Music, Culture and Ideas 音樂, 文化與觀念. Beethoven’s Anvil William Benzon Beethoven’s...

Music, Culture and Ideas Music, Culture and Ideas

音樂 , 文化與觀念

Beethoven’s AnvilBeethoven’s AnvilWilliam BenzonWilliam Benzon

Music in Mind and Culture William L. Benzon: 認知科學家 , 社會與演化系統期刊 The Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems ）之編輯委員 , 並著有視覺化 : 二次電腦革命 Visualizations: The Second Computer Revolution, 也是音樂團體「歐亞非聯盟」（ AfroEurasian Connection ）創始人之一。

The Evolution of Musical The Evolution of Musical CultureCulture

直立人適應草原製造石器建造 shelter– 原始人模仿動物的叫聲– One of the adaptation that followed erectus to

survive in the steppes.– Control over the vocal apparatus– Precursor to music– 2 million years ago


舌下神經導管約 30 萬年前發展到目前尺寸– 原始人模仿動物的叫聲 ( 以便影響動物 )– One of the adaptation that followed erectus to

survive in the steppes.– Control over the vocal apparatus– Precursor to music– 2 million years ago

人類先祖透過模仿動物叫聲獲得自主控制發聲器官的能力 ( 在發展原始語言之前 )


March to music:– Rhythmically coordinated group merge from

vocal mimicry and associated activities.– The differentiation of language from

musicking

Three milestone: from ape to human– Vocal mimicry– The origins of musicking– The differentiation of language from

musicking


Gestalt Switch 1: sacred pleasureOubre’s hypothesis:

– The human mind first emerged when musicking gave rise the group-synchronized neurodynamics. Such states are both a by-product and a catalyst of the continuing evolution of hominid consciousness and culture.

– Music proper and language were proceeded by something that neither one nor the other but partakes of both


Gestalt Switch 2: music and language differentiate

Thinking: – on-line: brain is attending to the external

world and directed to it;– off-line: brain is focusing on matters that are

not physically present– Musicking: on-line– Language: off-line


Vocalization become a trigger that evoke the others

On-line voluntary vocalizations are used to reference and manipulate off-line nonvocal mental structure. Won-won

Conversation:– Assemble meaning– decode

音樂的四個時期音樂的四個時期 .. 音樂與文明音樂與文明Consciousness 起源於 Homer 與 Athenian

Golden Age 之間– Mental terms were scarce– Hardly attribute to the mind– Oedipus the King would not have been possible

in Homer’s time– Take place in mental realm. About mental

events, acts knowing or denial.

音樂與文明音樂與文明New modes of consciousness

– 兒童觀念發展 : 後階段的心理機制將早期的物體化 objectified

“thumos” in Iliad– 反應環境的內在感應– Thumos 給戰士力量– 心理物質的容器 : 精力– 古典希臘思想家將 mind 概念化– 物體化 objectified the MIND

悲劇的誕生悲劇的誕生悲劇 : the whole social system become objectified and

available for your contemplating悲劇來自以往的儀式 , but how? Dionysian Cult (Apollonian art (dream) of sculpture;

Dionysian art (intoxication) of music)– Frame: Dionysian chorus (reveling throng)– Scenes: Apollonian action (principal celebrants); vision; dream– 透過與酒神似的合唱團的認同觀眾接受他所見的 vision

A sweeping opposition of styles:– Dionysian lyrics of the chorus VS the Apollonian dream world

音樂時期與文化音樂時期與文化等級等級Wiora: 音樂的 4 個時期 :

– 史前及早期– 古文明時期 from the Sumerian and Egyptian

to the late Roman, high culture in the Orient– 西方音樂藝術時期– 科技與工業時期– 前 3 時期 intrinsically musical emphasis: 依序為節奏旋律和聲

音樂時期與文化音樂時期與文化等級等級 Wiora: 音樂的前 3 個時期 :

– Age 時期 VS Rank 等級1. Towards rhythmic elaboration

2. Strongly 區別 the control of melody from control of rhythm.

3. Harmony is “in turn” 區別 from both rhythm and melody

– Intrinsic

音樂時期與文化音樂時期與文化等級等級 Basic experience of music is holistic or

Gestalt in nature– I got Rhythm– Thriving for a Riff– Anthropology

幼童表達方式– 一字代表一整句– 簡短話語表達完整的情境

Functional channel 功能通道

音樂時期音樂時期 Age 與文化與文化等級等級Rank

Age of music VS culture rank culture rank:

– number of functional channels required to realize the music.

– Culture molds the brain, not biology– Beethoven Piano sonata VS 非洲打擊樂

音樂時期與文化音樂時期與文化等級等級旋律與和聲的出現區別 the control of melody from control

of rhythm, what does it mean?– Musical motifs: elementary gesture stream,

are no longer manipulated and elaborated simply as a rhythmic gestalt.

Indian music: – Raga– tala

音樂時期與文化音樂時期與文化等級等級和聲的出現 Harmonic elaboration (rank 3) : post-

Renaissance Europe: simultaneous sounding of two or more sound

Renaissance: polyphonic: two or more simultaneously melodic lines

Three-note chords Zarlino (1558): horizontal Rameau (1772): vertical triads

音樂時期與文化音樂時期與文化等級等級 Modulation from one key to another From Baroque to late 19th century

音樂時期與文化音樂時期與文化等級等級音樂的演化

– Why??? Darwin evolution model:

– 變化的來源 ( 基因的作用 )– 選擇保留的機制 (interaction between

phenotype with the external world, survival of the fittest)

文化上 : meme Performance-level attractor play the

phenotype role; The fate of memes depends on whether they contribute to repeated performances

音樂時期與文化音樂時期與文化等級等級 Evolution from HG band to chiefdom

– Musicking 扮演著何種角色經過長期的發展

– Close ritual, loose mundane– GO ( 一般化的他人 )– Chief ( 首領 )– Musicking organize Ritual -------– time coupled brain – GO + chiefhood– Nuer

Ritual creates a cultural space where social innovation takes place

音樂時期與文化音樂時期與文化等級等級 Where memetic variation comes from?

– From other groups– In the course of musicking– Individual invention

Whatever the source, as long as a group has a plentiful supply of memes it has the raw material for cultural evolution.

音樂時期與文化音樂時期與文化等級等級 Music and Literacy

– Rank 2 music occurs in civilization with a small elite capable of writing

– Elaborate solo singers are members of literate societies singing rank 2 music

The process need to maintain an imaginary other while writing and reading is similar to GO or chiefhood.

音樂史音樂史從素歌到原始主義 The Gregorian

contract and the Primitive

Music, Culture and Ideas 音樂, 文化與觀念. Beethoven’s Anvil William Benzon Beethoven’s...

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