4

saqarTvelo

saqarTvelo mTiani qveyanaa. Cveni qveynis xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze qarTuli saxelmwi-fo xan dRevandelze didi iyo, xanac – patara. mas hqonda aRmavlobis da dacemis periodebi, misi sazRvrebi icvleboda, magram, rogorc wesi, icvleboda samxreTis da aRmosavleTis mimarTu-lebiT, xolo dasavleTiT – Savi zRva da CrdiloeTiT – kavkasionis mTebi mudmivad iyo Cveni bu-nebrivi sazRvari.

qarTvelebis ZiriTadi samkvidro samxreTi kavkasiaa, magram Cveni mTielebi cxovrobdnen da cxovroben kavkasionis wyalgamyofi qedis CrdiloeTiTac. piriqiTa xevsureTi, xevi da TuSeTi es is patara da Cveni qveynisTvis umniSvnelovanesi kuTxeebia, romlebic geografiulad Crdi-loeT kavkasiaSi mdebareobs. aq mcxovrebi qarTveli mTielebis istoriuli misia Cveni qveynis sazRvrebis dacva iyo. Tuki CrdiloeTidan mosuli mteri kavkasionis qedze romelime uRelte-xiliT amovidoda, maSin igi sul advilad, winaaRmdegobis gareSe daeSveboda dabla, amitom sa-Wiro iyo am uReltexilebisken mimavali viwro xeobebis Caketva. mTielebi Cveni qveynis Crdilo-eT karibWeebis mcvelebi iyvnen. aseTi karibWe iyo darialis viwro da Rrma kanioni, romelsac im-gvari geografia aqvs, rom adamianTa mcire jgufs sul advilad SeuZlia gacilebiT didi raode-nobis mtris Sekaveba. qarTvel mefeebs es kargad esmodaT, amitomac yvelanairad xels uwyobd-nen qarTveli mTielebis kavkasionis CrdiloeT ferdobebze Casaxlebas da iq damagrebas. amave dros, Znelbedobis Jams, es miuvali xeobebi da Temebi araerTxel gamxdara Cveni devnili monar-qebis TavSesafari. miuvali mTa da misi Svilebi araerTxel movlenia bars mxsnelad, gavixsenoT Tundac 1659 wlis baxtrionis ajanyeba, rodesac mTidan zvaviviT Camosulma xevsurebma, fSav-lebma da TuSebma mTeli alaznis veli erT dReSi gawmindes dampyroblisgan.

arCil qiqoZe

sabWoTa memkvidreoba – mTa adamianis gareSe

1801 wels saqarTveloSi rusebi Semovidnen da Cveni qveynis aneqsia moaxdines, jer qarTl-ka-xeTis samefo daipyres, mere ki dasavleT saqarTveloSic gadavidnen da Tanmimdevrulad gaauq-mes imereTis samefo, samegrelos da afxazeTis samTavroebi... rusebi mTebSic avidnen da sakuTa-ri dauwereli adaTebiT mcxovreb mTielebs maTTvis absoluturad ucxo kanonebi moaxvies Tavs, rac saerTo iyo mTeli uzarmazari imperiis mosaxleobisTvis. gansakuTrebiT mZime uReli da begara daawvaT moxeveebs da mTiulebs, maT, vinc saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze cxovrobdnen. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg pirveli ajanyeba swored mTaSi, mTiu-leTSi, moxda 1805 wels. es ajanyebac, sxvaTa msgavsad, sisxlSi CaaxSves.

5

mTa adamianis gareSe

darialis xeobis damcveli moxeveebivaJa-fSavela da aleqsandre yazbegi

mTielebis da imperiuli ruseTis konfliqti yvelaze kargad am ambebis Tanamedroves da la-mis Tanamonawiles, aleqsandre yazbegs, aqvs aRwerili Tavis patara, tragikul moTxrobebSi.

rodesac 1918 wels saqarTvelom damoukidebloba moipova, Cveni mTielebi isev iaraRiT xel-Si dadgnen mis sadarajoze. Cven gvqonda damoukideblobis samad sami weli, romelic sabolood azerbaijanis mxridan mosulma bolSevikurma me-11 armiam daasamara, magram dRes cotas Tu ax-sovs, rom mTeli sami wlis manZilze bolSevikebs araerTi mcdeloba hqondaT saqarTveloSi CrdiloeTidan, darialis xeobiT, SemoWriliyvnen, magram iq gamagrebulma moxeve mesazRvree-bis patara jgufma araerTxel ukuaqcia mteri. mTielebma winaaRmdegoba mxolod maSin Sewyvi-tes, rodesac ambavi movida, rom dedaqalaqi ukve dacemuli iyo da Tbilisis Tavze wiTeli dro-Sa frialebda. moxeveebi dRemde amayoben imiT, rom maTma winaprebma sazRvari ar daTmes. swored am gautexeli winaaRmdegobis mere gaCnda xevSi cota qedmaRluri sadRegrZelo: jer moxeveebs gagvimarjos da mamre cxo yartayurta qarTvelebsao!

