Mètodo de filtraciòn para paràsitos intestinales



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\DIPO\

AYi \TEHGO CGPOGHO STDZC@C YCGIFDZ

YDI\DPC\HO KDGD\CN

NHI @OTKNCY UNC@HAH\ CNEC\O IFCUDZ


@DICGO

NHI YCNUC@O\ ICYPHNNO C\DUCNO

YDI\DPC\HC:

AYi AO\DGC NHZDPPD AC\PHGDZ @D @HCZ

hh



4

Ck|c`dihahdgpoyC @hoy: Ro| yt eo|pcndzc

C ahy rc`|dy: ro| yt croxo hgiog`hihogcn

• R|oe' Ac|ác Ct|c Fh`cnko• Pdi' dg Hgk Acgtdn Cgpogho Uãystdz

C ahy fhjoy: ro| yt rcihdgihc x ic|hóo'

• Cnndg Joytè•

Nhnhcg Hudppd• Cyp|h` Ac|hè

C ahy Cahkoy x Ioarcód|oy: ro| yt ioar|dgyhùg x dyphac'

C ahy r|oedyo|dy `d nc acdyp|ác: ro| yt croxo cic`èahio'

C ahy ahi|oo|kcghyaoy: std yog nc dvhypdgihc `d ahy hgudyphkcihogdy'

C r|oedyo|dy cydyo|dy `h|dipo|dy: Ro| yt croxo cic`èahio d hgudyphkcphuo

• AYi \cecdn Cgpogho Id`hnnoy•

AYi Khnld|po Cyidgiho Cndaãg

C r|oedyo|dy x ionclo|cò|dy `d Acdyp|ác: ro| yt ioar|dgyhùg x eo|pcndzc

AYi Io|cnhc `d noy Ãgkdndy Kogzãndz AYi Ac|ác Po||dy UhpdncAYi Ac|ác Dudnxg Yãgifdz `d \caoy AYi \caùg Dnácy AdjácAYi Cg`|èy [hne|dò \hucy AYi Cax Dnhdpf Ao|cgAYi E|cgihyio Ndoronò Ad|hgo AYi Uhcggdx `d Cl|dkoAYi Oyic| Ktzaãg Jtnhãg AYi Ycg`|c Ntz \thzAYi Nhkhc Ycnczc| Lcgdkcy AYi \okdnho Ao|cndy Lo|kdy

C ahy ioarcód|oy `d croxo pèighio:

Nhi Oac| Ckthnc| L|' Jtcg Joyè \hucyL|' Zohnc Kh|ügL|' Ac|kc|hpc Rè|dz

u



;

R|dihyhùg. \drdphphuh`c`. \dr|o`tihlhnh`c`. Nhahpd `d

itcgphehicihùg. Nhgdcnh`c`. \oltypdz.

0'4 R|drc|cihùg `dn hgoitno'

0'5 Cgãnhyhy `d noy `cpoy'

Icráptno U \dytnpcòy x `hyityhùg 53

4'3 Aèpoò cgãnhyhy itcgphpcphuo

4'< Aèpoò cgãnhyhy itcnhpcphuoIcráptno UH @oitadgpoy `d ucnh`cihùg 66

Icráptno UHH Iogintyhogdy 33<

Icráptno UHHH \dioadg`cihogdy 334

Lhlnhok|ceác 336

Knoyc|ho 3<9

Cgdvoy

uhh



3<

\DYTADG

Dn p|clcjo `d hgudyphkcihùg yd etg`cadgpù dg dn `dyc||onno x ucnh`cihùg `d tg aèpoò

`d ehnp|cihùg rc|c `hckgoyphic| x itcgphehic| rc|ãyhpoy dg atdyp|cy `d fo|pcnhzcy x

atdyp|cy iogpcahgc`cy ud|yty aèpoò `d \hpifhd &\ded|dgihc(' Dn dypt`ho yd |dcnhzù

dg dn Idgp|o `d Hgudyphkcihùg x @dyc||onno dg Ycnt`. Nclo|cpo|hoy `d Ahi|olhonokác d

hgoith`c` `d cnhadgpoy x nclo|cpo|ho `d nc Ecitnpc` `d Ad`hihgc'

Oljdphuo' @dyc||onnc| x Ucnh`c| aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg rc|c dn `hckgùyphio x |ditdgpo `d

ftduoy `d fdnahgpoy x sthypdy `d r|opozoc|hoy dg atdyp|cy i|t`cy `d fo|pcnhzcy x

atdyp|cy hgoitnc`cy c|phehihcnadgpd'

Adpoònokác' Yd tphnhzù nc ktác `d ucnh`cihùg `d aèpoòy ahi|olhonùkhioy itcnhpcphuoy x

itcgphpcphuoy `d nc CYOIHCIHOG OEHIHCN @D STHAHIOY CGCNHYPCY' @D NC

GO\AC HYO 35302 &<22<( x Nc COCI HGPD\GCPHOGCN &3888(. Stcnhpcphud cg`

Stcgphpcphud Ahi|olhonokx Kth`dnhgdy eo| Adpfo`y Ucnh`cphog.

