grigol

SaviSvilis ,,Salva da lena” ganixila. miuxedavad imisa, rom nawarmoebis

uaryofiTi mxareebi dadebiTs sWarbobda, is mainc moiwones. S. arTilayvas

SefasebiT, ,,moTxrobis siuJeti misaRebia. agreTve, mxatvruli Rirebulebis

mxriTac iTqmeba Semdegi: es proza pirvel naxevarSi mxatvruli Rirebulebis

mxriTac cotas moisustebda, magram prozis meore naxevarSi ise Zlieria

rogorc azrTa gaSliT, ise mxatvruladac, rom ukve faravs im nakls

romelic zemoT aRniSnulia. dasasruls aRniSnavs, rom moTxroba misaRebia

cota SesworebiT” (fondi P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 1).

n. maniZe mwerals Temis damuSavebis xarisxs uwunebs: ,,avtors masalebi

bevri aqvs, vinaidan is exeba mraval omebs da ajanyebas amitom saWiroa

moTxrobis ufro gaSla da gaSalaSineba... Tema ar aris damuSavebuli

savsebiT da ver gvaZlevs naTel suraTs (saxes) im epoqis, romelsac

agvisaxavs is” (fondi P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 1).

p. odiSelisaTvis naTeli suraTi maSin iqneba asaxuli, Tuki avtori

masSi cvlilebebs Seitans: “nawarmoebs Tu gaaSalaSinebs da cotas

daamuSavebs, misaRebia da naTel suraTsac iZleva epoqiso”. n.

31

quTaTelaZisaTvis ,,Salva da lena” mxatvrulad moisustebs, “avtori bevrs

laparakobs kerZo sakiTxebze, rogoricaa lenas da Salvas siyvaruli da es

ar aris misaRebio”. a. arTilayvam ra Tqma unda miiRo asociaciis rCevebi da

piroba dado, rom aucileblad gaiTvaliswinebda (fondi P – 928, anaweri 1,

saqme 1, oqmi #6).

1929 wlis 24 Tebervlis aWaristanis ganyoflebis saerTo krebis

gansaxilvel sakiTxTa Soris pirveli adgili uWiravs p. obolis prozauli

nawarmoebis “Sromis gmirebis” garCevas. masSi “asaxulia haWgesis (unda iyos

awhesis) mSenebloba da masTan dakavSirebiT inJiner oloSnikovis da misi

amxanagebis daRupva gvirabSi CaSvebis dros... „daaxasiaTen proza karg da

sanimuSo nawarmoebad, rogorc ideologiuraT, ise texnikurad. damuSavebis

mxriv aqa-iq aris wvrilmani gramatikuli Secdomebi, romlis gamosworeba

aucilebelia.” (fondi P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 1, oqmi #20:15).

1929 wlis 19 maiss mwerlebma p. obolis romani “axali cxovrebis gziT”

ganixiles. Sefasebisas kvlav meorexarisxovania misi mxatvruli

Rirebuleba, ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, es sakiTxi saerTod ar aris gansjis

sagani. krebis oqmis CanawerSi vkiTxulobT:

“kamaTSi monawileoba miiRes: odiSelma, romelmac aRniSna, rom

zogierTi nawilis gamoklebiT romani misaRebia. i. jibuti ambobs, rom

romanSi wamoyenebuli sakiTxi ojaxis mospobis Sesaxeb unda SevcvaloT

axali ojaxis Seqmnis ideiT. rac Seexeba sqesobrivs sakiTxs, mougvarebeli

aqvs avtors, radgan Cven ar gvwams iseTi qalebi, romlebic Tavis survilis

mixedviT moqmedeben da ojaxis sakiTxs gverds uvlian (fondi P – 928, anaweri

1, saqme 1, oqmi #25:18).

mweralTa rigebis gazrdisa da ideuri ganmtkicebis erTob kuriozuli

sakavSiro RonisZeba iyo muSebis CarTva literaturul procesSi. am

RonisZiebas imTaviTve dauWira mxari proletarulma mwerlobam. 1928 wlis 18

oqtombers gazeTma „komunistma“ gamoaqveyna proletarul mweralTa

asociaciis samdivnos werili muSaTa gawvevis mowodebiT, xolo kritikosi

valerian luarsamiZe werda: „proletaruli mwerlobis bolSevizacia da

32

rigebis gamuSureba Cveni generaluri lozungia, damkvrel muSaTa birTvis

zrda – amocanTa amocanaa. am mizniTaa wamowyebuli damkvreli muSebis

gawveva proletarul literaturaSi“.

xsenebul movlenas akaki baqaraZe Semdegnairad afasebs:

„mweralTa rigebSi muSebis gamravlebiT unda moeklaT namdvili

mwerloba. naTlad aris gamoxatuli mrwamsi. mwerloba ar aris niWiereba. ar

aris azrovneba. igi aris propaganda. propaganda ki SeuZlia yvelas, vinc icis

wera–kiTxva da esmis mocemuli direqtivis azri da mizani. sityvakazmul

mwerlobas eniWeboda skkp agitpunqtis funqcia“ (baqraZe 1990:43).

gasakviri araa, rom muSaTa gawvevis procesi proletaruli mwerlobis

aWaris organizaciasac Seexo. TbilisSi Seqmnili centraluri Stabis

(beniton buaCiZe, simon wverava, cekasa da profkavSirebis warmomadgenlebi)

Zalaufleba aWaris organizaciazec vrceldeboda. amitom, aqac

intenisiurad daiwyes muSaoba mwerlobis gamuSurebisaTvis. mSromelTa

masebTan dasaaxloeblad da maT proletmwerlobaSi gasawevrianeblad

fabrika-qarxnebsa da kolmeurneobebSi mweralTa brigadebi igzavneboda,

iqmneboda literaturuli wreebi, tardeboda literaturuli RonisZiebebi

da imarTeboda mecadineobebi: rkinigzis klubSi, muSaTa axali klubSi,

sapnis qarxanaSi, mkeravTa fabrikaSi, maudis qarxanaSi, axal abreSumis

qarxanaSi, depoSi, muSfakSi, sanapiro mtvirTavTa artelSi, baTumis navTob

gadamamuSavebel qarxanaSi, wylosnebis klubSi da sxv.

Sesabamisad, gasakviri aRaraa, rom parmen loria werilSi „saqarTvelos

proletmweralTa asociaciis 10 wlisTavi“ Tavis mowonebas cdilobs:

“amJamad aWaristanis ganyofileba aerTianebs 24 wevrs, umetesoba maTgan

proletaruli elementebia, nawilobriv dazgis muSebi. amJamad,

proletarul mweralTa muSaobis simZimis centri gadatanilia warmoebaSi.

organizaciis TiToeuli wevri mimagrebulia ama Tu im sawarmoze da Cabmulia

kultmuSaobaSi” (oboli 1931:#136).

rogorc vTqviT, muSaTa gawveva sakavSiro RonisZieba iyo da procesic

daaxloebiT erTgvarovnad mimdinareobda: tardeboda literaturuli

33

saRamoebi, pirdapir qarxnebsa da fabrikebSi yalibdeboda wreebi, romelTac

asociaciis aqtiuri wevrebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. yvela wres Tavisi

saxelwodeba hqonda da masSi muSebi iyvnen gaerTianebuli. Tavdapirvelad

orientacias iRebdnen Zvel, gamocdil mSromelebze, magram rakiRa maTgan

mwerlebi ver Seqmnes, axalgazrdebs miapyres imedis Tvali. Tumca

mwerlobisa arc imaT gaegebodaT ra da, bunebrivia, verc Seqmnes rame

Rirebuli.

muSebze mimagrebuli brigadebis Svidi punqtisgan Semdgari samuSao

ganrigi, naTlad warmoaCens am saqmianobis struqturasa da xasiaTs:

“1 – warmoebis gacnoba da muSebTan daaxloveba.

2 - literaturuli wreebis Camoyalibeba da xelmZRvaneloba.

3 – muSa-mrewvelebis gamomJRavneba da mozidva.

4 – muSaTa yofa cxovrebis Seswavla da mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi

Camoyalibeba.

5 – mowyoba warmoebebSi, literaturul gasamarTlebebis, TaTbirebis

garCeva mxatvrul nawarmoebebis, kedlis gazeTebTan kavSiris daWera da sxva.

6 – daxmareba literaturul saRamoebisa da disputebis mowyobaSi.

7 – daxmareba da sxva da sxva politikur kompaniebis CatarebaSi sx”

(fondis P - 928 ,anaweri 1, saqme 1, oqmi #68).

aWaraSi warmoebuli muSaoba centrisaTvis damakmayofilebeli ar

aRmoCnda. amitomac, 1930 wlis dekemberSi saqarTvelos proletarul

mweralTa asociacia aWaris ganyofilebas oficialuri weriliT mimarTavs

da meti aqtiurobisaken mouwodebs:

“saqar. pr. mwer. asociacia winadadebas gaZlevs, miiRoT energiuli

zomebi raTa asociaciis rigebSi Cabmuli iqnan damkvreli muSebi. am gawvevas

politikuri mniSvnelobis garda udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs asociaciis

Semadgenlobis gamuSurebisaTvis.

aucilebelia agreTve SeudgeT mosamzadebel muSaobas. sistematiurad

unda mogvawodoT cnobebi muSaobis msvlelobis Sesaxeb” (fondis P – 928,

anaweri 1, saqme 1 oqmi #166).

34

werilis miRebidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg (1931 w. 25 aprili) aWaris

mweralTa kavSiris wevrebi dananebiT acxadeben, rom am drois ganmavlobaSi

“warmoebebSi muSebTan daaxloebidan SevZeliT mxolod 3 amxanagis gawveva

proletmwerlobaSi. momavlisTvis saWiroa ufro mWidro kavSirebis daWera

kedlis gazeTebsa da warmoebebTan” (fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 1, oqmi

#14).

biuros warmoebebSi mimagrebuli amxanagebis muSaobis ukeT

warsamarTavad aWaris mweralTa kavSirs daevala gegmisa da kalendaruli

cxrilis Sedgena. am krebis Catarebidan 15 dRis Semdeg kavSiris wevrebi

kidev ufro kritikul Sefasebas aZleven muSebis mweralTa kavSirSi gawvevis

kampanias da miaCniaT, rom “asociacia jer kidev ar Sesdgomia seriozulad

damkvrelTa gawvevas mwerlobaSi” (fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme oqmi #1:15),

amdenad, kvlavac aqtualur sakiTxad rCeba is, rom “gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba mieqces aWareli axalgazrdobis da warmoebebidan muSebis

Semoyvanas prolet mwerlobaSi” (fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 1).

muSaTa gawveva rom literaturis ganviTarebas veraferSi waadgeboda, es

albaT am saqmis iniciatorebisTvisac iqneboda cnobili, magram RonisZiebis

mizani ufro proletaruli kulturis propaganda iyo, romlis miRwevas ki

gansakuTrebuli niWi da literaturuli gemovneba ar sWirdeboda.

mwerlobaSi aWaridan gawveuli muSa–mwerlebi (pavle robaqiZe, xasan

gogitiZe, kote doxnaZe, kalenike rusaZe, daviT bajeliZe, simon saRareiSili,

daTiko TavarTqilaZe, leila ramiSili, zaqaria papukaSvili...) erTxans ki

codvilobdnen raRacas, magram bolos mainc usaxelod CamoSordnen muzaTa

sabrZanebels da arc vinme dainteresebula maTi proletaruli SemoqmedebiT.

sainteresoa da garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, gaugebaric, rom

proletaruli asociaciis aWaris organizaciis saqmianobas abrkolebda

usaxsroba. bolSevikebi TavianT ideologiur msaxurebs da propagandistebs

arc Tu iSviaTad anebivrebdnen xolme da am fonze gasakviricaa qronikuli

usaxsroba da beWduri organos uqonloba. amis erTi–erTi mizezi albaT

isicaa, rom asociaciis wevrTa mwerluri SesaZleblobebi umetes

35

SemTxvevaSi metad mdare iyo. maTi Semoqmedeba, sapropagando–proletarul

gemovnebasac ver akmayofilebda. albaT, amaze Tu mianiSnebdnen Tbilisidan

zemdgomi „amxanagebi“, roca fuladi daxmarebis Txovnas saqarTvelos

proletaruli mwerlobis asociaciis prezidiumis sxdomis (1928 wlis 13

Tebervali) aseTi dadgenilebiT pasuxobdnen:

“vinaidan asociacias am Jamad ara aqvs araviTari saSualeba amitom

baTomis ganyofilebas eTqvas uari finansur daxmarebaze. ecnobos amxanagebs,

rom pirvel xanebSi sakmarisia gaz. ”fuxaras” lit-furcelis sistematiuri

gamoSveba” (fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme #1:55).

1930 wlis 9 aprils Catarebuli saerTo krebis CanaweriT irkveva, rom

ganyofilebas araTu finansurad uWirs, sakuTari binac ki ar gaaCnia.

“imarTeboda lit. saRamoebi da lit gasamarTlebebi muSaTa ubnebSi da

xdeboda ara sistematiuraT mecadineoba saerTo lit krebebze

(sistematiurad krebebs xels uSlida ubinaoba)” (fondis P – 928, anaweri 1,

saqme 1 oqmi #35).

SevniSnavT, rom mweralTa kavSiris finansuri mdgomareoba arc 1932

wlis aprilis cnobili dadgenilebis da mweralTa gaerTianebebis

reorganizaciis Semdeg gaumjobesebula maincadamainc. miuxedavad araerTi

dadgenilebisa, problema erTxans kvlav gadauWreli rCeboda. male mwerlebi

ubinaod darCnen. amitomac iyo, rom parmen loria 1933 wlis 14 agvistos

lavrenti berias saxelze werils wers, romelSic aRwerilia aWaris

mweralTa kavSiris mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareoba.

“aWaristanis mSromelebi aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda aWaristanis mweralTa

kavSiris pirvel yrilobas, romelic saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwerlebTan

erTad Catarda gasul wels aWaraSi. adgilobrivma amxanagebma aqtiuri

monawileoba miiRes am yrilobis CatarebaSi, bevri sityva Tqves da Sepirebebi,

magram amiT damTavrda yvelaferi.

amis Semdeg erTi weli sruldeba... magram erTi kapeiki ar eZleva arc

xelfasisa da arc sxva saWiroebisaTvis. TviTon kavSiri moTavsebulia

migdebul adgilas, erT-erT bnel oTaxSi. pasuxismgebeli amxanagebi

36

ganaTlebis dargidan, saqalaqo komitetidan da sxva organizaciebidan

erTxelac ar kiTxuloben, erTxelac ar modian am organizaciaSi, ra xdeba,

ra muSaoba mimdinareobs aravis ainteresebs, oRond maT nu Seawuxeben...

mogaxsenebT ra amas, gTxovT aqedan gamomdinare, gaakeToT sazriani

daskvna, SeamowmoT Cems mier motanili magaliTebi da Tqveni avtoritetuli

sityva TqviT an sruliad gauSvaT aseTi organizacia aWaristanSi anda mas

mieces saSualeba iarsebos ara samarcxvinod, aramed saxelianad da kargad”

(fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 2).

garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi biujeti ver mtkicdeba, usaxsrod

darCenili kavSiri saTanadod ver axerxebs muSaobas, ris gamoc mTeli rigi

mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi mougvarebeli rCeba (fondis P - 928 anaweri 1, saqme

2). mis dasaxmareblad gadawyvetilebas s. k. p. ceka 2 oqtombers Rebulobs.

swored, mis gansaxorcieleblad mwerlebi 1934 wlis 8 Tebervalis sxdomaze

adgenen:

“miRebul iqnas yovelgvari zomebi saTanado organoebis winaSe sakiTxis

dasmiT im finansuri valdebulebebis gasanaRdeblad, romelic s. k. p. ceka 2

oqtomberis 2 oqtombris dadgenilebis Tanaxmad unda micemoda

organizacias” (fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 2, oqmi #17).

marTlac, xelmZRvaneli organoebis wyalobiT, 1935 wlis 11 ivnisidan

aWaris sabWoTa mwerlebis kavSiris balansze iricxeba p. meliqiSiliq quCaze

mdebare bina, romelic dRemde mis kuTvnilebas warmoadgens. am dRes

Sekrebil mwerlebs sasiamovno informacia parmen loriam gaacno (fondis P –

928, anaweri 1, saqme 2 oqmi #17).

am droidan organizacia met-naklebad axerxebs ekonomikuri

mdgomareobis gamosworebas, arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT, ekonomikuri

problemebi aqtualobas kargavs.

37

$. 3 saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwerlebis aWaris gayofileba

saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwerlebis aWaris ganyofileba, rogorc

aRvniSneT, Seiqmna 1932 wlis 23 aprilis sakavSiro dadgenilebis

safuZvelze, aWaris mweralTa sagangebo yrilobis (1932 w. 6 oqtomberi)

gadawyvetilebiT. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom axali organizaciis

xelmZRvaneloba kvlavac proletaruli mwerlobis asociaciis yofili

wevrebiT iyo warmodgenili (Tavmjdomare daviT dumbaZe, moadgile – nestor

malazonia, p/mdivani – parmen loria), SeiZleba iTqvas, rom organizaciul

cvlilebas literaturis ganviTarebaze arsebiTi gavlena ar mouxdenia.

„araproletari“ mwerali maSindel aWaraSi TiTebze CamoiTvleboda. amitom,

axali organizacia ZiriTadad isev Zveli SemadgenlobiT Seivso. aq SeiZleba

mcire statistikac moviSvelioT: sagangebo yrilobaSi Semdegi adgilobrivi

mweralebi monawileobdnen: n. malazonia, p. loria, gr. gorgaZe, p. rurua, gr.

grigoria, i. jibuti, ak. manjaviZe, br. barabaZe, s. jorbenaZe, xuciSvili, n.

kandelaki, j. noRaideli, x. nakaiZe da g. SvangiraZe.

proletmwerlobis saqmianobiT ukmayofilo iyo partiac, mTavrobac da

kritikac. amitom gasakviri araa, rom reorganizacia miiCneoda ganaxlebisa

da ganviTarebis erT–erT safuZvlad. yovel SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad k.

yuraSvili, zemoxsenebuli dadgenilebis Suqze Semdegnairad afasebs

asociaciis muSaobas:

xelmZRvanelobis cudi muSaobiT da politikur SecdomaTa simravliT

xsnis g. yururaSvili zemoTaRniSnuli problemebis arsebobas da

gamosavals 1932 wlis 23 aprilis dadgenilebis miRebaSi xedavs. kritikosi

mimoixilavs im droisaTvis arsebul mdgomareobas da askvnis:

“asociaciis ganyofilebis muSaoba ver idga saTanado simaRleze da mis

saqmianobaSi adgili qonda mTel rig Semaferxebel defeqtebs: saq.

proletarul mwerlobam ver SeZlo saWiro ideuri da organizaciuli

xelmZRvaneloba ganexorcielebia aWaristanis ganyofilebaze da

daxmareboda masSi gaerTianebul kadrebis ideur SemoqmedebaTa zrdas. amave

38

dros aWaristanis ganyofilebis muSaobaSi adgili qonda im organizaciur,

politikur da uxeS SecdomaTa da damaxinjebaTa gamoxatulebas,

romlebiTac xasiaTdeboda ukanasknel wlebSi prolet mwerlobis

asociaciebis muSaoba, rogorc saqarTveloSi agreTve sxva mokavSire

respublikebSi.

xsenebul damaxinjebaT ganmeorebam da sustma organizaciurma

xelmZRvanelobam gamoiwvia is garemoeba, rom aWaristanSi mweralTa

organizaciam ver gaSala muSaoba saTanado siRrmiT da moculobiT rogorc

SemoqmedebiT, ise Teoriulsa da organizaciul dargSi.

amiT aixsneba udidesi CamorCeniloba, romliTac xasiaTdeba

aWaristanis mweralTa muSaoba aq gaSlil socialistur mSeneblobis

tempebTan SedarebiT” (fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme #2:15).

cekas dadgenilebis aWaraSi realizebis mizniT Seiqmna Svidkaciani

komisia (biuro), romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen: gr. suluxia

(Tavmjdomare), n. malazonia (moadgile), p. loria (mdivani), S. SublaZe, gr.

giorgaZe, d. dumbaZe da x. nakaiZe. biurom moamzada pirobebi sagangebo

yrilobis mosawvevad da warmoadgina axal gaerTianebaSi misaRebi 23 kacis

sia. eseni gaxldaT: vladimer Toria, nestor malazonia, sergo yufaraZe,

muxamed megreliZe, luba CxartiSvili, vladimer nasyidaSvili, parmen

loria, gigo basilaSvili, lavrenti ZimistariSvili, Salva cibaZe, grigol

grigoriani, giorgi SvangiraZe, Salva SublaZe, karlo arjevaniZe, ermile

SaraSiZe, parmen rurua, grigol SaraZe, iaSa jibuti, ivane askurava, grigor

gorgaZe, daTiko dumbaZe, jemal noRaideli da Salva ioseliani (fondis P –

928, anaweri 1, saqme 2).

nebarTvis misaRebad es sia gaegzavna saqarTvelos sabWoTa mweralTa

kavSiris sabWos prezidiums.

kavSirSi misaReb mweralTa nusxa winamorbedi siisgan mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavdeba. aq bevri axali saxea. amas kritikosi S. quriZe Semdegnairad

xsnida:

39

“momdevno istoriul periodSi – 1928-1934 wlebis manZilze aWaris

mweralTa Semadgenlobam Rrma cvlileba ganicada da safuZvlianad

gadaxalisda – mweralTa pirveli Taobis didi umravlesoba CamoSorda

literaturas – isini veRar akmayofilebdnen mkiTxvelTa gazrdil

moTxovnilebas.

...sagulisxmoa, rom proletarul mweralTa pirveli Taobis

warmomadgenelTa “ganTesvas” literaturidan raime TvalsaCino gavlena ar

mouxdenia mweralTa organizaciis raodenobriv Semadgenlobaze” (quriZe

1970:15).

sagangebo yrilobas Tbilisidan mwerlebis 15–wevrian delegaciasTan

erTad maswavleblebi, moswavleebi, dawesebulebebis TanamSromlebi,

damkvreli muSebi, komkavSiris aqtivi, partiisa da profkavSiris

warmomdagenlebi eswrebodnen. uSualod saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwerlebis

kavSiridan warmodgenili iyvnen Semdegi wevrebi: s. euli, b. JRenti, m.

javaxiSvili, v. gafrindaSvili, f. narouSvili, n. lorTqifaniZe, k.

lorTqifaniZe, k. kalaZe, t. tabiZe, n. miwiSvili, s. Ciqovani, p. CxikvaZe,

farnievi, maSaSvili da l. qiaCeli. xolo maspinZel ganyofilebas Semdegi

mwerlebi warmoadgendnen: malazonia, loria, gorgaZe, rurua, grigoria,

jibuti, manjaviZe, barabaZe, s. jorbenaZe, xuciSvili, kandelaki, jemal

noRaideli, xusein nakaiZe da SvangiraZe. yrilobis gaxsnis pativi qalaqis

sabWos Tavmjdomares mustafa CaxvaZes ergo. sapatio prezidiumis wevrebad

stalini, kalinini, molotovi, d. maxaraZe, l. beria, m. lorTqifaniZe,

voroSilovi da geurqovi airCies.

sandro eulma 23 aprilis dadgenilebasa da saqarTvelos sabWoTa

mwerlebis sagangebo yrilobis Sedegebze isaubra, xolo jibutma aWaraSi

organizaciis muSaobis sust mxareebze gaamaxvila yuradReba da

axladCamoyalibebul sabWoTa mwerlebis kavSirs moTxovna wauyena muSaobis

gardaqmnisa da axali kadrebis wamoyenebis Sesaxeb. igi warsulSi daSvebuli

Secdomebis gamosworebis optimalur gamosavlad miiCnevs zemoTaRniSnul

dadgenilebas. yuradRebas aqcevs aseve qarTveli klasikosi mwerlebis

40

dausabuTebel, uaryofiT Sefasebebs da cdilobs maT reabilitacias.

yuradRebis centrSi xvdeba aseve Tanamedrove mwerali mixeil javaxiSvili,

romlis Semoqmedeba sabWoTa realobisaTvis miuRebelia. prozaikoss

amjerad danaSaulad uTvlian “dampatiJes” daweras da mis gamosworebas

moiTxoven. mweralic Tavis gadasarCenad mzadaa dados piroba da

„gamoswordes“.

yriloba saqarTvelos sabWoTa mweralTa kavSiris aWaristanis

ganyofilebis biuros irCevs d. dumbaZis, a. nakaiZis, n. malazonias, g.

gorgaZis da p. lorias SemadgenlobiT, xolo kandidatebad: g. grigoriansa

da S. SublaZes asaxeleben. aseve iqmneba sarevizio komisiac, romlis

wevrebad gvevlinebian: l (laSa) jibuti, p. rurua da jorbenaZe.

rac Seexeba yrilobis rezolucias, igi am epoqisaTvis tipuri

dokumentia. masSi “leninuri nacionaluri politikacaa“ naxsenebi

klasobrivi mtrebis gaafTrebuli „winaaRmdegobebic“, „politikuri

Secdomebic“, „socialisturi mSeneblobis tempebic“, muSaTa klasis

msoflmxedvelobac da sxv. cxadia, aqvea miTiTebebi muSa-axalgazrdobisa da

kolmeurneebis wridan kadrebis dawinaurebis, Teoriuli donisa da

mxatvruli ostatobis amaRlebis Sesaxeb.

sainteresoa, rom 1932 wlis 7 dekembris krebis oqmis Canaweris mixedviT,

saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwerlobis aWaristanis ganyofilebaSi

gasawevrianeblad mzaoba 26 mweralma gamoxata da maTgan dadebiTi pasuxi

mxolod 21 kandidatma miiRo. mweralTa Sefasebis axali kriteriumisaTvis

Seusabamo aRmoCdnen vladmier Todria, vladimer nasyidaSvili, Salva

ioseliani, gigo basilaSvili, arjaveniZe (saxeli ucnobia).

saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwerlebis aWaris ganyofilebis saorganizacio

saqmianoba imJamindeli wesis da rigis farglebs ar scildeboda.

ganyofileba partiisa da mTavrobis direqtivebis Sesabamisad gansazRvravda

aqtualur Temebs da avalebda mwerlebs am Temebze muSaobas, zrunavda

gamomcemlobis sakiTxebze, cdilobda mweralTa sayofacxovrebo pirobebis

gaumjobesebas. ZiriTadi funqcia mainc wevrTa ideur–politikuri simtkicis

41

uzrunvelyofa iyo. am saqmianobis zogadi suraTis warmosaCenad aq oriode

magaliTis moyvaniT davkmayofildebiT.

ganyofilebis gamgeobam araerTxel dagmo a. ServaSiZis, rogorc

gamousworebeli kombinatoris da spekuliantis saqmianoba, erTxans aWaraSi

muSaobac aukrZala da repertuaridan moxsna misi piesa „baxtrioni“. Tumca

mogvianebiT, 1945 wlis 30 maisis gamgeobis sxdomaze mainc miiRes kavSiris

wevrad” (fondis p – 228, anaweri 1, saqme 2, oqmi#201).

kavSirSi miiRes agreTve Salva SublaZe da kapiton rusiZe, miuxedavad

imisa, rom am ukanasknelis mimarT seriozuli SeniSvnebi hqondaT. gamgeobis

azriT, mas aklda TavdaWeriloba, kolegialoba, Tavmdabloba da

Tavazianoba. amitom, miRebiT ki miiRes, magram urCies, Tavi daenebebina

yoyoCobisa da ampartavnobisTvis (fondis p – 228, anaweri 1, saqme 2, oqmi

#190).

arsebuli winaaRmdegoba didad ver arRvevda aWaris mweralTa idilias.

cxadia, aq „idilia“ pirobiTi terminia. cxare idelogiuri brZolebi

aWaraSic igrZnoboda, magram baTumSi is ar iyo Tbilisis dari gaqanebisa. aq

literaturul mimdinareobebs Soris ideologiuri da esTetikuri

winaaRmdegobebis gamoZaxiliRa aRwevda. 30–iani wlebis represiebis

masStabic naklebi iyo, magram es yvelaferi upirvelesad organizaciis

sisustiT iyo gamowveuli, Torem “komunizmis mSeneblebs” SemarTeba ar

akldaT.

1937 wlis represiebi baTumsac Seexo. Tbilisis kvaldakval, aqac

imarTeboda krebebi, sadac gamohqondaT mrisxane rezoluciebi. magaliTad,

baTumSi 1937 wlis 1 aprils gamarTul krebas mwerlebi saqarTvelos

sabWoTa mwerlebis kavSiris centraluri gamgeobidanac eswrebodnen.

moxseneba poetma vaso gorgaZem gaakeTa. am ukanasknelma sabWoTa

literaturis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis saWirod scno xalxis mtrebis

winaaRmdeg brZolis dawyeba, SekrebilT gaacno “kontrevoluciur

trockistTa da memarjvene garewarTa ZirisgamomTxreli muSaoba”.

miwodebuli informacia yvelasaTvis gasagebi aRmoCna, kiTxvebi mxolod

42

grigorians gauCnda, romlis gamosvlac kontrevoluciur qmedebad

CaTvales, misi saqcieli d. dumbaZem mkacrad gaakritika da SekrebilT

ganumarta:

“grigorianis layboba bosiakobisa da bogebis Sesaxeb aris ciliswameba

did rusis xalxze, im xalxze, romelmac msoflios misca geniosi lenini,

msoflio kulturis mwvervali leninizmi – kacobriobis CiraRdani,

msoflios mSromelTa umZlavresi iaraRi gamarjvebisaTvis” (fondis P – 928,

anaweri 1, saqme 2).

unda aRiniSnos, rom am periodis sxdomebze naklebad exebian

adgilobrivi organizaciis wevrebs, ufro mTel qveyanaSi mimdinare

movlenebze msjeloben, mihyvebian xolme gazeT „komunistis“ mowinaveTa

masalebs da mrisxaned gmoben „trockistebs“ Tu kontrrevolucionerebs.

isic cxadia, rom 30–iani wlebis represiebi usisxlod verc aWaraSi

Caivlida. pirveli msxverpli rogorc Cans, axalgazrda da imedismomcemi

poeti laSa tbauria (lavrenti ZimistariSvili).

mogvianebiT laSa tbauri kritikam Seafasa, rogorc axali Taobis

imedismomcemi Semoqmedi. kerZod, S. quriZe werda: “gansakuTrebiT

sasixarulo iyo, rom am periodSi aWaris literaturas Seemata sami niWieri

poeti: m. varSaniZe, S. ioseliani da l. ZimistaraSvili (tbauri), romelTa

bedi Semdgom sxvadasxvanairad warimarTa: Tu erTi dResac nayofierad

muSaobs, meore did samamulo omSi daiRupa, mesame ki – 1937 wels” (quriZe

1970:20).

laSa tbauri 1935 wlis 14 oqtombers garicxes samwerlobo

organizaciidan. am sxdomaze sxva sakiTxi arc ganuxilavT da

gadawyvetilebac erTxmad miiRes. revaz kverenCxilaZis mier mopovebuli

masalebis safuZvelze irkveva, rom axalgazrda poetis winaRmdeg

mimarTuli kampania 1934 wels daiwyo. misi moRalateobrivi qmedebebi

daukavSires 1932-34 wlebSi baTumeli moswavleebis saqarTvelos istoriis

da qarTuli poeziis SemswavlelTa wres, romelic dimitri ZimistariSvils,

43

SoTa goguasa da pavle morCilaZes aerTianebda. wrem 2-3 Tve iarseba mxolod,

Tumca es dro sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom aWaris politsammarTvelos

antisabWoTa qmedebebSi SemCneuli moswavleebi daepatimrebina.

lavrenti ZimistariSvili am wris wevri ar yofila, magram misi da sxva

axalgazrdebis patriotuli ganwyoba gaxda mizezi maTi am wresTan

dakavSirebisa. isini 1935 wels daapatimres. laSa tbauri gadasaxlebaSi

daiRupa.

1937 wels represiebs Seewira memed abaSiZe. igi 1937 wlis 12 ivliss

daapatimres. sabraldebo daskvnaSi ewera: 1934 wlis saajanyebo k/r

nacionaluri teroristuli organizaciis „nacionaluri partiis“

xelmZRvanelma grigol ermiles Ze laRiZem gadaibira da xelmZRvanel

komitetSi Seiyvana... sul male, 1937 wlis 17 seqtembers memed abaSiZes

sikvdili miusajes (kverenCxilaZe 2007:260).

rac Seexeba sakuTriv saliteraturo process, unda iTqvas, rom

mwerloba erTianad gadaerTo ra sapropagando saqmianobaze, Tavisufali

Semoqmedebis adgili naklebad darCa. socialisturi sazogadoebis

urTierTobis wesi da rigi, komunizmis mSeneblobis gzebi da meTodebi,

Sesabamis terminologiasTan erTad, mwerlobaSic damkvidrda. amieridan

mwerlebi iRebdnen valdebulebebs, asrulebdnen gegmebs, an misi

SeusruleblobisaTvis kritikis qarcecxlSi exveodnen, iwvevdnen erTmaneTs

socialistur SejibrebaSi, moZRvravdnen CamorCenilebs da a. S. akaki

baqraZis samarTliani SeniSvniT, am pirobebSi mwerloba gaigivebulia aguris

damzadebis erTian procesTan, mwerloba miCneulia mexamled, rasac

SeukveTav, imas dagimzadebs (baqraZe 1990:44). es sayovelTao procesi iyo,

damaxasiaTebeli mTli sabWoTa mwerlobisaTvis da bunebrivia, misi nawilis

– aWaris mweralTa organizaciisaTvisac. aqac iRebdnen mwerlebi

valdebulebebs. sailustraciod moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs mweralTa

krebebis oqmebidan.

44

1933 weli: “amxan. ZimistariSvili. vRebulob valdebulebas davwero

erTi moTxroba skolis cxovrebidan, sanavTo da komunalur teqnikumSi

Camovayalibo literaturuli wre da vuxelmZRvanelo.

amx. doxnaZe. Camovayalibo literaturulo wre qalaqis sabWos muSa-

mosamsaxureTa Soris da vuxelmZRvanelo, aseTive wre Camovayalibo pirvel

sabWoTa mamulSi, davwer erT piesas citrusis Sesaxeb.

amx. e. SaraSiZe. vRebuleb valdebulebas davwero erTi piesa aWristanis

cxovrebidan 1905 wlis istoriul masalebze.

amx. malazonia. vRebulob valdebulebas davwero poema aWaristanis

cxovrebidan. viwvev amx. l. SaraSiZes...

amx. SaraSiZe. vRebulob valdebulebas davwero moTxroba aWaristanis

cxovrebidan.

amx. Sengelia. davwerav moTxrobas awhesis mSeneblobidan” (fondis P –

928, anaweri 1, saqme 1, oqmi #33).

“aWaristanis bavSvTa cxovrebidan jer araferi dawerila da es

garemoeba gvavalebs Cven davrazmoT yuradReba aqeTken. Cven gvaqvs

yovelgvari SesaZlebloba SevqmnaT aWaristanis bavSvebisaTvis Sesaferisi

literatura. aq moiZebnebian Zalebic, romlebsac SeswevT Zala imuSaon

sabavSvo literaturaze”(fondis P – 928. anaweri 1, oqmi #32).

1937 weli: “daevalos amxanagebs imuSaon arCevnebisadmi miZRvnili

Temebze da gamoaqveynon gaz. “sabW. aWaraSi” (fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 2,

oqmi #15).

1938 weli: “sityvebiT gamovidnen: malazonia, rurua, ioseliani,

varSaniZe. gamosuli amxanagebi kisruloben aqtiur monawileobis miRebas

arCevnebisaTvis samzadisSi.

n. malazoniam ikisra daweros leqsi arCevnebisadmi moTxovnili.

aiyvanos debulebis Semswavleli wre, gamovides saarCevno krebuli

leqsebiT.

45

S. ioseliani valdebulebas Rebulobs daweros leqsi arCevnebisadmi

miZRvnili. moawyos arCevnebisadmi miZRvnili radio gadacema, gamovides

leqsebiT saarCevno mosamzadebel krebebze.

p. rurua, m. varSaniZe, kisruloben arCevnebisadmi moZRvnil leqsebis

daweras.

p. loria kisrulobs mxatvrul werilebis daweras arCevnebisadmi

miZRvnils, leqsebiTa da sityvebiT gamosvlas saarCevno mosamzadebel

krebebze.

daadgines: gamosul amxanagebis mier nakisri valdebulebebi Setanil

iqnes oqmSi da daevalos TviTeul maTgans misi Sesruleba saarCevno

mxaresTan dakavSirebiT gamocemul iqnes literaturuli gverdi gazeT

,,sabWoTa aWarasTan” (fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 2, oqmi #5/21).

1949 weli: “amx. loria aRniSnavs, rom mimdinare wlis 29 marts sruldeba

amx. l. p. berias dabadebidan 50 weli. qarTveli xalxi siyvaruliTa da

aRfrTovanebiT aRniSnavs Tavisi sayvareli Svilis – didi stalinis

saxelovani mowafis am saiubileo TariRs. Cven - aWarSi momuSave mwerlebmac

unda vTqvaT Cveni sityva. SevqmnaT amxanag l. p. beriasadmi miZRvnili

mxatvruli nawarmoebebi.

1950 weli: ,,saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis 30

wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT 25 TebervlisaTvis gamoSvebul iqnas

literaturuli almanaxi, risTvisac aqedanve mieces dakveTa amxanagebs

imuSaon SerCeul Temebze da dasrulebuli nawarmoebebi warmoadginon ara

ugvianes a/w. 31 dekembrisa.

daevalos amxanagebs daweron mxatvruli narkvevebi, leqsebi, novelebi

da gadascen redaqciebs dasabeWdad” (fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 2, oqmi

#20) da a. S.

dasasrul, unda SevexoT kidev erT saWirboroto Temas:

postrevoluciur periodSi komunisturi partia cdilobda adgilobrivi

mosaxleoba aqtiurad CaerTo „socialisturi mSeneblobis“ procesSi. amiT

igi erTi mxriv, bolSevikuri msoflmxedvelobisa da suliskveTebis

46

danergvas cdilobda, meore mxriv, TurqeTis socialuri Tu politikuri

gavlenis aRmofxvras. am ukansaknel miswrafebaSi dasaZraxi araferia, magram

savalalo is iyo, rom bolSevikuri politika garkveuli TvalsazrisiT

aWaris mosaxleobis saerTo qarTuli sazogadoebisgan gamoyofasac

gulisxmobda. amis erT–erTi safuZveli iyo aWarelis, rogorc erTnikuri

erTeulis calke aRiareba. 1939 wlamde gaicemoda pasporti, romelSic

erovnebaTa grafaSi calke iyo gamoyofili „aWareli“. es tendencia,

bunebrivia, asaxulia sxva oficialur dokumentebSic da maT Soris

mweralTa kavSiris oqmebSic.

kavSiris saarqivo dokumentebSi daculia proletmweralTa asociaciis

aWaristanis ganyofilebis wevrebisa da kandidatebis sia, romelSic

gamijnulia qarTveli da „aWareli“ erovnebis mwerlebi. kerZod, pirvel

kategorias miekuTvnebian: Salva arTilayva, zaqaria gremi, nestor

imedaSvili, parmen loria (p. oboli), Tamara leJava, vasil maxaraZe, nestor

maniZe, permen odiSeli, irakli feraZe, gia qemxaZe, lado SaraSiZe, grigol

SaraSiZe, simon jorbenaZe, ilia jibuti, barnaba TadumaZe, ivane askurava da

pavle mamalaZe. erovnebiT aWarels moixsenieben: xasan gogitiZes, jemal

noRaidels, ali qaTamaZesa da xevseT TxilaiSvils (fondis P – 928, anaweri 1,

saqme 1, #65).

saqarTvelos proletaruli mwerlebis asociaciis aWaris

ganyofilebis pasuxismgebeli mdivani nestor malazonia aWarolqkomis

kultprganyofilebis ganyofilebis gamgis saxelze momzadebuli

moxsenebaSi aRniSnavs:

,,1927 wlidan aWaristanSi daarsebulia saq. prolet. mwralTa

asociaciis ganyofileba, romelsac yavs biuro da awarmoebs muSaobas.

ganyofileba aerTianebs 23 wevrs /maTSi 4 aWarelia/” (fondis P – 928,

anaweri 1, saqme 1, #64). unda aRiniSnos, rom amave 30–ian wlebSi (pasporti

sabWoTa kavSirSi 1932 wlidan SemoiRes) oficialuri aRricxva aWaris

mosaxleobis eTnikuri kuTvnilebisa ar yofila erTgvarovani. vis „aWareli“

ewera, vis „qarTveli muslimani“, vis kidev „qarTveli“. es mavne praqtika mere

47

da mere gamosworda, Tumca aWarlebis calke erovnebad moxseniebis inercia

sabWoTa Tu postsabWoTa ruseTSi ukanasknel xanebamde ar moSlila.