ruseTis imperia kidev ufro daundobelma sabWoTa imperiam Caanacvla. aqve vityvi, rom ne-bismieri imperiisTvis mTa mudam iyo Tavis tkivili. mTaSi advilia daimalo, damalo iaraRi, mTa-Si kanoni ufro sustia, vidre barSi. mTaSi mTavari kanoni stumarmaspinZlobaa, mTieli stumars arasodes gayidis, Tundac es stumari saxelmwifosgan devnili iyos. XX saukunis ocian wlebSi fSavlebs da xevsurebs Zalian Zvirad daujdaT bolSevikebis dauZinebeli mtris – qaquca Co-

loyaSvilis da misi razmis maspinZloba. mogvianebiT bolSevikebma dasajes yvela, vinc ki patriotTa SeiaraRebul razms ifa-rebda, gaanadgures mTis saukeTeso Svilebi, maT Soris, vaJa-fSavelas vaJi levan razi-kaSvilic...

Tuki damoukidebeli saqarTvelosTvis mTa da misi Svilebi saimedo dasayrdeni iyo, sabWoTa imperiisTvis xelis SemSlel faq-tors warmoadgenda, Tanac, Tuki baris sa-qarTveloSi Tavisuflebis idea Cakles, mTaSi es idea jer kidev Rvioda. dRes ukve cnobilia werili, romelic xevsurebma ame-rikis prezidents misweres da sadac autane-li bolSevikuri uRlisgan ganTavisufle-bisTvis sTxovdnen daxmarebas. iaraRi ara gvaqvs, magram mzad varT xmlebiT da xanjle-biT vibrZoloT TavisuflebisTviso, – swe-ren xevsurebi amerikis prezidents, romlis arc saxeli ician da arc gvari...

levan razikaSvili(1887-1923)

es Zalian sevdiani ambavia. amerikeli turisti, romelsac xevsurebma werili prezidentTan wasaRebad gadasces, sinamdvileSi maTTan migzavnili `Cekas~ agenti iyo. werilis avtorebi daa-patimres, nawili daxvrites da nawili Soreul cimbirSi gadaasaxles, saidanac arc erTi dabru-nebula...

samanelebi

6

saqarTvelo

CeCnebis da inguSebis deportacia

rodesac sabWoTa kavSiri meore msof-lio omSi Caeba, bevrma qarTvelma imedis Tvali miapyro kavkasiis karibWesTan mosul germanul jars. 1942 wels TuSeTSi moxda sabWoTa xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdego ajan-yeba, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda axalgaz-rda niWieri poeti adam bobRiaSvili (lite-raturuli fsevdonimi – adam alvaneli), mis garSemo Seikriba SeTqmulTa jgufi, rom-lebmac sakuTar Tavs `samanelebi~ uwodes. saidumlo organizaciis dasaxeleba ̀ samani~ amgvarad iSifreboda – `saqarTvelosTvis mebrZoli axalgazrda nacionalisti~.

am organizaciis moRvaweoba dRemde ara-erTgvarovnad aris Sefasebuli da kamaTis sagania. maT sawinaaRmdegod metyvelebs is, rom miznis misaRwevad samanelebi sastik me-

Todebs iyenebdnen, xolo sakuTar mokavSired nacisturi germania warmoedginaT. samanelTa momxreebs ki argumentad is mohyavT, rom maTi erTaderTi mizani da sanatreli ocneba samSob-los dampyrobeli ruseTisgan gaTavisufleba iyo da axalgazrda TuSebs TiTqmis aranairi war-modgena ar hqondaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra iyo sinamdvileSi nacizmi.

samanelebs mokavSireebi hyavdaT xevsureTSi, CeCneTsa da TbilisSic ki, magram organizacia gasces. daiwyo masobrivi dapatimrebebi da samanelebma TuSeTs Seafares Tavi. aq maT bevri mom-xre hyavdaT, bevric gadaibires, nawili – muqariT da nawili – agitaciiT. mTeli zamTris manZil-ze moaxerxes sabWoTa razmebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva, magram maTi ideis mowinaaRmdegeebi-sadmi didi sisastikec gamoiCines. sabolood germaniis jarebi TuSeTSi ar gamoCenilan, samane-lebma ver moaxerxes CeCneTSi gadasvla da iq sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg mebrZol CeCen parti-zanebTan SeerTeba. samanelTa liderebis nawili sabWoTa razmebma brZolaSi gaanadgures, nawi-li ki daapatimres da daxvrites.