\dytnpcòy: @d noy |dytnpcòy olpdghòy yoadphòy c noy rc|ãadp|oy `d ucnh`cihùg

itcnhpcphuc x itcgphpcphuc yd ioar|tdlc std dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg `c |dytnpcòy

ycphyecipo|hoy std `hehd|d yhkghehicphucadgpd iog dn aèpoò `d \hpifhd'

Iogintyhùg: Dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg dy aãy dediphuo std dn aèpoò `d \hpifhd' Ro|

cgãnhyhy itcgphpcphuo yd |ditrd|o acxo| icgph`c` `d rc|ãyhpoy ro| ehnp|cihùg. ro| cgãnhyhy

dypc`áyphio yd dgiogp|ù `hed|dgihcy dypc`áyphicadgpd yhkghehicphucy dgp|d caloy

aèpoòy' Ro| cgãnhyhy itcnhpcphuo caloy aèpoòy h`dgphehic|og eo|acy rc|cyhpc|hcy'

vhhvh



39

ICRHPTNO H

3' HGP\O@TIIHOG

vhhh



30

H' HGP\O@TIIHOG

Yd r|oid`hù c `dyc||onnc| tg aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg itcnhpcphuo x itcgphpcphuo c

rc|ph| `d nc hgoitncihùg `d 3 an `d roon `d rc|ãyhpoy dg atdyp|cy iogpcahgc`cy

x gcpt|cndy rc|c `dpd|ahgc| ro|idgpcjd `d |ditrd|cihùg. ntdko dg ucnh`c| dn

aèpoò tycgò go|acy HYYO 3888'

Nc hgudyphkcihùg yd |dcnhzù dg p|dy ad|icòy `d noy `hyp|hpoy 3 x < `dgoahgcòyC. L. I io||dyrog`hdgpd dg yt o|`dg Phdgògc. Idgp|cn x Ycg Ahktdnhpo'

Dgp|d noy cro|pdy hgad`hcpoy `d nc hgudyphkcihùg etd nc `d pdgd| tg aèpoò c

lcjo ioypo x úphn. rc|c `dpd|ahgc| |ditdgpo rc|cyhpc|ho hgpdyphgcn r|oudghdgpdy `d

fdidy ftacgcy x fo|pcnhzcy iogpcahgc`cy. c tgc iogidgp|cihùg x `dpdiihùg `d

rc|ãyhpoy std go rtd`dg nok|c|yd iog op|oy aèpoòy dg hgoith`c` `d cnhadgpoy'

Dn rc|cyhphyao hgpdyphgcn ydkúg |dkhyp|oy `dn Ahghypd|ho `d Ycnt`. |dro|pcg std

oitrc noy r|had|oy ntkc|dy iog tgc cnpc r|ducndgihc `d ao|lhnh`c`'3 Dn cro|pd

r|hgihrcn dy std yd `dyc||onnù tg aèpoò `d nclo|cpo|ho ro| ehnp|cihùg. rc|c

olpdgd| iog rdstdócy iogidgp|cihogdy `dn hgoitno dg ncy fo|pcnhzcy nc

h`dgphehicihùg `d rc|ãyhpoy `d ftacgoy. std c yt udz rogdg dg |hdyko nc ycnt`

ftacgc cn iogytah| dypoy cnhadgpoy dg royhlndy acncy iog`hihogdy fhkhèghicy'

Go fcx dypt`hoy std |dehd|cg cn tyo `d ehnp|cihùg dg fo|pcnhzcy rc|c nc

hgudyphkcihùg `d rc|ãyhpoy' Ro| no std nc hgudyphkcihùg `c tg cro|pd gtduo c nc

pdigonokác' Ciptcnadgpd dvhypdg op|cy pèighicy x aèpoòy rc|c dn dypt`ho `d noy

rc|ãyhpoy dg fdidy ftacgcy rd|o go rc|c fo|pcnhzcy'