48

Tavi III. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis baTumis

saliteraturo presa

meoce saukunis ociani wlebis baTums gansakuTrebiT rTul

pirobebSi uxdeboda cxovreba. gasakviri araa, rom arsebuli reJimis

pirobebSi mxatvruli literatura bunebrivi gziT veRar viTardeboda da

sabWoTa ideologiisagan Tavisufal literaturul Jurnal-gazeTebs

arseboba gauWirdeboda.

20-iani wlebis baTumi saliteraturo gamocemebiT Raribia.

saxelisuflo presaSi upiratesad ibeWdeba ideologiuri, sapropagando

xasiaTis mxatvruli produqcia. 1921 wlis 19 martidan gamodioda gazeTi

“uwyebebi”, 1922 wlis 1 ivnisidan mas ewoda ,,proletaruli brZola, 1923

wlis 18 martidan 1924 wlis 18 martamde es gazeTi gamodioda ,,brZolis”

saxelwodebiT, amis Semdeg, 1929 wlis 17 martamde _ ,,fuxaras” saxeliT.

Semdeg daerqva ,,sabWoTa aWaristani”, 1936 wels ki (6 Tebervali, #30) _

,,sabWoTa aWara”. saliteraturo Jurnal-gazeTebis ricxvi ki mcirea,

tiraJi SezRuduli, zogierTi maTganis mxolod erTi nomeri gamoica da

droTa ganmavlobaSi bibliografiul iSviaTobad iqca. ideologiuri da

sabWoTa cenzurisagan dakavSirebuli problemebis garda, S. quriZe

miuTiTebs sxva mizezebis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc uWirda maSin saliteraturo

presas arseboba. kerZod, kritikosi wers:

- ,,baTumSi ar iyo saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, ar gamodioda arc erTi

literaturuli Jurnali an gazeTi. marTalia, drodadro mweralTa esa

da Tu is jgufi uSvebda literaturul Jurnalebs, magram kadrebisa da

literaturuli produqciis simciris gamo isini erTi-ori nomris

gamosvlis Semdeg arsebobas wyvetdnen” (quriZe 1970:5).

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi baTumSi gamoicemoda:

1. ,,poeziis dRe”. 1921 wlis 29 aprils gamarTulma mweralTa krebam

miiRo gadawyvetileba, qarTuli poeziis dRisadmi miZRvnili gazeTisa da

saliteraturo-samecniero Jurnalis gamocemisa. saredaqcio kolegiaSi

gaerTiandnen: sandro CaCikaSvili, simon weveli (gaCeCilaZe). 7 maiss

mkiTxvelma aWaris saxalxo ganaTlebis xelovnebis ganyofilebis mier

gamocemuli oTxgverdiani gazeTi ,,poeziis dRe” miiRo (Jurnali aRar

49

gamosula), romlis baTumSi gamocema mniSvnelovani faqtia: rogorc

cnobilia, qarTvel mweralTa II yrilobaze, 1920 wlis 4 aprils dawesda

poeziis dRe – 7 maisi. am dRis aRsaniSnavad gamoica erTdrouli gazeTi

,,poeziis dRe”. (CoxaraZe 1997:51) aseTi gazeTi TbilisSi weliwadSi

erTxel, 7 maiss, mweralTa kavSiris saxeliT ramdenime wlis

ganmavlobaSi gamoicemoda. poeziis dRe baTumSic aRiniSneboda da

gazeTic ibeWdeboda. pirveli nomeri, rogorc vTqviT, 1921 wels gamoica,

meore - 1922 wlis 7 maiss, mesame – 1923 wels. samive nomeri dakargulia,

erT-erTi nomris Sesaxeb garkveuli informacia arsebobs, kerZod, gazeTi

,,komunisti” iuwyeba:

,,redaqciam miiRo q. baTumSi gamocemuli gazeTi ,,poeziis dRe”.

gazeTSi monawileoben: barnovi vasili, tabiZe galaktioni, kasraZe d.,

gafrindaSvili valerian, quCiSvili g., vardoSvili xariton, nadiraZe k.,

yifiani i., kapaneli k., cvarnami d., da sxva. gazeTSi moTavsebulia

agreTve tragikulad gardacvlili axalgazrda poetis kikna-fSavelas

daubeWdavi leqsi.”

2. ,,kandeli”. cnobilia, rom 1922 wels baTumSi gamovida

saliteraturo Jurnali ,,kandeli”. gazeTi ,,proletaruli brZola” 1922

wels 469-e nomerSi aqveynebs informacias mweralTa yovelTviuri

Jurnalis gamosvlis Sesaxeb:

,,kviras, 11 ivniss baTomSi gamova yovelTviuri samxatvro

saliteraturo Jurnali ,,kandeli” pirveli nomeri.

JurnalSi moTavsebulia gal. tabiZis, s. abaSelis, oboli muSis da

al. blokis suraTebi. JurnalSi monawileoben (rigze) g. tabiZe, s.

abaSeli, g. quCiSvili, S. janberiZe, oboli muSa, abrami, dariali, T.

sixaruliZe da d. kasraZe. Jurnali sufTad aris gamocemuli da Seicavs

32 gverds” (,,proletaruli brZola” 1922:#469).

,,kandelis” arsebobis Sesaxeb informacias vxvdebiT r.

kverenCxilaZis wignSi ,,saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiri 1917-1982”

(kverenCxilaZe 1983:379) da d. baqraZis cnobarSi ,,qarTuli periodika 1800-

1945”, ,,bibliografiaSi” (baqraZe 1946:70) sxva informacia Jurnalis

Sesaxeb ver movipoveT. dasaxelebuli avtorebisgan gamomdinare SeiZleba

50

Jurnalis literaturuli poziciisa da mimarTulebis Sesaxeb mxolod

garkveuli warmodgenis Seqmna.

3. ,,aspirozi”. 1923 wels gamovida yovelkvireuli saliteraturo,

samecniero da sainformacio gazeTi ,,aspirozi”. Tebervlidan ivlisamde 5

nomeri daibeWda. saqarTvelos erovnul biblioTekaSi mxolod erTi, 3

martis mesame nomeri iyo daculi. ,,aspirozSi” ZiriTadad g. leoniZis, i.

xonelis, k. kapanelis, Wanturias da sxvaTa leqsebi da werilebi

ibeWdeboda. redaqcia internacionalistis quCaze, #23-Si mdebareobda.

,,aspirozis” mesame nomerSi warmodgenili avtorebidan baTumSi

moRvaweobdnen gr. nucubiZe da n. zomleTeli. meTauri werili

,,mecniereba da poezia” ekuTvnis k. k. –s (konstantine kapanels? m. T). gr.

nucubiZis statia ,,yanwelebi Ziebis gzaze”, n. zomleTelis ,,gurias”, g.

leoniZis ,,stefane malarme” da leqsi ,,aznaur asuls”. darialis

fsevdonimiT ibeWdeba oqtav mirbos Targmani ,,ganaTlebuli velurebi”,

xolo maruTa Suamdinarelis fsevdonimiT ioseb griSaSvilis leqsi -

,,meris werili”.

apolitikuri Jurnalis ZiriTad Tematikas gansazRvravs im

droisaTvis arsebuli literaturuli procesebi. k. k. wminda xasiaTis

poezias ganixilavs da mecnierebasTan mimarTebaSi warmoadgens. misTvis

miuRebelia kvlevaze dayrdnobili leqsi. marTalia, es ukanaskneli

mecnierebis wiaRSi warmoiSoba, magram misgan radikalurad gansxvavdeba.

avtori cdilobs, Tavi daaRwios gonsa da inteleqts da grZnobebis

samyaroSi dasaxldes.

,,poezia elviuri gamokrTomaa sulis Relvis, dinamiuri amoZaxilia

msoflio ritmis: poezia ideebis ferxulia grZnobis sasaxleSi; poezia

tanjuli sulis sxivosani akvamlebaa – sevdis simfonia tanjvis

samrekloSi

poezia siRrmis xilvaa da gancda maradobis” (k. k. 1923:1).

am gancdaTa erTgvari gagrZelebaa gazeTis furclebze

gamoqveynebuli leqsebi. poetebis muzis sagani socialisturi samyaros

aRmSenebeloba da sabWoTa “mamebi” ki ara, aramed mSobliuri guria,

qalis silamaze da a. S.

51

4. ,,ispiri”. 1924 wels, baTumSi gamoica orkvireuli samxatvro-

saliteraturo da samecniero Jurnali ,,ispiri”. redaqcia moTavsebuli

iyo internacionalis (axlandel memed abaSiZis) quCaze, #2-Si,

aleqsandre esakias kuTvnil binaSi. Jurnalis redaqtori gaxldaT poeti

da dramaturgi viqtor gabeskiria.

saredaqcio werilSi Camoyalibebulia Jurnalis kredo, miznebi da

amocanebi. niSandoblivia, rom avtorebi cdiloben, SeZlebisdagvarad

gverdi auaron epoqis ideologiur moTxovnebs da “ispirs” miznad

dausaxon ara gabatonebuli politikuri Zalisa da idealebis, aramed

zogadad qarTuli sityvis samsaxuri. werilSi vkiTxulobT:

,,JurnalisaTvis dagrovili masalebi mravalferovania, mravalgvari

saxeebi da ideologia, bevri SeiZleba sruliad moklebuli

,,Tanamedroveobis esTetiur gagebas”, magram vambobT: yoveli xati

mSobliur xelovnebis taZridan CvenTvis Zvirfasia. aqedan modis

qarTuli kulturis restavracia.

vfiqrobT: qarTuli literaturis ideologni instiktiurad mainc

mivlen im daskvnamde, rasac mohyveba partizanul omis saboloo

likvidacia.

rogorc aq dagrovili masalebidan Cans, Cven sruliad Sors

vsdgevarT mweralTa diferenciisagan, gviyvars qarTuli kulturis

mTliani saxe. arsebul literaturuli Skolebis gareSe dgomac

gvaSorebs gansakuTrebul principebsac da am rigad gvrCeba mxolod

siyvaruli qarTuli xelovnebisadmi” (quriZe 1970:4).

,,ispiri” mcire formatis, ormocdarvagverdiani Jurnalia sakmaod

saintereso avtorebiTa da literaturuli produqciiT. kerZod, aq

dabeWdilia saredaqcio werili ,,meTauri”, kuSa RoRoberiZis ,,ulianov”,

ioseb griSaSvilis ,,pauza”, stefan georges leqsis “litanias”

konstantine gamsaxurdiaseuli Targmani, kote mayaSvilis ,,axalgazrda

qals”, dutu megrelis “Sen giyvars deda...” miSel galoris ,,locva

sonetSi”, grigol grigoriancis ,,warsulidan”, viqtor gabeskirias

,,xatije”, leo qiaCelis ,,landebi”, dia Cianelis ,,baTomis qronika”, Salva

dadianis ,,sasaxle”, grigol nucubiZis ,,ymawvili wiTel mantiaSi”, Salva

gomarTelis ,,Cveni Teatri” emil valdis ,,qarTuli Teatri aWaraSi”,

52

“bibliografia da qronika”. mimoixilavs da afasebs ra samwerlo

asparezze am droisaTvis arsebul mdgomareobas, ,,ispiri” cdilobs,

gaemijnos mxatvruli literaturis sabWoTa ideologiis sayrden Zalad

qcevis process, winaaRmdegia erovnuli mwerlobis socialisturiT

Canacvlebisa.

,,ispirs” adanaSaulebdnen antisabWoTa msoflmxedvelobis gamo.

antisabWoTa msoflmxedvelobad ki kritika imas miiCnevda, rom Jurnalis

gamomcemlebisaTvis mTavari da Rirebuli iyo erovnuli kulturuli

memkvidreoba, qarTuli mwerlobis erTianoba da ara misi dayofa

klasobrivi, politikuri Tu esTetikuri niSniT. gamomcemlebi arc imas

uaryofdnen, rom maT mier gamoqveynebuli masalebi ar pasuxobda sabWoTa

literaturul-esTetikur normebs. sabWoTa cenzuras, cxadia, ar

gamoepareboda im droisaTvis sakmaod Tamami pozicia. amas isic daemata,

rom pirvel nomerSi adgilobriv mweralTa Txzulebebi TiTqmis ar

gamoCenila. swored, zemoxsenebul problemaTa Sefasebas cdilobs S.

quriZe naSromSi ,,mxatvruli sityvis ganviTareba aWaraSi”: “ispiri”

gulwrfelad eZebda bloks proletarul mwerlobasTan, cdilobda

erTiani frontis Seqmnas qarTuli kulturis ,,saerTo” interesebisaTvis.

magram bloki proletmwerlobasTan da ,,literaturuli Skolebis kareSe

dgoma”, gansakuTrebuli principebisgan daSoreba, erTmaneTTan

SeuTavsebeli iyo da ,,ispirma” dabadebisTanave Sewyvita arseboba, miT

umetes, rom igi ar idga mkvidr adgilobriv niadagze da ZiriTadad

Tbilisel mweralTa literaturuli produqciiT sargeblobda” (quriZe

1970:7).

ra Tqma unda, adgilobriv mwerlebTan TanamSromlobis moTxovna

savsebiT bunebrivi da logikuri iyo, magram isic cxadia, rom sabWoTa

cenzura Jurnals ar apatiebda socialisturi principebidan gverdze

gadgomas, Jurnal ,,kavkasionis” winaSe qedis moxras, ,,akademiuri

asociaciis” da saerTod, im droisaTvis arsebuli yvela literaturuli

skolis aRiarebas.

Jurnali ,,ispiri” ,,iyo, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas ,,akademiuri asociaciis”

Jurnal ,,kavkasionis” erTgvari damateba. garda imisa, rom misi avtorebis

umravlesoba (i. griSaSvili, k. gamsaxurdia, k. mayaSvili, l. qiaCeli, S.

53

dadiani da sxv.) ,,akademiur asociacias” ekuTvnoda, ,,ispiris” redaqcia

qeba-didebas asxamda ,,kavkasions” da igi miaCnda im kibis marmarilos

safexurad, romelsac qarTuli mwerloba unda aeyvana ,,zeviT, umtvero

TovliT Semosil kavkasionze”. redaqcia gulwrfelad amtkicebda,

TiTqos qarTul mwerlobas imxanad ise araferi esaWiroeboda, rogorc

simSvide: “ara brZola, aramed naTesaoba da mironi” (meTauri 1924:6).

,,ispiris” pirveli da erTaderTi nomeri oTxi ganyofilebisagan

Sedgeba, esenia: poezia, proza, Teatri da bibliografia. unda aRiniSnos,

rom mxatvruli produqciis Tematikac da ganwyobac cxadyofs “ispiris”

antiproletarul paToss. aq dabeWdili leqsebisa Tu prozauli

Txzulebebis Tematika ZiriTadad, religiur-patriotulia an satrfialo.

ganwyoba _ pesimistur-dekadenturi. aRsaniSnavia, rom arc Tu iSviaTad

TvalsaCinoa miniSneba 20-iani wlebis saqarTvelos satkivarze. albaT,

amitom Tu SearCia gamsaxurdiam saTargmnelad stefan georges “litania”:

,,didia wuxili

sulisa Cemisa.

movdivar ufalo

isev Sens saydarSi…

mogvxede ufalo

gvixseni, gvixseni

mogvmadle ufalo

kurTxeva Seni” (george 1924:11).

xolo kote mayaSvilis “axalgazrda qals” pirdapir exmianeba akaki

wereTlis cnobil leqss “aRmarT-aRmarT”. aqac Riad ikiTxeba samSoblo-

satrfos akakiseuli alegoria da ”mters monebebuli” qveynis satkivari:

,,Sesdeg! frTxilada! minda viyviro,

minda gekveTo Sens mters mquxared

da Sen ki... Sena... mwared gitiro!

daiRupebi Cems Tvalis wina...

isev sjobs, turfav, me gaviwiro!

guls mounaxo saflavSi bina...

Cemis sikvdil iT Sen... Sen gitiro”

(mayaSvili 1924:13).

54

satrfialo motivi yovelTvis rodi ukavSirdeba samSoblos Temas,

Tumca TvalsaCinoa sevda da naRveli, melanqolia da sasowarkveTa, Rame

da martooba, locva da ocneba:

,,me miyvars locviT aTrToleba Seni saxelis,

macxovris xatTan samduravi isev Cems Tavze.

mawvalebs RamiT cru landebis gamoZaxili...

cremli Senze – me TvalebSi ver movaTavse.

davdivar marto yru oTaxSi giJi da mTvrali...

nestian sanTlebs xatebis win isev avanTeb;

sulidan: sevda firuzebad Cumad davTvale...

da fiqri Senze nisliani Rames gavande” (galori 1924:8).

miSel galores leqsSi “locva sonetSi” melanqolia

ukiduresobamde midis, dekadenturi ganwyoba TviTmkvlelobis survilSi

mJRavndeba:

,,cecxlian Tvalebs mwuxarebiT Senze eTia,

iyo: sifiTre civ bageze, RamiT, dumilSi...

dRes: Zveli xsovna, TviTmkvleloba: wamiT;

Tu viSvi” (galori 1924:8).

ioseb griSaSvilis leqsi TiTqos ufro laRia, Tumca moWarbebuli

tkivili aqac sagrZnobia:

,,quCa moelis mTvares naxevars,

sulis sardafSi ar dadis qari,

me daveCvie leqsis daxevas

vingrevi cixe naqalaqari.

damwifda wigni, sityva qarTuli

veRar avasxi, ver avamZive” (griSaSvili 1924:10).

“vingrevi cixe naqalaqari” epoqis suliskveTebiT nakarnaxevi

mxatvruli saxea uTuod, miTumetes, rom sikvdilis Tema arc griSaSvilis

“ispirSi” dabeWdili leqsisTvisaa ucxo:

“meubnebian: asjer, aTasjer,

surviloT veRar gaiRimebo!

kapasi kbiliT ZarRvi gadasWer,

55

rom sicocxleSi kidev imefo.

gza sikvdilisken ar Semokldeba,

mwams sayveduri cocxlebis mimarT" (griSaSvili 924:10).

“ispiris” poezias Tematurad ramdenadme exmianeba grigol

grigoriancis “warsulidan”. marTalia, leqsi mxatvruli RirebulebebiT

ar gamoirCeva, magram niSandoblivia, rom igi saaRdgomo miZRvnaa

qarTveli megobrebisadmi. amasTan sayuradReboa leqsSi wminda ninos

xseneba:

,,did, mTawmindis mkerdzeda

sCanan Zvelni wmindanni!

vazis jvariT mkerdzeda,

nino da sxva dedanni.

ismis tkbili galoba

mkrTali zecac bans aZlevs...

eris mimarT madlobas

mzis sxivebiT Tavs dahfens” (grigorianci 1924:17).

“ispiris” erovnul-patriotul ganwyobas naklebad exmianeba da

TiTqos gancalkevebiT dgas viqtor gabeskirias “xatije”. “erzrumeli

xanumis” – xatijes saxiT aRmosavluri motivi iCens Tavs, Tumca baTumis

literaturul JurnalSi Cadris xseneba mainc niSandoblivia.

,,an ubedobas saiT mivyevarT?

arafers ambobs es civi Cadri

da uRmerToa es Savi kalTa!

saxes dafaravs foTlebi Wadris _

gadmotanili meCeTis karTan” (gabeskiria 1924:18).

saerTo ganwyobiT poeziis analogiuria “ispiris” prozac. amis

naTeli magaliTia leo qiaCelis “landebi”. aq jer kidev igrZnoba kvali

eqspresionizmisa, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo mwerlis adreuli

SemoqmedebisaTvis. SevniSnavT mxolod, rom wiTeli feris eklebze

miniSnebiT Txzulebis paTosi aSkarad scildeba satrfialo Tematikas:

wina Ramis namTvralevi, eWvebTan da siyvarulTan mebrZoli mamakaci

afasebs ganvlil gzas da cdilobs, nacnob demonebs ar gaeqces.

56

mosvenebas ar aZlevs fiqri imisa, rom kuTvnil yurZens viRac sxva

wuravs, mas wilad mxolod WaWaRa rCeba da satrfos mklavebze wiTeli

feris eklebi xarobs: “vxedav mklavebs, romlebzedac dargula eklebi

wiTelis ferisa... vxedav... vxedav Sens SiSvel tans, vnebis mdinareTa

RarebiT, romelSiac dascuraven Cemi giJi mogonebebi lasi saxianebi

mTvralebi da senianebi! vxedav Sens mucels ne...ri golgoTis mTiTa,

romelzec amarTulia Cemi sulis sami jvarcma: erTi me var, meore

warsuli Cemi, romelic viyavi me da mesame – momavali Cemi, romelic

viqnebi me!..” (qiaCeli 1924:21).

Salva dadianis “sasaxlesa” da grigol nucubiZis TxzulebaSi

“ymawvili wiTel mantiaSi” alegoriebis miRma SeiZleba danaxva erTi

mxriv, epoqis xasiaTisa, xolo meore mxriv, mwerlis poziciisa. gr.

nucubiZis nawarmoebSi (romelic nawyvetia romanisa ,,mwvane sxivi”)

aRwerilia mwvane sxivis saswaulis momlodine zRvisaqeTelebi. iSviaTad,

magram mainc zRvasaqeTiT mze, roca kmayofili eSveba zRvasiqiTSi,

gamoTxovebisas saswaulmoqmed mwvane sxivs isvris. misi gaelvebisas Tuki

vinme moaswrebs raimes natvras, aucileblad ausruldeba. mzem gaiRo

mowyaleba da mwvane sxiviT gamoesalma zRvisaqeTelebs. zRvispira

qalaqSi dasaxlebul ucxos sjeroda, rom mzem misi survili sivrcis

iqiT waiRo. es is ucxoa, romlisTvisac amaoebis sazrunavi ar arsebobs

da misi goneba qveynis safiqrals dastrialebs Tavs. igi wiTeli samefos

damyarebis dros dasaxlda qalaqSi da qalaqelebisaTvis bolomde

ucnobad rCeba. erTxel gaxdnen misi aRelvebis mowmeni, rodesac mgosanma

daiZaxa: ,,droSebi Cqara!” ucxom veRar moiTmina da poets gadaexvia.

romanis am monakveTidan ar Cans Tu rogor warimarTeba Tavisuflebis

moyvaruli ucxos cxovreba, magram mwvane sxivis saswaulmoqmed Zalas Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, mas natvra ausruldeba da SeZlebs qveynis

ganviTarebaSi sakuTari wvlilis Setanas.

Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisaTvis uTuod saintereso iqneba dia Cianelis

“baTomis qronika”. avtori iumoriT xatavs patara zRvispira qalaqis

cxovrebis suraTebs: zRvis napiras samxreTuli mziT gamTbar Seyvarebul

qal-vaJs, didi gemis Semosvlas navsdgurSi, Tunuqis qilagamobmuli

ZaRliT gamxiarulebul bazris movaWreebs, nuris tbis piras gaSenebul

57

baRs. Tumca sarkazmic sagrZnobia: orma qurdma amerikis konsuls ori

dolari mohpara, ramac Sav birJaze dolaris kursi dasca, samagierod

male Cernovecis kursi amaRlda, radgan inglisma sabWoTa kavSiri scno,

Tumca TagvebTan da baRlinjoebTan brZola amas ar Seunelebia...

calke unda aRiniSnos kuSa RoRoberiZis “ulianov”. Jurnalma

TiTqos xarki moixada leninis gardacvalebis gamo. avtori lenins

genioss uwodebs, magram aRiarebs msoflmxedvelobriv gansxvavebas:

,,lenini Cemi sulieri qurumi ar aris da misi fetiSis kmeva Cems

sulier xaverds ver gamosaxavs, magram misi sikvdili CemSi tragiul

sulier gazmorebas iwvevs.

mTeli simZafriT ganvicdi mware ironias adamianis bedisas.

samares da wyvdiads miefara sicocxle im adamianis, romelic

msoflios protestantTa flangSi iyo, erTaderTi ubadlo da

Seudarebeli” (RoRoberiZe 1924:5).

kuSa RoRoberiZe xazs usvams ,,msoflio revoluciis darajis”

cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis gavlenas kacobriobis bedze, erTgvarad

ganicdis kidec mis gardacvalebas, magram tragediad ar aRiqvams.

sabWoTa mSromelebis mamas da belads avtori sulier qurumad ar

aRiarebs, ucnaur adamians uwodebs da Tu misma gardacvalebam msoflio

aatortmana, esec saukunis xasiaTma ganapiroba.

,,mosisxle mternic misi sikvdilis meore dRes ityvian gulwrfelad:

samarem STanTqa sicocxle im adamianis, romlis genialogia

kapitaluristur msoflios awvalebda...

mogoneba am ,,ucnauri” adamianis – miTologia leninis.

esec unda iTqvas: msoflios ar axsovs egzom atortmaneba erTi

adamianis dakargviT...

es imitom, rom sxva gvaria meoce saukune...” (RoRoberiZe 1924:6).

Teatris ganyofileba Salva gomarTelis werils ,,Cvens Teatrs”

gvTavazobs. aSkaraa, rom avtori mxars uWers proletarul Teatrs:

,,xelovneba imisi iyo da iqneba yovelTvis vis xelSidac

xelisuflebaa.

qveynis mmarTvel-patroni aris proletariati, romelic xelovnebis

sferoSi sruliad damoukidebeli gamodis.

58

,,Cven gvwyuria axali xelovneba”, ,,axali Teatri”, aRniSnavs avtori,

Tumca am axlis Semoqmedni, misi azriT verc futurustebi iqnebian, verc

eqspresionistebi da verc kote marjaniSvili.

Salva gomarTeli cdilobs, pativi miagos Zveli Taobis xelovanebs,

Tumca uars acxadebs kote marjaniSvilTan da sxva TanamoazreebTan

TanamSromlobaze. misTvis misaRebia ara ideologiisagan Tavisufali

xelovani, ,,aramed ,,proletaruli Teatris kote marjaniSvili”

(gomarTeli 1924:36).

misive SefasebiT, uwmidesi skola – Teatri – muSaTa klass unda

emsaxurebodes da ara golovinis prospeqtze moxetialeebs. wina planze

swevs socialur dramas da aRiarebs, rom saWiroa ,,qarTuli Teatri

axali cecxlis artaxebSi” (gomarTeli 1924:34).

rac Seexeba emil valdis statias, kritikosi aWaristanis Teatrs da

gasul Teatralur sezons axasiaTebs. avtors qalbatoni msaxiobebis

dabali profesionalizmi, ureJisorod darCenili dasi, Sablonuri

repertuari da wyalSi gadayrili muSaTa fulis bedi aRelvebs. igi

imeds itovebs, rom momavali weli aWaristanis TeatrisaTvis nayofieri

iqneba, dasi mayureblis imedebs gaamarTlebs da ZalaSi Seva lozungi:

,,dauaxloveT Teatri masas” (gomarTeli 1924:39).

Jurnal ,,ispiris” bibliografiis ganyofilebaSi ganxilulia

imdroindeli literaturuli Jurnal-gazeTebi. warmodgenilia Jurnal

,,leilas” mesame nomeri, romlis Sefasebisas dadebiTTan erTad

uaryofiT mxareebzec aris gamaxvilebuli yuradReba. statiis avtoris

azriT, aRsaniSnavia Jurnalis uprincipoba, mas ara aqvs mTliani saxe,

rasac bevr SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia arasasurveli disonansebis Setana...

amgvari damokidebulebebis safuZveli S. quriZis azriT is unda iyos,

rom “Jurnal ,,ispiris” ,,simpaTia” ,,akademiur asociacias” da Jurnal

,,kavkasions” ekuTvnoda. Tumca ara mTlianad. ,,ispiri” eZebda kavSirs

axal literaturasTanac. igi Tavs esxmoda ,,cisferyanwelebs” da maT

Jurnal ,,piramidebs”, brals sdebda uprincipobaSi Jurnal ,,leilas”

(quriZe 1970:7).

,,ispirs” uyuradRebod ar rCeba im droisaTvis gamoqveynebuli sxva

avtorebis literaturuli nawarmoebebi. murad faRava ,,Sori naTelis”

59

avtor solomon TavaZes utyuari talantis poetad afasebs.

revolucioner poets grigol cecxlaZes urCevs: ,,kargi iqneboda aq ar

iyves is leqsebi, romelic Zvelia rogorc TemiT iseve texnikiT, rodesac

wignis boloSi moTavsebul leqsebs kiTxulob, ,,odelia delia”-s mReris

gunebaze Seiqmnebi” (“ispiri” 1924:45).

z. gubaZe “piramidebsa da cisferyanwelebs Zraxavs: “ver naxav

,,cisfer yanwelTa” verc erT leqss, sadac ,,piramidebi” da ,,profili” ar

iyves naxmari, Tumca es sruliad ar aris mizezi saxelwodebis

uvargisobisa, aramed am Temis sibecisa da sircxvilis, ris Sedegac im

,,poetebzedac”, romlebic am JurnalSi TanamSromloben Sesaferi

warmodgena gebadeba... mxolod mix. boWoriSvilis gamoklebiT,

romelzedac SeiZleba iTqvas ,,saidan sadao” (“ispiri” 1924:45).

mTlianobaSi, “ispiri” im droisaTvis sakmaod saintereso da

progresuli Jurnali aRmoCnda. swored, am mizeziT bolSevikuri

ideologiis CarCoebidan gamosul Jurnals perspeqtiva ver eqneboda da

aki, amitomac Sewyvita arseboba pirveli nomris Semdeg.

5. ,,pontosi”. baTomis axalgazrda mweralTa jgufi 1925 wels

yovelTviur literaturul Jurnals ,,pontoss” aarsebs. 24-gverdian

gamocemas saredaqcio kolegia xelmZRvanelobs, romlis redaqciac

Saumianis, axlandeli dimitri Tavdadebuli quCaze, #15-Si mdebareobda.

gamomcemeli gaxldaT im droisaTvis cnobili mwerali xasan komaxiZe.

mcire formatis Jurnali ZiriTadad poezias eTmoba. kerZod, aq

gamoqveynebulia: lelian anelis ,,fantazia”, “revoluciisaken!”

,,labirinTSi”; akaki gorgilaZis: ,,gawyda simebi”, ,,saRamo”, ,,miraJebi”;

vanion daraselis ,,cisferi wigniT”, ,,suraTebi sulidan”, ,,Rame”; daTa

TaqTaqiZis ,,cisferi Sadrevani”, ,,sulis Ramidan” da Targmani – kazimir

tetmaieris - ,,is”, xasan komaxiZis “wiTeli mgzavri”, ,,gvaqvs imedi”, SoTa

duduCavas ,,rodis gixilav!?” da varlam galdavas kritikuli werili

,,azris mTlianobis sakiTxi da sistema Cvens poeziaSi”.

revolucias da wiTel xelisuflebas ZiriTadad xasan komaxiZe

umReris. axalgazrda poetebi ki sevdas, wuxilsa da martoobas

dauTrgunavs. cdiloben, gaeqcen sinamdviles da Tavi Seafaron

ararealur samyaros, ise rogorc modernistebs CveviaT. Wleqi, sigiJe,

60

martosuloba, uimedoba, melanqolia, TviTmkvleloba, sikvdili, Savi-

qalis myurdo landebi, eSafotad aRmarTuli cisferi Sadrevani da

uimedoba isadgurebs yvelgan. ,,potosis” modernistul gavlenaze

kritikosi S. quriZec miuTiTebs:

- ,,proletaruli mwerloba ise ver ganviTardeboda, ise ver

daipyrobda mbrZanebel mwvervalebs literaturaSi, Tuki ver moigeriebda

antirealistur da dekadentur literaturul dajgufebaTa Semotevas,

Tu ver daZlevda maT gaafTrebul winaaRmdegobas...

aWaraSi msgavsi antirealistur-dekadenturi dajgufebani ar yofila

(Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT ,,pontosis” jgufs) da proletaruli

mwerlobis Seqmna-damkvidrebis procesic ramdenadme Taviseburad

warimarTa” (quriZe 1970:5).

6. ,,aWaristani”. yovelTviuri samxatvro-saliteraturo Jurnalis

saxe unda hqonoda ,,aWaristans”, romelic 1926 wels grigol nucubiZis

redaqtorobiT gamovida, Tumca mxolod sami nomris gamocema moxerxda.

pirveli nomeri dakargulia, meore nomeri leninis gardacvalebis ori

wlisTavs mieZRvna. literaturul gamocemasTan TanamSromlobdnen: v.

gabeskiria, gr. SaviSvili, s. weveli da sxv.

,,aWaristanSi” gamoqveynebulia: n. zomleTelis ,,qali... qari...” k. e. - s

,,sabWoTa sinamdvile” da ,,jayos xiznebi”, gr. gorgaZis - ,,cota ram

aWaristanis xalxur Semoqmedebaze”, jemal noRaidelis - ,,Woroxi”,

sazogadeobisTvis ucnobi avtorebisTvisaa gankuTvnili ganyofileba

,,axali Zalebis gamofena”. aq warmodgenilia iak. balaxaSvilis ..Sio

aragvispirelis xsovnas”, zia qemxaZis ,,Zvirfas das”, ,,genas”, ,,sofeli

RamiT” v. tabaneli-maxaraZis ,,aWaristani” da d. WanWaTelis ,,souq – su!”.

calkea gamoyofili iumoristuli ganyofileba. es gverdi eTmoba

muSkoreli Tagvis leqss ,,muSkoris wevris simRera” da p. obolis

,,muSkorTa kreba”, xolo axali literaturis ganyofilebaSi ganxilulia

saqarTvelos proletarul mweralTa asociaciis yovelTviuri samxatvro

Jurnali ,,mercxali” da Wola lomTaTiZis cxovreba da Semoqmedeba.

,,pontosisagan” gansxvavebiT, ,,aWaristanSi” gamoqveynebuli

literaturuli produqciis samizne revolucia da revoluciis

monapovaria. ukve Cadrmoxdili qalic ibrZvis bednierebisaTvis da

61

cdilobs, sazogadoebaSi mamakacis gverdiT Rirseuli adgili daikavos

da saerTod, Jurnalis mizania, aWaristanis mcxovrebT farTod gauxsnas

literaturuli asparezi. am miswrafebas naTelyofs qvemoT moyvanili

gancxadebac:

- ,,aWaristani, ise, rogorc saqarTvelos yoveli kuTxe, mdidaria

SemoqmedebiTi ZalebiT, Tu aqamde qarTul literaturaSi aWareli

mwerali ar Cans, es mxolod imitom, rom aWaristani yvelasagan

miviwyebuli kuTxe iyo. yvelaze naklebad aWaristanis mcxovrebTaTvis

literaturis asparezi iyo gaxsnili...

SeiZleba bevri am ganyofilebaSi (,,axali Zalebis gamofena”)

moTavsebulTagan – uniWo da uSedego darCes, magram redaqcias sjera,

rom aWaristanSi bevri xalasi niWi aRmoCndeba, rom Cveni Jurnali bevrs

gaukafavs literaturuli karieris Znel dasawyiss. xolo aWaristanSi

rom blomad arian poeturi niWiT dajildoebulni, amas mowmobs mdidari

saxalxo poezia” (quriZe 1970:9).

sxva gamocemebi: 1927 wels Seiqmna saqarTvelos proletarul

mweralTa asociaciis aWaris ganyofileba, Tumca perioduli

saliteraturo organos gamocemis problema arc amis Semdeg

mogvarebula. kavSiris krebam daavala biuros specialuri

literaturuli furclis gamoSveba gazeT ,,fuxaras” damatebis saxiT.

(#272, 1927 weli, gaz. ,,fuxara”), TumcaRa verc am davalebis Sesruleba

xerxdeboda. problemasTan dakavSirebiT mravladaaa kritikuli

Sefasebebi saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris aWaris ganyofilebis oqmebsa

da mimoweraSi. S. arTilayva ganyofilebis erT-erT krebaze aRniSnavda:

,,gamocemas xels uSlida is, rom amxanagebma masala (sakmao) ver

mogvawodes sadReiso sakiTxebze, zogic didia da uxerxulia periodul

gamacemaSi moTavseba: garda amisa, ar iyo kontaqtebi redaqciasTan, is ar

uwevda angariSs Cvens organizacias, raSic Cvenc migviZRvis brali”

(fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 1:7).

miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos proletarul mweralTa asociaciis

aWaris ganyofilebis Seqmnis dRidan mwerlebi aqtiurad cdilobdnen

perioduli saliteraturo organos gamocemis sakiTxis mogvarebas.

finansurs problemas literaturuli produqciis nakleboba amZafrebda.

62

proletaruli literaturis ganviTareba partiisa da mTavrobis moTxovna

iyo. xelisuflebas proletmwerlobis saxiT aqtiuri propagandisti

sWirdeboda. amgvar pirobebSi, 1928 wels gr. SaviSvilisa da p. odiSelis

redaqciiT gamoica proletaruli mwerlebis nawarmoebTa krebulad

wodebuli Jurnali “sityva tribunidan”. misamarTad miTiTebulia baTomi,

aWaristanis sax. Sina vaW-mrewv. poligrafiuli gany. mTavliti #695.

Jurnali sami ganyofilebisagan Sedgeba. esenia: proza, poezia da

kritika. saredaqcio kolegiis SefasebiT, aq gamoqveynebulia

proletarul mweralTa rogorc adre dabeWdili, ise daubeWdavi

masalebi.

poeziis mimarTulebiT Tavmoyrilia p. odiSelis (p. lorias), n.

maniZis (n. malazonia), gr. SaviSvilis, T. leJavas, j. noRaidelis, x.

komaxiZis, S. arTilayvas, g. grigorianis, gr. SaraSiZis, z. qemxaZis, T.

CaxvaZis, s. jorbenaZis, l. SaraSiZis, i. nucubiZis, b. TadumaZis, k.

doborjginiZisa da m. Sengelaias leqsebi.

proza aerTianebs d. WanWaTelis, gr. SaviSvilis, b. TadumaZis, v.

maxaraZis, T. CaxvaZis, g. grigorianis. al. mgelaZisa da o. obolis

moTxrobebsa da novelebs.

rac Seexeba kritikis ganyofilebas, n. quTaTelaZis, v. maxaraZisa da

ir. feraZis kritikul werilebSi mimoxilulia proletaruli mwerlobis

ganviTarebis specifika, axali literaturis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebuli

sakiTxebi da zogadad, aWaraSi im droisaTvis arsebuli mdgomareoba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom krebulSi gamoqveynebuli masalis mxatvruli

Rirebuleba Tavidanve iwvevda eWvs da bunebrivi Cans gamomcemelTa

sifrTxilec. kerZod, “sityva tribunidan”-is winaTqmaSi aRniSnulia:

“mocemuli saxe proletarul mwerlobisa, zrdisa da muSaobis

procesSia. amitom mkiTxvelis kritikuli Tvali unda Rebulobdes. (miT

umetes aWaristanis sinamdvileSi) am krebulSi mocemul nawarmoebT,

rogorc jer kidev maRali pretenziebiT moSorebul Teziss.

proletaruli mwerlobis Semoqmedeba mkiTxvelTa bazarze gamodis ise,

rom mas sWirdeba najaxis da waldis daxmarebiT ageba da gaTla. maTi

damuSaveba maRali iaraRebiT moxdeba im naklebis gamomJRavnebiT,

63

romelic Tavis sindisze unda ikisros miudgomelma kritikam” (“sityva

tribunidan” 1928:3).

cxadia, najaxiTa da waldiT gasaTleli literatura verc

mkiTxvels miizidavda da verc bolSevikuri xelisuflebis mier

dakisrebul funqcias Seasrulebda. aqtiuroba, udidesi mxardaWeris

pirobebSic ki, yovelTvis rodia sasurveli Sedegis momcemi:

proletmwerlobam am gamocemiT aCvena Tavisi saxe, romelic saxarbielo

rodi iyo.

proletaruli mwerlobis literaturul gamocemaTa nusxas

miekuTvneba Jurnali “stalinuri Taoba”. igi 1938 wels baTumSi daibeWda

da komkavSiris oci wlisTavs mieZRvna. esec aWaris adgilmrewvsaxkomis

stamba-liTografiaSi gamoica d. dumbaZis pasuxismgebeli redaqtorobiTa

da n. ebraliZis teqnikuri redaqtorobiT.