moxeve qalifardags qsovs

TuSi qalebi

7

mTa adamianis gareSe

meore msoflio omis droindelma am mov-lenebma etyoba sabolood daarwmuna sabWo-Ta xelisufleba, rom mTis da mTielebis ndoba ar SeiZleboda. jer kidev omis msvle-lobisas stalinis brZanebiT kavkasiidan ramdenime eTnikuri jgufi gadaasaxles. Ta-namedrove adamianisTvis am tragediis masS-tabebi Znelad warmosadgenia iseve, ro-gorc Znelad warmosadgenia, rogor SeiZle-ba vinmes, Tundac tiranis, TavSi msgavsi id-ea daibados, magram faqtia – stalini ase az-rovnebda da asrulebda kidec Canafiqrs. erT dRe-RameSi mTeli erebis ayra, satvir-To vagonebSi Serekva da Soreul Sua aziaSi gadasaxleba Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo. inguSe-bi, CeCnebi, yaraCaelebi, balyarelebi – Crdilokavkasieli es xalxebi erT dReSi ga-uyenes Soreul gzas, visi gadaadgilebac Se-

8

uZlebeli iyo, daxoces. igive bedi ewiaT Turq mesxebs samxreT saqarTveloSi da yirimel TaTrebs yirimSi.

Cvens mTas msgavsi ram ar Sexebia, im jer-ze gadavrCiT, magram daaxloebiT 9 wlis Sem-deg, 1953 wels ganviTarebuli movlenebi naklebad dramatuli, Tumca didi zianis momtani aRmoCnda Cveni qveynisTvis.

am wels xevsurebi ZaliT Carekes barSi. erT dReSi daacarieles Cveni qveynis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani kuTxe – xevsureTi. damiznebuli Tofebis qveS, gafrTxilebis da momzadebis gareSe ayares Tavisuflebis moyvare mTis Svilebi da barSi gadaasaxles. mizezi – isev undob-loba da siZulvili mTisa, romlis bolomde gakontroleba veravin SeZlo. isini masob-

TuSi da saxate ludis qvabi

saqarTvelo

moxeve qali karaqs dRvebs

9

rivad daasaxles xriok, dacemul velebze Tbilisis maxloblad, sofel gamarjvebaSi da dedofliswyaros raionSi, Siraqis vel-ze. adgilebSi, romlebsac araviTari emoci-uri da geografiuli kavSiri ar hqondaT mTasTan.

Cveni mTis meore unikaluri tomi – Tu-Sebi iZulebiT ar CamouyvaniaT barad, maT saamiso pirobebi Seuqmnes. imave periodSi, roca xevsurebis gadasaxleba moxda, TuSeT-Si aikrZala xvna-Tesva im sababiT, rom sax-nav-saTesi miwebi cxvris saZovrebad unda gadaqceuliyo. amis mere TuSebis bedi ga-dawyvetili iyo. 1657 wels baxtrionis ajan-yebaSi gmiruli monawileobisTvis TuSebi kaxeTSi, alaznis velze, miwebiT daajildo-ves kaxeTis mefeebma. mas mere es xalxi organ cxovrobda mTasa da barSi, xolo cxvari zam-TrobiT Siraqis velze daudioda. magram TuSeTSi mainc iyo mkvidri mosaxleobis na-wili, romelic mTeli wlis manZilze mTaSi rCeboda. xvna-Tesvis akrZalvis Semdeg Tu-SeTis meurneoba veRar iqneboda TviTkmari, rasac, xelisuflebis azriT, maTi barSi mig-racia unda gamoewvia da asec moxda.

mTaSi mogzaurobisas, Tuki odnav dak-virvebuli Tvali gaqvT, xevsuruli da Tu-

Suri soflebis Tavze aucileblad Seat-yobT, rom mTebs ucnauri, safexurebis msgavsi, reliefi aqvs. es adamianis xeliT Seqmnili terasebia, sadac xorbleuli kul-turebi, Wvavi da qeri, iTeseboda. ormocda-aTiani wlebis mere es adgilebi saZovrebad iqca.

sabWoTa kavSiris xelisufleba, adamia-nebis msgavsad, arc bunebas ufrTxildebo-da da sastik eqspluatacias uwevda. gegmis gadaWarbebiT Sesruleba nebismier fasad... da mniSvneloba ar hqonda gegma qarxanaSi iyo Sesasrulebeli Tu soflad. Cvens mTie-lebs yovelTvis hyavdaT cxvari, magram xe-lisuflebam gadawyvita, rom aRmosavleT kavkasionis mTebSi imaze met cxvars unda eZova, vidre odesme, imaze mets, vidre amis warmodgena SeiZleboda da imaze mets, vidre alpur saZovrebs SeeZlo aetana.