3 Ahghypd|ho `d Ycnt` Rúlnhic x Cyhypdgihc Yoihcn' Dn Ycnucò|' Londpág <224

vhu



34

Dgp|d ncy nhahpcihogdy `d nc hgudyphkcihùg yd dgiogp|ù std nc h`dgphehicihùg `d

p|oeozohpoy dg ncy atdyp|cy dy lcjo. dypo `dlhò c ncy iog`hihogdy calhdgpcndy

dg std yd dgitdgp|cg. tgc `d dnncy dy dn phdaro etd|c `dn hgpdyphgo yd `dyp|txdg

dg r|oad`ho c ncy òy fo|cy dg fdidy e|dyicy. xc std r|ducndidg acy ncy

eo|acy stáyphicy x nc|ucy ro| ncy iog`hihogdy `dn ad`ho calhdgpd yog acy

|dyhypdgpdy c nc pdard|cpt|c'

Dn iogytao `d fo|pcnhzcy dy tgc gdidyh`c` hgfd|dgpd `dn yd| ftacgo. std yogetdgpd `d ahgd|cndy. uhpcahgcy. ehl|c dgp|d op|oy. acy yhg dalc|ko ro| yty

ic|cipd|áyphicy eáyhicy. cnktgoy `d dypoy r|o`tipoy dypãg dvrtdypoy c

iogpcahgcgpdy ahi|olhonùkhioy x stáahioy. kdgd|cgò tg |hdyko rc|c nc ycnt`

ftacgc'

Nc r|hgihrcn etdgpd `d iogpcahgcihùg `d ncy fo|pcnhzcy dy ro| ncy acncy r|ãiphicy

ck|áioncy dg dn tyo `d cktc iogpcahgc`c. phd||cy ed|phnhzc`cy iog clogoy

ck|áioncy x acghrtncihùg `d noy cnhadgpoy. std atifcy udidy r|oid`dg `d

cktcy gdk|cy iogpcahgc`cy iog fdidy ftacgcy x cghacndy cyá ioao `d

rc|ãyhpoy hgpdyphgcndy dg dn acghrtncò| `d cnhadgpoy' Dy haro|pcgpd `dyc||onnc|

x ucnh`c| dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg ro|std go fcx dypt`hoy ucnh`còy iog dypd

aèpoò xc std go dy ioaúg rc|c `dpdipc| nc r|dydgihc `d rc|ãyhpoy hgpdyphgcndy

dg fo|pcnhzcy'

Yt|kd `d nc gdidyh`c` `d fcid| cgãnhyhy r|duhoy `d fo|pcnhzcy std dypãg c nc

udgpc `dn iogytahò| rc|c r|dudgh| dged|ad`c`dy rc|cyhpc|hcy d

hgedipoiogpckhoycy. std iogp|hltxdg `d cnktgc acgd|c dg ctadgpc| noy ág`hidy

ao|lhnh`c` dg noy hg`hicò|dy `d ycnt` `d noy dypclndihahdgpoy `dn ghudn `d

cpdgihùg H x HH `dn Ahghypd|ho `d Ycnt`'

vu



3;

ICRHPTNO HH

OLJDPHUOY



36

<' OLJDPHUOY

<'3 Oljdphuo Kdgd|cn:

@dyc||onnc| x Ucnh`c| aèpoò `d Ehnp|cihùg rc|c nc `dpdiihùg `d ftduoy `d

fdnahgpoy x sthypdy `d r|opozoc|hoy dg atdyp|cy i|t`cy `d fo|pcnhzcy'

<'< Oljdphuoy dyrdiáehioy:

3' @dyc||onnc| x dypcg`c|hzc| aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg rc|c `dpdipc| ftduoy `d

fdnahgpoy x sthypdy `d r|opozoc|hoy dg atdyp|cy hgoitnc`cy x fo|pcnhzcy

iogpcahgc`cy dvrd|hadgpcnadgpd dg dn nclo|cpo|ho'

<' Ucnh`c| aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg iog dn aèpoò `d \hpifhd rc|c `dpdipc|

ftduoy `d fdnahgpoy x sthypdy `d r|opozoc|hoy dg atdyp|cy hgoitnc`cy x

gcpt|cndy `d fo|pcnhzcy olpdgh`cy `d ad|icòy rúlnhioy `d Ycg Ycnucò|'

9' H`dgphehic| `hed|dgpdy eo|acy rc|cyhpc|hcy cgcnhzc`cy ro| noy aèpoòy

itcnhpcphuo x itcgphpcphuo'



38

PHPTNO HHH

AC\IO PDO\HIO



<<

Dgp|d noy dypt`hoy std |dro|pcg dn tyo `d dypoy aèpoòy dypãg: Dg Udgdztdnc

atifcy `d ncy dged|ad`c`dy `d p|cgyahyhùg cnhadgpc|hc. hginthòy lcipd|hcy.