“lenin-stalinis partiis erTgul TanaSemwes, SesaniSnavi sabWoTa

axalgazrdobis mowinave razms - saxelovan komkavSirs 20 wlisTavze

uZRvnian am krebuls” – Jurnalis winaTqmis am sityvebidan naTlad Cans

literaturuli gamocemis mizani da daniSnuleba – aRmatebulad unda

warmoCndes sabWoTa kavSiris miRwevebi da warmatebebi. am mizans

dabeWdili produqciis saTaurebic cxadyofs: n malazonias leqsebi -

“simRera stalinze”, “sazRvarze”, “laSqruli”, gr. cecxlaZis -

“komkavSiruli simRera”, ordenosani”, “wiTelarmieluri”, S. ioselianis -

“simRera voroSolovze”, “axalgazrduli”, “gaTenebisas subtropikebSi”

mamud (mamia) varSaniZis – “axalgazrdas vaJkacoba Svenis”, gazafxuli”,

kapiton rusiZis – ”deda-samSoblov!”, “komkavSiruli”, “sabWoTa mfrinavi”,

g. saluqvaZis – “gazafulis dila” da p. lorias moTxroba “Sexvedra”... es

yvelaferi warmodgenas iZleva Cveneburi proletaruli literaturis

mizandasaxulobasa da zogad saxeze.

rogorc am mokle mimoxilvidan Cans, XX saukunis pirveli naxevris

wlebis saliteraturo presa baTumSi sakmaod SezRudulia. verc erTi

jgufi (maT Soris verc proletaruli mwerlobis aqtivistebi) ver

axerxebs Seqmnas mudmivmoqmedi saliteraturo organo, romelic SeZlebs

stabilurad emsaxuros mxatvrul sityvas. literaturis ganviTarebas

maSin bevri ram uSlida xels. zemoTxsenebulma arastabilurma

64

gamocemebma, marTalia, SeZles araerTi saintereso Txzulebis gamotana

samzeoze, magram isic cxadia, rom sabWoTa qveyanaSi sityvakazmul

mwerlobas Tavisufali ganviTareba ar ewera. amitom, araa gasakviri, am

gamocemebis SezRuduli Tvalsawieri.

65

Tavi IV epoqis ideologiuri struqtura da regionuli

mwerlobis Taviseburebebi

$1. pirveli literaturuli Taoba aWaraSi da mwerlobis

bolSevizaciis zogierTi principi

aWaraSi arsebuli specifikuri viTarebis Sesaxeb araerTxel

mivuTiTeT: dedasamSoblosTan mravalsaukunovani ganSorebis Semdeg

mTel regions mieca SesaZlebloba ziareboda qarTul kulturas,

xelaxla gamxdariyo misi nawili da monawileoba mieRo mis

ganviTarebaSi. XX saukuneSiRa gamoCndnen pirveli Taobis mwerlebi,

romelTac mravalsaukunovani pauzis Semdeg unda eRvawaT aWaraSi

mxatvruli sityvis ganviTarebisaTvis. arsebiTad, es procesi mwifdeboda

XIX saukunis ukansaknel meoTxedsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. amdenad,

20-iani wlebisaTvis niadagi ukve Semzadebuli iyo. marTalia, sabWoTa

xelisufleba aqtiurad cdilobda, adgilobrivi Zalebi Caeba

literaturul saqmianobaSi, magram mizani amisa iyo ara mxatvruli

sityvis ganviTarebisaTvis zrunva, aramed komunisturi ideologiis

msaxurTa aRzrda: aRiarebuli faqtia, rom sabWoTa xelisuflebis

damyarebis Semdeg partiulma nomenklaturam maleve izruna imaze, rom

qveynis ideologiis roli mwerlebs aeRoT sakuTar Tavze. presa

ideologias avrcelebda, axal miTs ki, bolSevikebis dakveTiT, swored,

mwerlebi qmnidnen. axali religiis apologetis roli mwerlobam ise

moirgo, rom Semdeg karga xani dasWirda misgan gasaTavisufleblad.

mweralTa organizacia baTumSi swored am diqtaturis qveS

yalibdeboda da Sesabamisad, axalbeda Tu gamocdil mweralze erTbaSad

ramdenime faqtori zemoqmedebda.

yvelaze arsebiTi faqtori albaT mainc qarTuli literaturuli

tradicia iyo, romelsac proletaruli kulturis ukiduresi

radikalizmis epoqaSi gansakuTrebuli agresiulobiT ebrZoda

proletmwerloba. miuxedavad mravalxnovani da mravalricxovani

winaaRmdegobebisa, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, swored es faqtori iyo yvelaze

arsebiTi mwerlobis axali Taobis formirebis saqmeSi.

66

zemoxsenebulis sawinaaRmdego, magram ZaliT da gavleniT aranakleb

mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo proletaruli literaturis tendenciebi,

romlebic imxnad, xelisuflebis xelSewyobiT, sayovelTaod

mkvidrdeboda. axladfexadgmul regionul mwerlobas formireba udidesi

ideologiuri wnexis qveS uxdeboda. axalbeda mwerlis cnobiereba

sabWouri e. w. literaturuli manqanis zewoliT yalibdeboda da

mweralic Tavidanve izrdeboda sistemis msaxurad. amdenad, am epoqis

mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi ideologiis moWarbebuli doza ki ar aris

gasakviri, aramed, ufro is, rom mwerali axerxebda kidec CarCos

garRvevas da wrfeli gulisnadebis gamoxatvas Riad, farulad Tu

miniSnebiT.

am yvelaferTan erTad, unda aRiniSnos religiuri faqtoris

mniSvnelobac. erTi mxriv, mtkice rwmena islamisa, rac XX saukunis

Woroxis auzis qarTvelTa msoflmxedvelobas savsebiT gansazRvravda,

meore mxriv, qarTuli qristianuli civilizacia da kultura, romelic

ganaTlebis procesis gardauvali nawili iyo TviT aTeistur

saqarTveloSic ki da amasTan erTad, mebrZoli aTeizmi, romelic

socialisturi cxovrebis wesis da “axali adamianis” damkvidrebis

aucilebeli piroba iyo, - metad rTul msoflmxedvelobriv

winaaRmdegobebs qmnida qarTveli mwerlebis cnobierebaSi. marTalia maTi

SemoqmedebaSi gamovlenisaTvis aucilebeli Tavisufali literaturuli

sivrce ar arsebobda – socialisturi realizmi standartul CarCoSi

aqcevda xolme yvelafers – magram am winaaRmdegobis kvali mainc iCenda

xolme aqa-iq Tavs literaturaSi.

roca vmsjelobT jer proletaruli literaturis, mere

socialisturi realizmis klasobriv, partiul, ideologiur

kriteriumebze, ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebebis

safuZvelSi ideboda socrealizmis koniunqturuli versiebi, rac

ganapirobebda nawarmoebSi warmoCenil konfliqts: personaJebis,

sociologiuri sqemebis sistemas. mwerlebi daemsgavsnen swrafi

reagirebis SeiaraRebul formirebebs, romlebic umokles droSi

exmaurebodnen partiisa da sabWoTa xelisuflebis mowodebebs

koleqtivizaciis Tu industrializaciis, axali adamianis aRzrdis Tu

67

proletaruli kulturis, klasobrivi brZolis gaZlierebis Tu xalxis

mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb.

ase, rom socialisturi realizmis xelovnebis sagani iyo ara

cxovreba mTeli Tavisi mravalferovnebiTa da dialeqtikuri

winaaRmdegobebiT, aramed ideologiuri kanonis yofa. socialisturi

realizmi, romelic daamtkices xelovnebis ara mxolod ZiriTad, aramed

erTaderT tipad, arsebiTad warmoadgens realizmis gaukuRmarTebul

formas, mis profanacias.

komunisturma partiam literaturas erTbaSad ramdenime amocana

dausaxa. am amocanebis farglebSi moeqca sabWouri literaturis

Tematuri rkalic. amaTgan umTavresi iyo socialisturi cxovrebis wesis

idealizacia, cxovrebis Zvel wesTan SedarebiT misi gansuzRvreli

upiratesobis propaganda.

garda amisa, literaturas unda ebrZola sazogadoebis aTeisturi

suliskveTebiT gamsWvalvisaTvis. religiis winaaRmdeg brZola CvenTvis

saintereso regionSi ar niSnavda maincadamainc da mxolod islamis

winaaRmdeg brZolas. es sistema upirispirdeboda yvela religias

nebismieri xerxiT.

xsenebuli amocanebis Sesabamisad, Tematuri rkalis Semadgeneli

nawili iyo mwerlobis brZola “axali adamianis” aRzrdisaTvis da

sxvadasxva dargis mSromelTa saxeebis asaxva, axalgazrdoba da

komkavSiri, Sroma da aRmSenebloba, kolmeurneoba da qarxana,

revoluciamdeli tradiciebi da sabWoTa xalxebis urTierToba.

“misi poeziis Temaa socialisturi samSoblo, xalxTa didi beladebi,

lenini da stalini, lenin-stalinis diadi partia, leninur-stalinuri

kavSiri, sakolmeurneo cxovrebis aRmavloba, socialisturi Sromis

gmirebi. erTi sityviT, mis Semoqmdebas, rogorc yvela sabWoTa poetis

Semoqmedebas asazrdoebs da Suqs hfens komunisturi sazogadoebis diadi

mSeneblobis aRmavloba,” – werda erTi poetis Sesaxeb maSindeli kritika.

imdenad erTferovani iyo imJamindeli ideologiuri mwerlobis Tematuri

rkali, rom es sityvebi mTeli epoqis dasaxasiaTeblad gamodgeba.

am sakiTxebis mxatvruli asaxvis mizniT kritika mouwodebda

mwerlebs, mWidro urTierToba hqonodaT xalxis masebTan, mSomelTa

68

sxvadasxva wresTan da fenasTan, iqmneboda agitbrigadebi, igzavneboda

soflad Tu qalaqad, plantaciebSi Tu qarxnebSi. zogadad suraTis

warmosaCenad moviyvan ramdenime saarqivo dokuments, romelTac

Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisaTvis, SesaZloa, komikuri ieric ki dahkravdes,

magram imxnad es yvelaferi metad seriozul da mniSvnelovan

literaturul saqmianobad iTvleboda.

mweralTa kavSiris 1931 wlis 14 Tebervlis sxdomis oqmis mixedviT,

mwerlebs ganuzraxavT, monawileoba mieRoT sagazafxulo Tesvis

kampaniaSi da daudgeniaT kidec soflad proletmweralTa brigadis

gagzavna.

“gamoiyos brigada amx. p. obolisa da doborjginiZis SemadgenlobiT,

romlebic agitbrigadasTan erTad gaemgzavros raionebSi Semdegi

muSaobis Casatareblad: TaTbirebi glexebSi sagazafxulo Tesvaze,

kedlis gazeTebis gamoSveba, agitpiesebis gaSveba da sxva” (fondis p –

928, anaweri, saqme 1,oqmi #12).

mwerlebis Semdegi Sekreba, 4 aprilis sxdoma, sagazafxulo Tesvis

kompaniis Sedegebis ganxilvas daeTmo. p. oboli sazogadoebis winaSe

angariSiT warsdga, sadac vkiTxulobT: “Cvenma organizaciam am kompaniis

CatarebaSi miiRo Semdegi monawileoba. daweril iqna sami piesa

specialurad am kompaniisaTvis, romelic daidga aWaris soflebSi 16

adgilas, gamoSvebul iqna kedlis gazeTi 5 nomeri. wakiTxul iqna

leqsebi soflebSi, Catarebul iqna saubrebi glexebSi da gaSuqebul iqna

soflebis yofa cxovreba gazeTSi” (fondis p – 928. anaweri, saqme 1,

oqmi#12).

es yvelaferi erTjeradi aqti ar iyo. magaliTad 1934 wlis 18

Tebervals saqarTvelos sabWoTa mweralTa kavSiris aWaris ganyofilebis

sxdomaze parmen loriam gaakeTa moxseneba sagazafxulo Tesvis kampaniis

momsaxurebis Sesaxeb. masve daevala “Seadginos agitpropaganda gasuli

wlebis msgavsad, moamzados saTanadod da sagazafxulo kampaniis

dawyebisTanave gaemgzavros xulosa da qedis raionebSi. brigadas gayves

amx. loriasTan erTad amx. doborjginiZe” (fondis p – 928. anaweri, saqme

1, oqmi #35).

69

amgvari detalebis analizi erTgvarovani suraTebis mravalgzis

gameoreba iqneba mxolod da meti araferi. faqtia, rom aWaraSi Seqmnili

ideologiuri literaturuli produqciac swored, zemoxsenebul

tendencias gamoxatavda da maTSi ganuwyvetliv meordeboda partiuli

direqtivebisagan gamomdinare kliSeebi da standartebi. epoqis

literaturuli suraTis warmoCenis mcdelobisas xsenebul Temebs da

Txzulebebs gverds ver avuvliT, Tumca, maTi gamowvlilviTi analizi

unayofo Sroma iqneba mxolod. amitom, mokled SevexebiT am tendenciis

gamomxatvel calkeul nawarmoebebs, SevniSnavT mxolod, rom zogierTi

maTgani sabWoTa kritikis mier mowonebuli iyo da ideologiuri

standartebis Tanaxmad sakmaod maRalmxatvrul nawarmoebad iTvleboda.

$ 2. axali adamiani socializmis epoqaSi da

mxatvruli literaturis funqcia

revoluciis Semdgom mTeli ruseTis imperiaSi da maT Soris

saqarTveloSi (gasabWoebis Semdeg) sabWoTa xelisuflebam miznad daisaxa

axali adamianis aRzrda. sqema, erTi SexedviT, martivi iyo: revolucia

niSnavda radikalur da globalur cvlilebebs ara mxolod socialur

da politikur cxovrebaSi, aramed upirvelesad, adamianis cnobierebaSi.

nebismieri adamiani unda “gadawyobiliyo” axal cnobierebaze. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi fizikuri ganadgurebis safrTxe emuqreboda.

mainc vin aris axali adamiani?

upirvelesad albaT is, vinc marqsizm-leninizms aRiarebs da misi

mimdevaria. es mTavari principia. danarCeni, rogorc ityvian, detalebia,

Tumca es”detalebi” aranakleb mniSvnelovania.

1948 wlis 14 noembris gazeTi ”sabWoTa aWara” ganmartavda: ”Cveni

qveynis axalgazrda adamiani sruliad axali adamiania. igi aris

cxovrebis mSenebeli, aqtiuri da mtkice, nebisyofiT aRsavse,

70

kacobriobis bednierebisaTvis Tavdadebuli mebrZoli. sabWoTa

axalgazrdas axasiaTebs yvela is saukeTeso Tviseba, romlebic Cveni

drois adamianebSi mzrunveli xeliT aiRzarda da ganaviTara

bolSevikebis saxelovanma partiam”.

termini ”axali adamiani” aqtualuri jer kidev gasuli saukunis 20-

30-ian wlebSi gaxda. droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda misadmi wayenebuli

moTxovnilebebica da dakisrebuli valdebulebebic. erTi SexedviT

axali adamiani ufro da ufro humanuri, kacTmoyvare da progresulad

moazrovne xdeboda, magram realurad ucvleli rCeboda komunisturi

aRzrdis kriteriumebiT gansazRvruli ”namdvili adamianis” saxe.

cxovrebis axali wesis damkvidreba, axali, xSirad uCveulo

idealebis da miswrafebebis masobrivad Canergva adamianis sulsa da

gonebaSi ioli ar iyo. am procesSi CaerTo mZlavri ideologiuri

manqanis yvela meqanizmi. maT Soris iyo mwerloba, romelsac

gansakuTrebuli funqcia daekisra: konkretuli mxatvruli saxeebis

daxatviT unda warmoeCina misabaZi magaliTebi axali adamianisa, anu is,

Tu rogor unda iqceodes namdvili sabWoTa moqalaqe qarxanaSi

dazgasTan Tu soflad – vel-mindvrebSi muSaobis dros, ra unda miaCndes

Rirebulad da ra unda uaryos, vin unda uyvardes da vin – sZuldes da

a.S.

akaki baqraZe ”mwerlobis moTvinierebaSi” sagangebod Cerdeba ”axali

adamianis” propagandis sabWour literaturul principebze. ufro

zustad, im ukiduresobebze, ris damkvidrebasac cdilobda proletaruli

literatura. kritikosi moixmobs saTanado literaturul nimuSebs da

Semdeg daskvnebs gvTavazobs:

1. Kkomunisturi ”axali adamiani” koleqtivis mojamagirea. am koleqtivis

sasargeblod igi daufiqreblad mzad unda iyos mkvlelobisTvisac da

mZarcvelobisTvisac, dakarguli unda hqondes sindisis qenjnis unaric.

2. igi unda iyos nebayoflobiTi milicieli, nebayoflobiTi KГB – isti da

Tavad unda apatimrebdes Tavisi ojaxis wevrebs.

3. komunisturma axalma adamianma araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda

gamoavlinos moyvasis siyvaruli, es sisuste, uniaToba da uxerxemloba.

erTaderTi, rac mas unda uyvardes, es proletariatia.

71

4. komunistur ”axal adamians” arc Tavisi RviZli eri uyvardes, misTvis

sulerTia, vin iqneba erovnebiT da a.S. (baqraZe 1990:158).

marTalia, aseT ukiduresobamde regionuli literatura iSviaTad

midioda, magram ”samagaliTo” axali adamianebi – mSromelebi da

mSvidobisaTvis mebrZolebi, sabWoTa mamakacebi, qalebi da bavSvebi,

wiTelarmielebi da komkavSirelebi... bejiTad aRwera.

propagandistuli literaturis mixedviT, sabWoTa adamianisaTvis

didi pativia revoluciuri warsuli. poetis movaleoba ki aseTi

pirovnebebis gandidebaa. mxatvrul ostatobas am SemTxvevaSi

meorexarisxovani roli ekisreba.

”saiqios boroteba gaamgzavra swored bevri.

SiSisagan aRar iyvnen, Seucvala yvelas feri

pristavi da damqaSebi miimalnen yvela erTad

ar icodnen Tu ra eqnaT, arsaidan iyo Svela.

SiSis meti SiSisagan autexa yvelas bela” (komaxiZe 1928:31).

- werda, magaliTad erTi poeti Zveli revolucioneris, memed

gogiberiZis Sesaxeb.

samagierod, am brZolam is Sedegi gamoiRo, rom proletariatis

zeobis xana dadga da poetic valdebulia aRweros mozeime

proletariati:

”varT mozeime rayifebi

elvis,

anTebis

da moTayvane plebeebi

rkinis SanTebis

gvitacebs JRera

viT simRera

zuCis da faris

da gvitkbobs smenas

viT simebis qviTini Taris” (odiSeli 1928:6).

literatura dabejiTebiT xatavda suraTebs, rom axalma cxovrebam

radikalurad Secvala qalis cxovrebis wesic. ukan darCa beCavi yofa.

sabWoTa qali sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevria, aqtiuradaa CarTuli

72

sazogadoebriv saqmianobasa da socialistur SejibrSi. warmatebuli

kolmeurnea da yvelasaTvis misabaZi staxanoveli. misi bednierebis

sazomic, ra Tqma unda sabWouria:

”citrusebis nargavebs Tavs vevlebi alersiT,

staxanovels gicnoben Cais plantaciebi.

gulSi Rvarad movardnils veRar vfarav sixaruls,

guSindeli fuxara koxta odas iSeneb,

wiTel samSoblosaTvis nergav bavSvSi siyvaruls,

bednieri Rimili mziur saxes gimSvenebs” (afxazava 1941:#5:46).

qalis cxovreba da sazrunavi saojaxo saqmeebiT aRar

Semoifargleba. brZolisa da Sromis xazze mamakacTan erTad dgas: yanaSi

Tu baRCaSi, qarxanaSi Tu fabrikaSi, samamulo omsa Tu mSeneblobaze:

“Cemi fanjridan mosCans

mziT garujuli qali:

dahka, betoni moWra,

swrafad mostaca yalibs

da miawoda ostats

erTad or-ori cali.

vucqer, vucqer da vatyob –

ver dajabnida mteri...

iq snaiperi iyo,

aq ki – betonis mWreli” (malazonia 1949:#12:8).

ufrosebs bavSvebic unda amoudgnen mxarSi. axali adamianis

Camoyalibebis aucilebeli piroba swored momavali Taobis aRzrdaa,

marqsistul-leninuri suliskveTebac. amitom, mxatvruli literaturac

dauRalavad xatavs suraTebs, rogor ebmebian bavSvebi koleqtiuri

Sromis ferxulSi, ra pasuxismgeblobiT ekidebian koleqtivis

sakuTrebas. ase, magaliTad, roca saukeTeso meCaie feride avad gaxda, igi

janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gauaresebis gamo ki ar wuxda, aramed imis

gamo, rom Sromis gmirobaze meocnebes sayvareli saqmianobis, Zvirfasi

Cais buCqebis mitoveba mouxda. magram mas am gasaWirSi Svili, patara

narguli amoudga mxarSi:

“magram dedikos nakveTi

73

xom Sercxva, xom CamorCeba?

ara! dedas ar Searcxvens,

deda ar daiCagreba.

dedis magier narguli

Cais buCqebSi Cadgeba” (gabeskiria 1949:#6).

mxatvruli literaturis funqcia iyo, daexata partiis da

komkavSiris gansakuTrebuli roli, ganedidebina isini da daemkvidrebina

sazogadoebaSi azri, rom maTTvis dauZleveli winaaRmdegoba ar

arsebobs:

“Cven dabrkolebebs ar SevuSindebiT,

ar viciT raa brZolaSi daRla,

ver gvakrTobs susxi, TqeSi, bindebi, -

vfrinavT yvelaze swrafad da maRla!

stalinuri mze gvaTbobs, gvakaJebs,

man Segvaswavla Sroma, brZola da

leninur modgmas mamac qal-vaJebs

muxli, kunTebi dagvifoladda” (rusiZe 1938:#249).

socialisturi realizmis literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo

ama Tu im profesiis wina planze wamoweva, am dargSi moRvawe adamianebis

saqmianobis mniSvnelobis ganmarteba. Sesabamisad, iqmneboda nawarmoebebi

agitatorebsa Tu wiTelarmielebze, Cais mkrefavebsa Tu mSeneblebze.

magaliTad, erTi poeti xazs usvams agitatoris saqmianobis

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas, romelic Tavdauzogavad iRwvis mSromelTa

“partiuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebisa” da “Sromisunarianobis

gazrdisaTvis”. dRevandeli mkiTxvelisaTvis amas komikurobis elferi ki

dakravs, magram warmodgenili suraTis mixedviT mSromelebi mouTmenlad

moelian agitators da sulganabuli usmenen mas:

“geliT, sada xarT, mogvnatrebia

Seni Rimili da saubrebi.

TvalebiT gzebi gavaCiraRdneT,

erTi survili gvqonda namdvili.

... gvwyuria Seni sityva marTali,

74

pirze riJraJTa eSxis momgvreli,

ra kargi iyo Seni naTqvami

agitatoro isev mogeliT” (varSaniZe 1950:46).

an kidev:

”kacis uflebis siRrme ganmarta,

Cveni cxovrebis mizani swori, -

da amomrCevlebs zamTris buxarTan

esaubreba agitatori” (xalvaSi 1950:#53).

agitatoris qeba arc erTaderTia da arc SemTxveviTi. sabWoTa

mwerlis Tvals yuradRebis gareSe praqtikulad arcerTi profesiis

adamiani ar rCeboda:

“unda saCqarod waviRoT

burRi, zonari, falia,

rom avafeTqoT laRumi,

SevazanzaroT mTania” (keSelava:1980:116).

- es leqsi baritis memaRaroels eZRvneba. memaRaroels, romelic baritis

madnis aRmoCenam imdenad gaaxara, saxlSi veRar gaCerda da “TvalebSi

mzeamosuli” gaiqca dResaswaulad qceul saqmianobaSi monawileobis

misaRebad.

”gamxurebeli

anTebs frqvevanas,

Cndeba xanZari Cauqrobeli;

qariSxaldeba

cecxlis magia

Sromis hangebaT gadaqceuli.

saorTqle qvabSi orTqli

mxedrdeba,

orTqli paeqrobs

cecxlTan brZolaSi, -

da igic ase

hquxs da varvarebs,

viT oqtombris mTa

srbolaSi...“ (SaraSiZe 1930:#223).

75

es leqsi ki gamxureblis sapativcemulod aris dawerili. rogorc

vxedavT, Semoqmedis ”maxvil Tvals” yuradRebis gareSe komunizmis

mSeneblobis procesSi Cabmuli arcerTi adamiani ar rCeboda da barem

wiTelarmielebic vaxsenoT aqve, romelic, rogorc wesi, ”ibrZolebs,

sanam ar waiqceva”. am TemasTan erTad bunebrivad Cndeba sabWoTa

literaturaSi imperialistebis da socialisturi sistemis sxva

dauZinebeli mtrebis saxec, ”beber evropis dampali modgma” da

”sisxliani burJuazia”.

”da mxeciviT gviRrens igi,

unda sazRvris gadmoqelva,

magram akrTobs Cveni xmalis

da varskvlavis Cvenis elva.

Tu gabeda muxanaTma

da Seexo is Cvens miwas –

naxavs wiTelarmieli

did samSoblos rogor icavs” (cecxlaZe 1938:14).

wiTelarmielebis cxovrebas asaxavs parmen lorias moTxroba

“Sexvedra”, romelSic mesazRvreTa Tavdadebaa naambobi. sabWoTa kavSir-

TurqeTis sazRvris sakmaod didi monakveTi swored, aWaraze gadioda da

es Tema mwerlobis yuradRebis gareSe ver darCeboda.

menSevikebis periodSi, maSin, roca saqarTveloSi garkveuli xniT

germanelebmac SemoaRwies, bolSevikebis braldebiTYdaakaves pavle.

sofom scada qmris daxsna. “ufrosebs” Soris aRmoCnda giorgi kobraZe,

mezobeli aznauriSvili, romelic sofos dedis ZuZuTi iyo gazrdili.

qali muxlebSi Cauvarda da daxmareba sTxova, kobraZem ki agdebiT

mousmina da bolos sakuTari xeliT dauxvrita qmari.

gamoxda xani. sofom Svili gazarda, daTiko, romelic sasazRvro

jaris oficeri gaxda. omianobis dros sazRvris damrRvevebs rom

daakaveben, erT-erTi swored giorgi kobraZe aRmoCndeba.

“Tqvens ganaCens sabWoTa xalxi da sasamarTlo gamoitans” – ase

mimarTavs daTiko sazRvris damrRvevebs, maT Soris mamis mkvlels

(loria 1943:24). es moTxroba, cxadia, Tavsdeba ideologiur CarCoSi:

76

mteri borotia, aznauria, sabWoTa adamianebi ki keTilsindisieri

muSakebi da samarTlianebi arian. Sesabamisad, daTiko Tavad ki ar iZiebs

Surs, sabWoTa marTlmsajulebas miandobs mamis mkvlelis beds.

kritika xSirad miuTiTebda, rom sabWoTa mwerals SemoqmedebiTi

TvalsazrisiT idealur viTarebaSi uxdeboda yofna. mas arc Temebi

hqonda saZiebeli da ideur gamarTulobazec ar uwevda didi Wapan-wyveta.

literaturul Tu proletarul presaSi xSirad waawydebodiT maSin,

magaliTad aseT “margalitebs”:

“aWaristanis dRevandeli sinamdvile, misi soflis mosaxleobis zne-

CveulebaTa specifiuroba da am zneCveulebaTa gardatexis xanaSi yofna –

erT mxriv, aWaristanis gadasvla industrializaciis relsebze – meore

mxriv – mxatvruli Semoqmedebis ganviTarebisaTvis mraval masalas

iZleva, iZleva nedleulis uamrav marags, romelic aWaris axalgazrda

mwerlobam fabrikatebad unda gardaqmnas” (feraZe 1928:90).

sinamdvileSi, literaturul masalaze Tvalis gadavlebac cxadyofs,

rom mwerali mxolod iaraRia saxelmwifos xelSi. igi mxolod

ideologiuri SekveTis Semsrulebelia, zogi niWierad, zogi uniWod,

xolo SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebaze, aseT pirobebSi laparakic zedmetia.

$3. socialisturi Sromis apologia

termini “socialisturi Sromac” epoqis pirmSoa. propagandistuli

standartis mixedviT, oqtombris revoluciis gamarjvebis Semdeg

mSromelTaTvis axali, saamuri xana daiwyo. monuri Sroma gaTavisuflda

borkilebisgan. Tuki manamde lukma-purs tanjviT moipovebdnen, axla ukve

dazgasTan Tu CarxTan muSaoba bednierebis safuZvelia. “socialisturi

samSoblosTvis Sroma sixarulis uSreti wyaroa”, - ai am propagandis da

Sesabamisi literaturuli produqciis konceptualuri azri.

“Seni dRe Tvalwarmtacia,

vaSa, vin agamziana,

77

Sroma gmirobad aqcia,

mSromeli – adamianad!” (rusiZe 1938:21).

- werda poeti da gasakviri araa, rom axali adamianis aRzrdis Tu

socialisturi cxovrebis wesis propagandis gzaze sabWoTa literatura

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda swored “socialisturi

aRmSeneblobis procesad wodebuli viTarebis warmoCenas. isic naTelia,

rom amgvari mwerlobis erT-erTi Tanmdevi xazi iyo Zvelisa da axlis

dapirispireba:

“ra aris dRes da ra iyo winaT

es yvavilis da narinjis veli!

dideba imas, Cemo qveyanav,

vinc gaginaTa wyvdiadi bneli!” (rurua 1940:#4.48).

bunebrivia isic, rom Semoqmedi adidebs im bneli wyvdiadis

ganmanaTleblebs, gansakuTrebiT imaT, vinc Sromis gmiris didebamde

miaRwies. detalizaciisgan amjeradac SevikavebT Tavs, mxolod zogierTi

nawarmoebis saTaurs davasaxelebT suraTis naTelsayofad: “Cais mkrefav

staxanovel qals”, “muSebs”, “rkinis aria”, “himni proletarebs”, “ver

aRvmarTeT droSa”, “zeimi droSebiT”, “sofels”, “Tesaven yanas”, “Tumc

Caesvena”, “hoda icode”, “Sromis Svils”, ”Cveni simRera”, “Sromis nadimze”,

“msoflio naduri”, “pioneris werili”, “Cveni sofeli”. mwerlebi

cdiloben, daarwmunon mkiTxveli, rom Sroma uZleveli Zalaa, romlis

meSveobiTac dedamiwaze yvela ukeTureba warmavalia. mas SeuZlia

erTpirovnulad daamarcxos gaWirveba, duxWiri cxovreba, siRatake da

naTeli momavlis safuZvelTa safuZveli gaxdes. muSas ara aqvs

daRonebis, uimedobisa da sicocxlze xelis aRebis ufleba. Mmwerali ki

Sromis mexotbed iqca da gansakuTrebiT dafasda e. w. industrialuri

lirikis primitiuli striqonebi:

“msurs Tavisufal naTel Sromas

SevuTxza himni.

dideba guTans, Toxs da namgals

traqtors da weraqvs,

dideba Sromas, rom miwis guls,

apobs da Raravs...” (rurua 1954:85).

78

erTob popularuli iyo konkretuli masStaburi (unda vaRiaroT,

rom xSirad uaRresad Rirebuli da mniSvnelovani) proeqtebisadmi

miZRvnili mxatvruli nawarmoebebi. magaliTad, uamravi literaturuli

produqcia mieZRvna aWariswylis hidroeleqtrosadguris (aWhesis)

mSeneblobas, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada, rigiT mSromelTa

sacxovreblebSic SeeRwia eleqtroenergias:

“da sazeimod mowyobili aWaristani,

aWhesis sadgurs, rogorc yvavils mkerdze daibnevs,

eleqtro CqeriT mavTulebic iqneba mTvrali

da es Cqerebi qoxmaxebsac yvelgan dairbens” (SaviSvili 1928:19).

aranakleb popularuli iyo kolxeTis dablobze Waobis daSrobis,

dasavleT saqarTveloSi Cais plantaciebis gaSenebis da sxva Temebi.

parmen loria ase exmianeba “socialisturi Sromis” process romanSi

“Cai”:

“gvimris meti araferi modioda, baba, am Toxaurze! – uTxra erTma

gurulma glexma ferides sofelSi yofnisas. – kinaRam SeviSale, dabarva

rom dagvawyebines. gadairia xalxi-meTqi! erT xans soia gvaTesvines, mere

TuTuni gvakrefines, axla masxrad gvigdeben da raRac usargeblo nergs

gvargevineben-meTqi. axla Tavis Tavs dascinoda moxuci maSindeli

SiSisTvis. sagvimre Semosavlis wyarod iqca. xumrobaa, wliurad heqtarma

aseTma mwirma miwam sami-oTxi aTasi maneTi Semoitanos! aq marto Cai xom

araa. mas ucxo xeebi Semohyva. es citrusebio, es evkaliptio, bambuki,

aTasnairi ucxo xe da swored baRs daemsgavsa es sofeli!” (loria

1948:247).

bunebrivia, Sromisa da mSromelTa sadidebel literaturul

produqciaSi umTavresi adgili ekava erTi mxriv, muSas da qarxanas,

meore mxriv –kolmeurnes da sofels:

“vagebT qarxnebs uamravs,

cecxli Rvivis rkinaSi,

vdgavarT axla pirispir,

mSeneblobis winaSe!..

sxva saqmisTvis mSromelebs

79

dRes Cven aRar gvcalia!

Sroma axdens saswauls,

neba magistralia...

wesi unda aegos

rac fuWi da augia, -

naSTi bneli warsulis,

cecxlsac gadabugia.

Zveli mama-papuri

ar gvigvarga kavebi!

unda traqtors, manqanas

movumarjvoT mklavebi” (rurua 1954:108).

- werda poeti, magram mwerlis funqcia ganuzomlad ufro didi iyo. mas

ara mxolod ideologiurad misaRebi kuTxiT unda aRewera realoba,

aramed moqmedebis forma da wesic daewesebina. vTqvaT, aeZulebina glexi

daTanxmebuliyo kerZo mesakuTreobis uaryofaze, mijnebis moSlasa da

koleqtivSi gaerTianebaze, magaliTad ase:

“vangrevT zRudeebs sakuTrebisas,

aRar gvsurs mijna ZmaTa gamyofi!

traqtorma unda dagvixnas miwa,

rom yanam mogvces uxvi nayofi.

kerZo cxovrebam Cven saTiTaod

yvela mogRala da mogvinela;

ukve SevigneT erTobis Zala

da koleqtivSi SevdivarT yvela.

visac gsurT qveynad daTrgunoT Zveli

weswyobileba da hpovoT Svela,

koleqtivisken, koleqtivisken,

koleqtivebSi SeerTdiT yvela!” (rurua 1954:102).

80

parmen lorias moTxrobaSi “Cemi pirveli Tanamdeboba” aRwerilia

aWaris erT-erTi soflis yoveldRiuri cxovreba, miRwevebi, warmatebebi,

miznebi. “axali sabWoTa adamianis” aslan igive arCil TibaZis karieris

dasawyisi da a.S. mSobliur sofelSi dasasveneblad Casuli fiqrobs,

sakuTari SesaZleblobebi bolomde moaxmaros samSoblos, Tumca ver

warmoudgenia, rogor unda imuSaos umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqonem

kolmeurneobis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebobaze. fiqrobs, qveynisaTvis ufro

metis gakeTeba SeuZlia da gacilebiT did, sapasuxismgeblo samsaxurSi

warmoudgenia Tavi. TumcaRa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT ojaxis wevrebi da

Tanasoflelebi axerxeben mis darwmunebas.

arCili midis im mosazrebamde, rom soflis winamZRolobisa da

marTvisaTvis saWiroa ara mxolod gamocdili, gamrje da mSromeli, aramed

umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamiani. surs, ar Semcirdes kolmeurneobis

warmatebis rekorduli maCveneblebi, amisaTvis ki „saswaulebis epoqas“

Sesabamisi kadri esaWiroeba.

„eqvsi tona anu eqvsi aTasi kilogrami, ara, es rogor SeiZleba. aTi wlis

win heqtaris sarekordo mosavali ori-sami tona iyo, axali ki Tormetze

asula. es xom saswaulis msgavsia, afasebs Sromis gmirobis maZiebeli dis,

ninezas miRwevebs arCili da ukvirs, rogor axerxebs sruliad axalgazrda

qali mosavlis erTi oTxad gazrdas, magram maleve rwmundeba, rom

warmatebis sawindari koleqtivia. ramdenimewliani istoria aqvs arCilis

mSobliuri soflis kolmeurneobas, sadac am mokle droSi „imdeni qoneba

dagrovda, rom kerZo Semosavlis gareSec yvelas yofnis, ufro metic, avtori

qveynis mravalsaukunovan istorias upirispirebs koleqtivis miRwevebs da

naTelia, Tu ras aniWebs upiratesobas:

„Cveni winaprebi saukuneebi cxovrobdnen, ibrZodnen, Sromobdnen,

sisxlsa da ofls Rvridnen da mainc mSivrebi usaxlkaroni da SiSvel-

titvelni iyvnen, mec ki vSromobdi ormoci weli manamde, magram... am Teqvsmet

weliwadSi ki... - ajamebs miRwevebs rejeb TibaZe, mas ver warmoedgina

koleqtivisgan gverdze dgoma da brZola kerZo sakuTrebisTvis. piriqiT, am

ukanasknelisgan Tavis daRweva iTvleba warmatebis garantad. „aravin

81

daijerebs, rom Teqvsmeti-Cvidmeti wlis win am adgilas saxurav aglejili

facxa idga, xolo am moSenebuli ezos nacvlad - wiTeli Tixa gvimriTa da

ekal-bardiT dafaruli, am ojaxis kulturuli patronis nacvlad-

ukulturo, kerpi da gonebadaClungebuli glexi rejeb TibaZe cxovrobda,

romelic yoveli axali wamowyebis winaaRmdegi iyo, mamapapuri zne-

CveulebebiTa da maTebr monuri muSaobiT fiqrobda kerZo sakuTrebis

gazrdas, Tixa miwis barviTa da simindis TesviT apirebda ojaxis rCenas da

gamokvebas ase gansjis arCili da mwerlis mizanic naTelia - daarwmunos

mkiTxveli, rom koleqtivizacia ganviTarebis erTaderTi swori gzaa.

socialisturi suliskveTebis mxatvrul nawarmoebTa ricxvi

ganuzomelia. maTi detaluri analizi arafris momcemia da Tu Cven,

marTalia, Zalian mokled, magram mainc vcdilobT ZiriTad Temebsa Tu

tendenciebze miniSnebas, mxolod imitom, rom swored, aseTi literaturuli

maskulatura gansazRvravda epoqis literaturul saxes da iwereboda

uamravi leqsi, romlebSic xotbas asxamdnen prioritetad aRiarebul

dargebs, Cais, siminds, siloss, meCaieebs, meabreSumeebs, mecitruseebs,

menaxSireebs da a.S. am literaturis dasaxelebac ki sakmarisia zogadi

suraTis warmosadgenad: “simRera Cais mkrefavebze”, „brigadiri“, „Rame

plantaciaSi“, „baritis memaRaroe“, „patara menaxSires“, „gamxurebeli“,

„agitatori“, „aWarel mecitruseebs“, „Cai“, „mSenebeli“, „balada Soferze“,

„aWareli kolmeurnis simRera“, “durgali“, „ yanaSi“ da a. S.

Sromis da mSromelis qebaSi dasaZraxi araferia, magram am leqsebs Tu

poemebs, moTxrobebsa Tu romanebs suli aklda, WeSmariti Semoqmedis

patiosneba da gulwrfeloba...