mTa adamianis gareSe

mTaSi mogzaurobisas kidev erT rames daakvirdiT – ferdobebs, romlebic xrame-badaa gadaqceuli da saxifaTod dauRiaT piri. saerTod, saqarTveloSi eroziuli re-liefi metad farTodaa gavrcelebuli. ga-momwvevi mizezi bevria – geologiuri pro-cesebi, qaris moqmedeba, xeebis gaCexva, aras-wori morwyva, naleqis siWarbe Tu Tovlis dnobis intensivoba. amas emateba Warbi Zove-ba – niadagis saxifaTo moZraobas balaxis ganadgureba uwyobs xels. aseTi pirdaRe-buli ferdobebis sanaxavad Sors wasvla ar gWirdebaT, naTeli magaliTi saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze, mTiuleTSia. sofel mle-Tis Tavze mTeli midamo Rvarcof da mewyer-saSiS xramebadaa qceuli. miwa mudmivad moZ-raobs, dabla micocavs da istoriul so-fels walekviT, mosaxleobas ki daRupviT emuqreba. aseTi bunebrivi pirobebis gamoa aucilebeli mTasTan gansakuTrebuli sif-rTxiliT moqceva, radgan zedmeti Careva da gadaWarbebuli saqmianoba kidev ufro aza-ralebs Cvens bunebas. amgvar suraTs kavka-sionze bevrgan naxavT, magram davubrundeT xalxisgan daclil mTian kuTxeebs.

mTaSi cxovreba ar aris ioli. qalaqeli adamiani mTaSi ZiriTadad zafxulSi xvdeba, roca alpuri mdeloebi yvavis, roca dRisiT iq siTboa, magram sakmarisia amindi gafuWdes, rom mog-zaurma sakuTar Tavze gamocados mTis bunebis simkacre. axla warmoidgineT cxovreba sofel-Si, romelic naxevari wlis manZilze gzas da civilizacias aris mowyvetili, sadac mTeli weli civi zamTrisTvis mzadebaSi gadis, sadac Tibvac, xvnac da Tesvac adamians cicabo ferdobebze uwevs. es umZimesi Sromaa, romelsac bavSvobidan eCvevian. mTaSi yvelaze did sircxvilad sim-suqne iTvleboda, rac sizarmacis da uqnarobis niSani iyo.

sakmarisia mTielma kacma ramdenime weli barad gaataros, rom mTaSi Tavis gatanis da gadar-Cenis unari dakargos. stalinis brZanebiT ki mTielebis mTeli Taoba CamoaSores mSobliur ga-remos. mogvianebiT, roca reJimi ukve aRar iyo iseTi Zlieri da saSiSi, xevsurebis da TuSebis na-

TuSeTi

xevsureTi, muco

10

saqarTvelo

wili daubrunda TavTavianT soflebs, mag-ram es mxolod mcire nawili iyo da maT aRar aRudgeniaT tradiciuli meurneoba. mTam dakarga TviTkmaroba, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom iq mcxovreb adamians Tavad mohyavs yve-laferi, rac sicocxlisTvis sWirdeba. amie-ridan mTa barze damokidebuli gaxda.

daclili soflebi aRarasdros aRdgeni-la pirvandeli saxiT. Zveli mosaxleobis aTi procentic ki ar asula ukan. samocdaa-Tian wlebSi sabWoTa saqarTvelos xelisuf-lebam garkveuli nabijebi gadadga mTis xe-laxla dasasaxleblad. gamocxadda progra-ma momxibvleli dasaxelebiT: `mTas daub-rundes mTieli!~ am programis farglebSi TuSeTSi aiyvanes samanqano gza, xevsureTis or sofelSi, Satilsa da gudanSi, adgilob-rivebs komfortuli saxlebi auSenes, Tanac ise, rom soflebis istoriuli wyoba da ieri ar dazaralebula.

sxvaTa Soris, am saxlebma or xsenebul sofelSi mosaxleoba metad SeinarCuna, vid-re danarCen xevsureTSi, magram es yvelafe-ri sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda. barSi gazrdil

Taobas mTis mZime pirobebi aRar xiblavda. mTis dacla gagrZelda da dReisTvis katastrofuli Sedegebi gamoiRo.

Cven xSirad vaxsenebT sabWoTa mZime memkvidreobas, TiTqos gagviwyalda kidec es sityvaTa SeTanxmeba, magram sinamdvileSi memkvidreoba kidev ufro mZimea, vid-re es SeiZleba erTi SexedviT Candes da Zalian savalaloa is mTaSi, sadac yvela-feri ufro mowyvladia – bunebisTvis da adamianisTvis miyenebuli Wriloba aq gacilebiT Znelad xorcdeba.

moxeve qalebi

moxeveebi soflis salocavTan

kvavlo, TuSeTi

11

mTa adamianis gareSe