uh|ty. fogkoy. rc|ãyhpoy. r|o`tipoy stáahioy x povhgcy yd |dkhyp|cg dg dn dypcò

`d C|cktc Udgdztdnc. dg std ncy rc|cyhpoyhy yog tg r|olndac `d Ycnt` Rtlnhic'

Dg dypd dypt`ho yd fhzo cgãnhyhy ahi|olhonùkhio `dpd|ahgcgò sthypdy `d

Dgpcaodlc fhyponxphic x ftduoy `d Cyic|hy ntal|hioh`dy ro| dn aèpoò

`h|dipo' &6(

Dg nc iht`c` `d Lonhuc| `d Udgdztdnc |dro|pcg r|dydgihc `d rc|ãyhpoy ftacgoy

dg cnhadgpoy ioao Lncypoixyphy foahghy. Yp|ogkxnoh`dy ypd|io|cnhy.

ioiih`hoy hgpdyphgcndy ro| dn aèpoò aèpoò `d \hpifhd. crnhicò c ndiftkcy

r|oudghdgpdy `d ytrd|ad|icòy' &8(

Dg Ioypc \hic dg tg dypt`ho dg fo|pcnhzcy `d |dronno. poacpd. ndiftkc. rdrhgo.

zcgcfo|hc. |ãlcgo. ihncgp|o dgiogp|c|og rc|cyhpoyhy `d D' ionh x ionheo|ady

edicndy. ro| dn aèpoò \hpifhd' &32(

Dg noy ad|icòy `d nc Rcz. Lonhuhc r|oid`dgpdy `d fo|pcnhzcy ioad|ihcnhzc`cy

dg noy ad|icòy `d idlonnc. cidnkc x ld||o r|dydgpc|og rc|ãyhpoy ioadgycndy .

D gcgc. D' ionh. Khc|`hc yr. Yp|ogkxnoh`dy yr. Fxadgondrhy gcgc. Ecyihonc

fdrãphic. ro| dn aèpoò `d Yfdcpd|' &33(

Dg tg dypt`ho `d iogpcahgcihùg dgpd|orc|cyhpc|hc `d ndiftkcy dg ad|icòy `dn

dypcò `d Nc|c. yd dgiogp|ù Dgpcaodlc fhyponxphic. Dgpcaodlc ionh.

Povorncyac kog`hh. Povoic|c yr. ro| nc pèighic `d Cnuc|dz' &3<(



<4

iogpdghò `d noy ftduoy dy hgiono|o o cac|hnno. yt iogpdghò dy |dògò x

k|cgtnoyo'

Lcncgph`hta ionh : P|oeozoápo phdgd eo|ac ouoh`d. iog ihnhoy io|poy dg yt

rd|hed|hc. ah`d cr|ovhac`cadgpd 42 c <22 ahi|cy `d nc|ko ro| 02!;2 `d cgifo'

Roydd < gúindoy `dgoahgcòy aci|ogtindo x ahi|ogtindo' Dy dn aãy k|cg`d

`d poòy' Sthypd dy uontahgoyo `d 42 c ;2 ahi|cy. eo|ac |dòg`c. dguonpt|c

`dnkc`c iog rc|d` òlnd. phdgd tg gúindo uontahgoyo x tg gúindo rdstdóo.ihporncyac k|cgtnoyo. iog atifoy itd|roy `d hgintyhùg'

Ifhnoacyphv adyghnh: Yt sthypd dy dg eo|ac `d rd|c o nhaùg. ah`d

cr|ovhac`cadgpd ; c 39 ahi|cy `d nc|ko ro| 0 c 6 ahi|cy `d cgifo' P|oeozohpo

rh|heo|ad. ah`d 32 c <0 ahi|cy ro| 32 c 34 ahi|cy `d cgifo' Phdgd p|dy enckdnoy'

Dgònhacv gcgc: eo|ac stáyphic dy dnárphic. std ah`d cr|ovhac`cadgpd `d 4 c

32 ahi|cy. phdgd itcp|o gúindoy. ic|hoyoac h||dktnc|. go phdgd i|oacphgc'

Dgpcaodlc ionh: Yt sthypd ah`d `d <2 c 92 ahi|cy. eo|ac oucn o cnc|kc`c d

h||dktnc|. dn sthypd ac`t|o phdgd tgo c oifo gúindoy. ic|hoyoac dviègp|hio.

adal|cgc dgk|oyc`c. ic|hoyoac uontahgoyo. ihporncyac cac|hnno. ucitonc

uontahgoyc. itd|roy i|oacpoh`cndy. dy aãy k|cg`d std nc fhyponxphic' Dn

p|oeozohpo ah`d <2 c 02 ahi|cy. eo|ac oucn o cnc|kc`c. itd|roy `d hgintyhùg

gtad|oyoy. iogphdgd gúindo uhyhlnd. adal|cgc h||dktnc| x k|cgtnoyc'