82

4. axali kerpebi da axali TariRebi

akaki baqraZe ,,mwerlobis moTvinierebaSi“ SeniSnavs, rom

,,SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba upirvelesad or aucilebel komponents

gulisxmobs - pirveli, mwerals (saerTod xelovans) unda hqondes

sakuTari koncefcia da meore - zneobrivi pasuxismgebloba. literaturis

partiulobis principi uaryofs orive komponents da, amdenad,

SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebasac“ (baqraZe 1990: 32).

am debulebis sailustraciod akaki baqraZes mohyavs nimuSebi

beladebisadmi miZRvnili mxatvruli Semoqmedebidan. ,,iwereboda

uangariSo da ulevi leqsi, moTxroba, piesa, romani. mweralTa plenumebsa

da yrilobebze ikiTxeboda sagangebo moxsenebebic - ,,amxanag stalinis

saxe sabWoTa mxatvrul literaturaSi“, - wers igi.

beladebis saxotbo poezia aWaraSi moRvawe mwerlebis Semoqmedebis

erTi uxvi nakadic romaa, gasakviri ar unda iyos. am literaturas

mxatvruli Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia, magram imdenad mravalricxovani da

damaxasiaTebelia, imdenad arsebiTi nawilia imJamindeli mwerlobisa,

maTi Tundac sqematuri warmoCenis gareSe epoqis suraTis warmodgena

Znelia.

mwerlebis nawilsaTvis politikuri davalebis Sesruleba sapatio

misiad iTvleboda, nawilisaTvis – ara. es ukanasknelni beladebs Tavis

gadasarCenad umRerodnen, magram gamocda Cabarebulad rodi

eTvlebodaT, mTavari iyo gaRebuli xarki zemdgom organoebSi

mowonebodaT. movaleobis moxdis mizniT dawerili mxatvruli nawarmoebi

ara literaturuli, aramed politikuri kritikis qarcecxlSi

gatardeboda da avtori saTanadodac daisjeboda.

maqsim gorkim 1934 wels mweralTa sakavSiro yrilobaze sityviT

gamosvlisas TiTqos dagmo didi Tu mcire beladebis gandidebis

tendencia. ganacxada, rom ,,beladoba – es aris meSCanobis

individualisturi miswrafeba mTeli TaviT maRla dadges Tavis

amxanagTan SedarebiT, rasac advilad axerxeben meqanikuri gaqnilobis,

carieli Tavis da carieli gulis arsebobis periodSi” (gorki 1934:#194).

83

magram amas xeli ar SeuSlia sabWoTa saxotbo poeziis

ganviTarebisaTvis. beladebis gandideba Cveul ritmSi grZeldeboda.

1938 wels gazeTi “sabWoTa aWara” iuwyeboda: ”wulukiZe, Saumiani,

jafariZe da bevri sxva revolucioneri-muSebi, glexebi, inteligentebi

aRzrdilni arian didi stalinis mier. maTi saxeebi didi xania elian

mxatvrul sityvis ostatebs.

qarTuli sabWoTa literaturis erT-erT ZiriTad amocanad Cven

migvaCnia am Tematikis damuSaveba. magram es Tematika imdenad vrceli da

mdidaria, imdenad aqtualuri da mniSvnelovania mTeli sabWoTa

xalxisaTvis, rom Cven ar SegviZlia am tribunidan ar movuwodoT mTeli

sabWoTa kavSiris mxatvruli sityvis ostatebs monawileoba miiRon am

did muSaobaSi. aq adgili da Temebi yvelasaTvis sakmarisia” (“sabWoTa

aWara” 1938:#7).

gasakviri araa, rom saxotbo poeziis centraluri figura stalinia.

staliniada maSin yovliswamlekavi iyo. poetebi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen

mis gandidebaSi, eZebdnen originalur mxatvrul saxeebs da adamianur Tu

zebunebriv Tvisebebs, romlebic axali epoqis kerpisTvis unda mieweraT:

”Sen xom kremlidan ganTiadi xar,

gazafxuli xar, siamis wyaro,

yvela mSromelis gulSi Cadixar,

rom sixaruli CanCqerad Rvaro.

SeniT wkrialebs mwyemsis karavSic

rusTvelis leqsis elvare bwkari.

miwac ar brunavs dRes Sens gareSe

da arc ialbuzs exeba qari” (Juruli 1946:#86).

- werda erTi poeti. stalinis, axali samyaros Semqmnelis gaxsenebazec ki

haerSi mfrinavi lomguldeba, udabnoSi qaris TareSi wydeba da mwvane

xeivnebi iqmneba. misi Cibuxic ki Zvirfasia ara mxolod sabWoTa

moqalaqisaTvis, aramed mTeli msofliosaTvis. sadRac junglebSi myof

indoelisaTvis mxsneli, simarTlis bairaxtari stalinia da ra

gasakviria, Tu akvnidan Cvilic mis suraTs Sehxaris:

“RimiliT gicnobs funTuSa bavSvic

akvnidan axlad amoyvanili,

84

umzers suraTs da, dedis kalTaSi

tkbilad titinebs: “Zia stalini!” (Juruli 1946:#250).

aRsaniSnavia, rom baTumSi moRvawe mweralTagan nestor maniZis, imave

nestor malazonias, varlam Jurulisa da v. gorgaZis stalinisadmi

miZRvnili leqsebi Sevida saqarTvelos k. p. (b) c. k-is gamomcemlobis

“zaria vostokas” mier qarTul da rusul enebze 1937 wels gamocemul

krebulSi: “qarTuli leqsebi da simRerebi stalinze”.

gasakviri araa, rom stalinTan erTad, ara ase masStaburad, magram

mainc, ganadidebdnen sxva politikur figurebs, sakavSiro Tu

adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis beladebs - berias, orjonikiZes, voroSolovs

da sxvebs. aq nimuSad mravalTagan mxolod erT magaliTs moviyvanT:

“kavkasionis mters gaSmagebuls

vinc sasikvdilod mostexa mxari

vinc gvasaxela Tavis marjveniT

da gaxda Cveni xmali da fari.

vinc daifara gansacdelisgan

Cveni ojaxi da Cveni kera,

imas ekuTvnis Cemi gulisTqma,

Cemi leqsi da Cemi simRera.

is rCeulia, Cven imas virCevT

dRegrZeli iyos is Cveni gmiri

dRegrZeli iyos Cveni beria

Seudrekeli da pirdapiri” (rurua@1946#28).

poetebs arc prozaikosebi CamorCebodnen. magaliTad, kapiton rusiZis

moTxrobis ,,gulnazis” konceptualuri azri isaa, rom gulnazis,

socialisturi Sromis gmiris warmatebis sawindari sabWoTa wyobasTan

erTad didi stalinia. misi geniis wyalobiT gaxda aWareli qali

sanimuSo mSromeli. oqros varskvlavis miRebis Semdeg, swored mas uxdis

madlobas: “suraTidan mamobrivi RimiliT gadmohyurebda usayvarlesi

adamiani. gulnazma ramdenime wams Tvali ver moaSora mas. mere, TiTqos

axali Zal-Rone Seemata da goneba gaexsnao, beladis suraTs man xelebi

85

miuSvira da TrTolviT warmoTqva afarTqalebul gulidan amotanili

sami sityva:

_ madloba mSobliur stalins!

darbazSi metis ZaliT igriala taSma.”

propagandistuli strategia maincadamainc maxvilgonivrulad rodia

SerCeuli, magram mizani mkafiod aris gansazRvruli da amgvari

nawarmoebebic savsebiT misaRebi iyo sabWouri kritikisTvis.

garda beladebisa, xotbis obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri

movlena an faqti, romelic sabWoTa sistemas Seesabameboda. aq

upirvelesad unda davasaxeloT sazeimo TariRebi, romlebic axal epoqas

axleburi hqonda, Zveli, miTumetes religiuri dResaswaulebisagan

sruliad gansxvavebuli: energetikis dRe Tu rkinigzelis dRe, pirveli

maisi Tu Svidi noemberi. poetebic ganadidebdnen sazeimo TariRebs:

“dRes oqtomberi mobrZandeba

droSagaSlili,

zeims ixdian bednieri moqalaqeni.

xarobs da laRobs

sabWoeTis didi kavSiri,

yvelgan lxinia da xalisis

zRva da CanCqeri” (malazonia 1953:36).

an kidev:

“xma imedisa misgan gaismis

da cadatyorcnil kremlidan modis

kacobriobis didi maisi” (Juruli 949:#86).

TariRebis garda, gandidebis obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo

konstitucia Tu arCevnebi, xuTwledi Tu gegmebis gadaWarbebiT

Sesruleba. am SemTxvevaSic erTi magaliTis moyvanas davjerdebiT:

“axla, roca meore xuTwledi gvaqvs saxeSi, -

rogorc pirvels, imasac xorcs Seasxams partia.

mteri TviTon ebmeba mis dagebul maxeSi,

axla, roca meore xuTwledi gvaqvs saxeSi.

damkvreloba izrdeba aRtacebul masebSi,

mSenebloba epoqis sulis andamatia!

86

axla roca meore xuTwledi gvaqvs saxeSi, -

rogorc pirvels, imasac gamosWedavs partia!” (rurua 1945:115).

am da sxva amgvari striqonebis mxatvruli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb ra

mogaxsenoT, magram sapropagando funqcias, etyoba, kargad asruldebda.

martivad da gasagebad cdilobda masebis darwmunebas, rom xuTwledebi

dagegmvis genialuri mignebaa, rom sabWoTa konstitucia yvelaze

samarTliania, rom CvenSi Catarebuli arCevnebi yvelaze demokratiulia,

rom sabWoTa beladebi yvelaze didi adamianebi arian kacobriobis

istoriaSi...

$5 regionis cxovrebis suraTebi

ganxiluli sakiTxebis garda CvenTvis saintereso epoqaSi

regionulma mwerlobam asaxa araerTi Tema, romelTagan zogi wminda

ideologiuri Sinaarsisa, zogi – diaxac, saWirboroto, imxanad erTob

aqtualuri iyo da miuxedavad propagandis gvariani dozebisa –

regionisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone.

aviRoT Tundac qalis mdgomareoba zogadad da CadrTan

damokidebulebis sakiTxi.

Cadris Tema dRes, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi Cans anaqronizmad, Torem

maSin es sakiTxi metad principuli iyo da mwerlebic - zogi partiis

miTiTebis gamo, zogic gulwrfelad – Caeba qalis diskriminaciis

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

es Tema ramdenime aspeqtiT warmoCnda kazmulsityvaobaSi. erTi

maTgania qalis uufleboba, misi diskriminacia. erTi mxriv, religiuri

principebisgan, meore mxriv, dromoWmuli tradiciebisgan gamomdinare.

parmen loria romanSi “Cai” ase aRwers qalis mdgomareobas:

”aWarel qals cameti weli rom Seusruldeboda, Cadrs

daaxuravdnen, ferCes Camoafarebdnen. ekrZaleboda im dRidan

mamakacebisTvis saxis Cveneba.

87

norCs gaaTxovdebdnen, cameti-ToTxmeti wlisas, xSirad

naklebisas...

Raribs gahyveboda – siRaribec tanjavda sxva gaWirvebasTan erTad.

SeZlebulis xelSi – dahkargavda Tu ara mowonebas qmris TvalSi,

meore rigSi unda gadamdgariyo, qmars meore axalgazrda coli

mohyavda.

da TiTqos eguebodnen am cxovrebas, eguebodnen, ase egonaT, ase

fiqrobdnen zogierTebi.

aseTia qalis xvedrio, qadagebdnen xojebi. qali monaa, monad unda

darCes, kmayofili unda darCes, kmayofili unda iyos qali imiT, rac

bedma argunao.

SeiZleba zogierTi qmaric fiqrobda, rom misi pirveli meuRle

kmayofili iyo, roca TviTon meore colTan nebivrobda.

wesi iyo; mdidars SeeZlo ori-sami coli moeyvana.

uSvilo qalis qmaric sargeblobda meore colis moyvanis

uflebiT.

qaliSvili ar iTvleboda Svilad da aqac meore coli SeiZleboda

gamoCeniliyo. zogjer pirvel cols unda gamoerCia Tavisi qmrisTvis

sacole” (loria 1948:337).

rogorc vxedavT, am fragmentSi mravalcolianobis problemac

iCens Tavs. igive sakiTxi ufro farTod aqvs warmoCenili parmen

lorias romanSi “deli muradi” (“ganTiadi xevSi”). am Txzulebis

personaJ iusuf aRas sami coli hyavs da es ambavi Cveulebriv

movlenad miaCnia. eg ki ara, ukvirs kidec, qalebisTvis ratomaa

miuRebeli es ambavi: “...moagonda pirveli colis cremlebi. muxlebze

exveoda, exveweboda, momkali jer, damasaflave da mere moiyvane meore

colio. ver urigdeboda im azrs, rom misi qmari meore colTan

inebivrebda im dros, roca pirveli coli imav saxlSi iqneboda.

- sulelebia qalebi, - Rimilma gaupo bage aRas, - ra atirebda, rad

iklavda Tavs? sulerTia, qali yvela qalia, erTnairia da erTi jiSis,

mravali coli ki xalisia da sixaruli. cxovrebas ar mogawyens. axali

surneleba Semodis saxlSi axali colis SemosvliT. TiTqos

cxovrebas Tavidan iwyeb...” (loria 1939:122).

88

amgvari “filosofiac” qalis uuflebobaze metyvelebs, romelic

valdebulia, Seeguos am viTarebas iseve, rogorc Seegua luTbie, -

usuf aRas pirveli coli. avtori ase gadmogvcems amis fiqrTa

mdinarebas: “TviTmkvlelobasac nebisyofa unda, nebisyofa ki imas aqvs,

visac guli aqvs. luTbies arafris unari aRar darCenia.

rogor urigdebodnen qalebi aseT ambavs. luTbie piradad icnobs

aseT colebs, romlebic Seguebian aseT mdgomareobas da orive coli

tkbilad cxovrobs erT ojaxSi. xan erTi xdeba qmris alersis Rirsi,

xan meore...

ratomRac erTxelac ar ukiTxavs luTbies aseTi colebisaTvis,

rogor aitanes aseTi cxovreba. ar egona, Tu masac argunebda cxovreba

amaT beds.

ara, luTbies ar SeuZlia Seurigdes im mdgomareobas, rom misi

qmris sawoli saziaro iyos.

sisulelea. raRa dros Serigebazea laparaki, roca ukve Seurigda.

ukve gaxda saziaro, saziaro ki ara, ukve waarTves qmari” (loria

1939:129).

unda iTqvas, rom mravalcolianoba mainc iSviaTi iyo aWaraSi,

amitomac SedarebiT naklebi asaxva hpova kazmulsityvaobaSi da parmen

loriasTanac igi mocemulia, rogorc gamonaklisi. magaliTad, sami

colis patroni zemoxsenebuli iusufi, jer erTi aRaa, maRali

socialuri wris warmomadgeneli da am faqts romanSi ideologiuri

daniSnulebac aqvs, garda amisa, misi mravalcolianobis mizezi

uSvilobacaa...

samagierod, Cadris problema ufro principuli da arsebiTi iyo.

ocian wlebSi marTlac, didi energia daixarja imisaTvis, rom aWareli

qali am anaqronizmisagan gaTavisuflebuliyo.

“12 wlidan iwyebdnen gogonebi Cadris tarebas, - werda p. loria, -

Tumca TavisuflebiT manamdec rodi iyvnen ganebivrebulni.

bavSvobidanve STaagonebdnen misi gamoyenebis aucileblobasa da

wesebs.

Tavidan aCvevdnen gogonebs Cadris Cacmas, CaCabSigan cqeras. iazmiT

swrafad pirsaxis dafarvas. amitom Svidi-rva wlis gogonebs

89

Semoaxvevdnen iazmas da ise uSvebdnen saTamaSod an Tiknebisa da

boxrikebis (xboebis) samwyemsavad” (loria 1939:63).

amave Temas exeba mamia varSaniZe:

”moabrZaneben TeTr cxeniT dedofals,

Tan axlavs biWis da dedoflis dadeni,

erTxel rom Sexedo, gana es geyofa,

Tumc Cadris ukunSi ar uCans bageni” (varSaniZe 1994:47).

nana gvariSvilis “uCadroni” (iseve rogorc misi “vaSlovani kvlav

vaSlovnia”, “almelo vaJo”, “vaSlovanel qals”, “balada SavSeTeli

qalis TavSalze” da sxv.) farTod exeba mocemul Temas. avtorisTvis

Cadri ar aris mxolod pirsaburavi, romliTac qalma saxe ar unda

uCvenos ucxo mamakacs. igi simboluri saxea adamianis pirovnuli

Tavisuflebis, politikuri uflebebis da im Rirsebebis akrZalvis,

riTac Tavis Tavs gamoxatavs. am TvalsazrisiT nana gvariSvili da

sazogadod, imJamindeli mxatvruli literatura ufro maRal

Rirebulebebze amaxvilebs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas da ganawyobs

adamianuri Rirsebis dacvisa da pativiscemisaTvis.

bunebrivia, mwerlobam asaxa erTi mxriv, sevda da naRveli

Seqmnili viTarebis gamo da meore mxriv, mowodeba Cadris

gadagdebisaken. mamia varSaniZe werda:

“Seni saxe dedilo,

gulSi Seminaxia...

Sen yvelaze netari

da lamazi mgonixar,

rom momixval, netavi,

isev CadriT momixval?!” (varSaniZe 1994:50).

an kidev:

“mesxi var, Cemi akvani

Cadrian dedam mirwia,

vin Semomixta mzakvrali

im Zvelma sevdam miwia” (varSaniZe 1994:22).

an kidev:

“me magondeba Cemi bavSvoba

90

da Cadriani mSobeli dinji” (varSaniZe 1960:20).

igive ganwyobaa fridon xalvaSis leqsSi “Tqvenac lazeTis

lamazmanebo”:

“xom SegrCeniaT qarTuli eSxi,

siturfis madli gamoulevi,

Cadris Rameul saCrdilobelSi

CongurebiviT gicemT gulebi” (xalvaSi 1949:#6).

bunebrivia, rom mwerlebi mouwodebnen qalebs, uari Tqvan Cadrze.

magaliTad nestor malazonia wers:

“da viT mTvarem fermkrTalma

qariSxlian avdridan,

sixaruliT anTebul

Sublze xeli gadisvi,

guli gamoadare

da gamodi Cadridan” (malazonia 1953:125).

nana gvariSvili kidev ufro ganazogadebs mowodebas:

“dRes isev vazma tani iyara,

Sen orovelas CasZaxi xevebs,

qalebi swvaven marto Cadrs ara,

aRa-maxxmadis sisxlian xelebs” (gvariSvili 1953:120).

Cven aRar CavyvebiT Ziramde am Temis ideologiur nawils. (mag.

“dedam ferCe daxia, Cadri misca cecxlis als, isic koleqtivSia,

eZaxian mSromel xalxs” da a.S. (“literaturuli aWaristani” 06.01. #2)

am nawilis konceptualuri azri isaa, rom axalma droebam gauxsna

asparezi aWareli qalis ganaTlebas, karCaketilobisagan Tavis

daRwevas da sazogadoebaSi gamoCenas, Tavisufal Sroma-Semoqmedebas

mamakacebis mxardamxar da a.S.

cxadia, ganxilul literaturul produqciaSi aWareli qalis

mdgomareoba marto zemoxsenebuli kuTxiT araa warmoCenili. piriqiT,

mTel kazmulsityvaobaSi gamoxatulia udidesi mowiweba qarTveli

qalis mimarT – vinc umZimes saukuneTa qar-cecxlSi gamoatara Rirseba,

vinc Seunaxa Svilebs samSoblos siyvarulis grZnoba, ar daaviwya

tkbilqarTuli, vinc ibrZola TavisTavadobis, mamapapaTa tradiciebis

91

gadarCenisaTvis. mogvianebiT nana gvariSvili mTel am ganwyobas

Seexmianeba da leqsSi “aWarelo dido dedav” ase warmoaCens Rvawls:

“aWarelo dido dedav,

nislSi mandils vxedav,

Sen ixseni bulbulT stvena –

tkbili dedaena.

sanukvari moipare

da akvanSi male,

me Sens qarTul kaba-qaTibs,

dedav veTayvane.

iavnana Cagefina

CvilTa artaxebSi,

dardma TeTri Sagisirma

abreSumis TmebSi.

Sens darweul akvnebidan

modis Cemi leqsi.

mTebis iqiT, nislis iqiT

Seni nana mesmis” (gvariSvili 1955:69).

mamia varSaniZe ase warmoaCens aWareli qalis mravalmxriv

metamorfozas:

“Seni qali wuravs Rvinos,

winaT wveTs ar ikarebda,

Seni qali irqmevs ninos –

qarTul saxels,

winaT Cadrs rom ifarebda” (varSaniZe 1950:53).

an kidev:

“ver dagiviwyeb, SavTvalav,

Seni saxeli maxarebs.

Cadri ar Crdilavs Sens saxes,

ar emuxlebi minareTs” (varSaniZe 1994:13).

mxatvrulma literaturam asaxa dromoWmul tradiciaTa damZlevi

ara mxolod qalis, aramed mTeli sazogadoebis saxec. ramdenime

magaliTs moviyvanT, romlebic, rasakvirvelia, myarad Tavsdeba

92

socialisturi realizmis CarCoebSi, magram ara yovelTvis negatiuri

kuTxiT.

parmen loria romanSi “Cai” aRwers moedin baraZis ojaxis

istorias. moedini Raribi, ubiri glexi iyo. man SeaCvena Svili,

romelmac “Searcxvina, piri gaatexina, ojaxi wabilwa, saSviliSvilo

codva Caidina, RmerTs da rjuls uRalata”.

mainc ra moimoqmeda qevserma? riT daimsaxura esoden mkacri

Sefasebebi?

mxolod imiT, rom wera-kiTxvis Seswavla scada da soflis

maswavlis gakveTilebs eswreboda, amasTan, cdilobda, TanatolebTan

erTad soflis saqmeebSic gareuliyo.

ojaxic da sofelic aumxedrda qevsers. isev megobrebs rom ar

gamoeridebinaT soflisgan, ganrisxebuli da gabrazebisgan

dabrmavebuli mama sakuTari xeliT moklavda.

“mTavroba uwyobs xels urjuloebisa da kaxpebis gamravlebas, _

mudmivad geslavda sofeli moedins, _ qalisa da kacis ase gaTanabreba

rogor SeiZlebao. esec ar iyos, rad unda qals swavla? ra unda diacs

krebaze da mamakacebTan? Tu ase gagrZelda, moedin baraZis beds bevri

gainawilebs da qveyana garyvnilebis buded gadaiqceva” (loria 1948:279).

romanSi movlenebi ideologiuri standartis Sesabamisad

viTardeba: moedini sxvebTan erTad barSi Camosaxldeba, axalgaSenebul

sofelSi damkvidrdeba, siRaribes Tavs daaRwevs, progressac auwyobs

TandaTan fexs, Svilebs ganaTlebis miRebas ki ar uSlis, aramed xels

uwyobs, mwared nanobs warsuls.

“Tvalwin warmudga soflis maSindeli saxe.

SimSili, sititvle, ugzooba, bneli saxlebi, siRatake.

rogor cxovrobda da itanda aseT cxovrebas? axla ukvirs

moedins, ratom droze ar Caitana mewyerma misi saxl-kari? qevseris

dakargvamde momxdariyo yovelive es. imis Semdeg iwyeba moedinis

adaminuri cxovreba, maSin gaiRviZes adamianurma grZnobebmac” (loria

1948:309).

unda vaRiaroT, rom negatiuri suraTebi am tipis literaturaSi

xSirad gamuqebulia, gadaWarbebulia. cxadia ufro imisTvis, rom

93

Savbnel fonze ufro mkveTrad gamoCndes bolSevkuri reorganizaciis

Sedegebi.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas ganaTlebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

zemoTac ukve SevexeT sazogadoebis nawilis damokidebulebebs

skolebis da swavla-ganaTlebis mimarT. murad odilavaZes (“deli

muradi”) andro bertaZe ase uxasiaTebs soflis viTarebas am

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT:

“maswavleblebma ver moicades. an rogor moicdidnen, roca aravin

yuradRebas ar aqcevda maT. arc bavSvebs agzavnidnen. ar unda xalxs

swavla... Tumca ara xalxi aq arafer SuaSia, xoja da iusuf-aRa

akeTeben. Tu Senc ise daiwye, rogorc zogierTma maswavlebelma, or

dRes ar gagaCereben, an TviTon gaiparebi im kaciviT, SarSan rom

gagveqca” (loria 1939:12).

andro bertaZe skolisa da swavlis mimarT gulgril

damokidebulebas awydeba mozard TaobaSic. es naTlad Cans im

dialogidan, romlis fragmentebsac qveviT moviyvanT:

“_ gamarjoba axalgazrdebo, rogor cxovrobT? _ mivida andro da

erT bavSvs, romelic yvelaze patara iyo, Tavze gadausva xeli.

_ gonjad raiza viqnebiT, _ upasuxa ufro mozrdilTaganma,

romelic enveris gverdiT gaCerebuliyo.

_ ra gvari xar Sen? _ SeekiTxa andro.

_ devaZe, swrafad miugo bavSvma.

_ skolaSi dadixar?

_ ara. rai unda vakeTo skolaSi, _ amxanagebs gadaxeda.

_ medreseSi viswavleT, _ daexmara enveri amxanags.

_ wera-kiTxva iciT? _ axla amas moubrunda andro.

_ ara, locvebs gvaswavlida xoja.

_ skolaSi unda iaroT, xom xedavT, rogori skola avageT. esec

Tqveni maswavlebeli iqneba, _ miuTiTa maswavlebelze. _ swavla

yvelaze ufro saWiroa CvenTvis.

_ xom ar unda gavgiaurdeT, rad minda swavla?! _ sTqva erTma

bavSvma. Semdeg amxanagebs gadaxeda, Tu damidasturebeno...” (loria

1939:68).

94

ganxilul problemaTa siRrmiseul analizs, rogorc araerTxel

aRvniSneT, upirvelesad politikuri koniunqtura uSlida xels. aqve

SevniSnavT, rom regionis cxovrebis suraTebi mxolod negatiur

konteqstSi rodi ixateboda. mxatvrul literaturaSi aqaurobis da

iqaurTa mravali sikeTe da Rirseba aisaxa. bevr maTgans SevexeT da

kidevac SevexebiT, magram detalizacias mainc moveridebiT, ufro

imitom, rom pozitiuri TiTqmis yovelTvis ideologiurTan aris

gadajaWvuli da detaluri analizi erTxel naTqvamis mravalgzis

gameoreba gamova.

vfiqrob, upriani iqneba, Tu swored am TavSi ganxilul

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT SevexebiT teqstologiis zogierT sakiTxs. es

masalac komentars naklebad saWiroebs: paralelurad dalagebuli

informacia ukve iqneba garkveuli azris Semcveli.

parmen lorias “deli muradi” pirvelad 1939 wels gamoica. 1953

wels meored gamoqveynebul romans avtorma saTauri Seucvala da

daarqva “ganTiadi xevSi”. cvlilebebi Seexo leqsikasac, ufro _

Turqizmebs personaJTa metyvelebaSi.

1939 weli: _ “ras izam ase gauCenia allaxs es qveyana...” (gv.11)

1953 weli: _ “eh, albaT ase dauwesebia RmerTs.” (gv.11)

1939 weli: _ “iaRi movitane.” (gv. 43)

1953 weli: _ “karaqi movitane, Tu amarTmev, madlobeli viqnebi.” (gv.

57)

1939 weli: _ “Tavidanve aCvevdnen gogonebs Cadris Cacmas,

CarCabSignidan cqeras. iazmiT swrafad pirsaxis dafarvas.” (gv. 63)

1953 weli: _ “amitom Svidi rva wlidan aCvevdnen dolbandis

Tavsafris tarebas da mamakacis danaxvisas saxis dafarvas.” (gv. 93)

1939 weli: _ “Tavze iazma moefarebina.” (gv. 69)

1953 weli: _ “yelze dolbandis naWeri moexvia da odnav gasagoni

xmiT naRvlianad RiRinebda.” (gv. 99)

95

1939 weli: _ “buirum aRa _ uTxra da miiwvia.” (gv. 134)

1953 weli: _ “mobrZandiT aRav! – da taxtze miiwvia.” (gv. 219)

1939 weli: - “allaxis wyalobiT bevrni. samasamde varT

axalgazrda molebi.” (gv. 135)

1953 weli: - “RvTis wyalobiT, samasze meti, - miugo molam.” (gv. 220)

1939 weli: - “daeca Caxmaxi, moadina tkacani ezalma da landma

ucnaurad gadaixarxara.” (gv. 141)

1953 weli: - “mxolod ezalis xma gaisma taSiviT da sxva araferi.”

(gv. 226)

1939 weli: - “yvela izali CaWeWyili iyo, Tumca tyviebi Tavis

adgilasaa.” (gv. 142)

1953 weli: - “gasinja, vaznebi amoyara, tyviebi moaZro da gaocda,

roca masrebi denTgamoclili naxa.” (gv. 227)

1939 weli: - “ara, iusuf-aRav, _ SeaCera molam iusufi. _ Cveni

rjulisa da adaTisaTvis kidev Turqebi sjobia, maSin ufro pativSi

viqnebiT.” (gv.138)

1953 wlis gamocemaSi es monakveTi amoRebulia.

1939 weli: - “erT giaur vaWars dastyua erTxeli asi Tumani.” (gv.

85)


1939 weli: _ “reds gaukeTeben, daswyevlian da moiSoreben Tavidan.”

(gv. 99)


igive SeiZleba iTqvas nestor malazonias Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb.

kerZod, 1937 wels gamoica misi poema “gulizari”. poetma es nawarmoebi

Semdgom gadaamuSava da 1955 wels gamosca axali saxelwodebiT

”mzevinari”.

96

1937 weli:

“ – gogov, zovli mindixar,

reiza damwvi ase,

rom modixar – midixar

uCumarai gzaze.

qurTis qalo gulizar,

Senze vfiqrob mudam,

vkvdebi Seni guliza,

mogitaco unda.” (gv. 52)

1955 weli:

“da damwvari gulis sevda

gaismoda xmaSi:

- mzevinaro, mzeqalo,

Cemi gulis mze xaro.

netav imas, bedniers,

vis saxlSiac Sexvalo!

siyvarulma ra icis

adaTi da wesi,

Semiyvardi, daviwvi

ubeduri mwyemsi!...” (gv. 240)

1937 weli:

„axireTi dagvidga,

„jehennebi Savi!“ (gv. 66)

1955 weli:

„yadir Tavi rad gvinda,

wawymedili Tavi!

gankiTxvis dRe dagvidga,

„jojoxeTi Savi!“ (gv. 243)

1937 weli:

„im SaiTan fuxaras

97

Seryvna unda Cveni,

magram RmerTi gvifaravs!

alah! dagvixseni...“ (gv. 67)

1955 weli:

„im eSmaks da uqnaras

Seryvna unda Cveni,

da Tu giyvars ojaxi,

Svili daixseni.“ (gv. 76)

1937 weli:

„pirobas rad mitexavT,

mileTSi rom iTqva!..” (gv. 68)

1955 weli:

„piroba vin gatexa,

saqveynod rom iTqva!..“ (gv. 243)

1937 weli:

„wawymedili ojaxi...

Sercxvenili gvari...

yvela saqme sajayi

SaiTanis aris...

qurTs, mosisxles, fuxaras-

ver SevuSveb saxlSi!..“ (gv. 31)

1955 weli:

„-wawymedilo ojaxo!

Semircxves gvari...

vinac cdilobs mojayos

es saxli da kari.

ara mters ar vaxareb

da fuZes ver avSli!“ (gv.244)

98

1937 weli:

„- rad ar gZinavs, geyurbane?

-baba, Zveli miTxari rame,

- rom dilamde gagayves barem!” (gv. 49)

1955 weli:

„ - rad ar gZinavs, geTayvane?

- baba, Zveli miTxar barem!

- SeviSlebiT fiqri da me...“ (gv. 255)

1937 weli:

„james iqiT, naZvis tyesTan,

sadac Crdili icis ufro,

Zelebia juma-dRisTvis

sajdomi da sasaubro“. (gv. 55)

1955 weli:

soflis Sua, naZvis tyesTan,

sadac Crdili icis ufro.

Zelskamia, uqme dRisTvis

dasajdomi, sasaubro.“ (gv.258)

1937 weli:

„ es ase fexambers swadia:

- iareT locviT da oxvriT!

- iloceT, iTmineT madlia,

- rom Semdeg jexneTSi moxvdeT!” (63 gv.)

es monakveTi amoRebulia Semdeg gamocemaSi.

1937 weli:

99

“ellahu eqber, ellahu eqber!

ellahu eqber, ellahu eqber!

eSxeduen laielahe illellah!

eSxeduen laielahe illellah!

eSxeduenne muxameden resullah!

eSxeduenne muxameden resullah!

haeyel esselaT!

haeyel esselaT!

haeyal el felah!

haeyal el felah!

ellahu eqber, ellahu eqber!

lailahe ill fellah!” (gv. 66)

es monakveTi amoRebulia Semdeg gamocemaSi.

bolos ki swored, am paragrafSi Tavmoyrili masalis konteqsSi

gvinda oriode sityviT SevexoT upiratesad lirikaSi asaxul iseT

Temebs, rogoricaa: baTumi Tu Savi zRva, aWaris soflebi Tu bunebis

silamaze da a.S. am motivebsac XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi daedo

safuZveli da sapropagando nawarmoebebis gverdiT WeSmariti

xelovnebis nimuSebic Seiqmna.

mocemuli Temis gansja mamia varSaniZis erTi SesaniSnavi leqsiT

unda daviwyoT. “modi naxes” yofiT detalebze agebuli kompozicia

iSviaTi siTboTi da sinaTliT avsebs mxatvrul nawarmoebs da

Sesabamisad, mkiTxvelsac naTeli da xalisiani ganwyoba eufleba:

“mSobliuri mTebis axlos

ZvelisZveli qvevrebia,

modi, naxe, me iq vsaxlob,

mze iq SemiCerebia.

mesxi var da xelmadlians

ezo damimSvenebia,

naxe ra ar mabadia,

ra ar momiSenebia.

100

vazi rTvelis eSxSi curavs,

lalisferi mtevnebia.

tkbili Rvino damiwuravs,

qvevrSi amimRerebia.

Cems saxls gana Crdili faravs,

cisartyelas ferebi aqvs,

varskvlavebi mikrefia,

Rame gamiTenebia.

Cemi kera dalocvili,

mzesTan SemiCerebia,

CuqurTmebiT dakocnili

o, ramdeni ferebia.

kvlav mesxurad gaviZaxi,

guli amimRerebia,

modi, naxe Cemi saxli,

rarig damimSvenebia” (varSaniZe 1950:24).

analogiuri ganwyobaa imave avtoris leqsSi “lazuri”. poeti

cdilobs, Seqmnas xalisiani, optimisturi ganwyoba da axerxebs kidec

amas:

“ra lamazi baxCebia,

ra baRebi mwvane,

gogonebi simRerebiT

aivanze avlen.

vaJno, vaJno, ciur eSxiT

gatkboben da gwvaven,

vin gadaurCes imaT Sav-Sav

da cqriala Tvalebs” (varSaniZe 1960:265).

nana gvariSvilis leqsSi (“Cemo aWarav”) sinaze sWarbobs, Tumca,

mSobliuri sanaxebiT aRfrTovaneba da imediani muxti aqac

TvalsaCinoa:

“Sens sanapiros palmebis Ziras,

101

TeTr qolgis qveS gvirila brwyinavs,

niavTan Relavs.

zRva Sens unazes Rimils daeZebs,

mova cqrialiT, kalTiT enZelebs

mogafens nela...

Cemo aWarav, ocnebis mrCeni

da sixaruli Sena xar Cemi,

mzeTunaxavo,

Zvirfasi beWdis zurmuxtis Tvalo,

Sens siturfeze xmatkbilad galob,

gulgasaxaro” (gvariSvili 1948:3).

araerTma poetma uZRvna STamagonebeli sityvebi aWariswyals, _

aWaris dedamdinares. nimuSad mamia varSaniZis “xixanis arwivebis”

Sesavlis dasaxelebac kmara, romelSic TiTqos sityvebsa da frazebs

Soris ismis laRi xmauri mTis mdinarisa, ismis mSobliuri xmebi da am

xmebTan erTad, sunTqva da sevda mamuliSvilobisa:

“aWariswyali zviad mTebs

Caxveul-CaCqerebuli,

morbis, moSxuis, kldeebTan

Sebmas da Sexlas Cveuli

da mTis kriala sarkeSi

ca aris CaCerebuli

mamuliSvilo, usmine,

iqneba zaris Jamis aqvs,

iqneb wyalsac Wirs varami

xaxulisa da SavSeTis

da mostirian wkvaramni

wyals napir-napir SaSvebi,

egeb imitom acviaT

SaSvebs da am mTebs Savebi” (varSaniZe 1960:301).

igive suliskveTeba Cans fridon xalvaSic leqsSi “aWarisyali”:

102

“moedineba, modis viT mgzavri,

win egebeba Tamaris xidi, _

kldeebi, rogorc qajeTis kari,

Sig, _ avTandilis moxrili mSvildi,

Sexvdeba xids da wamiT Cerdeba,

surs Zvel mSvenebas miapyros mzera,

amoikiTxos Tamaris qeba

da moisminos SoTas simRera” (xalvaSi 1947:65).

aranaklebi mravalferovnebiT aisaxa adgilobriv mweralTa

SemoqmedebaSi zRvisa da baTumis Tema. mweralTa im Taobam, romelmac

itvirTa simZime baTumSi qarTuli sityvis aRorZinebisa, sisruliT

SeigrZno da Seimecna am ulamazesi zRvispira qalaqis xibli da es

grZnobebi poeturi sityviT gamoxata ise, rogorc magaliTad, giorgi

saluqvaZem leqsSi “Cemi qalaqi”:

“riJraJis kargaRebulo, forToxlis baRo mziano,

gaSlilo, galaRebulo, lal-zurmuxt-firuziano,

cvranamo almasisfero, yvavilad gadaqceulo,

Cemo zRvispiro, mzispiro, Cais xaverdo vrceulo;

Sen, xeo oqrodasxmulo, miwamde totebdaxrilo;

niavo mtredisfrTasxmulo, iiT mosulo aprilo;

talRebo gauyuCebo, napirs Sexlilo mZivebo.

Cemo kriala quCebo, palmis da dafnis mwkrivebo;

zRvao, laJvardo, xmalaRo, usazRvro lurjo jejilo,

qalaqo, Cemo qalaqo, xomaldo zRvaSi SeWrilo.

zRva me aq vnaxe pirvelad, talRis Sxefebi mesxura,

aq damebeda pirvelad leqsi memRera mesxurad.

iqneb aq idga rusTveli, zRvas gahyurebda aqidan;

ramdeni darCa uTqmeli oqromToveli bagiTa;

iqneb aq iyo Tamaric mzeTunaxavi saxiTa,

zRvaSi CauSva xomaldi, zed almasebi dahkida.

xalxs aq razmavda zvirTebad

mzis da simarTlis mZebneli” (saluqvaZe 1947:#27).

103

mSobliuri qalaqis udidesi siyvarulia gamoxatuli mamia

varSaniZis leqsSi “baTumi”. poeti gadmogvcems bavSvobis suraTebs,

ixsenebs pirvel Sexvedras qalaqTan. mas Semdeg bevri dro gavida,

mravali STabeWdileba waSala drom, magram grZnoba baTumis mimarT

gauxunari darCa:

“ramdeni rame daviwyebia,

maSin rom guli daufifqia...

vnatrob: netavi yvela maxsovdes,

im dros baTumSi rac mifiqria.

Semdeg cam bevri dReebi dacra

da gaifurCqna Cemi miznebi.

me davasrule zrda ymawvilkacma

da Sen, baTumo, isev izrdebi.

Cemo baTumo, SenSi hyvavian

Cemi tolebis dRe da miznebi,

mraval wlis Semdeg getyvi simReriT:

- me movxucdi da Sen ki _ izrdebi” (varSaniZe 1960:20).

rogorc vxedavT, baTumi da zRva im TemaTagania, romelic yvelaze

xSirad scildeba xolme ideologiuri literaturis CarCoebs da

metic, zogjer socrealizmisTvis miuRebuli mxatvruli saxeebiTac

aisaxeba, rogorc, magaliTad laSa tbauris leqsSi mtiralas mTis

Sedareba sionTan:

“magnoliebi... Sriali sios,

zRvao, rad dumxar, zRvao aeSvi!