Dgpcaodlc fhyponxphic: Phdgd òy eo|acy: Eo|ac P|oeozohpo ah`d 32 c <2

ahi|cy. iog gúindo dviègp|hio. ic|hoyoac idgp|cn. iog ihporncyac k|cgtnc| go

ucitoncò. iogphdgd knùltnoy |ojoy' Royddg rydtòroòy. cyá ioao diporncyac



<5

p|cgyrc|dgpd x dgòrncyac' Nc eo|ac Stáyphic ah`d 32 c <2 ahi|cy. |dògò

iog lc||cy i|oacpoh`cndy. dn sthypd ac`t|o phdgd tgo c itcp|o gúindoy yhg

ucitoncy gh lc||cy i|oacpoh`cndy'

Khc|`hc ncalnhc: Sthypd iog itcp|o gúindoy ah`d `d 6 c 30 ahi|cy `d nc|ko x ;

c 32 ahi|cy `d cgifo. dn p|oeozohpo eo|ac rh|heo|ad ah`d `d 32 c <2 ahi|cy `d

nc|ko ro| 4 c 32 `d cgifo. iog òy gúindoy. phdgd ydhy enckdnoy. `hyio ytipo|ho

idgp|cn iog cvoyphno ad`hcn'

Fxadgondrhy `hahgtpc: Ftduoy dyeè|hioy iog òlnd itlhd|pc. iono| iceè. ah`d

`d 52 c 62 ahi|cy. |dòg`c. `d iono| p|cgyrc|dgpd o cac|hnno. dguonpt|c k|tdyc.

nc dvpd|gc dy `dnkc`c x nc hgpd|gc dy atx k|tdyc. iogphdgd tg dal|hùg |dògò'

Fxadgondrhy gcgc: Ftduo eo|ac oucn iog òlnd itlhd|pc. ah`d `d 02 c 04

ahi|cy. hgpd|gcadgpd phdgd p|dy rc|dy `d kcgifoy. phdgd ehncadgpoy ronc|dy

dgp|d adal|cgc hgpd|gc x dvpd|gc dg gtad|o `d 6 c 8 ehncadgpoy. nc dguonpt|c

dy òlnd. nc adal|cgc dvpd|gc dy `dnkc`c x nc hgpd|gc dy k|tdyc. iogphdgd tgc

acyc |dòg`c o dal|hùg iog ydhy rc|dy `d kcgifoy. iogphdgd k|ãgtnoy'

Ho`caodlc ltpyifnhh : Yt eo|ac stáyphic ah`d `d 4 c 3< ahi|cy. eo|ac |dòg`c

t oucn. nc adal|cgc go dy uhyhlnd' Phdgd gúindo iog ic|hoyoac idgp|cn

k|cg`d.phdgd tgc k|cg ucitonc uontahgoyc `d kntiokdgo'

Yp|ogkxnoh`dy ypd|io|cnhy: ah`d 42 ahi|cy. iogphdgd tgc nc|uc k|tdyc. eo|ac

oucn. dguonpt|c `dnkc`c'



<;

Pcdghc yr': Dn ftduo ah`d `d <5 c 92 ahi|cy `d nc|ko ro| 92 c 02 ahi|cy `d

cgifo. eo|ac |dòg`c. dguonpt|c k|tdyc x nhyc. iogphdgd acyc k|cgtnoyc. `d

rc|d` k|tdyc. idgp|o |c`hcò. dg yt hgpd|ho| fcx tg dal|hùg fdvcicgpo'

P|hift|hy p|hifht|c: Ftduo `d iono| iceè. dg eo|ac dnhryoh`cn o `d lc||hn o lcnùg

cad|hicgo. iog r|oahgdgihcy ronc|dy iogpdghdgò pcrogdy |dògòy x

p|cgyrc|dgpdy atioyoy dg noy dvp|daoy. ah`dg `d 42 c <4 ahi|cy. itlhd|pc

dvpd|gc k|tdyc x nhyc. iogphdgd tgc acyc k|cgtnoyc tgheo|ad'

Tgihgc|hc: ftduo oucncò t dnhryoh`d. ah`d ;2 ahi|cy. iog itlhd|pc `dnkc`c x

p|cgyrc|dgpd dg yt hgpd|ho|. iog adgoy `d oifo c itcp|o lncypoad|cy'

9'9 Adpoònokác `d Ucnh`cihùg' &36.38.<2.<3.<<.<9.<0.<4(

Dg dn ã|dc dvrd|hadgpcn. noy phroy `d ucnh`cihùg. yd `huh`dg lãyhicadgpd dg:

Ucnh`cihùg iogit||dgpd: crnhiclnd c icalhoy `dn aèpoò. rd|o std go fcg yhò

ucnh`còy go|acnadgpd ioao dy dn icyo dg nc adpoònokác c ucnh`c| `d tg

aèpoò o tgc pdighic' Ucnh`cihùg r|oyrdiphuc: dypt`ho std hgpdgpc `daoyp|c| x

dypclndid| tg r|oidyo `dlh`cadgpd òitadgpc`c lcycò dg tg r|opoiono

rncghehicò dypclndid| tgc duh`dgihc'

Dn pè|ahgo ucnh`c| yhkghehic ioar|olc| ro| ad`ho `d tg aèpoò o r|tdlcy rc|c

pcn ehg. cyá ro| djdarno dn yhkghehicò `d ucnh`cihùg ydkúg ctpo|dy. yhkghehic:Ucnh`cihùg r|hac|hc &HYO 8222:<222( „iogeh|acihùg ad`hcgpd dn cro|pd `d

r|tdlcy oljdphucy. `d std yd fcg itarnhò noy |dsthyhpoy rc|c dn tyo r|dpdg`hò

o tgc crnhicihùg dyrdihehic' Ucnh`cihùg yditg`c|hc &HYO 8222:<222(

`daoyp|cihùg ro| dvrd|hadgpo std tg aèpoò dypclndihò etgihogc `d citd|ò

iog ncy dyrdihehicihogdy' Ucnh`cihùg `d tg aèpoò cnpd|gcphuo &COCI( dy nc



<6

ucnh`cihùg `d tg aèpoò `d cgãnhyhy std `datdyp|c o dyphac tg cgcnhpo. ioao no

fcid yt io||dyrog`hdgpd aèpoò `d |ded|dgihc' &<5(

9'9'3 Ic|cipd|áyphicy cgcnáphicy párhicy tyc`cy dg aèpoòy `d ucnh`cihùg

itcgphpcphuoy x itcnhpcphuoy'

Ydkúg nc ECO &388;(. dg tg |dro|pd yol|d nc ucnh`cihùg `d aèpoòy cgcnáphioy

rc|c dn iogp|on `d cnhadgpoy Tg aèpoò ucnh`cò h`dcn dy cstdn std fc

r|ok|dycò ioarndpcadgpd c p|cuèy `d tg dypt`ho ionclo|cphuo. `d citd|ò iog

noy r|opoionoy hgpd|gcihogcndy c|aoghzcòy rc|c dn `hydóo. iog`tiihùg d

hgpd|r|dpcihùg `dn etgihogcahdgpo `d noy aèpoòy dypt`hcòy'

Rc|c no cgpd|ho| yd |dsthd|d std op|oy cgcnhypcy yd hguonti|dg dg dn `hydóo x

ioarc|c|no iog op|oy xc r|olcòy o dypcg`c|hzcòy. ioao atdyp|c `d

|ded|dgihc rc|c dypclndid| `hed|dgihcy dypc`áyphicadgpd yhkghehicphucy. iog dn

oljdphuo `d |difczc| o cidrpc| dn gtduo aèpoò' Dn rc|ãadp|o `d |drdphphuh`c`

rd|ahpd |dro|pd `d `cpoy ucnhòy o hgdstáuoioy std cidrpc|ãg o |difczc|ãg dn

aèpoò dg rc|phitnc|'

Nc `hed|dgihc dgp|d dn cgãnhyhy itcgphpcphuo x dn cgãnhyhy itcnhpcphuo |c`hic

etg`cadgpcnadgpd dg dvr|dyc| dn |dytnpcò Dy `dih| std dn cgãnhyhy itcgphpcphuo

yd ic|cipd|hzc ro| òy ucno|dy gtaè|hioy. dn r|had|o dy nc dyphacihùg `dn ucno|

ud|`c`d|o x dn ydktgò io||dyrog`d c nc hgid|ph`tal|d cyoihc`c c nc `hyrd|yhùg

`d noy `cpoy yd dgitdgp|c dn ucno| ud|`c`d|o' Dg dn icyo `d cgãnhyhy itcnhpcphuoyd ic|cipd|hzc ro| òy ucno|dy. dn r|had|o iog |dyrtdypcy YH/GO o

r|dydgihc/ctydgihc `d tg `dpd|ahgcò cgcnhpo dg tgc atdyp|c ro| dgihac `d

tg `dpd|ahgcò ghudn `d iogidgp|cihùg x dn ydktgò dy nc r|olclhnh`c` `d d||o|

cyoihc`c c tgc `dihyhùg poac`c'