Sors daTovlili kavkasioni,

zvavebis sxltoma, qrolva, TareSi.

win mTa mtirala dgas viT sioni,

ca RameSi da Rame mTvareSi” (tbauri 1970:83).

cxadia, saanalizod warmodgenili masala ver amowuravs

gansaxilveli problemebis arss. xolo Tu ufro zogad aspeqtSi

gadavitanT saubars, rogorc araerTxel aRvniSneT,

104

gasaTvaliswinebelia epoqis metad rTuli xasiaTic, rac xSirad

ganapirobebda winaaRmdegobebs (zogjer radikalur winaaRmdegobebs)

ama Tu im mwerlis SemoqmedebaSic. am fonze ioli araa, WeSmariti

SemoqmedebiTi Rirebulebebisa da ideologiuri saburvlis

erTmaneTisagan gamijvna. miuxedavad amisa, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom nebismieri TvalsazrisiT da maT Soris, regionis

cxovrebis suraTebis asaxvis TvalsazrisiT, baTumSi moRvawe mweralTa

Semoqmedebis istoria organulad uerTdeba mravalsaukunovani

qarTuli literaturis istorias da yovelTvis rodi misdevs Teoriebs

mwerlobis klasobrivi bunebisa da mwerlobis partiulobis Sesaxeb.

$ 6. religia da literatura

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave bolSevikebma sastiki

brZola gamoucxades ,,xalxis opiumad” saxeldebul religias.

Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis da masebis damorCilebis es gza pragmatulad

da Tanac masStaburad iyo moniSnuli: aTeisturi mentalitetis

Camoyalibeba erovnuli siWreliT gamorCeuli qveynis mosaxleobis

cnobierebaSi aTavisuflebda adgils axali ideologiisaTvis - marqsizmi-

leninizmisaTvis, romelic RvTis rwmenas unda Canacvleboda da

praqtikulad, axal religiad qceuliyo. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSic

bolSevikTa xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave daiwyo erTob agresiuli

antireligiuri propaganda.

1921 wlis 15 aprils saqarTvelos revkomma #21 dekretiT miiRo

dadgenileba ,,saxelmwifosgan eklesiisa da eklesiisgan skolis

gamoyofis Sesaxeb”. dekretis safuZvelze qveyanaSi arsebuli saeklesio

da sarwmunoebrivi sazogadoebis mTeli qoneba saxalxo kuTvnilebad

gamocxadda, eklesia - kanongareSed. aikrZala yovelgvari religiuri

swavleba. marTalia, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisufleba

gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT marTlmadideblobas ebrZoda, magram

antireligiuri saxelmwifoebrivi aqtebi sxva aRmsareblobebsac exeboda.

105

ixureboda eklesiebi, meCeTebi Tu sinagogebi. Cveulebriv movlenad iqca

Zaladoba. bunebrivia, am yvelafers epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

ideologiuri sarCuli hqonda. religiis msaxurebi, iseve rogorc Tavad-

aznauroba da burJuazia, Seurigebel klasobriv mowinaaRmdeged

gamoacxades. am brZolis nawili iyo aWaraSi ganviTarebuli movlenebic.

rogorc aRniSnulia sabWour saistorio literaturaSi: ,,sabWoTa

wyobilebis damyarebis pirvel wlebSi aWaraSi adgili hqonda mZafr

klasobriv brZolas. xalxis uborotesi mtrebi – xoja-molebi,

Turqofili da sxva antisabWoTa elementebi aSkara Tu farul

kontrrevoluciur agitacias eweodnen sabWoTa xelisuflebis

winaaRmdeg, mouwodebdnen sabotaJisa da sxva mavne gamoxdomebisaken,

riTac cdilobdnen axali cxovrebis SenebisaTvis yovelnairad xelis

SeSlas” (babiloZe 1973:10).

adamianis religiuri rwmenis winaaRmdeg Zaladobrivi meTodebiT

brZola rom danaSaulia, es sakamaTo ar unda iyos. magram isic unda

iTqvas, rom aWarasa da samcxe-javaxeTSi erTob specifikuri viTareba

sufevda.

rogorc cnobilia, es teritoriebi iyo samuslimano saqarTvelos

is nawili, romelic saswauliT gadaurCa leninur politikas da aicila

bedi istoriuli samxreT saqarTvelos TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi

xelaxla moqceuli miwebisa: jer 1917 wels brestis zaviT da mere,

sabolood, 1921 wels yarsis xelSekrulebiT leninma daunaneblad

gaasxvisa saqarTvelos didi nawili (erTa ligis mier 1918 wels cnobili

saqarTvelo 91.1 aTasi kv. km iyo, yarsis xelSekrulebis Semdeg ki 69.7 kv.

km-de Semcirda).

aWaras bolSevikebma religiuri niSniT misces avtonomia.

yarsis xelSekrulebis erT-erTi punqti qarTvel muslimTa

religiur xelSeuxeblobas moiTxovda. es faqti, religias politikur

datvirTvas sZenda, rasac bolSevikebic xedavdnen da didad ar

dagidevdnen xelSekrulebis punqtebs, gulmodgined ebrZodnen religiur

cnobierebas da adaT-wesebs.

samoqalaqo skolebis qselis gafarToeba, Zalauneburad, erovnuli

TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebas uwyobda xels. Sesabamisad, procesis am

106

kuTxiT analizma SeiZleba saintereso da mravalganzomilebiani suraTi

mogvces, magram isic cxadia, rom bolSevikebi ara erovnuli Segnebis,

aramed, sabWoTa ideologiis danergvas isaxavdnen miznad. amdenad,

aWaraSi bevris interesi gadaexlarTa erTmaneTs da zemoxsenebuli

procesebis martivad da erTmniSvnelovnad Sefaseba Znelia. Tumca,

SevniSnavT, rom is meTodebi da xerxebi, romelsac xelisufleba

iyenebda, umeteswilad agresiuli iyo.

sainteresoa kidev erTi sakiTxi: samuslimano saqarTvelo am

periodSi or nawilad gaiyo. erTni _ saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi

aRmoCndnen da aTeistur saxelmwifoSi uwevdaT cxovreba, meoreni –

islamur qveyanaSi cxovrobdnen. amdenad, qarTvel muslimanTa religiuri

cnobiereba sxvadasxva gziT viTardeboda.

Cveni mizani ar aris am procesebis analizi da Sefaseba. amjerad

mxolod mxatvruli literaturis rolze SevCerdebiT da misi

sapropagando iaraRad gamoyenebis zogierT faqts SevexebiT.

erTgvarovani iyo antireligiuri propagandis principebi mTeli

sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT. bunebrivia, am principebs emorCileboda

aWaris aTeisturi sazogadoeba. gazeT ,,pravdis” mowinave (romelic

gazeTma ,,sabWoTa aWaramac” gadmobeWda) qadagebda: ,,partiuli,

komkavSiruli organizaciebi valdebuli arian dauyovnebliv farTod

gaSalon antireligiuri muSaoba, gamoacocxlon mebrZol uRmerToTa

kavSiris organoebi, daupirispiron cocxali komunisturi sityva

religiuri maTrobelas gavlenas. es saagitacio da propagandistuli

muSaoba ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros viwro saganmanaTleblo miznebiT, igi

mWidrod unda iyos dakavSirebuli klasobrivi brZolis amocanebTan

dRevandel etapze. erTi wuTiTac ar SeiZleba imis daviwyeba, rom

mosisxle klasobrivi mterebi cdiloben Tavisi miznebisaTvis gamoiyenon

morwmuneni” (,,sabWoTa aWara” 1937:#110).

antireligiuri propagandis samsaxurSi idga, ,,fuxaras sityva”

(1928w), romelSic am tipis araerTi Txzulebaa Sesuli. ,,axmed RaribaZe”,

,,damarxva”, ,,xaTmi”, ,,rogor gaCenila 30 dRe marxuloba” - es is

nawarmoebebia, romlebic savsebiT Seesabameba antireligiuri propagandis

standartebs. am standartebis Tanaxmad, mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis

107

Tavi da Tavi crumorwmuneoba. religiis msaxurebi, marCielebi da xalxis

myvlefeli eqimbaSebi arian, romlebic ase uRvTod Zarcvaven isedac

gaRatakebul glexobas. avtori gamosavals mxolod religiis tyveobidan

daxsnasa da komunizmSi xedavs.

es literaturuli produqcia miznad isaxavda sasuliero pirTa

avtoritetis Selaxvas, religiuri ritualebis dacinvas da Sesabamisad,

ubralo xalxSi aTeisturi suliskveTebis gaRvivebas. standartuli

Sinaarsisaa moTxroba ,,axmed RaribaZe”. marCenaldakargul RaribaZeTa

ojaxis kidev ufro gaubedurebaSi lomis wvlili miuZRvis xojas,

romelic TiTqosda micvalebulis sulis saiqioSi dasavaneblad

yvelafers akeTebs.

axmedis jojoxeTidan dasaxsnelad ,,qefareTis” fulis gadaxda

uwevs ojaxs, radganac Turme gansvenebuls marxva – ramazani wlebis

ganmavlobaSi Senaxuli ar hqonia. isinic iZulebuli gaxdnen erTaderTi

imedi – uReli xari gaeyidaT. am gziT miRebuli fulis sanacvlod Suqri

xojam ,,iloca” micvalebulis sulis gasapatiosneblad, ar unaRvlia,

rom qvrivi meriemi oTx obolTan erTad uimedod datova. Tumca ojaxis

problemebi amiT ar dasrulebula. saWiro iyo micvalebulis damarxvisa

da Semdgomi procedurisaTvis saWiro fulis naxva. gardacvlilis

udides gulSematkivars qaRaldze unda daewera im xojebisa da

,,feÁxambrebis (wmindanebis)” saxelebi, romlebic daexmarebodnen suls

gankiTxvisas SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemaSi.

,,daasaflaves Tu ara axmedi, xalxi daiSala. Suqri xoja gaCerda

saflavTan da daiwyo ,,Telyimis” Zaxili. xuseini SeekiTxa – xojav ras

yviri, an vis eZaxio? xojam uTxra: ,,axla micvalebulTan miva gamkiTxavi

da miscems SekiTxvebs. mec imas viZaxi da vyviri, rom axmedma gamoiRviZos

da gamkiTxavs gabeduli pasuxi gasceso”. xuseinma gaifiqra TavisTvis:

,,gaRviZeba Tu SeeZlo, damarxvamdis gaiRviZebdao” (komaxiZe 1928:26).

axmedis gardacvalebidan erTi wlis Semdeg xojam isev gamoiyena

fulis Sovnis saSualeba. amjerad, sulis sacxoneblad ,,nusxafis”

wakiTxva Seaxsena axmedis Zmas.

- ,,Suqri xoja mivida xuseinTan da uTxra: ,,Tu ginda Seni Zma

cxondes, wavukiTxav nusxafs, romlis Zalac wava micvalebulTan da

108

acxonebs maso. nusxafis bolomdis wakiTxvas hqvia xaTmi da TiTo xaTmi

ki ori maneTi eRirebao”. xuseinma daijera xojis naTqvami da iyida ori

xaTmi. RmerTis msaxurma fulebi ijiba da gulSi SeukurTxa xuseins: ra

suleli xaro” (komaxiZe 1928:27).

RvTis rwmena, RvTis imedi amgvar TxzulebaTa mixedviT, fuWia,

umaqnisia. ,,Cemi mogonebani” cinizmamde misuli e. w. mxatvruli

kontrastebiT cdilobs am Segnebis danergvas: ,,dilaadrianad mama

daiwyebda locvas da RvTis vedrebas, Semdeg rixianad, Tamamad

wamodgeboda. darwmunebuli iyo: rac RmerTs sTxova, yvelaferi

Seusruldeboda.

erT xuTSabaT saRamos mamaCemi Cveulebrivad Seudga locvas da

dilamdis TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv loculobda... mamaCemi rom loculobda,

me mesmoda, rogor evedreboda RmerTs: - RmerTo! mome simdidre da

cxonebao. locva rom gaaTava, momibrunda da miTxra: - erTi naxe niSa da

loma xom ar dascilebian erTmaneTso. wavedi xarebis sanaxavad da

imisTana Tqven mters, me sanaxavi vnaxe: Cveni niSa da loma, orive im Rames

moekla matarebels” (komaxiZe 1928:21).

rogorc aRvniSneT, propagandistuli manqana da Sesabamisad,

mwerloba ar ganarCevda adamianis religiur rwmenas, Tanabari

agresiulobiT ebrZoda yvela religias, erTnairad miuTiTebda “Savbnel

warsulsa” da “sabWoeTSi damkvidrebul amqveyniur samoTxeze”. swored,

es ganwyobaa gamoxatuli magaliTad, k. doborjginiZis leqsSi “wineT da

exla”:

,,eklesiebze rekavdnen

zarebs;

religiuri

iyo zarebi

da miT uxvevdnen

glexobas Tvalebs.

gvaxsovs suraTi

kidev aseTi:

mamasaxlisi

109

xalxs rom rozgavda,

damonebuli hyavda

xalxi da...

xmis amoRebas

vervin bedavda.

es iyo uwin...“ (doborjginiZe 1930:#223).

socrealizmis standartebSi jdeba, magaliTad, parmen lorias

,,deli muradis“ (,,ganTiadi xevSi“) religiuri fonic. aq siaxlis

winaaRmdeg mebrZoli, kontrrevoluciis da masTan yvela borotebis

saTave swored sasuliero fenaa _ xoja mamudi da mola nuri. romanis

siuJetic ise viTardeba, rom TviT yvelaze Rrmad morwmuneebsac eWvi

eparebaT ukve TavianTi arCevanis sisworesa Tu am fenis

keTilsindisierebaSi:

,,am mTavrobas rom es xojebi da aRebi ar ejavrebodes, namdvili

misaRebi iqneboda, _ fiqroben glexebi, _ gzebi gayavs, skolebs agebs,

daxmarebebs iZleva, yvelas pativs scems, ekiTxeba, irCevs, agzavnis, erTi

sityviT, yvelafers kargs sCadis, magram...

xojasac rom daiqiravebdes, _ Caukravdnen sityvas.

_ ukacravad TqvenTan, _ Seawyvetinebdnen komkavSirlebi.

_ ver dainaxe, ras akeTebda Tqveni xoja?

_ qajebis tansacmelebiT rom dadioda!..

_ qalebs ryvnida...

_ yaCaRebs inaxavda...

uamravi masala iyo xojebis winaaRmdeg da komkavSirlebic uxvad

iyenebdnen mas!“ (loria 1939:246).

sainteresoa, rom religiuri rwmenisa da tradiciebis aRmofxvras

sabWoTa propaganda da Sesabamisad, literatura erTi mxriv,

socialisturi cxovrebis wesis qadagebiT, komkavSiruli suliskveTebis

danergviT cdilobda, meore mxriv, qmnida mxatvrul garemos, romelic

tradiciul religiur Rirebulebebs upirispirdeboda. pirvelad, swored

kazmulsityvaobaSi gaCnda qarTveli muslimanis sufraze Rvino da Roris

xorci. klimenti gogiava, magaliTad, ,,aWarul moTxrobaSi“ aseT suraTs

xatavs:

110

,,xuseins Rvinis suni saxeSi wvimasaviT scemda. sunTqva ekvroda da

ibnideboda. iqve Sebrawul goWs drunCi xuseinisTvis mieSvira da

ikriWeboda. ar moswonda berikacs, modunda, ra gaxda es jemalis saxli,

ranairi aWarlebi iyrian aq Tavs, yanwebs clian, goWis xorcs Wamen!..“

(gogiava 1949:#210).

bolos ki ise xdeba, rom TviT es aRSfoTebuli xuseinic aubams

fexs cxovrebis axal wess da Zveli, darbaiseli qarTveliviT moilxens:

,,xuseinma acaxcaxebul xelSi yanwi daikava, icocxleTo, daibubuna da

TvaldaxuWulma sulmouTqmelad gamocala. mere skamze daeSva da TiTqos

didi danaSauli Caedinos, mozimzime stumrebs saxe moarida. igi am

wuTebSi araferze ar fiqrobda, Relavda Cumad da usityvod, bolos

goneba rom moikrifa, siamaye igrZno, gamarjvebuli adamianis siamaye da

Tavi maRla aswia“ (gogiava 1949:#210).

sabWoTa kavSiris ukidegano teritoriaze antireligiuri

propagandis erTi standarti batonobda da igi Tanabrad exeboda yvela

religias. es standarti ki erTi mxriv, daundoblad ebrZoda „Zveli

daxavsebuli wyobis naSTebs“, meore mxriv, „miznad isaxavda aWaris

mosaxleobisa da, kerZod, axalgazrdobis aTeistur aRzrdas...” (babiloZe

1973:5).

igive standarti gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad miiCnevda

mozardebis, skolis moswavleebis cnobierebaze zemoqmedebas, rac

ZiriTadad, ara moyvasisadmi siyvaruls qadagebda, aramed zneobrivi

valdebulebebisagan gaTavisuflebas niSnavda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, swored,

amisken mouwodebda gazeTi “fuxara”

- ,,moswavles unda SeeZlos siZulvili, is magari da mouxeSavi unda

iyos, roca es saWiro iqneba mtris aRmosaCenad da masTan sabrZolvelad.

ocneba, fantazioroba, santimentaloba, meryeoba da SemTanxmebloba

gadamwyvet momentSi dauSvebelia moswavlisaTvis. zneoba, siyvaruli,

kacTmoyvareoba, Zmoba-erToba da sx. maRali frazebi, burJuaziuli

laTaiebia aRzrdis sferoSi.

skolam moswavleSi unda ganaviTaros da aRzardos pativiscema

ara raRac ganyenebul zneobisa da sikeTisadmi, aramed siZulvili

Tavisi klasiuri mtrisadmi” (d. o. _ Ze 1926:#215).

111

antireligiuri propagandis standartisaTvis arc is iyo

dabrkoleba, rom sabWoTa kavSiris konstitucia formalurad aRiarebda

religiur Tavisuflebas. gazeTi “pravda” konstituciis am muxls

Semdegnairad ganmartavda: ,,absurdulia imis warmodgena, rom ssr

kavSiris konstituciaSi aRbeWdili sityvebi religiuri kultebis

Sesrulebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, warmoadgenen antireligiuri

propagandis Sewyvetis signals. gana es kanoni raimes cvlis

religiisadmi komunistTa damokidebulebaSi?..

ssr kavSiris stalinuri konstitucia, socialisturi cxovrebis

ZiriTadi kanoni, ar niSnavs komunizmis propagandis likvidacias an

Sesustebas, aramed, _ piriqiT, gulisxmobs am propagandis gaZlierebas,

kerZod, antireligiur frontze” (kosarovi 1937: #92).

“propagandis gaZlierebis” erT-erTi yvelaze moxerxebuli da basri

iaraRi mxatvruli literatura aRmoCnda. qarTuli saxelmwifos

bunebrivi ganviTarebis pirobebSi mweralTa kavSiris aWaris

organizacias sxva misia, sxva funqcia unda hqonoda. am literaturam,

mocemul istoriul viTarebaSi ver SeZlo obieqturad aesaxa samxreT-

dasavleTi saqarTvelos erovnuli, politikuri da, gnebavT, religiuri

problemebi da sakiTxebi, xelovnurad gaCenil sazRvrebs gaRma-gamoRma,

sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi darCenili qarTvelebis gulistkivili. igi

Tavidanve iqca sabWoTa propagandistuli manqanis nawilad da rwmenasTan

damokidebulebac TavisTavad moeqca qveyanaSi damkvidrebuli

standartebis CarCoebSi.

112

Tavi V patriotuli motivi

$ 1. patriotizmi da bolSevizmi

patriotizmi qarTuli mxatvruli literaturis umTavresi

macocxlebeli Zala iyo odiTgan. mwerloba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

qarTveli xalxis winamZRolis umZimes uRels erTgulad eweoda, qveynisa

da eris sadarajoze idga mudam, icoda, rogor mosalbuneboda mis

dardsa da varams. Znelbedobisa da ukiduresi gaWirvebis Jamsac mis

gverdiT idga, aRmerTebda da Tayvans scemda rogorc upirveles

salocavs. pirvelTagan mwerloba iyo qveynis siZlieris niSa, rac

yovelTvis kargad icoda momxdurma. amitom, eris cnobierebis rRvevasa

da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis winaaRmdeg brZolas misi daTrgunviTa da

damorCilebiT iwyebda.

saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebam da qveynis

saTaveSi rusuli agresiis mosvlam udidesi daRi daasva qarTuli

literaturis ganviTarebas. didi msxverplis fasad daiwyo erovnuli

mwerlobis proletarul literaturad gadaqcevis xangrZlivi procesi.

totaluri reJimis ZalisxmeviT ugulebelyofili erovnuli

faseulobebis adgili sabWoTa, socialistur Rirebulebebs unda

daeWira, ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa gadawyvetilebiT, qarTvel xalxs

samSoblod ara saqarTvelo, aramed ssrk-i unda eRiarebina. raRa Tqma

unda, gamonakliss arc mwerlebi warmoadgendnen. SemoqmedT lenin-

stalinis partiis ideologiis Sesabamisad unda emoqmedaT,

damorCilebodnen uzenaesi tribunidan wamosul brZanebebsa da

mowodebebs.

arsebiTi niSani am brZaneba-mowodebebisa ki is iyo, rom erovnuli

suliskveTeba ”sabWoTa patriotizms” unda Caenacvlebina. Cven qvemoT

ramdenime aspeqtiT SevexebiT xsenebul Temas, manamde ki gvsurs, zogadi

suraTis daxatva vcadoT da SevniSnavT, rom saliteraturo kritika

ganuxrelad cdilobda, ideologiurad gamarTul arxSi moeqcia

mweralTa Zalisxmeva, vTqvaT, ase: ”qarTul sabWoTa literaturaSi

vaJkacurad gaismis sabWoTa patriotizmis motivebi, magram Cvenma

113

mwerlebma jer kidev bevri ram unda gaakeTon am mimarTulebiT.

socialisturi samSoblosadmi, misi xalxebisadmi, misi umdidresi

mindvrebisa da tyeebisadmi, zRvebisa, mTebisa da mdeloebisadmi...”

(”sabWoTa aWara” 1938:#6).

samwuxarod, sabWoTa patriotizmis gamovlinebad miiCneoda, vTqvaT,

represiebis mxardaWera, xalxis mtrebad wodebuli pirebis daxvreta-

gadasaxlebisaken mowodeba da am ideologiiT gamsWvaluli nawarmoebebis

Seqmna. 1937 wlis 28 agvistos, magaliTad, aWaris sabWoTa mweralTa

kavSiris saerTo kreba gaimarTa, romlis oqmi gvamcnobs: ”gamosuli

amxanagebi erTxmad moiTxovdnen gamcemlebis, xalxis mtrebis,

mavneblebis, saamuri cxovrebis jalaTebis, sazizRari garewrebis

sikvdiliT dasjas”.

krebam miiRo rezolucia, romlis mixedviTac mwerlebma miiRes

gadawyvetileba: ”Cven – aWaris mwerlebi vibrZolebT imisaTvis, rom

mivceT qveyanas Zlieri, mtkice da Rirseuli nawarmoebebi: aRvzardoT

socialisturi samSoblosadmi siyvaruliT aRsavse adamianebi. viqneT

Sinsaxkomis uaxlesi damxmareni xalxis mtrebis, jaSuSebis,

kontrrevolucioner trockist-zinoviev-buxarinel naZiralaTa winaaRdeg

brZolaSi.

Cven kidev ufro SevmWidrovdebiT didi stalinis irgvliv, romlis

mamobrivi mzrunvelobiT garemosilni arian sabWoTa mwerlebi – ”sulis

inJinrebi” (fondis p – 928, anaweri 1, saqme #2, oqmi#11).

miuxedavad amisa, SeuZlebeli iyo iavarqmna mexsierebaSi

kodirebuli mamulis siyvarulisa, erovnuli faseulobebisa,

mentalitetsa da cnobierebisa. e. w. sabWoTa samSoblosadmi miZRvnili

mxatvruli produqciis paralelurad iqmneboda patriotuli

suliskveTebiT STagonebuli nawarmoebebi. am TvalsazrisiT, aRsaniSnavia

mesxeTsa da lazeTze Seqmnili patriotuli Tematikis leqsebisa Tu

poemebis cikli, romelTac aWaraSi moRvawe yvela mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi

vxvdebiT.

parmen rurua, muSa poetis saxeliT iyo cnobili da bunebrivia,

misi kalamic upirvelesad, socializm-komunizmis ideas emsaxureboda,

magram unda iTqvas isic, rom mis SemoqmedebaSi erovnuli motivi

114

TvalsaCinoa da gansakuTrebiT farTod aris warmodgenili samxreT

saqarTvelos Tema. es Tema upirvelesad, erovnul tkivilTanaa

dakavSirebuli: ”nawili Zveli mesxeTis netar Rimilis mrCenia, kvnesis

meore nawili, wyvdiadis kalTa hfenia”, - werda poeti da Taobebis

gulistkivils gamoxatavda. am suliskveTebiT daweril leqsebSi swored,

im gmirobazea gadatanili aqcenti, romelmac ar misca mters saSualeba,

Caekla qarTuli suli da waeSala qarTuli saxe:

”mkerdze mZime Wrilobis mudam gaCnda iara,

gars gexvia mudamJams mteri didi, patara,

sulma mtkicem, udrekma cecxlSi gamogatara.

ra tanjva, ra wameba Sen ar gadagxdomia,

magram mterma nangrevis qveS ver mogiyolia” (rurua 1954:185).

aWaris Temas eZRvneba leqsebi: ”gadRegrZeleb, aWarav”, ”lazuri

leqsebi”, ”xixarTis yvavili”, ”vazi isev axels Tvalebs”, ”naqalaqevTan”

da sxv. am leqsebSi, cxadia, socializmis mzezec aris saubari da

bednier mSromelebzec, magram erovnuli motivic TvalsaCinoa:

”mzeCauqrob aWaraSi

vazi isev axels Tvalebs

sixarulis cremli dasdis

amdeni xnis naferkmTalebs.

vamayob, rom turfa mxare

mterma ZaliT ver moxara

ver gatexa qarTvelebi

da fuZidan ver moTxara” (rurua 1954:202).

bunebrivia, rom am poemis Tanmdevi mxatvruli saxea SoTa

rusTaveli. misi saxe parmen ruruas leqsebSic Cans:

”brZeni SoTa rusTaveli

mesxi iyo sasaxelo

vinc Tavisi sidiadiT

asaxela saqarTvelo” (rurua 1954:190).

patriotuli motivi mkafiod aris gamokveTili aseve nestor

malazonias SemoqmedebaSic. prof. iuri bibileiSvili misi leqsis

”fiqrebis” Sesaxeb saubrisas aRniSnavs, rom ”am leqsidan mkiTxvels

115

eufleba didi da Ronieri saqarTvelos mamuliSvilobis gancda. am

TvalsazrisiT es leqsi Cvens dReebSic inarCunebs maRal esTetikur

Rirebulebas da mas xdis qarTuli kacis sasiamovno Tanamgzavrad”

(bibileiSvili 203:33).

”gamitacebs awyvetili fiqris raSi,

gamitacebs Cemi qveynis eSxi,

qarTls davivli, Seval mesxeT-aWaraSi,

kaxeTs vnaxav, Sevqroldebi mTebSi.

svaneTidan Camovyvebi engurs xev-xev,

afxazeTs da samagrelos vnaxav,

Cems imereTs Camovivli kidev erTxel

da gurias vinaxuleb axla”.

am CamoTvliT mkiTxvelis warmosaxvaSi kaleideskopurad gaivlis

saqarTvelos istoria da swored, es istoriaa erovnuli mrwamsis

STagonebis wyaro.

nestor malazoniasac, sxvaTa msgavsad, araerTi leqsi dauweria

samSoblos gabrwyinebasa da socializm-komunizmis varskvlavebze. ilia

WavWavaZisadmi proletarul gadaZaxebasac waawydeba kaci iq, magaliTad

aseTs:

”aRmsdgara saqarTvelo da

arwivs dausxams frTebio,

ayvavebula mdelo da

ayvavebula mTebio...” (malazonia 1953:99).

magram aq WeSmariti poeturi grZnobiT nasazrdoebi sityvebic

bevria, iseTebic, ideologia Tanamgzavri romaa xolme, saTqmelis

gamoxatvis gasaadvileblad adevnebuli:

”miyvars am qveynis kvamlic, nacaric,

dazamTrdeba Tu gazafxuldeba _

mokvdes im leqsis yvela marcvali

samSoblos rom ar emsaxureba!” (malazonia 1955:5).

istoriul Temaze Seqmnili poema “qorwili” osmalTa samaswlovani

TareSis amsaxveli nawarmoebia. poeti aRwers, rogor arbevdnen samxreT-

saqarTvelos mkvidrT sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi, rogor umowyalod

116

awiokebdnen qveynisa da sarwmunoebis erTgulT, romelTa sisxliTac vin

icis ramdenjer atirebula Woroxi. poeti cdilobs, kontrastebis

gamoyenebiT emociurad da STambeWdavad asaxos mtris SemoWra da

Tavisuflebis moyvaruli qveynis Svilebis gmiruli brZolebi.

sruli simSvidea, xalxi laRad da bednierad cxovrobs, umciresi

miniSnebac ki araa mosalodneli Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb. yvela biZina

miqelaZisa da mzeqala abulaZis qorwilisaTvis emzadeba. moulodnelad

jvrisweris zars risxvisa da gangaSis zari Caanacvlebs. mnaTes nacvlad

xevisTavi jars uxmobda SemoWril mterTan sabrZolvelad. umal Seikriba

laSqari, vaJkacs Sin raRa gaaCerebda, erTxmad dairazmen samSoblos

dasacavad. samwuxarod, maTma Tavdadebam momxdurT ganzraxvaze xeli ver

aaRebina. iwveboda da nadgurdeboda qalaqebi sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi.

“daniT daWra badri mTvare, safrTxobelad Camokida”, “samasjer gaCnda

foToli, samasjer kvirti atirda”, “daingra cixe mravali, daingra

sxalTis taZari”, “aoxrda mesxTa alagi”, bolo ar uCanda dardsa da

vaebas.

“SfoTavdnen oSkis zarebi,

cixe-simagre nagebi,

taZrebi naCuqurTmevi,

xatebi fasis uTqmeli” (malazonia 1953:166).

poema stalinuri idealiT mTavrdeba, magram warmodgenili Tema da

metadre, “oSkis zarebis” Tu “taZrebis” xseneba, ukve aris mniSvnelovani

interesis Semcveli.

mamia varSaniZem pirveli leqsi 1933 wels dabeWda da mas Semdeg

wrfeli guliT emsaxureboda qarTul sityvas. erT-erTi pirveli

kritikosi, romelmac vrclad mimoixila misi Semoqmedeba, ipolite

varTagava iyo. niSandoblivia, rom kritikosma Tavis naSroms uwoda

“suli, guli, Segneba da mxneoba mamapapuri”.

kritikosi iuri bibileiSvili poetis Semoqmedebaze saubrisas

samarTlianad wers: “mamia varSaniZis saxeli qarTveli mkiTxvelis

cnobierebaSi bunebrivad asocirdeba did erovnul problemebTan, rac

erovnuli TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebisken mogvixmobs. xalasi erovnuli

grZnobiT aris damuxtuli misi yoveli sityva da poeturi fraza. mis

117

poetur samyaroSi arc marto warsuli vnebianobs myofadis gareSe da

arc marto myofadi _ uwarsulod. m. varSaniZis lirikuli gmiri

dedasamSoblosTan dabrunebuli Svilia, romelic genetikurad, arasdros

ar moswyvetia dedis sxeuls da guls. cnobili samasi wlis tyveobaSic

mxolod tyveoba da am tyveobidan Tavdaxsnis gmiruli brZolis samasi

weliwadi iyo” (bibileiSvili 2003:55).

mamia varSaniZis lirikasac, rasakvirvelia, gasdevs epoqis kvali,

magram mSobliuri kuTxis satkivari mainc ZiriTadia, “vici, gtkiva

warsuli, Cemo tkbilo aWarav”, _ werda poeti da araerT gulwrfel

leqss uZRvnida am tkivils.

“mSobliuri mTebis axlos

ZvelisZveli qvevrebia,

modi naxe, me iq vsaxlob,

mze iq SemiCerebia.

mesxi var da xelmadlians

ezo damimSvenebia,

naxe ra ar mabadia,

ra ar momiSenebia.

vazi rTvelis eSxSi curavs,

lalisferi mtevnebia,

tkbili Rvino damiwuravs,

qvevrSi damimRerebia.

Cems saxls gana Crdili faravs!

cisartyelas ferebi aqvs,

varskvlavebi mikrefia,

Rame gamiTenebia.

Cemi kera dalocvili

mzesTan SemiCerebia,

CuqurTmebiT dakocnili

o, ramdeni ferebia.

kvlav mesxurad gaviZaxi,

guli amimRerebia.

modi, naxe Cemi saxli,

118

rarig damimSvenebia” (varSaniZe 1955:85).

ZvelisZveli qvevrebi, vazi, swored is detalebia, romelTa

saSualebiTac STameWdavad gamoixateboda qveynis sevda, tkivili da

osmaloTa dampyrobluri politikiT gamowveuli umZimesi Sedegebi.

daundoblad ebrZodnen eris sulierebis balavarisa da erTianobis

safuZvelTa safuZvels. nangrevebad iqca xelixel sagogmanebeli eklesia-

monastrebi, ZirisZiramde amoZirkves eris TviTmyofadobis simbolo -

vazi, odesme Rvinis Sesanaxad Camarxuli ZvelisZveli qvevrebi xilis

saTavsoebad aqcies da cdilobdnen, aqaurTa mexsierebidan samudamod

amoekveTaT samSoblosa da mSobliuri enis siyvaruli. amdenad, mamia

varSaniZis leqsebi STambeWdavad da Rrma emociurobiT gamoxatavs

danawevrebuli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos tkivils. esenia: “patara

qvevri”, “modi naxe”, “Rvinos swuravs Seni qali”, “Cemi saxeli”, “lazuri”,

“WaneTi”. swored, am kuTxis mouSuSebel iaras edeba salbunad sityvebi:

“Seni qali swuravs Rvinos,

winaT wveTs ar ikarebda,

Seni qali irqmevs ninos _

qarTul saxels,

winaT Cadrs rom ifarebda” (varSaniZe 1955:84).

es yvela problema ki pirdapir ukavSirdeboda napirs iqiT darCenil

saqarTvelos. dakarguli qarTuli miwis kivili ismis leqsebSi:

“mesxuri”, “ayvavda Cemi patara baRi”, “lazis simRera”, “hau mifrinav

mercxalo”, “sarfgaRmel lamaz gogonas”, “aSuRi”. SeuZlebelia

gulgrilad waikiTxo es leqsebi da Tvalwin ar gagicocxldes

gardasul dReTa simZafre da Tavdadebul mamuliSvilTa gmiroba:

“Tumc bevrjer keras gadagvibijes,

cecxliT mohqondaT rjuli islamis,

ena qarTuli ver dagvimaxinjes

da ver Cagviqres dila sisxami” (varSaniZe 1950:16).

an kidev:

“gadauqrole fexmardo,

Tamaris koSkebs – nangrevebs.

magaTma javrma damadno,

119

salamurs ase vamRereb:

mzeo lazeTSic amodi

usmine lamaz CuqurTmebs,

CuqurTma sevdiT CurCulebs:

_ oda-saxlebis saSvenad

qarTvelma kacma maSena _

da Turqma gadamaSenos?!” (varSaniZe 1960:194).

an kidev:

“samas weliwads bnelSi iara,

mainc qarTuli ar gagiTavda.

qarTuli sityva abjrad aisxa,

da uSiSari vefxvs daemgvana;

omSi mReroda “mumli muxaso”,

akvanTan isev tkbil “iavnanas” (varSaniZe 1950:9).

poemebi “gelin-boRan” da “Sexvedra mTaSi” borot ZalasTan –

osmalo dampyrobelTan ramdenimesaukunovani brZolis amsaxveli

istoriis furclebia. poets Tavis droze dagegmili hqonda meore

Txzuleba vrcel poemad gardaeqmna, periodulad ki mis nawyvetebs

beWdavda, erT-erTi maTgani iyo “mzemzes naambobi”. sxvaTa Soris am

nawarmoebebis gamoqveyneba sxva leqsebTan erTad ferxdeboda, radgan,

rogorc Tavad ixsenebda, 1994 wels, ideologiurad miuRebeli da

erovnul-patriotuli xasiaTisa iyo. redaqtori parmen loria “didi

davidarabis Semdeg mxolod im leqsebis gamoqveynebaze dameTanxma, _

igonebs mamia varSaniZe – rac “mebrZolis simRerebSia” dabeWdili. guli

mtkioda, rom Cemi sayvareli leqsebi ganvarideT pirvel wigns. es

umTavresad erovnul-patriotuli leqsebia... da sxvac. “leqsebi

ideologiurad miuRebeliao”, miTxres mweralTa kavSirSi, rac SemomrCa,

Sevinaxe, raki erTxels guli amicrues, mere aRar mimixedavs maTken, isini

pirad arqivs mivanebe. maTgan ori poemaa - “gelin-boRan” da “Sexvedra

mTaSi” (varSaniZe 1994:4).

poeti poemebze muSaobis istoriasac gadmoscems ramdenime sityviT.

“gelin-boRan” pirvelad, saxalxod 1940 wels waikiTxa, xolo “Sexvedra

mTaSi” pirveli variantis saxiT 1936 wels iqmneba, romelic sami wlis

120

ganmavlobaSi samasidan aTas samas striqonamde izrdeba. pirvelad

nawyveti 1953 wels misive leqsebis krebul “sicocxlis wyaroSi”

ibeWdeba oRond ara Seqmnis Tavdapirveli TariRiT, aramed 1951 wliT. ra

Tqma unda, problemebi Seeqmna misi nawyvetis “mzemzes naambobis”

gamoqveynebazec:

“mis dabeWdvaze mTavlitma uari Tqva. aqaoda, TurqeTSi mcxovreb

Tanamemamuleebze wera ar SeiZlebao... poema “Sexvedra mTaSi” Cems arqivSi

inaxeba. kvlav dabejiTebiT vmuSaobdi poemis srulyofisaTvis. 1951 wels

poema ganixiles Cvens mweralTa kavSirSi” (varSaniZe 1994:4).

ase, rom Tavis droze akrZaluli poemebi iyo “gelin-boRan” da

“Sexvedra mTaSi”. maTSi aRwerili movlenebi naTelyofs, Tu rogor

icavdnen qarTvelebi sicocxlis fasad erovnul Rirsebas,

Tavmoyvareobasa da sxva faseulobebs. vin icis, ramdeni axalgazrda

Seewira moZaladeTa avxorcul, uzneo zraxvebs. qarTvelni ZalTa

uTanasworobisa, droisa da garemo pirobebis Seusabamobis miuxedavad,

yovelTvis icavdnen mSobliur siwmindeebs, Tavisuflebas, qarTul

tradiciebs, siyvaruls da ojaxur simtkices.

poema “gelin-boRanis” siyvarulis da Tavisuflebis moyvaruli

gmirebi droebiT, magram mainc axerxeben miznis miRwevas: Tavisufldebian

Tavsmoxveuli tradiciebisgan da qarTuli wesiTa da rigiT qmnian ojaxs.

gmirobis fasad, Seyvarebuli wyvili, xmas imaRlebs usamarTlobis

winaaRmdeg, aprotestebs monur mdgomareobaSi cxovrebis gagrZelebas da

didi zewolis miuxedavad, mainc SeuRldebian. rogorc mosalodneli

iyo, xanmokle aRmoCnda maTi bedniereba, idilia osmalom daarRvia,

romelzec qali akvnidan iyo daniSnuli. muxanaTurad Casafrebulma

martod mimavals sicocxle mouswrafa, radganac am ukansaknelma

Sercxvenil sicocxles sikvdili amjobina. tragedias ukvalod ar

Cauvlia. misma gmirobam mTeli sofeli gaaerTiana da sabrZolvelad

ganawyo:

“Seni mkvleli, vin vTqva, vin iyo?

vinc vazebi amiCexa.