<8

Dg kdgd|cn dgp|d noy rc|ãadp|oy `d icnh`c` dg cgãnhyhy itcgphpcphuo. pdgdaoy:

ydgyhlhnh`c`. dyrdihehih`c`. ydndiphuh`c`. náahpd `d itcgphehicihùg. |cgko x

nhgdcnh`c`. hgid|ph`tal|d. dvciphpt`. r|dihyhùg. |oltypdz' Dgp|d noy rc|ãadp|oy `d

icnh`c` dg cgãnhyhy itcnhpcphuo. pdgdaoy: r|olclhnh`c` `d ecnyo royhphuo x

gdkcphuo. ydgyhlhnh`c` x dyrdihehih`c`. ydndiphuh`c`. nhahpd `d `dpdiihùg.

hgid|ph`tal|d. |oltypdz dgp|d op|oy'

9'9'3'3 Dg nc ucnh`cihùg `d aèpoòy cgcnáphioy itcnhpcphuoy&<0(. yd phdgd std

noy r|hgihrcndy rc|ãadp|oy `d icnh`c`. ioao yog: ydgyhlhnh`c`. dyrdihehih`c`.

ecnyoy royhphuoy. ecnyoy gdkcphuoy. |dkhùg `d hgid|ph`tal|d. nhahpd `d io|pd. nhahpd

`d `dpdiihùg. iogehclhnh`c` `hckgùyphic. ydndiphuh`c` x c`ditclhnh`c`' Yd fcid

tyo `d nc ioarc|cihùg dgp|d op|o aèpoò `d |ded|dgihc iog dn aèpoò c ucnh`c|'

Nc c`ditclhnh`c` `dn aèpoò iogyhypd dg ioar|olc| noy ioarogdgpdy x

|dciphuoy etgihogdg io||dipcadgpd. cyá ioao dn cnacidgcahdgpo. edifc `d

ic`tih`c`. r|dydgihc o ctydgihc `d iogpcahgcgpdy `dldg yd| ud|hehic`cy o dncgcnhpo `dld dypc| r|dydgpd'

Nc Ydndiphuh`c` `dn aèpoò iogyhypd dg ducntc| crnhicgò nc r|tdlc cn ahyao

gúad|o `d atdyp|cy. dy `dih| hgudyphkc| ioao dn aèpoò yd ioaro|pc dg òy

rolncihogdy `hed|dgpdy' Yd tyc ncy pclncy `d iogphgkdgihc <v< rc|c ioar|olc|

nc ydndiphuh`c`'

Nc ydgyhlhnh`c` x dyrdihehih`c` yog òy rc|ãadp|oy haro|pcgpdy rc|c ucnh`c| tg aèpoò cgcnáphio' Dgpdg`hègòyd ro| ydgyhlhnh`c` ioao nc r|olclhnh`c` `d

std nc |dyrtdypc cgcnáphic |dytnpd royhphuc. itcgò dg nc atdyp|c dypt`hc`c dypc

dn cgcnhpo o dn ytyp|cpo `d hgpd|èy dg noy náahpdy `d `dpdiihùg' Nc dyrdihehih`c` dy

nc r|olclhnh`c` `d std nc |dyrtdypc cgcnáphic |dytnpd gdkcphuc. dg nc std nc



92

atdyp|c dypt`hc`c go dypã dn cgcnhpo o ytyp|cpo ro| `dlcjo `dn náahpd `d

`dpdiihùg' Yd tyc ncy pclncy `d iogphgkdgihc <v< rc|c ioar|olc| noy

rc|ãadp|oy cgpd|ho|dy'

Ecnyoy royhphuoy x ecnyoy gdkcphuoy' Dg noy ecnyoy royhphuoy yog ncy atdyp|cy

std |dcnadgpd go iogphdgd dn cgcnhpo ro| dgihac `dn ucno| aãvhao rd|ahphò x

std cn crnhic| dn aèpoò `cg tg |dyrtdypc royhphuc x noy ecnyoy gdkcphuoy yog ncy

atdyp|cy std iogphdgdg tgo o acy cgcnhpoy ro| dgihac `dn ucno| náahpd

rd|ahphò x std cn crnhic| dn aèpoò `cg tgc |dyrtdypc gdkcphuc'

Dn ucno| r|d`hiphuo royhphuo `d tg aèpoò cgcnáphio dy nc r|olclhnh`c` `d std

dn cgcnhpo o ytyp|cpo `d hgpd|èy dypd r|dydgpd o dg nc icgph`c` aághac `dpdipclnd

itcgò nc r|tdlc |dytnpd royhphuc x dn ucno| r|d`hiphuo gdkcphuo `d tg aèpoò

cgcnáphio dy nc r|olclhnh`c` `d std dn ytyp|cpo `d hgpd|èy o cgcnhpo dypã ctydgpd o

dg icgph`c` hged|ho| c no `dpdipclnd itcgò nc r|tdlc |dytnpo gdkcphuc'