Cemi miwa vinc gamiyo,

papa sadRac CamiCexa.

121

igi iyo Seni mkvlelic, _

wiTel fesiT, mokle xmaliT...,

zizRi, vinc ca dagvibnela,

mTebSi gahquxs Cemi boRma.

Wibons sevdiT Cavuberav” (varSaniZe 1994:82).

“gelin-boRanis” personaJebis msgavsad, am problemas ebrZvian poemis

- “Sexvedra mTaSi” nawyvetis “mzemzes naambobis” gmirebi, magram maTi

cxovreba tragikulad ar sruldeba. sofel olTisis mkvidrni _ tarieli

da mzemze _ mdidar vaWars, yaraTurqs upirispirdebian siyvarulis

dasacavad. Tanasoflelebis daxmarebiT axerxeben moZaladis

damarcxebasa da qarTuli ojaxis SenarCunebas, oRond sacxovrebeli

adgilis SecvliT, ukeT rom vTqvaT ZirZvel, mSobliur miwaze

dabrunebiT. maT erTxmad miiRes gadawyvetileba:

“ajobebs rom davubrundeT

Cveni babuis kerias

amaze bevrjer vdardobdi

da guli mwared mtkenia,

aq Cven vina varT, rani varT,

aqa-iq dafantulebi,

risTvis varT, vis samsaxurSi

da visTvis gviZgers gulebia” (varSaniZe 1994:74).

maT sjeraT, rom es gadawyvetileba yvelas dadebiTad waadgeba. erTi

mxriv, daicaven ojaxis simSvides da meore mxriv, samSoblos samsaxurSi

Cadgebian. erTianobiTa da brZoloT SeZleben danawevrebuli mamulis

gaerTianebas. imedovneben, rukaze aRar iqneba daqucmacebuli saqarTvelo.

“dro mova da saqarTvelo

aRsdgeba kidiT-kidemde” (varSaniZe 1994:75).

araerTi leqsi miuZRvna samSoblos giorgi saluqvaZem. misi pirveli

leqsi 1938 wels daibeWda. patriotizmi erTi baraqiani nakadia misi

Semoqmedebisa. epoqis kvali, cxadia, aqac Cans, magram tkivilic

aranaklebia. tkivili Tundac imis gamo, rom rogorc muxas mumli, ise

saqarTvelos mteri exvia mudam, brZolis xanZari ar qreboda:

“icavdnen qarTlis

122

saxels dadafnuls,

xuWuWa vazebs,

oqrosfer naTess,

qarTul simReras,

qarTul gazafxuls,

Tamaris varskvlavs,

rusTvelis naTels,

Sen ar dainde mteri arc erTi” (saluqvaZe 1955:113).

samSoblos siyvaruliT gulanTebuli poeti wers patriotul

leqsebs: “simReriT gadarCenili”, “samared eqcaT miwa qarTuli”, “mze

Sina da mze gareTa”, ”isev cikaris Tvali darajobs”, ”ori sarfi”, ”modis

vaJkaci”, ”gzaSi”, ”vazis Ziri dailocos”, ”aWaris mTebSi”, ”sityva

qarTuli”, ”sami leqsi lazeTze”... Sexaris giorgi saluqvaZe saqarTvelos

mindor-velebs, mTa-gorebs da umReris mSobliur saganZurs. rac ki

saukeTesoa, qarTul fesvze amozrdili da qarTulive geniTaa

nasazrdoebi. ”fesvmagaria, rac qarTulia, marad mesxuri madliT mJReria,

samas weliwads cecxlSi uvlia, gadaSeneba ar uweria!” – miyveba

Semoqmedi gulidan wamosul sityvebs da eris rwmenisa da siZlieris

erTerT umTavres xatebas locavs:

”ramdeni gmiris mklavi davxarjeT,

rom Segvemusra qveynis amklebi...

me venaxs vlocav navenaxarze,

lxins aCaReben odasaxlebi” (saluqvaZe 1955:131).

swored, venaxi iyo mtris upirvelesi samizne, romelsac

SemosevisTanave sastikad uswordeboda. aWaraSi sami saukunis

ganmavlobaSi mobogine osmalo rogor datovebda xeluxlebels

qristiani eris salocavs. qristianobasTan erTad vazic amoZirkva

aqaurTa cxovrebidan. bunebrivia, aWaraSi moRvawe mwerlebis

SemoqmedebaSi venaxs gansakuTrebuli adgili rom uWiravs. yvela

Semoqmedi cdilobs, gansakuTrebuli rudunebiTa da sifaqiziT ise

asaxos misadmi pativiscema da siyvaruli, rom istoriuli

bedukuRmarTobiT sarwmunoebaSecvlili xalxis TanagrZnoba

daimsaxuros. giorgi saluqvaZe leqsSi “vazis Ziri dailocos” vazis

123

dalocvas amitomac iwyebs istoriuli aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT. ”vazis

Ziri dailocos, misi madli winapruli” – amzadebs mkiTxvels misi

mniSvnelobis warmodgeniT da Semdeg xazs usvams mevenaxeobis kulturis

aRdgenis Sedegebs.

“samasi wlis Semdeg mosuls

dahkargvia gana kdema?

qarTul saxlSi lxinad Sedis,

saxli ufro galaRdeba.

... Wigoebi Wrialeben,

vazebs uWirT fexze dgoma,

samasi wlis qvevrs aRviZebs

madliani Semodgoma” (saluqvaZe 1955:136).

da rac mTavaria, am procesSi aqtiuradaa CarTuli moxuci kaci –

Tavmsmoxveuli sarwmunoebis dogmebisgan ganTavisuflebuli da mama-

papuri vazis madliT galaRebuli. igi venaxsac uvlis da Rvinosac

miirTmevs. “tkbil qarTuliT iloceba vazis fesvis gaxarebas” – wers

poeti da iqve mis fiqrsa da ocnebas swvdeba, rac, ra Tqma unda, sarfis

iqiT darCenili saqarTvelos tkivils ukavSirdeba.

tkiviliania “sami leqsi lazeTze”. mxolod erTi nabiji aSorebs

sazRvris sxvadasxva mxares darCenil qarTvelT, magram es umciresi

manZili udides dardsa da vaebas itevs. TurqTa saTareSod qceuli

qarTuli miwa mouTmenlad elodeba mxsnels, ukeTesi momavlis imediT

cxovrobs udidesi msxverplis fasad qarTvelobaSenarCunebuli lazi.

“Cemi fesvia am Reles gaRmac,

“mumli muxaso”, Cemi Zma mReris.

surneli mainc SerCa qarTuli

miwas Turqebis qusliT gaTqerils,

qarTul miwaze TofmomarTuli

dgas gulboroti Turqi askeri” (rurua 1949:#125).

godebs poeti da imeds itovebs, rom uZleveli muxa kvlavac

moigeriebs mumls, qarTveli siZneleebis miuxedavad, SeinarCunebs

qarTvelobas, warsulis kuTvnileba gaxdeba gaRma darCenili qarTveli

dedis godeba da gauqmdeba qveynis avadmosagonari gamyofi sazRvari.

124

40-ian wlebSi saliteraturo asparezze gamovida fridon xalvaSi.

misi Semoqmedeba Tavidanve Seiyvara mkiTxvelma, upirvelesad

mamuliSviluri suliskveTebis gamo. poetma gulTan axlos miitana

samSoblos Wiric da lxinic, warsulic da awmyoc. osmalTa samaswliani

batonobis Tema mis SemoqmedebaSic TvalsaCinoa:

“samasi weli...

sisxli da cremli...

grigalSi videq mklavSemarTuli,

qariSxals vZlie, cecxls gavuZeli,

da SevirCine eSxi qarTuli.

mtarvali xmaliT

menatreboda qarTuli nana,

namgalis nacvlad xanZarTa ali

dastrialebda Cems baRCa-yanas.

mingrevdnen fuZes,

magram gavuZel,

ver mtexda mexi Tavsdatexili, _

samas weliwads Cexes da mainc

ver amiCexes vazis grexili” (xalvaSi 1947:#11).

oriode sityva unda iTqvas prozis Sesaxebac. marTalia, lirikam

ufro farTod asaxa samSoblos siyvarulis Tema, magram rigi

problemebisa da sakiTxebisa, arc prozaikosTa yuradRebis miRma

darCenila. magaliTad, kapiton rusiZis “meTevze nazimis qaliSvili” imiT

ipyrobs yuradRebas, rom “gaRma sarfis” binadrebs exeba. moTxroba

“meTevze nazimis qaliSvilic” usamarTlobas Sewiruli adamianebis

istoriaa. dasavleT sarfSi mcxovrebi giuli mdidari qvrivis nahijes

msaxuria. Raribi meTevzis, nazimis qaliSvili Tavisi silamaziT

yvelasgan gamoirCeoda da es silamaze gaxda misi gaubedurebis mizezi.

guduT qomuTani yvelafers akeTebda mis xelSi Casagdebad. raRa Tqma

unda, patiosani ojaxi cdilobda Tavis dacvas, magram uSedegod. Zalam

Tavisi gaitana. nabij-nabij gauswordnen udanaSaulo adamianebs. jer

giulim dakargda samsaxuri _ qalbatonma daiTxova, Semdeg meTevze

nazimi mokles gaqcevis mcdelobis gamo. bolos qaliSvilic gaitaces.

125

giulim moaxerxa mamis mkvlelisaTvis samagieros gadaxda da sikvdiliT

dasja, magram ver SeZlo sazRvris gadmolaxva da sarfSi dasaxleba...

maSin umtyuna bedma, rodesac sul mcire manZili iyo darCenili mis

axdenamde. Turqma mesazRvreebma Seipyres da Semdgom sikvdiliT dasajes

(rusiZe 1951:75).

dasasruls, oriode sityviT SevCerdebiT parmen lorias

Semoqmedebaze. misi literaturuli saqmianobac erTi saintereso

magaliTia xelovanis bedisa socialisturi realizmis epoqaSi.

parmen lorias Semoqmedebas arasdros aklda mkiTxveli, piriqiT,

SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom moWarbebuladac hyavda. igi baTumSi

moRvaweobda, Tumca am periodis baTumi didi literaturuli

tradiciebiT maincadamainc ver daikvexnida. es maSin, roca saqarTveloSi

literaturul saqmianobas eweodnen prozis WeSmariti didostatebi.

arc erT mwerals parmen loriamde ar dauTmia aWarisaTvis, aqauri

qarTvelebisaTvis esodeni yuradReba. marTalia, problemebi aq

klasobriobis ideologiuri principebidan gamomdinarea ganxilul-

gadaWrili, magram es mainc uaRersi tkiviliT aRsavse Temaa, romelic

niWierma mweralma siyvaruliT da sifrTxiliT miitana mkiTxvelamde da

iqneb swored, es gaxda popularobis erT-erT mizezi?

an iqneb is, rom igi ZiriTadad socialisturi keTildReobis ideals

xatavda da amas sakmaod niWierad akeTebda? faqtia, rom parmen loria

Tavisi epoqis Svilia, socialuri Tema misi ZiriTadi Temaa da isic

erTgulad exmianeba sabWoTa ideologias. Sesabamisad, proletaruli

kulturis araerTi Sabloni TvalsaCinoa mis SemoqmedebaSi.

sabWoTa xelisuflebamac daufasa damsaxureba mwerals. miuxedavad

amisa rom, mis SemoqmedebaSic iCens Tavs e. w. proletaruli CarCos

darRvevis mcdelobani. im fonze, roca sabWoeTis uzarmazar qveyanaSi

gabatonebuli ideologia eweoda erebis Serwymisa Tu erovnuli enebis

gaqrobis propagandas, romanSi “Svilebi” igi aseT sayvedurs aTqmevinebs

rusi erovnebis personaJs qarTvelebis mimarT: “ratom ar giyvarT

qarTvels Tqveni mSobliuri qarTuli ena? am Cvens kulturis sasaxleSi

yovelnairi wre gvaqvs Seqmnili da mec dauzarelad vmonawileob maTSi.

magram ar aris qarTuli enis Semswavleli wre. aseTi wre rom gvqondes,

126

me da sxvebi siamovnebiT SeviswavlidiT qarTul enas da kidev ufro

ukeTesi urTierToebebi gveqneboda erTmaneTTan, ukeT SevicnobdiT

erTmaneTis sulier kulturas”.

konceptualuri azri am fragmentisa, rogorc Cans, mainc

gamomxatvelia mwerlis faruli gaRizianebisa imis gamo, rom

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma rusebma qarTuli ena ar ician da arc aqvT

survili misi Seswavlisa. esodeni frTxili miniSnebac ki amaze,

Semoqmedis Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos uTuod.

swored, zemoxsenebuli konteqstidan gamomdinare gvsurs, yuradReba

gavamaxviloT parmen lorias cxovrebis erT naklebad cnobil detalze:

igi rom moqmed armiaSi ibrZoda pirveli msoflio omis dros, es arc

yofila dafaruli. magram parmen loria damoukidebeli saqarTvelos

jariskaci iyo garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi da maSin arc

patriotuli suliskveTebis gamoxatvas erideboda.

1919 wlis 26 maisis gazeT “erTobaSi” (#115) dabeWdilia depeSa,

romlis Sinaarsi udavod imsaxurebs yuradRebas parmen lorias, rogorc

socialisturi realizmis warmomadgenlis Semoqmedebis fonze.

depeSa patriotuli suliskveTebiTaa gamsWvaluli da misi Sinaarsi

Semdegia:

“axalcixe. Cven, meoTxe polkis mesame tyviismfrqveveli gundis

jariskacebi vulocavT Cvens mTavrobas saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

wlisTavs. iaraRiT xelSi mzad varT mis dasacavad. gaumarjos

demokratiul saqarTvelos.

amxanagebis mindobilobiT: parmen loria”.

mravlismetyveli depeSa da misi komentireba Sors wagviyvans. imasRa

vityvi, rom am suliskveTebis kacs, romelic demokratiuli saqarTvelos

nacvlad socialistur saqarTvelos emsaxura mTeli cxovreba, mainc

gamohyveboda tkivili. misi cxovrebis es nawili albaT sabWoTa epoqis

bevri xelovanis cxovrebas hgavda: SoTa quriZes Tavis wignSi

“mxatvruli sityvis ganviTareba aWaraSi” Seutania parmen lorias

gamouqveynebeli Canaweri: “Cemi wignebis istoria”, romelSic naTqvamia:

“vwer ufro mSralad, nakleb grZnobebia Sig. ar momwons, magram mainc

vwer. imitom, rom Cems msajulebs aseTi nawarmoebebi miaCniaT politikur

127

nawarmoebebad. vwer dRe da Rame. vwer sxvisi gemovnebis mixedviT” (quriZe

1970:75).

“sxvisi gemovnebiT” werisas gulwrfeli patriotuli grZnobebis

adgili naklebad rCeboda. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc vnaxeT, samSoblos

avi da kargi TviT socialisturi realizmis literaturaSic poulobda

Tavis adgils.

$ 2. omis Tema da ideologiuri mwerlobis

zogierTi Tavisebureba

cnobili faqtia, rom sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobam 1941-45 wlebSi

mTeli qveyana, ase vTqvaT, saomar relsebze gadaawyo. omis kanonebs

daeqvemdebara mwerlobac. mweralic mebrZolad iqca, oRond, ideologiur

frontze mebrZolad. am procesSi, bunebrivia, CarTuli iyo saqarTvelos

mweralTa kavSiris aWaris organizacia.

1941 wlis 9 ivliss ,,aWaris sabWoTa mwerlebis kavSiris“ wevrTa saerTo

kreba Catarda. mwerlebi saubrobdnen e.w. ,,TavdacviTi literaturis“

Seqmnisa da gamocemis aucileblobaze. es miswrafeba dadgenilebaSic aisaxa:

”mizanSewonilad iqnes cnobili uaxloes xanSi mxatvruli literaturuli

krebulis gamocema. aRniSnul krebulSi moTavsdes masalebi da werili

Tavdacvis Temaze, im did brZolebze, romelsac saxelovani partia awarmoebs

verag faSistebis winaaRmdeg. masalebis Segroveba damTavrdes 20 ivlisamde”

(fondis P – 928, anaweri 1, saqme 2, oqmi#4).

omis Temaze Seqmnil TxzulebaTa Soris iSviaTad Tu gamoereoda

raime mxatvruli RirsebiT aRbeWdili nawarmoebi. mdare literaturuli

produqcia, SesaZloa, ideologiur SekveTas ramdenadme akmayofilebda,

magram metismeti siyalbis gamo TviT SemkveTebisTvis iyo

gamaRizianebeli. cnobili sabWoTa kritikosi besarion JRenti ganixilavda

ra omis periodis prozas, werda:

128

“upirvelesi nakli, romelic axasiaTebs samamulo omis Temaze

daweril moTxrobaTa umravlesobas, is aris, rom xSirad avtorebi ar

icnoben ra masalas, romelzec weren, kmayofildebian TavianTi

gamomgoneblis unariT, TavianTi mxatvruli fantaziiT, ris meoxebiTac

nawarmoebSi adgili aqvs “gamomgoneblis” xelovnurs da naZaladev

situaciebs. nawarmoebTa siuJetebi ufro xSirad moulodnel da

daujerebel SemTxvevebs emyareba. gamomuSavda erTgvari siuJeturi

standartebi da sqemebi, romlebic uZluri arian mxatvruli simarTliT

da damajereblobis ZaliT gadmoscen... brZolis cocxali sinamdvile”

(JRenti 1949:138).

bunebrivia, rom siuJetur standartebsa da sqemebs, e. w.

gamomgoneblobas, verc aWaraSi Seqmnili literaturuli produqcia

ascdeboda.

,,balada mzareulze” warmoaCens gmirobas polkis mzareulisa. igi

wuxs, bedma qvabebTan fusfusi rom arguna wilad da ara brZolis

SuagulSi triali, ganicdis, rom omis Semdgom saamayo araferi eqneba.

Tumca male miecema Tavis gamoCenis saSualeba. moulodnelad mtris

tanki gamoCndeba, mzareuli ar daibneva:

,,najaxs xeli wamoavlo

da Tvalwin dgas danarCeni:

Tu mtris tankze rogor Sexta,

rogor Weqda lomkaciviT,

an tyviamfrqvevs rogor Cexda

fxanawrTobi rkina civi” (malazonia 1953:92).

mokled, tankis winaaRmdeg alesili najaxiT mebrZolma mzareulma

codvis kalo daatriala da mere isev mSvidad miubrunda Tavis saqmes _

sadilis momzadebas. rac Seexeba tanks da germanelebs, ,,iqve tanki,

grova gvamTa da mtris Savi idga sisxli”. am istoriis Semdeg aRarc

baladis daskvnaa moulodneli ,,venacvale, Cems mamulSi gza bevria

saxelisken...”

standartuli siuJetisaa kapiton rusiZis ,,Tenzile”: Tenzile

eqTani iyo. frontze wavida da Tavs ar zogavda, araerTi daWrili

meomari gadaarCina. ,,marto hospitalSi ki ara, mTels batalionSi

129

icnobdnen mas, lomgul qaliSvils eZaxdnen, pativs scemdnen,

gulwrfelis da-Zmuri siyvaruliT iyvarebdnen, Sesaferis jildos

miuzRavdnen TavdadebisaTvis” _ wers avtori.

Tenziles gulwrfelad uyvarda Tanasofleli ramizi. hospitalSi

Tenzile maincadamainc ramizs gadaawydeba SemTxveviT, mere isini erT

partizanul razmSi moxvdebian da erTad gaagrZeleben safronto

cxovrebas. ramizi iRupeba. Tenzile Sin brundeba da Tan Svili mohyavs.

ramizis ojaxi rZlad miiRebs mas da erTad zrdian pataras” (rusiZe 1946

#83-#86).

parmen loria moTxrobaSi ,,dabrunebuli” mogviTxrobs dezertiris

Sesaxeb. frontidan gamoqceulma jariskacma Tavis saxlSi Sesvlamde

garedan miayurada da moismina, rogor natrobda deda, Svili gmirad

dabruneboda, umcrosi Zma patriotul leqss werda misTvis. erTi

sityviT, jariskaci rwmundeba, rom ojaxi dezertirs ar miiRebs, amitom

veRar bedavs saxlSi Sesvlas, frontze brundeba, vaJkacurad ibrZvis

da saxelganTqmuli gmiri xdeba.

sabWoTa kritikam moTxrobis mxatvruli damajerebloba saeWvod

miiCnia da samarTlianadac, magram saqme isaa, rom Txzulebis ideuri

gamarTulobac daiwunes:

“amgvari xatva Cveni samamulo omis gmirebisa, yovlad Seuferebelia,

- werda besarion JRenti, - kaci, romelic frontidan gamoipara, romelmac

amgvari moRalaturi saqme Caidina, gmiri ver gaxdeba, vinaidan gmiroba

SemTxvevis saqme ki ar aris, aramed rwmenis saqmea. gmiri is aris, visac

swams Cveni saqmis simarTle da misTvis Tavs sdebs. visac aseTi rwmena ar

gaaCnia, is gmiri ver gaxdeba. am mxriv, parmen lorias mier daxatuli

situacia usaTuod araswor, mcdar gaSuqebas aZlevs samamulo omis

gmiris saxes, mis bunebas. nuTu saWiro iyo frontidan gamoparva da

sakuTari saxlis karebze miyuradeba imis gasagebad, Tu rogor uyvars

Cvens xalxs Tavisi gmiri Svilebi da rarigad ezizReba mas laCrebi,

dezertirebi, samSoblos moRalateebi?” (JRenti 1949:142).

garda zemoxsenebuli siuJeturi standartebisa da sqemebisa, sabWoTa

mwerlobaSi da Sesabamisad, aWaraSi moRvawe mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi

aucileblad figurirebda ramdenime Tema, romelTa azri, ideologiuri

130

safuZveli Tu sapropagando struqtura arsebiTad erTgvarovani iyo, am

nawarmoebebs Cveni mwerlobis ganviTarebaze Rirebuli kvali ar

dauCnevia, magram “mimdinare istoriul momentSi” propagandistis rols

warmatebiT iTavsebda da ase Tu ise zemoqmedebda mkiTxvelis

cnobierebaze. mxedvelobaSi maqvs erTi mxriv, beladebis saxotbo poezia,

meore mxriv, sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebi erebis da xalxebis erTian Zmur

ojaxad warmoCena.

ideologiuri literatura dabejiTebiT gamoxatavda azrs, rom ssrk-

s gamarjveba gardauvalia am omSi, radgan qveyanas xelmZRvanelobs

brZeni stalini, qveynis saqmianobas ki warmarTaven gonierebiT

gamorCeuli wvrili Tu msxvili beladebi. beladomania, rogorc zemoTac

aRvniSneT, mTeli sabWoTa literaturisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. Cven

mxolod erT magaliTs moviyvanT, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom miZRvniTi

xasiaTis saxotbo poeziis raodenoba ganusazRvrelia.

”da mters davZlevT ueWvelad,

radgan klimi uZRvis laSqars!

vaSa stalins _ xalxTa belads!

voroSolovs – Cveni vaSa!” (malazionia 1938:#44).

amasTan, rogorc aRvniSneT, ideologiuri literatura xatavda erTi

mizniT gaerTianebuli da ganmtkicebuli erebisa da xalxebis (ssrk-Si

mcxovrebi erebisa da xalxebis) saxes. propagandis arsi imaSi

mdgomareobda, rom mkiTxvels unda erwmuna, miuxedavad udidesi

gansacdelisa, sabWoTa kavSiri rCeboda mravali eris Zmur ojaxad da es

erebi, zemoxsenebuli gansacdelis gamo, kidev ufro mtkiced Sekrulni,

erTianad ebrZodnen faSizms.

roca omis Temaze Seqmnil ideologiur literaturaze, epoqis

moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad Seqmnil sqemebsa da standartebze vsaubrobT,

sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom es fsevdoliteratura erTaderTi xazi

rodi iyo Cveni mwerlebisa. ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, TiTqos yvelaferi

ideologiis CarCoSi iyo moqceuli. oms bevri tkivili axlavs, rac

qarTvelma erma faSizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli sxva erebis msgavsad

gadaitana. araerTi mwerlis gulwrfel striqonebSi aisaxa omis koSmari,

131

msxverpli, romelic Cvenma qveyanam gaiRo, gmiroba da mamacoba, romelic

qarTvelma mebrZolebma Tu Sin darCenilma moqalaqeebma gadaitanes.

qvemoT oriode sityviT SevexebiT aWaraSi moRvawe mwerlebis

saomari Tematikis am nawils da erT diaxac saintereso tendencias

mivapyrobT yuradRebas.

niSandoblivia, rom xSirad qarTveli mwerlebi “samSoblos”

cnebaSi gulisxmobdnen ara maincadamainc sabWoTa kavSirs, aramed

upirvelesad saqarTvelos da amiT ideologiur sadarajoze mdgari

kritikis risxvasac imsaxurebdnen. 1951 wels gazeT “komunistis” mowinave

kidev erTxel mkacrad STaagonebda mwerlebs:

“roca zogierTi Cveni mwerali umReris samSoblos ganyenebulad,

garkveulad ar ambobs – romel samSobloze aqvs mas laparaki, ar

aRniSnavs, rom samSoblo es aris ara marto saqarTvelo, aramed

mTlianad didi sabWoTa kavSiri, ar aRniSnavs, rom samSoblo – es aris

lenin-stalinis partiis xelmZRvanelobiT, sabWoTa xalxis Tavdadebuli

SromiT da brZoliT aSenebuli axali socialisturi qveyana, _ es ar

aris jansaRi ganwyobileba, aseT garkveul nawarmoebs SeiZleba xeli

moaweros Cvenma mtrebmac nacionalistTa banakidan” (,,komunisti” 1951).

is, rasac gazeTi “komunisti” gmobda, anu ganwyoba “Cemi samSoblo

saqarTveloa”, mkafiod Cans saomar Tematikaze (da ara mxolod saomar

Tematikaze) Seqmnil literaturul produqciaSi. zogjer iseTi

STbeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos mwerlebma dro ixelTes da “sabWoTa

patriotizmis” safarqveS aRadgines tabudadebuli cneba samSoblosi,

gza gauxsnes swored nacionalur ganwyobas: omis periodis

propagandistuli manqana gasaqans aZlevda patriotul grZnobebs. amis

gareSe omis mogeba Zneli iqneboda, Tu SeuZlebeli ara. Sesabamisad,

“sabWoTa patriotizmi” da WeSmariti patriotizmi ise gadaexlarTa

erTmaneTs, gamijnva gaZnelda da mwerlebmac TiTqos isargebles

Seqmnili viTarebiT.

Salva ioseliani, magaliTad, uTuod niWieri poeti iyo, igi

frontze daiRupa 1943 wels, 26 wlisa. sagulisxmoa, rom zemoxsenebuli

tendencia (“Cemi samSoblo saqarTveloa”) TvalsaCinoa omis Temaze

daweril mis leqsebSi:

132

“Cems vaJkacobas moeswro deda,

mamulisaTvis mzrdida mSobeli.

da mec movdivar mtero tialo,

movdivar risxviT, viT qariSali,

rom Sens gulRviZlSi davatrialo

saakaZis da erekles xmali.”

gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa ukanaskneli striqonebi. saakaZis da

erekles xmlis xseneba “diadi sabWoeTis” adgils aRar tovebs da

samSoblos siyvarulis grZnobac aq konkretul Sinaarss iZens.

saakaZe da erekle, aseve SoTa, Tamari naxsenebi arian nana

gvariSvilis leqsSic:

“qarTlis gulidan modis fesvebi,

Cveni modgmis da Cveni nayofis,

jabans wyevlian SoTas leqsebi,

didi Tamaris eSxiT natrfobi,

Sen saakaZis miwa gavalebs,

wminda qarTuli guli mfeTqavi

gmir winaparTa STamomavali, _

ahkafo mteri erekles xmaliT!” (gvariSvili, 1948:15).

sxva SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa miniSneba mSobliur garemoze an ufro

bundovani iyos, an saerTod ar arsebobdes. magaliTad movixmoT mamia

varSaniZis erTi upretenzio leqsi “alal iyos”:

“asi tyvia momxvdes Tunda

niaRvariT gadamTelon

es sicocxle alal iyos

Cemi qveynis sasaxelod” (varSaniZe, 1960:208).

“Cems qveyanad” aq ssrk rom miviCnioT, logikas moklebuli ar

iqneba. magram leqsSi miniSnebac araa ukidegano sivrceebze Tu

internacionalur Zmur ojaxze. amdenad, imave warmatebiT “Cemi qveyana” da

“samSoblo” aq saqarTvelos SeiZleba niSnavdes, miTumetes Tu mamia

varSaniZis mTeli Semoqmedebis bunebas gaviTvaliswinebT.

amdenad, rogorc vTqviT, omis Temaze Seqmnili mTeli

literaturuli produqciis ideologiuri mwerlobis farglebSi moqceva

133

dauSvebelia. aSkaraa, rom am nawarmoebebSi SigadaSig mkafiod Cans

erovnuli motivi da nacionalur grZnobebsac gasaqani eZleva.

$ 3. baTumSi moRvawe poetebi socialisturi realizmis epoqaSi da tao-klarjeTis savaneTa bediswera

1921 wlis 25 Tebervlis Semdgom axali, bolSevikuri imperiis

xelisufalTa nebiTa da ZaliT samxreT saqarTvelos teritoriebis

umetesi nawili TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca. qarTvelma

sazogadoebam, ufro zustad, erovnuli inteligenciis da politikuri

speqtris bolSevikur saqarTveloSi SemorCenilma nawilma, gabrZolebaRa

SeZlo.

rac Seexeba mwerlobas, aqac metad specifikuri viTareba sufevda.

cnobili faqtia, rom bolSevikebi mizanmimarTulad cdilobdnen mTeli

mwerlobis moqcevas upirobo gavlenis qveS. samxreT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb

wera aravis aukrZalavs, magram erovnuli tkivilis gamoxatva

principulad miuRebeli iyo. “Zmuri kavSiris” kosmopolituri

propagandiT gamsWvaluli ideologia ugulebelyofda erovnul

interesebs da miswrafebebs. amitomac iyo, rom proletaruli mwerloba

radikalurad gaemijna patriotul Tematikas.

magram survili erTia da SesaZlebloba – meore. proletarul

mwerlobas arc niWi eyo, arc Zala, rom win aRdgomoda qarTuli

mxatvruli literaturis mravalsaukunovan tradicias. erovnuli motivi,

marTalia, Seaviwrova, moaduna, magram ver aRmofxvra. Sesabamisad,

cocxlobda samxreT saqarTvelos Temac da barem imasac SevniSnav, rom

xsenebul Temaze Seqmnili nawarmoebebi pirobiTad SeiZleba or _

ideologiur da ideologiisgan Tavisufal (aseTic arsebobda) _ jgufad

davyoT. cxadia, pirveli sWarbobs da arc esaa gasakviri, magram meorec

arsebobs. pirvelis SemTxvevaSic ki zogjer sacnauria, rom ideologia

saSualebaa, safaria patriotuli gulisnadebis gamosavlenad.

134

meore msoflio omis Semdgom CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebuli viTareba Seiqmna. amis Sesaxeb qvemoT

visaubrebT, manamade ki unda aRiniSnos, rom samxreT saqarTvelos Tema

yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli, metadre, 30-iani wlebidan, aWaraSi moRvawe

mweralTa SemoqmedebisaTvis iyo. es niSandoblivi faqtia. aWara, xom

Tavad iyo monawile cxoveli istoriuli procesebisa; swored, am

regions Seexo yvelaze mwvaved gayofa-ganawilebis, gasxvisebis

tragikuli movlenebi. didi xani ar iyo gasuli mas Semdeg, moskovSi,

stambol-ankarasa Tu evropaSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis gamo rom

gadadioda igi xelidan xelSi. mravali monawile am procesebisa jerac

cocxali iyo da arc ezosa Tu yanis boloSi gavlebuli sazRvrebis

gamo erTmaneTs mowyvetili naTesavebis tkivils uCanda daamebis piri.

amasTan es iyo regioni, romelmac saukuneebs gamoatara qarTuli ena,

cnobiereba, zneoba, tradicia... meore mxriv, ki gacocxlebuli mxatvruli

sityva axlaRa ikrebda Zalas, axlaRa Cndeboda saukuneebiT dagubebuli

saTqmelis gamoxatvis saSualeba da imdenad Rrma iyo Wriloba, imdenad

maRali Rirebulebisa iyo es Tema, rom TviT socialisturi realizmis

pirobebSi fexadgmulma adgilobrivma mwerlobamac ki araerTxel

gadaabija damkvidrebul zRvars.

ideologiuri mxare amjerad naklebad gvainteresebs. isedac cxadia,

rom meTologiuri sayrdeni mocemuli Temisa, umetesad, Tavsdeba imxnad

damkvidrebul SablonSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, kapitalistur qveyanaSi

(Cvens SemTxvevaSi TurqeTSi) mcxovrebi mSromelebi iCagrebian, sabWoeTSi

ki bednierad cxovrobden:

“aqauri qarTvelni

sul bnelSi varT daxSulni,

gvenatreba Suqi mzis,

Suqi didi stalinis!”

- ase aTqmevinebs xofel aSuRs erTi poeti. magram yvelaze niSandoblivi

ideologiuri nawarmoebebisaTvisac ki is aris, rom swored, “iqaur

qarTvelebzea” saubari maTSi da ara “mTeli TurqeTis mSromel

mosaxleobaze”. am ukanasknelis badali ukiduresobani xom esoden

135

damaxasiaTebeli iyo proletaruli kulturisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT misi

adreuli etapisaTvis.

magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, es arsebiTi, oRond mainc sxva mxarea

problemisa da amjerad, mas ar vexebiT. Cven ufro is tkivili,

dauZleveli sevda gvaRelvebs, ase mkafiod rom gamovlinda mxatvrul

literaturaSi da amasTan yuradRebas mivapyrobT jerac SerCenil imedsa

da brZolis Jinze:

“mTebo, nislebo, gaswieT,

msurs klarjeTs, SavSeTs gavxedo,

Cvenia, gana gavswireT,

vin aris, mand rom Tavxedobs?!” (varSaniZe 1950:23).

- jer kidev 1936 wels werda amas mamia varSaniZe.

unda vaRiaroT, rom omamdel mxatvrul literaturaSi (SevniSnavT

imasac, rom mocemuli Tema ufro lirikam asaxa) sWarbobs gulistkivili,

cremli da vaeba arsebuli viTarebis gamo. imedi, ZmaTa SeerTebisa,

bJutavs mxolod. am tkivilian ganwyobas gamoxatavs swored leqsi “vici”

(1937 w):

“saidan mesmis me Zaxili gulis momkvleli,

ras momZaxian CanCqerebi ase idumals?!

vin dakla Cemi meakvane dauCoqveli

da mogugune zari Cemi vin damiduma?!” (varSaniZe 1950:29).

viTareba radikalurad Seicvala meore msoflio omis Semdeg, roca

omSi gamarjvebuli sabWoTa kavSiris TurqeTTan urTierTobis axali

etapi dadga. marTalia, omis miwurulsYTurqeTi antifaSistur koalicias

SeurTda, sabWoTa kavSiri mas germaniis Tanamzraxvelad miiCnevda.

Sesabamisad, omis Semdgom mizanSewonilad CaTvala angariSis gasworeba

da sababs eZebda amisaTvis. amitom, saqarTveloSi gaCnda imedi

samSoblosgan moglejili miwebis dabrunebisa, istoriul sazRvrebSi

teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenisa. miTumetes, rom sabWoTa kavSiri

pirdapir moiTxovda artaanis, arTvinisa (saqarTvelosTvis) da yarsis

(somxeTisaTvis) olqebis daTmobas (samuSia 2003:6).

1945 wlis 14 dekembers gazeT “komunistSi” gamoqveynda gamoCenili

qarTveli istorikosebis simon janaSias da niko berZeniSvilis werili

136

“TurqeTisadmi Cveni kanonieri pretenziebis Sesaxeb”. werilis avtorebi

asabuTebdnen saqarTvelos uflebas TurqeTis sazRvrebSi moqceul

samxreT saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze da daaskvnidnen, rom

qarTvel xalxs unda daubrundes Tavisi miwa-wyalio.

gasagebia, rom werili xelisuflebis nebiT da miTiTebiT

momzaddeboda da gamoqveyndeboda, magram arc isaa saeWvo, rom am

SemTxvevaSi mimTiTebelTa neba da eris suliskveTeba erTmaneTs daemTxva.

paradoqsuli tragizmi situaciisa da epoqisa ki is gaxldaT, rom

erovnuli satkivarisa da miswrafebis gulwrfeli gamoxatvisTvis

maincadamainc komunisturi partiisa da mTavrobis direqtiva gaxda

aucilebeli.

simon janaSias da niko berZeniSvilis werils imave an momdevno

wlebSi mohyva araerTi cnobili mecnieris, sasuliero Tu sazogado

moRvawis werilebi imave Temaze. aSkara iyo, rom mzaddeboda safuZveli

umniSvnelovanesi politikuri gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebisaTvis.Aam

safuZvels eyrdnoboda swored, 1947 wlis oqtomberSi gaerTianebuli

erebis delegaciis generaluri asambleis sxdomaze sabWoTa delegaciis

meTauri Aandrei miSinski, romelic acxadebda: “es mkvidri qarTuli miwa-

wyali unda daubrundes saqarTvelos respublikas, qarTvel xalxs

istoriul, geografiul, politikur da yovelgvar sxva safuZvelze. Ees

marTebulia imitom, rom es miwebi qarTulia”.

bunebrivia, rom qveynisaTvis saWirboroto am procesSi aqtiurad

Caeba Cveni mwerloba. omisSemdgomi qarTuli literaturis erTi Zlieri

nakadi swored, am Temam Seqmna. Zveli Tu axali Taobis, proletaruli Tu

akademiuri warsulis, dedaqalaqelis Tu provincielis, lamis yvela

mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi gaiJRera samxreT saqarTvelos motivma. zogan

ufro mgznebared, omaxianad, zoganac mokrZalebiT, frTxilad,

bolSevikuri ideologiis mometebuli doziT, magram mTavar sakiTxSi

gulwrfeli erTsulovneba sufevda – yvela usamarTlobad miiCnevda, rom

es miwebi saqarTvelos aRar ekuTvnoda. mwerlebi TiTqos gaaerTiana

saerTo miswrafebam. am nakadis nawili iyo baTumSi moRvawe mwerlebis

Semoqmedebac. marTalia, aWaris mweralTa organizacia xanieri tradiciiT

ver daikvexnida, magram warTmeuli miwa-mamulis satkivari, rogorc

137

aRvniSneT, aq ufro mZafrad aRiqmeboda da nayofierad aisaxa kidec es

satkivari mamia varSaniZis, giorgi saluqvaZis, nestor malazonias, parmen

ruruas, nana gvariSvilis, fridon xalvaSis, kapiton rusiZis da sxvaTa

SemoqmedebaSi.

yvelaze meti emocia amjeradac poetebis wilad modioda. Taobebis

tkivilad iqca giorgi leoniZis 1946 wels dawerili striqonebi:

“ise davberdi,

veRar vnaxe tbeTi, Satberdi...

verc artanuji, oSki, xaxuli...

rodis mouva maT gazafxuli?

veRar vemTxvie mesxeTis miwas,

sadac gminaven Zveli lodebi,

sadac aCrdili mama-papaTa

SemogvZaxian – Sen gelodebiT...”

metad STambeWdavia saocrad sada, umartivesi ubraloebiT

gamorCeuli striqonebi grigol abaSiZisa:

“taoSi idga erTi taZari

svetebmaRali, uzarmazari...”

da Semdeg isev emocia, Jamis avbedobaze miniSnebiT gamowveuli:

“zed aRebeWda CuqurTmiT xuros

vazis mtevnebi, gmirTa zRapari,

TaRebs exvia xavsi da suro

fanjrebSi idga Savad Sabnari.”

mocemul naSromSi Cven mxolod baTumel mweralTa Semoqmedebas

vexebiT da amitom qvemoT mxolod maTi Txzulebebidan moviyvan

fragmentebs. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu SevecdebiT arsebuli

literaturuli masalis erTgvar sistematizacias da ganzogadebas,

gansazRvras imisas, Tu ra suliskveTebisa iyo nebadarTuli

patriotizmis farglebSi gamoqveynebuli mxatvruli qmnilebebi,

SesaZlebelia, es nawarmoebebi Temis, xedvis, kuTxis Tu

mizandasaxulobis Sesabamisad, ramdenime jgufad davyoT.

138

upirveles da umTavres maxasiaTeblad am literaturuli nakadisa

unda CaiTvalos qarTveli xalxis gulistkivilis gamoxatva – dakargul-

gaCanagebuli istoriuli teritoriebis gamo.

swored, am niSniT iqca ganzogadebul mxatvrul saxed qarTul

poeziaSi Woroxi – mdinare, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iyo utyvi

mowme mravali Taobis qarTvelTa tragediisa:

“modis da ambobs Woroxi

rogor gaCnda da iwvala,

moaqvs Slami da goroxi

esec xom Cveni miwaa”.

werda 1947 wels fridon xalvaSi, imxnad jerac axalgazrda poeti.

xsenebuli motivis nawilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos warsulis gaazreba.

tragikuli istoriuli realobis obieqturad warmoCenis mcdelobani.

mebrZoli aTeizmis qveyanaSi damTrgunveli aTwleulebis Semdeg,

qarTvel mwerals SesaZlebloba mieca, ase Tu ise mibruneboda istoriis

saWirboroto sakiTxebs, ewera da esaubra qarTuli qristianuli

kulturis da civilizaciis akvanze, gabedulad exsenebina mefeebi da

aTabagebi, mtbevrebi da opizrebi, “oSkis zarebi” da “mesxeTis mTebis did

taZrebi”, “rusTavelis da merCules mamuli” da “xatebi fasis uTqmeli”.

regionis gaCanageba saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda. gana

romeli dampyrobeli yofila sikeTis momtani, magram mwerlebis azriT,

is codvis kalo, romelic osmalebma samxreT saqarTveloSi daatriales,

eniT auwerelia:

“Jletdnen barels da mTielsac

mxecTa veluri urdoni,

Woroxs sxva feri mieca –

Sig sisxli iyo imdeni” (malazonia 1947:54).

garda imisa, rom mosaxleoba gaiJlita, mterma daangria savaneebi,

materialuri kulturis Zeglebi, saqarTvelos warsuli sidiadis da eris

Rirsebis TvalsaCino mowmeebi da ra gasakviria, rom nangrevebi tkivils

da naRvels aRZravs poetis sulSi:

“nangrevad gadagviqcies

yvela cixe da taZari,

139

mamebs Tavs sWridnen, miT Svilebs

rom dascemodaT Tavzari...” (rurua 1954:26).

qarTveli mwerlebis mier daxatuli suraTis mixedviT,Yiqaur

qarTvelTa Tanadrouli Taobac did gasaWirSia. aq, rogorc aRvniSneT,

mxolod socializm-kapitalizmis dapirispireba rodia arsebiTi.

qarTveli ubeduria upirvelesad imitom, rom mSoblis ubesaa mowyvetili.

Sesabamisad, gasakviri aRaraa, rom poetebis rwmeniT, TurqeTeli

qarTvelic mzadaa, dauyovnebliv SeuerTdes brZolas erTianobisTvis:

“Zma ZmisTvin, Savi dRisTvina,

aba es xmali risTvina,

lazuri xmali kaSkaSa

xelSi aiRo vaJkacma” (varSaniZe, 1950:27).

cxadia, mTeli masalis ganxilva SeuZlebelia, magram faqtia, rom

survili TurqeTis qarTvelobis samSoblosaken miswrafebis daxatvisa _

aSkaraa. SesaZloa, am miswrafebis mxatvruli asaxvis zogierTi detali

gadaWarbebulad, konkretuli realobidan an istoriuli ganviTarebis

logikidan daSorebulad mogveCvenos. magaliTad, is, rom gurjebi,

umeteswilad mzad arian, samSoblos erTianobisTvis ibrZolon, an is,

rom isini iolad kiTxuloben uZveles warwerebs nangrevebis qvebze, an

is, rom gurjma glexma SesaZloa ojaleSis Rvino daaxvedros stumars

da a. S. magram amgvari “gadacdomebi”, rogorc Cans, saWiro iyo

problemaze sazogadoebis yuradRebis mipyrobisaTvis, komunisturi

ideologiiT daTrgunuli sazogadoebis patriotuli (cxadia, aq sabWoTa

patriotizms ar vgulisxmobT) da heroikuli aRmafrenisaTvis. garda

amisa, es “gadacdomebi” arc mxatvruli literaturisaTvis dasaSveb

SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis diapazons arRvevda maincadamainc.

amdenad, rac aranakleb arsebiTia, omisSemdgomi periodis

literaturul produqciaSi TvalsaCinoa ocneba istoriul sazRvrebSi

aRdgenil-gaerTianebul saqarTveloze. xalxis miswrafeba, mweralTa

azriT, Seucvlelia: rusTaveli da saqarTvelo, rusTaveli da mesxeTi

ganuyofelia da am miwaze “rusTavelis sanTlis danTebis” survilic

bunebrivia:

“iq mters vebrZodiT, maxsovs, xmaldaxmal,

140

iq duSmans vCexdiT guldagul erT dros,

o, rogor minda –

am mTis gadaRmac

kvlav rusTavelis saxeli enTos!” (malazonia 1947:55).

gansaxilvel Temaze Seqmnili nawarmoebebisaTvis erovnuli sakiTxi

ZiriTadia. bunebrivia isic, rom am nawarmoebebis erT-erTi mizani

sabWoTa sistemis apologia da ssrk-Ti siamayis grZnobis gaRviveba iyo.

amitom gasakviri araa, erTi mxriv, sabWoTa sistemis upiratesobaze

xazgasmiT miTiTeba da beladomania. Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisaTvis

zogjer SesaZloa, uCveulo iyos SiSveli komunisturi ideologiisa da

socialisturi realizmis is TvalsaCino ZarRvebi, romelic Tanmdevia am

Tu sxva analogiuri suliskveTebis nawarmoebebisa. magram vinc, ase Tu

ise icnobs sabWoTa epoqis xasiaTsa da mxatvruli literaturis

imJamindel Taviseburebebs, advilad SeamCnevs, rom am konkretul

SemTxvevaSic da sazogadodac, mwerlobam moxerxebulad isargebla

nebadarTuli patriotizmiT, sadinari misca wlobiT Tu saukuneobiT

sulSi nagroveb tkivils da erTbaSad gaamJRavna gulisnadebi.

araerTgzis mivuTiTeT, rom JamTa viTarebis gamo mweralTa

SesaZleblobebi da Tavisuflebis diapazoni metad SezRuduli iyo. verc

imas vityviT, rom TiTqos mxatvrulma literaturam ramdenadme mainc

amowura es Tema, magram isic faqtia, rom mocemul sakiTxebs am

masStabiT qarTuli mwerloba manamde arasdros Sexebia.

gasagebia, rom sabWoTa mTavroba am ukidegano qveynis interesebidan

amodioda mxolod da samxreT saqarTvelos sakiTxebi imdenad

ainteresebda, ramdenadac sasargeblo iqneboda ssrk-sTvis. Sesabamisad,

sabWoTa politika ar yofila Tanmimdevruli samxreT saqarTvelos

mimarT. komunistur partias qarTveli xalxis patriotuli mgznebareba

Ciradac ar uRirda.

1953 wlis maisSi sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobam gaakeTa gancxadeba imis

Taobaze, rom somxeTis da saqarTvelos mTavrobebma uari ganacxades

TavianT teritoriul pretenziebze TurqeTis mimarT (saqarTvelos

istoria 2012:435).

141

Tavi VI satrfialo lirika

mijnuroba adamianis da metadre Semoqmedis Tanmdevi grZnobaa

nebismieri epoqaSi da, bunebrivia, am motivis gareSe arc sabWoTa

mwerloba darCenila. ideologiam am erTi SexedviT, yvelaze

arapolitikur Temasac daaCnia kvali. klasobrivi antagonizmisa Tu

solidarobis principebi aqac SeiWra da Seiqmna araerTi Txzuleba

siyvarulze, romelsac komunizmis mze aTbobda. vfiqrob, nimuSad

ikmarebs erTi magaliTic, romelic meCaie gogonas da meTambaqoe vaJis

siyvarulze mogviTxrobs:

“gmir qal-vaJis qorwilia,

ismis mayris guguni,

naz patarZals Seegebnen

Congurebis RuRuniT.

meCaie gmiri gogo

mohyavs meTambaqoes.

TiTqos zeca gaqurdes da

uvarskvlavod datoves.

mkerdze oqros varskvlavebma

Rame aabriala,

siyvarulis zarebi reks

gulSi wkrial-wkriala.

mercxaliviT asafrenad

uZgerT qalebs gulebi,

abreSumSi, krepdeSinSi

sxedan mokazmulebi.

sufram gmiri brigadiri

airCia Tamadad,

mergoluri meriqifed

gaxda TavisTavada”.

142

miuxedavad amgvari “margalitebisa”, unda iTqvas, rom mijnurobis

sabWour-bolSevikuri xazi CvenTvis saintereso epoqaSi mkrTalad aris

warmodgenili. rakiRa am sabWour-bolSevikur xazs aRar SevexebiT,

SevecdebiT, mokled warmovadginoT, Tu rogor aisaxa siyvarulis Tema

ama Tu im mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi.

parmen ruruas satrfialo lirika ZiriTadad XX saukunis 10-iani

wlebiT TariRdeba. es Tema revoluciis Semdgom periodSi aqtualobas

kargavs da praqtikulad qreba. TviT es faqti ukve sainteresoa –

revoluciis momRerali muSa poetis SemoqmedebaSi piradi grZnobebis da

intimis adgili aRar rCeba. arada manamde sxvagvarad iyo saqme:

XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi iwereba: “satrfos”, “momReral qals”, “is”,

“medea”, “gagipo bage Rimilma da TeTr kbilebidan”, “Seni mSveneba da

silamaze”, “mSvenieris tyve bulbuli var”, “minda fiqrebiT rom SenTan

viyo”, “serenada”, “miniaturebi”, “me Seni cqera warsulidan mealerseba”,

“ori asuli”, “nu damiviwyeb”, “ias magonebs Seni Tvalebi”, “metismetad

gulcivi xar”, “paemanze”, “sarkis win”.

am leqsebSi naTlad igrZnoba poetis lirikuli samyaro. satrfosTan

ganSorebis tkivili ar anebebs Tavs, dReniadag ocnebis samyaroSi iZireba

da am gziT cdilobs upasuxod darCenili grZnobiT gamowveuli sevdis

mogeriebas. misi rCeuli – “is”, gazafxuliviT nazi feriaa da siturfiT

nimfas hgavs, romelsac “mzis sxiviT Semosirmuli” silamaze amSvenebs.

misma silamazem pirveli xilvisTanave moxibla da datanjuli,

mSvenierebis tyve sakuTar Tavs petrarkas adarebs, mijnurs ki – lauras.

uimedo mdgomareobaSi myofs kolxi medeac agondeba da ase umReris:

“Seni sicili CanCqerisa gavs mTiT Camorxeuls,

simRera raRac Seucnobel Ramesa grZneuls.

bage – kokob vards, tani – namdvils alvis xes-saros,

magram ar vici, sisastikiT eg Seni suli

da Tvis siciviT gayinuli eg Seni guli,

Cemo Zvirfaso, Cemo kargo, ras Seedaros?!” (rurua 1954:26).

parmen ruruas revoluciamdel poeziaSi siyvaruli sevdasTan da

uimedobasTan asocirdeba. es grZnoba laitmotivad gasdevs

143

mijnurobisadmi miZRvnil leqsebs, poeti evedreba satrfos, upasuxod ar

datovos gulwrfeli grZnoba:

“Sena xar Cemi sulis kerpi da gulis vardi

da Sen STambere Zlevis suli cxovelmyofeli.

haerovano, kolxidisa turfa asulo!

Tvals nu marideb gevedrebi da gamigone...” (rurua 1954:27).

“metismetad gulcivi xar

rogorc gatyob, rogorc xedav” (rurua 1954:62).

saintereso mxatvruli saxeebia warmodgenili viqtor gabeskirias

leqsSi “mziTevi”. usiyvarulod darCenili ciala “bedis mosvlas”

maSinRa gaigebs, roca deda samziTvo skivris momzadebas iwyebs. qali

Senatris “vefxistyaosnis” gmirebs da mwared ganicdis, rom am didi

grZnobis gancdis gareSe rCeba:

”rad ar dascalda, rom etrfodes is mijnurs SoriT,

rom masTan erTad Cumad naxos varskvlavT krebuli,

fiqrobs da xedavs – darCenilan oTaxSi orni,

is da is landi, landic misebr Cafiqrebuli” (gabeskiria 1955:143).

viqtor gabeskirias SemoqmedebaSi siyvarulis Temas mniSvnelovani

adgili uWiravs. poets mudam enatreba ”Sxefidan mosuli qali”, qali -

wyalTan da zRvasTan gaigivebuli. misTvis xSirad miuwvdomelia

saocnebo arseba da Sesabamisad, poetur emociebsac monatreba da

gardasul dReTa mogoneba asazrdoebs. poets suls ulaRebs qari da

grigali, radgan talRa da civi sivrce miaCnia mesaidumled. ase qmnida

wlebis ganmavlobaSi leqsebs: ”ialqans”, ”Conguri”, ”am dReTagan”, ”Ria

baraTi”, ”mZinare qaliSvili”, ”roca aqeT var, movdivar mudam”,

”magnoliis xe”, ”zRvasTan”, ”zRvasTan vijeqi”.

”zRvis piras ijeq, roca Sewyda mzis sxivT livlivi.

zRvaze mTlad Suqi da mZvinvare zvirTebi rbodnen,

magram napirze iSlebodnen TeTr qsovilebiT, -

Sens lamaz fexTan etanebodnen” (gabeskiria 1955:132).

imediani ganwyobiT umReris siyvaruls mamia varSaniZe. igi Rrmadaa

darwmunebuli am grZnobis sidiadeSi. gulwrfeli da axalgazrduli

SemarTebiT gaciskrovnebuli qeds ixris xalasi, wminda, maradiuli

144

grZnobis winaSe. eTayvaneba qarTveli qalis silamazes, simamaces,

vaJkacobas. poeti leqsebad qceul guls uangarod sTavazobs mijnurs.

Cadrs miRma damalul silamazesac ise aRiqvams, rom Crdils ar ayenebs

qalis uimedo mdgomareobas (“Cadri ar Crdilavs Sens saxes, ar emuxlebi

minareTs” – (varSaniZe 1994:13). ver iviwyebs pirveli kocniT gancdil

netarebas da gulze ficad iwers satrfos saxels. ar uSindeba

siyvarulis Tanmdev tanjvas, sevdas da mzadaa, vaJkacurad dauxvdes

yovelgvar gansacdels.

“netarebis cecxli gulSi miRvivis,

mijnuri var daferflili mijnuri,

aTrTolebiT guli ase miyivis:

ar viqnebi, ara me gamijnuli.

guli nazi satrfom uceb wamarTva,

wamarTva da damibruna leqsebad,

bilikebi ise gamiwarafa,

guli nazi mware sevdiT mevseba...

... minda am mTebs davutovo galoba,

ara Cumi, aramed sul mquxare” (varSaniZe 1994:60).

mamia varSaniZis satrfialo lirikaSi saintereso xazi ikveTeba

samamulo omis Temaze Seqmnil leqsebSic. amjerad, poeti mkiTxvels

Tanamoziares xdis tragizmiTa da udidesi tkiviliT aRsavse

siyvarulisa. Rrma emociiT mogviTxrobs jariskacTa erTguli

mijnurebisa Tu meuRleebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. aranakleb

amaRelvebelia meomarTa suliskveTeba, romelTac Tavdadebul brZolaSi

win miuZRviT satrfoTa saxeebi. brZolis velze dacemulT Wrilobaze

salbunad edebaT maTi siyvaruli, Zvirfas adamianTan erTad gatarebuli

TiToeuli wami. swored, am grZnobiT iwereboda leqsebi: “Sen damikocne”,

“oqros saaTi”, “sawyali gogo”, “patarZali”...

“me Senze vfiqrob mZimed daWrili,

da kvlav gimReri tkbili leqsebiT,

Tavs damtrialebs Seni aCrdili,

TiTqos aq xar da mealersebi.

145

nuTu makldeba sicocxlis Zala,

tanSi sicive damisadgurda,

isev Rimilis cecxli damrkalavs,

Seni xeli rom Semexos gulTan” (varSaniZe 1981:25).

siyvarulis Temazea Seqmnili leqsebi: “goderZidan beSumamde”, “Cemo

gulnara”, “mTaSi gazrdilo asulo”, “es Citic veRar movkali”, “gana,

odes daviviwyeb wuTebs”, “sadRac mRerian Wibonze”, “Cemi Tofi, Cemi

xmali”, “patarZali”, “buxarTan”. “pirveli Tovli”. niSandoblivia, rom

satrfialo motivis gamo sabWoTa kritika zogjer poets brals sdebda

socialisturi Rirebulebebisagan daclili nawarmoebebis SeqmnaSi.

sailustraciod movixmobT i. kolxis sityvebs: “mamia varSaniZis leqsTa

krebulSi Setanilia zogierTi sruliad uideo, intimuri leqsi.

magaliTad, leqss “pirveli Tovli” sazogadoebrivad araviTari

Rirebuleba ara aqvs” (quriZe 1970:157).

sinamdvileSi xsenebuli motivi mamia varSaniZis poeziis mniSvnelovan

Rirebulebas warmoadgenda, amitom srulad gulwrfelad JRers S.

quriZis sityvebi: “dasanania, oRond rom poetis satrfialo lirika sul

ramdenime leqsiT amoiwureba. SeiZleba aq erTgvari uaryofiTi roli

Seasrula literaturulma kritikam, romelic zogjer umarTebulod

usayvedurebda mamia varSaniZes swored intimuri leqsebisaTvis” (quriZe

1970:156).

laSa tbauri sruliad axalgazrda gamoeTxova sicocxles, mkiTxvels

lirikuli poema „cezari“ da araerTi kargi leqsi dautova. ase Seqmna

„leqsebiT galaRebulma“ saocrad nazi da STambeWdavi lirikuli samyaro

Seqmna. cdilobda, sxvebs ar damsgavseboda, uCveulo formebSi moeqcia

grZnobebs moyolili saTqmeli, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili

eWira siyvaruls.

axalgazrda, magram saocrad sevdiani poeti Zalumad grZnobs xanmokle

sicocxlis tkivils da cdilobs, mesaidumle mTvares gaandos gancdebi. misi

sulis siRrmidan wamosul fiqrebs xan mTvariseuli siTeTre gadaefareba,

xan „dazafruli sevda“, xan kidev „qalwul qalis kdema sinaze“. mTebis

RmerToba imitom ewada, rom iq mxolod mijnurTan erTad undoda cxovreba.

146

Tuki mTvarisaTvis ca aris Seqmnili, misTvis feradi, musikiT savse sivrce

siyvarulia. aqve imasac davZenT, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi mTvareuli sispetake,

umankoeba, mistikuroba da xelTuqmneloba asazrdoebs laSa tbauris

trfobis gancdas. upasuxod darCenili saidumlos leqsebs andobs, aseve

upasuxod darCenil, dawyvetil simebs esaubreba da sikvdilisgan Tavis

daRwevis SemTxvevaSi namdvili siyvarulis zeimis molodinSia:

„ra iqneboda gadaewvima

Sens miviwyebul sulis samreklos...

ra iqneboda, Cems siyvarulSi

rom yofiliyavi mtkice da gamZle...

da Tu dascalda Cems siWabukes,

namdvil siyvaruls kvlav vizeimeb“ (tbauri 1970:41).

erTgulad darajobs kolxi gogos daqalebas, romelsac ZRvnad

qveynierebas ki ara, guls hpirdeba, mzadaa, mozomili vefxvis kamariT

gafrindes da natyviari jixviviT kldeebze gadmoekidos. gulwrfelad

aRmerTebs aWarel gogonas, mis didebul mzes ugalobs da SeumCneveli arc

uraleli qaliSvilis silamaze rCeba. xandaxan wuTisoflisgan daurvebuli

imedad sikvdils itovebs, xan kidev siyvarulis taZarSi erTgulebis

dasamtkiceblad:

„xelSi giyvan da gagitaceb

meaTe caze.

TviT RmerTze maRla.

movkvdebiT, magram sul sxvanairad,

dagvfaravs nisli oqrosTvaleba...

Cvensas erqmeva gardacvaleba

147

ToTo kvirtebad, foTlad, fesvebad,

tkbil siyvarulis ukvdav zmanebad,

tkbil siyvarulis ukvdav leqsebad“ (tbauri 1970:36).

„me siyvarulis vdgavar taZarSi

Seni xatebis dasaficavad“ (tbauri 1970:82).

moWarbebulad grZnobda moaxloebul sikvdils, ar ZaluZda „dardiT

dazafruls“ sevdaze zurgis Seqceva. grZnobda, rom misi sikvdilad qceuli

norCi fesvebidan sicocxle iad aRsgeboda da borotebaze gaimarjvebda.

„var daferflili, rogorc abedi,

mikankaleben norCi fesvebi,

leqsebs, romlebic SenTvis gavbede,

leqsebs, romelTa gamo davberdi,

guldawyvetili vealersebi...

vera, ver damZlevs simReris mwyurvals

sikvdilis susxi... ar aris gvian...

vin sTqva sicocxle amoiwura,

vin Tqva, maRali dRe miilia...

me gana sityva gamiTavdeba

da Camiqreba gana lampari...

Cems norC fesvebTan ia aRsdgeba

da siWabukis oqros zRapari“ (tbauri 1970:23).

SeuZlebelia, uemociod waikiTxo leqsi „sulSi Cavidgi wmida taZari“.

Znelia grZnobis miyve siyvaruls gamRmerTebeli Wabukis gancdebs, Tu

rogor cdilobs siyvarulis cecxliT anTebuli mijnuris sadari locvis

Seqmnas, Tu rogor ibrZvis imisaTvis, rom daamarcxos sikvdili da kari

gauRos oqros gazafxuls:

„avdidebulvar Sens siyvarulSi,

sevdac, tkivilis suls emateba.

wmida taZari Cavidgi sulSi,

148

rom iq vaRmerTo Seni xateba“ (tbauri 1970:42).

laSa tbauris SemoqmedebaSi Zalumad igrZnoba folkloris zegavlena.

xalxis wiaRidan gamosuli Tavs laRad grZnobs xalxur sityvierebaSi da

STambeWdavad axerxebs am gziT saTqmelis gadmocemas. Tavis droze poeti

mamia varSaniZe laSa tbauris, igive lavrenti ZimistariSvilis leqsebis

krebulis „simebi qarSi“ SesavalSi werda: „Wabukma poetma siyvaruls araerTi

kargi leqsi uZRvna, romlebic Zalian axlosaa xalxur foklorTan“ (tbauri

1970:8).

ase Seqmna axalgazrda lirikosma leqsebi: „qalao!“, „gnaxe, daviTver,

daviTver, msurxar“, „Taflisferi nawnavebi“, „qals“, „kolxeTis cis Rimilo“,

„Seni rokvani baRs axarebda“...

„qalao mkerdi gadixsen,

Tvali mesrole lalisa,

gulisa gamxarebelo,

gamTenebelo Ramisa“ (tbauri 1970:48).

„Seni Rimili, qalao,

baraqaa da madlia.

iremi mTasa myvirali

daburul mTebis dardia...

qalao, erTxel gnaxe da

miyvarxar, ase mgonia“ (tbauri 1970:56).

Jurnal „ispirSi“ dabeWdil mdidar da mravalferovan mxatvrul

literaturaSi mniSvnelovnadaa warmodgenili satrfialo Temaze Seqmnili

leqsebi. im droisaTvis arsebuli mZime politikuri, ekonomikuri da

socialuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, bunebrivi da Sesatyvisia

avtorTa pesimisturi ganwyoba. ZiriTadad am xasiaTisaa siyvarulis Temaze

Semqnili poeturi nawarmoebebi. kerZod, miSel galores „locva sonetSi“,

ioseb griSaSvilis „pauza“, kote mayaSvilis „axalgazrda qals!“

am gamocemas zemoT SedarebiT farTod SevexeT, amitom aq aRar

gavimeorebT naTqvams.

149

mwuxarebasaa naziarebi Jurnal „pontosSi“ dabeWdili vanion daraselis

„Rame“. avtori mZimed gviyveba qalaqSi gabatonebuli borotebisa da

amqveyniuri amaoebis ambavs. siyvaruls sinaze da sicocxlis dvrita ise

daukargavs, rom mis gverdiT SurisZiebasa da siZulvils veRaravin uwevs

winaaRmdegobas. cocxali sikvdileTis Ramiseul misteriebs kidev ufro

amZafrebs akivlebuli mTvaris uvertiura da SiSi, meZavi qalebis sixaruli

da „Ramura Woti“. sulisSemZvrel striqonebs laitmotivad gasdevs sityvebi:

„yvelgan gamefebula siyvaruli... siZulvili... SurisZieba. Ramea...“

siyvaruli marcxdeba...

„Suris Zieba... siyvaruli, siZulvili, gaqvavda Jangian TvalebiT...

...siyvaruli rogorc Ruza iZireba dRis simaRleSi.

sasaxleebs gadaiars poetis suli“ (daraseli 1928:18).

da Sedegic saxezea: dRem farda axada yovelgvar ubedurebas:

mkvlelobas, TviTmkvlelobas, ubedur SemTxvevebs, xanZars, yaCaRobas,

matareblis gaZarcvas, qalis gatacebas, wyaldidobas, xoleras, Wirsa da

kidev vin mosTvlis ras...

SoTa duduCava nawarmoebSi „rodis gixilav?!” aRwers, Tu rogorc

cxovrobs misi lirikuli me satrfosTan damakavSirebeli uecari da

xanmokle Sexvedris mogonebebiT. netarebiT ixsenebs „siyvarulis auzidan

amowurul Sxefebs“, romlis siTbo mis sxeulsac SeugrZvnia da veRar

axerxebs daviwyebas. amitomac eZebs da eZebs, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi,

martoobad iqceva da sulis siRrmeSi javrad iferfleba.

„mec momxvda Sxefebi. Sxefebi, romelsac veZeb mas Semdeg. veZeb da ver

mipovnia. Cveni Sexvedra iyo uecari da xanmokle, Sen daqandi, rogorc

meteori Cems win da mere dagfara sivrcis dausruleblobam“ (pontosi 1928:19).

zemoTac aRvniSneT, rom modernistuli xazi, cnobil garemoebaTa

gamo, ver ganviTarda. bunebrivia, modernizmma fexi ver moikida

satrfialo TemaSic. isic unda iTqvas, rom gansaxilveli motivi raime

gansakuTrebuli siaxliT Tu moulodneli mxatvruli saxeebiT ar

150

gamoirCeva. Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT, amave periodSi siyvarulis Temaze

araerTi saintereso da lamazi nawarmoebi Seiqmna.

151

daskvnebi

aWaraSi qarTuli mxatvruli literaturis aRorZineba XIX-XX

saukuneebis mijnaze iwyeba. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan moyolebuli,

miuxedavad partiul-ideologiuri diqtatisa, regionis mwerloba

TandaTan Camoyalibda, rogorc Cveni literaturis istoriis uaRresad

saintereso da mniSvnelovani nawili. Tumca, unda vaRiaroT, rom epoqis

ZiriTadi niSani socialisturi realizmis da proletaruli kulturis

Zaladobrivi damkvidrebis procesi iyo, romelic winaaRmdegobaTa mZime,

xSirad metismetad tragikul jaWvs qmnida da ZiriTadad, swored es

procesi gansazRvravda regionis literaturis saxes.

mocemul Temaze Sexebisas uTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom me-20

saukunis pirveli naxevris literaturulma Taobam, miuxedavad

kompromisebisa, ideologiuri wnexisa da masTan dakavSirebuli

mravalricxovani problemisa, mniSvnelovani amagi dasdo aWaraSi

qarTuli mxatvruli azrovnebis jer aRorZinebas, Semdeg ganviTarebas.

bedis ironiiT, jer osmalobagamovlil da mere ruseTis imperiis

klanWebSi moqceul am uZveles qarTul mxareSi qarTuli mwerlobisken

mobruneba swored sabWoTa epoqaSi, komunisturi ideologiiT, yalbi

RirebulebebiT gajerebul, TavisuflebaSezRudul epoqaSi moxda.

SeiZleba msjeloba imaze, Tu rogor ganviTardeboda movlenebi,

Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi atmosferos pirobebSi, magram es unayofo

msjeloba iqneba. XX saukunis I naxevris aWaraSi saliteraturo cxovreba

warsulis faqtia da igi unda miviRoT iseTi, rogoric iyo – Tavisi

nakliTa Tu RirsebiT.

aWaris dedasamSoblosTan dabrunebis Semdeg, me-19 saukunis

miwurulidan nela, Znelad, magram mainc momzadda safuZveli

literaturuli saqmianobisaTvis. regionis mTavari qalaqi baTumi

TandaTan Camoyalibda samrewvelo da kulturul centrad.

niSandoblivia, rom aq wlebis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda

araerTi qarTveli mamuliSvili – qarTuli literaturis klasikosi

mwerali daviT kldiaSvili, cnobili poeti da sazogado moRvawe

grigol volski da sxvani.

152

meoce saukunis dasawyisSi saliteraturo asparezze gamovida memed

abaSiZe. igi ufro politikuri moRvawe iyo – aWaraSi erovnuli

moZraobis moTave. Sesabamisad, mxatvrul literaturasTan SedarebiT misi

publicisturi moRvaweoba ufro nayofieri da mravalferovania, Tumca,

man kazmulsityvaobaSic datova kvali. niSandoblivia, rom 1917 wels

gamarTul qarTvel mweralTa pirvel yrilobaze samuslimano

saqarTvelodan miwveuli iyvnen memed abaSiZe da haidar abaSiZe.

sainteresoa agreTve xasan TxilaiSvilis, memed aRa Wyonias leqsebi,

romlebic marTalia, maRali mxatvruli RirebulebiT ar gamoirCeva,

magram Rrma patriotizmiTa da gulwrfelobiT namdvilad iqcevs

yuradRebas.

dRemde miRebuli TvalsazrisiT mweralTa pirveli gaerTianeba

aWaraSi 1927 wlis 7 agvistos Seiqmna da es iyo aWaris proletarul

mweralTa asociacia, romelic imave wlis 20 seqtembridan saxeldebul

iqna, rogorc saqarTvelos proletarul mweralTa asociaciis aWaris

ganyofileba.

sinamdvileSi, mweralTa profesiuli gaerTianebis istoria aWaraSi

ufro adre daiwyo. kerZod, 1921 wlis 29 aprilSi memed abaSiZis

TavkacobiT Camoyalibda mweralTa gaerTianeba. igi Cafiqrebuli 1917 wels

Seqmnili ,,qarTvel mweralTa kavSiris” baTumis organizaciad. Tumca am

gaerTianebam ver SeZlo srulfasovani muSaoba.

1927 wlidan aWaris proletarul mweralTa asociaciis istoria

iwyeba. asociaciis ZiriTadi mizani, cxadia, iyo bolSevikuri partiis

ideologiuri xazis gatareba mwerlobaSi. Semoqmedis funqcia

propagandistis farglebSi Tavsdeboda da es propagandac niWierad rodi

gamosdiodaT. miuxedavad amisa, asociacia cdilobda, aqtiurad ecxovra:

marTavda mecadineobebs – ganaTlebis donis amaRlebisaTvis,

literaturul saRamoebsa da gasamarTlebebs – „proletaruli

gemovnebis“ CamoyalibebisaTvis, aRmzrdelobiT Sekrebebs da gamosvlebs

fabrika–qarxnebSi mwerlebisa da sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebSi

bolSevikuri suliskveTebis gaRvivebisaTvis da a. S.

153

realurad proletmwerlobis aWaris organizacia cdilobda,

Tbilisis „dedaorganizacias“ mihyoloda kvalSi da misi moqmedebis

kalkirebas axdenda saqmianobaSic da dasja–wmendis organizebaSic.

marTalia, Tbilisel proletmweralTa arc gaqaneba hqondaT baTumSi,

arc energia da arc Tavxedoba, magram masebTan muSaobis aw ukve

daxvewil–damuSavebul meTodebs da wmenda–filtraciis xerxebs aqac

aqtiurad iyenebdnen.

saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwerlebis aWaris ganyofileba, Seiqmna 1932

wlis 23 aprilis sakavSiro dadgenilebis safuZvelze, aWaris mweralTa

sagangebo yrilobis (1932 w. 6 oqtomberi) gadawyvetilebiT. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom axali organizaciis xelmZRvaneloba kvlavac

proletaruli mwerlobis asociaciis yofili wevrebiT iyo

warmodgenili, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom organizaciul cvlilebas

literaturis ganviTarebaze arsebiTi gavlena ar mouxdenia.

„araproletari“ mwerali maSindel aWaraSi TiTebze CamoiTvleboda.

amitom, axali organizacia ZiriTadad isev Zveli SemadgenlobiT Seivso.

Zveleburi iyo esTetikuri Tu ideologiuri principebic.

mwerloba erTianad gadaerTo ra sapropagando saqmianobaze,

Tavisufali Semoqmedebis adgili naklebad darCa. socialisturi

sazogadoebis urTierTobis wesi da rigi, komunizmis mSeneblobis gzebi

da meTodebi, Sesabamis terminologiasTan erTad, mwerlobaSic

damkvidrda. amieridan mwerlebi iRebdnen valdebulebebs, asrulebdnen

gegmebs, an misi SeusruleblobisaTvis kritikis qarcecxlSi exveodnen,

iwvevdnen erTmaneTs socialistur SejibrebaSi, moZRvravdnen

CamorCenilebs da a. S.

meoce saukunis ociani wlebis baTums gansakuTrebiT rTul

pirobebSi uxdeboda cxovreba. gasakviri araa, rom arsebuli reJimis

pirobebSi mxatvruli literatura bunebrivi gziT veRar viTardeboda da

sabWoTa ideologiisagan Tavisufal literaturul Jurnal-gazeTebs

arseboba gauWirdeboda.

154

20-iani wlebis baTumi saliteraturo gamocemebiT Raribia.

saxelisuflo presaSi upiratesad ibeWdeba ideologiuri, sapropagando

xasiaTis mxatvruli produqcia. saliteraturo Jurnal-gazeTebis ricxvi

ki mcirea, tiraJi SezRuduli, zogierTi maTganis mxolod erTi nomeri

gamoica da droTa ganmavlobaSi bibliografiul iSviaTobad iqca.

XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi baTumSi gamoicemoda: ,,poeziis dRe”,

,kandeli”, ,,aspirozi”, ,,ispiri”, ,,pontosi”, ,,aWaristani”, “sityva

tribunidan”, ,,stalinuri Taoba”.

sabWoTa xelisufleba aqtiurad cdilobda, adgilobrivi Zalebi

Caeba literaturul saqmianobaSi, magram mizani amisa iyo ara mxatvruli

sityvis ganviTarebisaTvis zrunva, aramed komunisturi ideologiis

msaxurTa aRzrda.

baTumSi moRvawe axalbeda Tu gamocdil mweralze erTbaSad

ramdenime faqtori zemoqmedebda.

yvelaze arsebiTi faqtori qarTuli literaturuli tradicia iyo,

romelsac proletaruli kulturis ukiduresi radikalizmis epoqaSi

gansakuTrebuli agresiulobiT ebrZoda proletmwerloba. miuxedavad

mravalferovani da mravalricxovani winaaRmdegobebisa, nebsiT Tu

uneblieT, swored es faqtori iyo yvelaze arsebiTi mwerlobis axali

Taobis formirebis saqmeSi.

zemoxsenebulis sawinaaRmdego, magram ZaliT da gavleniT aranakleb

mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo proletaruli literaturis tendenciebi,

romlebic imxnad, xelisuflebis xelSewyobiT, sayovelTaod

mkvidrdeboda. axladfexadgmul regionul mwerlobas formireba udidesi

ideologiuri wnexis qveS uxdeboda. axalbeda mwerlis cnobiereba

sabWouri e. w. literaturuli manqanis zewoliT yalibdeboda da

mweralic Tavidanve izrdeboda sistemis msaxurad. amdenad, am epoqis

mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi ideologiis moWarbebuli doza ki ar aris

gasakviri, aramed, ufro is, rom mwerali axerxebda CarCos garRvevas da

wrfeli gulisnadebis gamoxatvas Riad, farulad Tu miniSnebiT.

am yvelaferTan erTad, unda aRiniSnos religiuri faqtoris

mniSvnelobac. erTi mxriv, mtkice rwmena islamisa, rac XX saukunis

155

Woroxis auzis qarTvelTa msoflmxedvelobas savsebiT gansazRvravda,

meore mxriv, qarTuli qristianuli civilizacia da kultura, romelic

ganaTlebis procesis gardauvali nawili iyo TviT aTeistur

saqarTveloSic ki da amasTan erTad, mebrZoli aTeizmi, romelic

socialisturi cxovrebis wesis da “axali adamianis” damkvidrebis

aucilebeli piroba iyo, _ metad rTul msoflmxedvelobriv

winaaRmdegobebs qmnida qarTveli mwerlebis cnobierebaSi. marTalia maTi

SemoqmedebaSi gamovlenisaTvis aucilebeli Tavisufali literaturuli

sivrce ar arsebobda – socialisturi realizmi standartul CarCoSi

aqcevda xolme yvelafers – magram am winaaRmdegobis kvali mainc iCenda

xolme aqa-iq Tavs literaturaSi.

komunisturma partiam literaturas erTbaSad ramdenime amocana

dausaxa. am amocanebis farglebSi moeqca sabWouri literaturis

Tematuri rkalic. amaTgan umTavresi iyo socialisturi cxovrebis wesis

idealizacia, cxovrebis Zvel wesTan SedarebiT misi gansuzRvreli

upiratesobis propaganda.

xsenebuli amocanebis Sesabamisad, Tematuri rkalis Semadgeneli

nawili iyo mwerlobis brZola “axali adamianis” aRzrdisaTvis da

sxvadasxva dargis mSromleTa saxeebis asaxva, axalgazrdoba da

komkavSiri, Sroma da aRmSenebloba, kolmeurneoba da qarxana,

revoluciamdeli tradiciebi da sabWoTa xalxebis urTierToba.

cxovrebis axali wesis damkvidreba, axali, xSirad uCveulo

idealebis da miswrafebebis masobrivad Canergva adamianis sulsa da

gonebaSi ioli ar iyo. am procesSi CaerTo mZlavri ideologiuri

manqanis yvela meqanizmi. maT Soris mwerloba, romelsac gansakuTrebuli

funqcia daekisra: konkretuli mxatvruli saxeebis daxatviT unda

warmoeCina misabaZi magaliTebi axali adamianisa, anu is, Tu rogor unda

iqceodes namdvili sabWoTa adamiani qarxanaSi dazgasTan Tu soflad –

vel-mindvrebSi muSaobis dros, ra unda miaCndes Rirebulebad da ra

unda uaryos, vin unda uyvardes da vin – sZuldes da a.S.

termini “socialisturi Sromac” epoqis pirmSoa. propagandistuli

standartis mixedviT, oqtombris revoluciis gamarjvebis Semdeg

156

mSromelTaTvis axali, saamuri xana daiwyo. monuri Sroma gaTavisuflda

borkilebisgan. Tuki manamde Sroma wameba iyo, axla ukve dazgasTan Tu

CarxTan muSaoba bednierebis safuZvelia. “socialisturi samSoblosTvis

Sroma sixarulis uSreti wyaroa”, - ai am propagandis da Sesabamisi

literaturuli produqciis konceptualuri azri.

socialisturi suliskveTebis mxatvrul nawarmoebTa ricxvi

ganuzomelia. swored, aseTi literaturuli maskulatura gansazRvravda

epoqis literaturul saxes da iwereboda uamravi leqsi, romlebSic

xotbas asxamdnen prioritetad aRiarebul dargebs, Cais, siminds, siloss,

meCaieebs, meabreSumeebs, mecitruseebs, menaxSireebs da a.S. Sromis da

mSromelis qebaSi dasaZraxi araferia, magram am leqsebs Tu poemebs,

moTxrobebsa Tu romanebs suli aklda, WeSmariti Semoqmedis patiosneba

da gulwrfeloba...

beladebis saxotbo poezia aWaraSi moRvawe mwerlebis Semoqmedebis

erTi uxvi nakadic romaa, gasakviri ar unda iyos. am literaturas

mxatvruli Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia, magram imdenad mravalricxovani da

damaxasiaTebelia, imdenad arsebiTi nawilia imJamindeli literaturisa,

maTi Tundac sqematuri warmoCenis gareSe epoqis suraTis warmodgena

Znelia.

saxotbo poeziis centraluri figura stalinia. staliniada maSin

yovliswamlekavi iyo. stalinTan erTad, ara ase masStaburad, magram

mainc, ganadidebdnen sxva mniSvnelovan Tu umniSvnelo politikur

figurebs, sakavSiro Tu adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis beladebs - berias,

orjonikiZes, voroSolovs da sxvebs.

CvenTvis saintereso epoqaSi regionulma mwerlobam asaxa araerTi

Tema, romelTagan zogi wminda ideologiuri Sinaarsisa iyo, zogi – diaxac

saWirboroto, imxanad erTob aqtualuri iyo da miuxedavad propagandis

gvariani dozebisa – regionisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone.

sainteresoa qalis mdgomareobisa sazogadod da CadrTan

damokidebulebis sakiTxi.

157

Cadris Tema dRes, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi Cans anaqronizmad, Torem

maSin es sakiTxi metad principuli iyo da mwerlebic - zogi partiis

miTiTebis gamo, zogic gulwrfelad – Caeba qalis diskriminaciis

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

es Tema ramdenime aspeqtiT warmoCnda kazmulsityvaobaSi. erTi

maTgania qalis uufleboba, misi diskriminacia. erTi mxriv, religiuri

principebidan, meore mxriv, dromoWmuli tradiciebidan gamomdinare.

cxadia, ganxilul literaturul produqciaSi qalis mdgomareoba

marto zemoxsenebuli kuTxiT araa warmoCenili. piriqiT, mTel

kazmulsityvaobaSi gamoxatulia udidesi mowiweba qarTveli qalis

mimarT – vinc umZimes saukuneTa qar-cecxlSi gamoatara Rirseba, vinc

Seunaxa Svilebs samSoblos siyvarulis grZnoba, ar daaviwya

tkbilqarTuli, vinc ibrZola TavisTavadobis, mamapapaTa tradiciebis

gadarCenisaTvis.

unda vaRiaroT rom negatiuri suraTebi am tipis literaturaSi

xSirad gamuqebulia, gadaWarbebulia. cxadia ufro imisTvis, rom

Savbnel fonze ufro mkveTrad gamoCndes bolSevkuri reorganizaciis

Sedegebi.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas ganaTlebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT..

sainteresoa upiratesad lirikaSi asaxuli iseTi Temebi,

rogoricaa: baTumi Tu Savi zRva, aWaris soflebi Tu bunebis silamaze

da a.S. am motivebsac XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi daedo safuZveli da

sapropagando nawarmoebebis gverdiT WeSmariti xelovnebis nimuSebic

Seiqmna. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia mamia varSaniZis, nana gvariSvilis

giorgi saluqvaZis, laSa tbauris da sxvaTa Txzulebebi.

epoqis metad rTuli xasiaTi xSirad ganapirobebda

winaaRmdegobebs (zogjer radikalur winaaRmdegobebs) ama Tu im

mwerlis SemoqmedebaSic. am fonze ioli araa, WeSmariti SemoqmedebiTi

Rirebulebebisa da ideologiuri saburvlis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna.

miuxedavad amisa, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nebismieri

TvalsazrisiT da maT Soris, regionis cxovrebis suraTebis asaxvis

TvalsazrisiT, baTumSi moRvawe mweralTa Semoqmedebis istoria

organulad uerTdeba mravalsaukunovani qarTuli literaturis

158

istorias da yovelTvis rodi misdevs Teoriebs mwerlobis klasobrivi

bunebisa da literaturis partiulobis Sesaxeb.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave bolSevikebma sastiki

brZola gamoucxades ,,xalxis opiumad” saxeldebul religias.

adamianis religiuri rwmenis winaaRmdeg Zaladobrivi meTodebiT

brZola rom danaSaulia, es sakamaTo ar unda iyos. magram isic unda

iTqvas, rom aWarasa da samcxe-javaxeTSi erTob specifikuri viTareba

sufevda.

samoqalaqo skolebis qselis gafarToeba, Zalauneburad, erovnuli

TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebas uwyobda xels. Sesabamisad, procesis am

kuTxiT analizma SeiZleba saintereso da mravalganzomilebiani suraTi

mogvces, magram isic cxadia, rom bolSevikebi ara erovnuli Segnebis,

aramed, sabWoTa ideologiis danergvas isaxavdnen miznad. amdenad,

aWaraSi bevris interesi iyo gadaxlarTuli erTmaneTSi da

zemoxsenebuli procesebis martivad da erTmniSvnelovnad Sefaseba

Znelia. Tumca, SevniSnavT, rom is meTodebi da xerxebi, romelsac

xelisufleba iyenebda, umeteswilad agresiuli iyo.

erTgvarovani iyo antireligiuri propagandis principebi mTeli

sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT. bunebrivia, am principebs emorCileboda

aWaris aTeisturi sazogadoeba.

sainteresoa, rom religiuri rwmenisa da tradiciebis aRmofxvras

sabWoTa propaganda da Sesabamisad, literatura erTi mxriv,

socialisturi cxovrebis wesis qadagebiT, komkavSiruli suliskveTebis

danergviT cdilobda, meore mxriv, qmnida mxatvrul garemos, romelic

tradiciul religiur Rirebulebebs upirispirdeboda. pirvelad swored

kazmulsityvaobaSi gaCnda qarTveli muslimanis sufraze Rvino da Roris

xorci.

sabWoTa kavSiris ukidegano teritoriaze antireligiuri

propagandis erTi standarti batonobda da igi Tanabrad exeboda yvela

religias. es standarti ki erTi mxriv, daundoblad ebrZoda „Zveli

wyobis naSTebs“, meore mxriv „miznad isaxavda aWaris mosaxleobisa da,

kerZod, axalgazrdobis aTeistur aRzrdas...”

159

“propagandis gaZlierebis” erT-erTi yvelaze moxerxebuli da

basri iaraRi mxatvruli literatura aRmoCnda. qarTuli saxelmwifos

bunebrivi ganviTarebis pirobebSi mweralTa kavSiris aWaris

organizacias sxva misia, sxva funqcia unda hqonoda. am literaturam,

mocemul istoriul viTarebaSi ver SeZlo obieqturad aesaxa samxreT-

dasavleTi saqarTvelos erovnuli, politikuri da, gnebavT, religiuri

problemebi da sakiTxebi, xelovnurad gaCenil sazRvrebs gaRma-gamoRma,

sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi darCenili qarTvelebis gulistkivili. igi

Tavidanve iqca sabWoTa propagandistuli manqanis nawilad da rwmenasTan

damokidebulebac TavisTavad moeqca qveyanaSi damkvidrebuli

standartebis CarCoebSi.

patriotizmi qarTuli mwerlobis umTavresi macocxlebeli Zala

iyo odiTgan. mwerloba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qarTveli xalxis

winamZRolis umZimes uRels erTgulad eweoda, qveynisa da eris

sadarajoze idga mudam, icoda, rogor mosalbuneboda mis dardsa da

varams. Znelbedobisa da ukiduresi gaWirvebis Jamsac mis gverdiT idga,

aRmerTebda da Tayvans scemda rogorc upirveles salocavs. pirvelTagan

mwerloba iyo qveynis siZlieris niSa, rac yovelTvis kargad icoda

momxdurma. amitom eris cnobierebis rRvevasa da erovnuli

TviTmyofadobis winaaRmdeg brZolas misi daTrgunviTa da damorCilebiT

iwyebda.

totaluri reJimis ZalisxmeviT ugulebelyofili erovnuli

faseulobebis adgili sabWoTa, socialistur Rirebulebebs unda

daeWira, ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa gadawyvetilebiT qarTvel xalxs

samSoblod ara saqarTvelo, aramed ssrk-i unda eRiarebina. raRa Tqma

unda, gamonakliss arc mwerlebi warmoadgendnen. SemoqmedT lenin-

stalinis partiis ideologiis Sesabamisad unda emoqmedaT,

damorCilebodnen uzenaesi tribunidan wamosul brZanebebsa da

mowodebebs.

arsebiTi niSani am brZaneba-mowodebebisa ki is iyo, rom erovnuli

suliskveTeba ”sabWoTa patriotizms” unda Caenacvlebina. saliteraturo

160

kritika ganuxrelad cdilobda, ideologiurad gamarTul arxSi moeqcia

mweralTa Zalisxmeva,

miuxedavad amisa, SeuZlebeli iyo iavarqmna mexsierebaSi

kodirebuli mamulis siyvarulisa, erovnuli faseulobebisa,

mentalitetsa da cnobierebisa. e. w. sabWoTa samSoblosadmi miZRvnili

mxatvruli produqciis paralelurad iqmneboda patriotuli

suliskveTebiT STagonebuli nawarmoebebi. am TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia

parmen ruruas, nestor malazonias, mamia varSaniZis, giorgi saluqvaZis,

fridon xalvaSis, kapiton rusiZis da sxvaTa Semoqmedeba.

omis Temaze Seqmnil TxzulebaTa Soris iSviaTad Tu gamoereoda

raime mxatvruli RirsebiT aRbeWdili nawarmoebi. mdare literaturuli

produqcia, SesaZloa, ideologiur SekveTas ramdenadme akmayofilebda,

magram metismeti siyalbis gamo TviT SemkveTebisTvis iyo

gamaRizianebeli.

bunebrivia, rom siuJetur standartebsa da sqemebs, e. w.

gamomgoneblobas, verc aWaraSi Seqmnili literaturuli produqcia

ascdeboda. am nawarmoebebs Cveni mwerlobis ganviTarebaze Rirebuli

kvali ar dauCnevia, magram “mimdinare istoriul momentSi”

propagandistis rols warmatebiT iTavsebda da ase Tu ise zemoqmedebda

mkiTxvelis cnobierebaze.

roca omis Temaze Seqmnil ideologiur literaturaze, epoqis

moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad Seqmnil sqemebsa da standartebze vsaubrobT,

sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom es fsevdoliteratura erTaderTi xazi

rodi iyo Cveni mwerlebisa. ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, TiTqos yvelaferi

ideologiis CarCoSi iyo moqceuli. oms bevri tkivili axlavs da es

tkivili qarTvelma erma faSizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli sxva erebis

msgavsad gadaitana. araerTi mwerlis gulwrfel striqonebSi aisaxa

omis koSmari, msxverpli, romelic Cvenma qveyanam gaiRo, gmiroba da

mamacoba, romelic qarTvelma mebrZolebma Tu Sin darCenilma

moqalaqeebma gadaitanes.

garda amisa omis Temaze Seqmnil TxzulebebSi imTaviTve

gamoikveTa erTi diaxac saintereso tendencia.

161

niSandoblivia, rom xSirad qarTveli mwerlebi “samSoblos”

cnebaSi gulisxmobdnen ara maincadamainc sabWoTa kavSirs, aramed

upirvelesad saqarTvelos da amiT ideologiur sadarajoze mdgari

kritikis risxvasac imsaxurebdnen.

ganwyoba “Cemi samSoblo saqarTveloa”, mkafiod Cans saomar

Tematikaze (da ara mxolod saomar Tematikaze) Seqmnil literaturul

produqciaSi. zogjer iseTi STbeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos mwerlebma dro

ixelTes da “sabWoTa patriotizmis” safarqveS aRadgines tabudadebuli

cneba samSoblosi, gza gauxsnes swored nacionalur ganwyobas: omis

periodis propagandistuli manqana gasaqans aZlevda patriotul

grZnobebs. amis gareSe omis mogeba Zneli iqneboda, Tu SeuZlebeli ara.

Sesabamisad, “sabWoTa patriotizmi” da WeSmariti patriotizmi ise

gadaexlarTa erTmaneTs, gamijnva gaZnelda da mwerlebmac TiTqos

isargebles Seqmnili viTarebiT.

amdenad, omis Temaze Seqmnili mTeli literaturuli produqciis

ideologiuri mwerlobis farglebSi moqceva dauSvebelia. aSkaraa, rom

am nawarmoebebSi SigadaSig mkafiod Cans erovnuli motivi da

nacionalur grZnobebsac gasaqani eZleva.

1921 wlis 25 Tebervlis Semdgom axali, bolSevikuri imperiis

xelisufalTa nebiTa da ZaliT samxreT saqarTvelos teritoriebis

umetesi nawili TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca. qarTvelma

sazogadoebam, ufro zustad, erovnuli inteligenciis da politikuri

speqtris bolSevikur saqarTveloSi SemorCenilma nawilma, gabrZolebaRa

SeZlo.

samxreT saqarTvelos Tema yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli, metadre, 30-iani

wlebdan, aWaraSi moRvawe mweralTa SemoqmedebisaTvis iyo. es

niSandoblivi faqtia. aWara, xom Tavad iyo monawile cxoveli istoriuli

procesebisa; swored am regions Seexo yvelaze mwvaved gayofa-

ganawilebis, gasxvisebis tragikuli movlenebi. didi xani ar iyo gasuli

mas Semdeg, moskovSi, stambol-ankarasa Tu evropaSi miRebuli

gadawyvetilebebis gamo rom gadadioda igi xelidan xelSi. mravali

162

monawile am procesebisa jerac cocxali iyo da arc ezosa Tu yanis

boloSi gavlebuli sazRvrebis gamo erTmaneTs mowyvetili naTesavebis

tkivils uCanda daamebis piri. amasTan es iyo regioni, romelmac

saukuneebs gamoatara qarTuli ena, cnobiereba, zneoba, tradicia... meore

mxriv, ki gacocxlebuli mxatvruli sityva axlaRa ikrebda Zalas,

axlaRa Cndeboda saukuneebiT dagubebuli saTqmelis gamoxatvis

saSualeba da imdenad Rrma iyo Wriloba, imdenad maRali Rirebulebisa

iyo es Tema, rom TviT socialisturi realizmis pirobebSi fexadgmulma

adgilobrivma mwerlobamac ki araerTxel gadaabija damkvidrebul

zRvars.

meore msoflio omis Semdgom am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT

gansakuTrebuli viTareba Seiqmna. omSi gamarjvebuli sabWoTa kavSiris

TurqeTTan urTierTobis axali etapi dadga. saqarTveloSi gaCnda imedi

samSoblosgan moglejili miwebis dabrunebisa, istoriul sazRvrebSi

teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenisa. miTumetes, rom sabWoTa kavSiri

pirdapir moiTxovda artaanis, arTvinisa (saqarTvelosTvis) da yarsis

(somxeTisaTvis) olqebis daTmobas.

bunebrivia, rom qveynisaTvis saWirboroto am procesSi aqtiurad

Caeba Cveni mwerloba. omisSemdgomi qarTuli literaturis erTi Zlieri

nakadi swored am Temam Seqmna. Zveli Tu axali Taobis, proletaruli Tu

akademiuri warsulis, dedaqalaqelis Tu provincielis, lamis yvela

mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi gaiJRera samxreT saqarTvelos motivma. zogan

ufro mgznebared, omaxianad, zoganac mokrZalebiT, frTxilad,

bolSevikuri ideologiis mometebuli doziT, magram mTavar sakiTxSi

gulwrfeli erTsulovneba sufevda – yvela usamarTlobad miiCnevda, rom

es miwebi saqarTvelos aRar ekuTvnoda. mwerlebi TiTqos gaaerTiana

saerTo miswrafebam. am nakadis nawili iyo baTumSi moRvawe mwerlebis

Semoqmedebac. marTalia, aWaris mweralTa organizacia xanieri tradiciiT

ver daikvexnida, magram warTmeuli miwa-mamulis satkivari, rogorc

aRvniSneT, aq ufro mZafrad aRiqmeboda da nayofierad aisaxa kidec es

satkivari mamia varSaniZis, giorgi saluqvaZis, nestor malazonias, parmen

ruruas, nana gvariSvilis, fridon xalvaSis, kapiton rusiZis da sxvaTa

SemoqmedebaSi.

163

Tu SevecdebiT arsebuli literaturuli masalis erTgvar

sistematizacias da ganzogadebas, gansazRvras imisas, Tu ra

suliskveTebisa iyo nebadarTuli patriotizmis farglebSi

gamoqveynebuli mxatvruli qmnilebebi, SesaZlebelia, es nawarmoebebi

Temis, xedvis, kuTxis Tu mizandasaxulobis Sesabamisad, ramdenime

jgufad davyoT.

upirveles da umTavres maxasiaTeblad am literaturuli nakadisa

unda CaiTvalos qarTveli xalxis gulistkivilis gamoxatva – dakargul-

gaCanagebuli istoriuli teritoriebis gamo.

xsenebuli motivis nawilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos warsulis gaazreba.

tragikuli istoriuli realobis obieqturad warmoCenis mcdelobani.

mebrZoli aTeizmis qveyanaSi damTrgunveli aTwleulebis Semdeg,

qarTvel mwerals SesaZlebloba mieca, ase Tu ise mibruneboda istoriis

saWirboroto sakiTxebs, ewera da esaubra qarTuli qristianuli

kulturis da civilizaciis akvanze, gabedulad exsenebina mefeebi da

aTabagebi, mtbevrebi da opizrebi, “oSkis zarebi” da “mesxeTis mTebis did

taZrebi”, “rusTavelis da merCules mamuli” da “xatebi fasis uTqmeli”.

qarTveli mwerlebis mier daxatuli suraTis mixedviT,Yiqaur

qarTvelTa Tanadrouli Taobac did gasaWirSia. aq, rogorc aRvniSneT,

mxolod socializm-kapitalizmis dapirispireba rodia arsebiTi.

qarTveli ubeduria upirvelesad imitom, rom mSoblis ubesaa mowyvetili.

Sesabamisad, gasakviri aRaraa, rom poetebis rwmeniT, TurqeTeli

qarTvelic mzadaa, dauyovnebliv SeuerTdes brZolas erTianobisTvis.

survili TurqeTis qarTvelobis samSoblosaken miswrafebis

daxatvisa _ aSkaraa. SesaZloa am miswrafebis mxatvruli asaxvis

zogierTi detali gadaWarbebulad, konkretuli realobidan an

istoriuli ganviTarebis logikidan daSorebulad mogveCvenos, magram

amgvari “gadacdomebi”, rogorc Cans, saWiro iyo problemaze

sazogadoebis yuradRebis mipyrobisaTvis, komunisturi ideologiiT

daTrgunuli sazogadoebis patriotuli (cxadia, aq sabWoTa patriotizms

ar vgulisxmobT) da heroikuli aRmafrenisaTvis. garda amisa, es

“gadacdomebi” arc mxatvruli literaturisaTvis dasaSveb SemoqmedebiTi

fantaziis diapazons arRvevda maincadamainc.

164

amdenad, omisSemdgomi periodis literaturul produqciaSi

TvalsaCinoa ocneba istoriul sazRvrebSi aRdgenil-gaerTianebul

saqarTveloze. xalxis miswrafeba, mweralTa azriT, Seucvlelia:

rusTaveli da saqarTvelo, rusTaveli da mesxeTi ganuyofelia da am

miwaze “rusTavelis sanTlis danTebis” survilic bunebrivia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom gansaxilvel Temaze Seqmnili nawarmoebebisaTvis

erovnuli sakiTxi ZiriTadia. bunebrivia isic, rom am nawarmoebebis erT-

erTi mizani sabWoTa sistemis apologia da ssrk-Ti siamayis grZnobis

gaRviveba iyo. amitom gasakviri araa, erTi mxriv, sabWoTa sistemis

upiratesobaze xazgasmiT miTiTeba da beladomania. Tanamedrove

mkiTxvelisaTvis zogjer SesaZloa, uCveulo iyos SiSveli komunisturi

ideologiisa da socialisturi realizmis is TvalsaCino ZarRvebi,

romelic Tanmdevia am Tu sxva analogiuri suliskveTebis nawarmoebebisa.

magram vinc ase Tu ise icnobs sabWoTa epoqis xasiaTsa da mxatvruli

literaturis imJamindel Taviseburebebs, advilad SeamCnevs, rom am

konkretul SemTxvevaSic da sazogadodac, mwerlobam moxerxebulad

isargebla nebadarTuli patriotizmiT, sadinari misca wlobiT Tu

saukuneobiT sulSi nagroveb tkivils da erTbaSad gaamJRavna

gulisnadebi. JamTa viTarebis gamo mweralTa SesaZleblobebi da

Tavisuflebis diapazoni metad SezRuduli iyo. verc imas vityviT, rom

TiTqos mxatvrulma literaturam ramdenadme mainc amowura es Tema,

magram isic faqtia, rom mocemul sakiTxebs am masStabiT qarTuli

mwerloba manamde arasdros Sexebia.

mijnuroba adamianis da metadre Semoqmedis Tanmdevi grZnobaa

nebismieri epoqaSi da, bunebrivia, am motivis gareSe arc sabWoTa

mwerloba darCenila. cxadia, ideologiam am erTi SexedviT, yvelaze

arapolitikur Temasac daaCnia kvali. klasobrivi antagonizmisa Tu

solidarobis principebi aqac SeiWra da Seiqmna araerTi Txzuleba

siyvarulze, romelsac ,,komunizmis mze” aTbobda. miuxedavad amisa, unda

iTqvas, rom mijnurobis sabWour-bolSevikuri xazi CvenTvis saintereso

epoqaSi mkrTalad aris warmodgenili da baTumelma mwerlebma araerTi

gulwrfeli da STambeWdavi striqoni uZRvnes siyvarulis grZnobas.

165

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. ass csa 928: aWaris saarqivo sammarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi fondi.

2. babiloZe 1973: babiloZe g. “xariton (xasan) komaxiZe”, gamomcemloba

“mecniereba”, Tbilisi.

3. baramiZe 2009: baramiZe ruslan, “islami da muslimebi aWaraSi”,

baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti baTumi.

4. baqraZe 1990: baqraZe akaki, “mwerlobis moTviniereba”, rusTavelis

sazogadoebis gamomcemloba “sarangi”, Tbilisi.

5. baqraZe 1946: baqraZe daviT, ,,qarTuli periodika 1800-1945”, თბილისი.

6. bibileiSvili 2003: bibileiSvili iuri, “suli ukvdavi”, wigni I,

“gamomcemloba aWara”, baTumi.

7. bibileiSvili 2005: bibileiSvili iuri, “suli ukvdavi”, wigni II,

gamomcemloba “baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti”,

baTumi.

8. gvariSvili 1953: gvariSvili nana, “Cveni qveynis qaliSvilebi”,

gamomcemloba “baTumi”, baTumi.

9. gvariSvili 1958: gvariSvili nana, gamomcemloba “nakadulebi”,

baTumi.

10. gvariSvili 1948 gvariSvili nana, “Cemo aWarav”, gamomcemloba

“aWaris assr saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, baTumi.

11. gvariSvili 1955: gvariSvili nana, “zRva da siyvaruli”,

gamomcemloba “baTumi”, baTumi.

12. gabeskiria 1955: gabeskiria viqtor, ”erTtomeuli”, gamomcemloba

“saxelgami”, Tbilisi.

13. gogoliSvili 2005: gogoliSvili oTar, ,,socialuri da erovnuli

moZraoba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi 1900-1921 wlebSi”,

gamomcebloba “baTumis universiteti”, baTumi.

14. vardosaniZe 2000: vardosaniZe sergo, ,,saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebluri eklesia 1917-1927 wlebi”, gamomcemloba

“qronografi”, Tbilisi.

166

15. vardosaniZe 2011: vardosaniZe sergo, “saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

samociqulo eklesia 1917-1952 wlebSi”, gamomcemloba “mecniereba”

Tbilisi.

16. zosiZe 1995: zosiZe nugzar, ,,politikuri situacia da erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba aWaraSi 1918-1920 wlebSi”,

gamomcemloba “aWara”, baTumi.

17. keSelava 1980: keSelava bondo, ”alionidan Sebindebamde”,

gamomcemloba ”merani”, Tbilisi.

18. kveSelava 1985 keSelava bondo, ”orTav Tvalis sinaTlev”,

gamomcemloba ”sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi.

19. kverenCxilaZe 2007: kverenCxilaZe revaz, ”sabuTebi RaRadeben”,

Tbilisi.

20. kverenCxilaZe 1983: kverenCxilaZe revaz, “saqarTvelos mweralTa

kavSiri 1917-1982”, gamomcemloba ”merani”, Tbilisi.

21. kverenCxilaZe : 2008 kverenCxilaZe revaz, ”XX saukunis saqarTvelos

literaturuli cxovreba”, gamomcemloba ”universali”, Tbilisi.

22. komaxiZe 1928: komaxiZe xasan, ,,fuxaras sityva”, baTomi.

23. loria 1940: loria parmen, ”baxvaZis dedaberi”, gamomcemloba

“aWaris saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, baTumi.

24. loria 1943: loria parmen, “Sexvedra”, gamomcemloba “aWaris

saxelgami”, baTumi.

25. loria 1946: loria parmen, “saukunis dabadeba”, gamomcemloba

“aWaris saxelgami”, baTumi.

26. loria 1948: loria parmen, ”Cai”, gamomcemloba “aWaris assr

saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, baTumi.

27. loria 1939: loria parmen, “deli muradi”, gamomcemloba “aWaris


28. vardoSvili 1959: vardoSvili xariton, “rCeuli”, gamomcemloba

“sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi.

29. varSaniZe 1950: varSaniZe mamia, “Cemo samSoblov”, aWaris assr

saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, baTumi.

30. varSaniZe 1994: varSaniZe mamia,“aseTi iyo...”, gamomcemloba ”aWara”,

baTumi.

167

31. varSaniZe 1971: varSaniZe mamia, (masalebi gamosacemad moamzada mamia

varSaniZem) ”mamulo sayvarelo”, gamomcemloba “sabWoTa aWara”,

baTumi.

32. varSaniZe 1981: varSaniSe mamia, “mebrZolis simRerebi”, gamomcemloba

“sabWoTa aWara”, baTumi.

33. varSaniZe 1960: varSaniZe mamia, “Cemi taZari”, gamomcemloba

“saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, baTumi.

34. varSaniZe 1955: varSaniZe mamia, “mTis yvavilebi”, aWaris saxelmwifo

gamomcemloba, baTumi.

35. malazonia 1940: varSanize mamia, “gulizar”, gamomcemloba “aWaris


36. malazonia 1972: malazonia nestor, “rCeuli”, gamomcemloba “sabWoTa

aWara”, baTumi.

37. malazonia 1937: malazonia nestor, “pataki oqtombers”, gamomcemloba

“aWaris saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, baTumi.

38. malazonia 1953: malazonia nestor, “leqsebi da poemebi”,

gamomcemloba “saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, baTumi.

39. Juruli 1975: Juruli varlam, „rCeuli“, Tbilisi.

40. Juruli 1935: Juruli varlam, „vardis furcloba“, gamomcemloba


41. JRenti 1949 ,,Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerloba“, Tbilisi

42. royva 1955: royva SoTa, „soflis siyvaruli“. gamomcemloba


43. rurua 1954: rurua parmen, “erTtomeuli”, gamomcemloba “saxelmwifo

gamomcemloba”, baTumi.

44. rurua 1940: rurua parmen, ”nacarqeqia”, gamomcemloba “aWaris


45. rurua 1985: rurua parmen, “Cveni zRvispireTis mesityveni”,

gamomcemloba “sabWoTa aWara”, baTumi.

46. rusiZe 1939: rusiZe kapiton, “meTvramete gazafxuli”, gamomcemloba

“gamomcemloba saxelgami”, Tbilisi.

168

47. rusiZe 1944: rusiZe kapiton, ”iwereboda sisxliT”, gamomcemloba

saxelgami”, Tbilisi.

48. rusiZe 1951: rusiZe kapiton, “sarfsgaRma”, gamomcemloba “saxelgami”,

baTumi.

49. saluqvaZe 1955: saluqvaZe giorgi, “lirika”, gamomcemloba

“saxelgami”, Tbilisi

49. samuSia 2003: samuSia jaba, “erTi ideologiuri kampaniis istoriidan

(masalebi gamosacemad moamzada da Sesaval werili daurTo jaba

samuSiam. Tbilisi.)”, Tbilisi.

50. “samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi” (aWara), 2012:

“samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi” oTx tomad.

tomi IV, avtorebi: o. TurmaniZe, m. jijeiSvili, m. CavleiSvili, s.

tabaRua, a. surgulaZe, s. dumbaZe, u. oqropiriZe, r. surmaniZe, v.

wulukiZe, g. maxaraZe, ro. malaymaZe, saredaqcio kolegia: d.

xaxutaiSvili, v. SamilaZe, a. kaxiZe, n. kaxiZe, m. maxaraZe, o.

TurmaniZe, a. surgulaZe, m. sioriZe, r. malaymaZe. gamomcemloba

“baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti”, baTumi.

51. “saqarTvelos istoria” 2012: saqarTvelos istoria oTx tomad. tomi

IV, avtorebi: al. bendianaSvili, al. dauSvili, m. naTmelaZe,

saredaqcio kolegia: akad. m. lorTqifaniZe, akad. o. jafariZe, akad.

musxeliSvili, akad. r. metreveli. Tbilisi

52. sigua 2002: sigua soso, ”qarTuli modernizmi”, gamomcemloba

”didostati”, Tbilisi.

53. tbauri 1970: tbauri laSa, “simebi qarSi”, gamomcemloba “sabWoTa

aWara”, baTumi

54. quriZe 1973: quriZe SoTa, “werilebi qarTul literaturaze”,

gamomcemloba “sabWoTa aWara” baTumi.

55. quriZe 1970: quriZe SoTa, “mxatvruli sityvis ganviTareba aWaraSi”,

baTumi, gamomcemloba “sabWoTa aWara”

56. SaraZe 1995: SaraZe guram, “memed abaSiZe”, gamomcemloba “saxalxo

wigni”, Tbilisi.

57. CoxaraZe 1997: CoxaraZe malxaz, “literaturuli werilebi”,

gamomcemloba “gamomcemloba aWara”, baTumi.

169

58. CxartiSvili 1991: CxartiSvili revaz, “literaturul-kritikuli

brZolebis axlo warsulidan”, Tbilisi.

59. cecxlaZe 1935: cecxlaZe grigol, ”sakuTari xma”, ”aWaris

saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”.

60. jiblaZe 1994: jiblaZe aleqsandre, “mamia varSaniZis

Semoqmedeba”,“gamomcemloba aWara”, baTumi.

61. WiWinaZe 1913: WiWinaZe zaqaria, “muslimani qarTvelebi da maTi

soflebi saqarTveloSi”, Tbilisi.

62. afxazava 1941: afxazava grigol “aWarel qals”, Jurnali

“literaturuli aWara”, #5, gamomcemloba “aWaris saxelmwifo


63. ,,aWaristani” 1926: Jurnali “aWaristani, 1926, baTumi.

64. “aWaris literaturuli axalgazrdoba” 1956: Jurnali “aWaris

literaturuli axalgazrdoba”, baTumi.

65. gabeskiria 1924: gabeskiria viqtor, “xatije”, Jurnali “ispiri”, #1,

baTomi.

66. galori 1924: galori miSel, “locva sonetSi”, Jurnali “ispiri”, #1,

baTomi.

67. george 1924: george stefan, “litania”, Jurnali “ispiri”, #1, baTomi.

68. gomarTeli 1924: gomarTeli Salva, “Cveni Teatri”, Jurnali

“ispiri”, #1, baTomi.

69. grigorianci 1924: grigorianci grigol, “warsulidan”, Jurnali


70. griSaSvili 1924: griSaSvili ioseb, “pauza”, Jurnali “ispiri”, #1,

baTomi.

71. daraseli 1928: daraseli vanion, “Rame”, Jurnali “pontosi”, #1,

baTomi.

72. “ispiri” 1924: Jurnali “ispiri” “bibliografia”, #1, baTomi.

73. k. k. 1 923: k. k. ,,mecniereba da poezia”, Jurnali ,,aspirozi”, #1,

baTumi.

74. komaxiZe 1928: komaxiZe xasan, ”memed gogiberiZes”, Jurnali “sityva

tribunidan”, #1, baTomi.

75. “literaturuli aWaristani” , baTumi;

170

76. malazonia 1949: malazonia nestor, “sabWoTa qali”, Jurnali

“literaturuli aWara” #12, gamomcemloba “aWaris assr saxelmwifo


77. mayaSvili 1924: mayaSvili kote, “axalgazrda qals”, Jurnali


78. ,,meTauri” 1924: saredaqcio werili, Jurnali “ispiri”, #1, baTomi.

79. odiSeli 1928: odiSeli parmen (parmen loria), “zeimi droSebiT”,

Jurnali “sityva tribunidan”, #1, baTomi.

80. “sityva tribunidan” 1928: “winaTqma”, Jurnali “sityva tribunidan”,

#1, baTomi.

81. feraZe 1928: feraZe ir. ”proletaruli mwerloba aWaristanSi”,

Jurnali “sityva tribunidan”, #1, baTomi.

82. qiaCeli 1924: qiaCeli leo, “landebi”, Jurnali “ispiri”, #1, baTomi.

83. “qura”, Tbilisi;

84. RoRoberiZe 1924: RoRoberiZe kuSa, “ulianov”, Jurnali “ispiri”, #1,

baTomi.

85. cecxlaZe 1938: cecxlaZe grigol, ”wiTelarmieluri”, Jurnali

“stalinuri Taoba”, #1, baTumi.

86. xalvaSi 1947: xalvaSi xemid (fridon) “aWara”, Jurnali

“literaturuli aWara”, #11, aWaris assr saxelmwifo gamomcemloba,

baTumi.

87. xalvaSi 1947: xalvaSi fridon, “Woroxis xvaSiadi”, Jurnali

“literaturuli aWara”, #11, baTumi.

88. xalvaSi 1947: xemid (fridon) xalvaSi, “aWariswyali”, Jurnali

“literaturuli aWara”, #11, gamomcemloba “aWaris assr saxelmwifo


89. baTomeli 1921: baTomeli “mweralTa saRamo”, gazeTi ,,uwyebani”, #202,

baTumi.

90. gabeskiria 1949: gabeskiria viqtor, „ferides sixaruli“, gazeTi

„sabWoTa aWara“, #6, baTumi.

91. gageli 1922: gageli varam (tician tabiZe), ,,xelovnebis mTavari

Stabi”, gazeTi ,,baxtrioni”, #19, Tbilisi.

171

92. gogiava 1949: gogiava klimenti, ,,aWarul moTxroba“, gazeTi ,,sabWoTa

aWara“, #210, baTumi.

93. gorki 1934: gorki maqsim „sabWoTa literaturis Sesaxeb“, gazeTi

“sabWoTa aWaristani” #194, baTumi.

94. d. o. _ Ze 1926: d. o. _ Ze "komunisturi aRzrdis sakiTxebi”, gazeTi

,,fuxara”, #215, baTumi.

95. doborjginiZe 1930: doborjginiZe k. “wineT da exla”: gaz. ,,sabWoTa

aWaristani”, #223, baTumi.

96. TxilaiSvili 1920: TxilaiSvili xasan, ”mesxeTs”, gazeTi

“samuslimano saqarTvelo”, #375, baTumi.

97. „კომუნისტი“ 1951: გაზეთი „კომუნისტი“, „მოწინავე“, “proletaruli

internacionalizmis droSiT”, თბილისი. 29 seqtemberi

98. kosarovi 1937: kosarovi a. “antireligiuri propaganda da

komkavSiruli amocanebi”, gazeTi ,,sabWoTa aWara”, #92, baTumi

99. lampari 1927: lampari, “aWaristanis proletarul mweralTa

asociaciaSi”, gazeTi ”fuxara”, #297, baTumi.

100. malazonia 1938: malazonia nestor, “laSqruli, gazeTi “sabWoTa

aWara”, #44, baTumi.

101. malazonia 1949: malazonia nestor, “sabWoTa axalgazrdebs”, gazeTi

“sabWoTa aWara”, #6, baTumi.

102. malazonia 1947: malazonia nestor, “qorwili” (balada) gazeTi

“sabWoTa aWara”, 21 marti, baTumi.

103. oboli 1931: oboli parmen (loria parmen), ,,saq. proletmweralTa

asociaciis 10 w. Tavi” gazeTi “sabWoTa aWaristani”, #136, baTumi.

104. "proletaruli brZola” 1922: gazeTi ,,proletaruli brZola”

baTumi, #469

105. Juruli 1946: Juruli varlam “gamarjvebis mTavarsardali” gazeTi

“sabWoTa aWara” 1946. #250, baTumi.

106. Juruli 1949: Juruli varlam, “turfa qveyanav”, gazeTi “sabWoTa


107. Juruli 1946: Juruli varlam, “stalins dideba!” gazeTi “sabWoTa

aWara” #86, baTumi.

172

108. rusiZe 1938: rusiZe kapiton, “gmiruli Taoba”, gazeTi “sabWoTa


109. rusiZe 1946: rusiZe kapiton, “Tenzile”, gazeTi “sabWoTa aWara”,

#83-86, baTumi.

110. rurua 1949: rurua parmen, “lazuri simRerebi”, gazeTi “sabWoTa

aWara” #125, baTumi.

111. rurua 1946: rurua parmen, „Cven imas virCevT“, gazeTi „sabWoTa

aWara” @#28, baTumi.

112. samxreTeli 1921: ”baTumis mweralTa kavSiri”, gazeTi ,,uwyebani”,

#199, baTumi.

113. ,,sabWoTa aWara” 1937: gazeTi ,,sabWoTa aWara”, “mowinave”, #110,

baTumi.

114. “sabWoTa aWara” 1938: gazeTi “sabWoTa aWara”, ”saqarTvelos sabWoTa

literatura ukanaskneli xuTi wlis manZilze”, #6, baTumi.

115. “sabWoTa aWara” 1938: gazeTi “sabWoTa aWara”, ”saqarTvelos sabWoTa

literatura ukanaskneli xuTi wlis manZilze”, #7, baTumi.

116. saluqvaZe 1947: saluqvaZe giorgi, “Cemi qalaqi”, gazeTi „sabWoTa

aWara”, #27, baTumi

117. tabiZe 1922: tabiZe tician (varam gageli) ,,xelovnebis mTavari

Stabi”, gazeTi ,,baxtrioni”, Tbilisi.

118. ”fuxara” 1927: “aWaristanis proletarul mweralTa pirveli kreba”

gazeTi ”fuxara”, #179, baTumi

119. qiqava 1920: qiqava jemal, “Zmis guliTadi madloba”, gazeTi

“samuslimano saqarTvelo” #5, baTumi

120. SaraZe 2002: SaraZe guram, “memed abaSiZis ucnobi legenda da

axali biografiuli detalebi”, gazeTi “literaturuli

saqarTvelo”, 10-16 maisi, Tbilisi.

121. SaraSiZe 1930: SaraSiZe i. “gveZaxis damkvreli dazgebi”, gazeTi

sabWoTa aWaristani”, #223, baTumi.

122. CxikvaZe 1920: CxikvaZe noe, “gazeTi samuslimano saqarTvelo”,

#372, samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebel komitetis

organo, baTumi.

173

123. Wyonia 1920: Wyonia memed aRa, “salami saqarTvelos”, gazeTi

“samuslimano saqarTvelo”, #293, baTumi.

124. xalvaSi 1950: xemid (fridon) xalvaSi, „agitatori“, gazeTi “sabWoTa


125. xalvaSi 1949: xalvaSi xemid (fridon), “Tqvenac lazeTis

lamazmanebo”, gazeTi “sabWoTa aWara”, #6, baTumi.

126. janaSia, berZeniSvili 1945: janaSia simon, berZeniSvili niko,

“TurqeTisadmi Cveni kanonieri pretenziebis Sesaxeb”, gaz.

“komunisti”, 14 dekemberi, baTumi.

mxatvruli azrovnebis ganviTareba XX saukunis I naxevris ... · periodis mwerloba, omisSemdgomi...

Documents

Transcript of mxatvruli azrovnebis ganviTareba XX saukunis I naxevris ... · periodis mwerloba, omisSemdgomi...