Nc iogehclhnh`c` `hckgùyphic dy nc r|olclhnh`c` `d std dg tgc yd|hd `d

atdyp|cy yd `dpdipd io||dipcadgpd dn cgcnhpo o ytyp|cpo `d hgpd|èy goy `è tgc

|dyrtdypc cgcnáphic royhphuc' Dy `dih| dy nc r|olclhnh`c` `d std dg tg hg`huh`to

poacò cn czc| yd pdgkc nc dged|ad`c` `cò std nc r|tdlc |dytnpd royhphuc'

Dn náahpd `d `dpdiihùg dy nc aághac icgph`c` `d ytyp|cpo o cgcnhpo dg tgc

atdyp|c ydc icrcz `d dgiogp|c| royhphuo iog dn aèpoò cgcnáphio' Yd ducnúc

fcihdgò `hntihogdy ytidyhucy `d iogidgp|cihogdy iogoih`cy `dn cgcnhpo. ioaoahghgo ro| sthgptrnhicò x `dpd|ahgcgò nc |dyrtdypc cgcnáphic'

Noy aèpoòy cgcnáphioy itcnhpcphuoy yog aèpoòy `d |dytnpcòy lhuc|hcòy `d

òy |dyrtdypcy YH/GO. ctydgpd/r|dydgpd x rc|c ucnh`c|noy dy gdidyc|ho

ioar|olc| dn |dytnpcò iogp|c tg ic|cipd|áyphic `d |ded|dgihc dvcipc' &98(



90

9'9'3'< Dg nc ucnh`cihùg `d noy aèpoòy itcgphpcphuoy'

Dg nc ucnh`cihùg `d aèpoòy ahi|olhonùkhioy ydkúg ncy go|acy HYO 35302. dg nc

std yd poacg cyrdipoy o i|hpd|hoy `d ucnh`cihùg noy yhkthdgpdy rc|ãadp|oy:

Dvciphpt`' Icrcih`c` std phdgd dn aèpoò cgcnáphio rc|c `c| |dytnpcòy no aãy

r|ùvhao royhlnd cn ucno| |dcn' Yd |dsthd|d dyphac| yh dvhypd `hed|dgihc

yhkghehicphuc dg nc dvciphpt` dgp|d dn aèpoò c ducntc| x dn aèpoò Kon` dypãg`c|

o `d |ded|dgihc'

R|dihyhùg' Icrcih`c` std phdgd dn aèpoò rc|c dgiogp|c| rc|ãyhpoy. tphnhzcgò

`hed|dgpdy iogidgp|cihogdy rc|c r|dihyc| k|cò `d itcgphehicihùg |ditrd|clnd.

dy `dih| ah`d std pcg r|ùvhao dypèg noy |dytnpcòy `dn op|o' Rc|c nc r|dihyhùg

yd poac dg itdgpc pcalhèg nc |drdphlhnh`c` x nc |dr|o`tihlhnh`c`'

\drdphlhnh`c`: yd |dehd|d c nc tphnhzcihùg `d tg r|oid`hahdgpo cgcnáphio `t|cgpd

tg rd|hoò io|po `d phdaro |dcnhzcò ro| dn ahyao cgcnhypc. iog dn ahyao

dsthro. òg`d yd p|cpc `d |ditrd|c| dn cgcnhpo x ioarc|c|no dgp|d caloy'

\dr|o`tihlhnh`c`: Uhdgd `cò ro| nc icrcih`c` std phdgd dn aèpoò `d yd|

|dr|o`tihò' Yd |dsthd|d tg aághao `d 32 |drdphihogdy'

Dyrdihehih`c` x Ydgyhlhnh`c`: nc ydgyhlhnh`c` dy nc r|olclhnh`c` `d incyhehic|

io||dipcadgpd cn cgcnhpo x nc dyrdihehih`c` dy nc icrcih`c` std phdgd dn aèpoò

`d go `dpdipc| dn cgcnhpo'



94

Nhahpd `d itcgphehicihùg' Dy nc icgph`c` aághac `dn cgcnhpo std rtd`d

olpdgd|yd. o dy nc icrcih`c` std phdgd dn aèpoò `d |ditrd|c| dn cgcnhpo'

Nhgdcnh`c`' Icrcih`c` `dn aèpoò dg std yty |dytnpcòy yog `h|dipcadgpd

r|oro|ihogcndy c nc iogidgp|cihùg `dn cgcnhpo'

\oltypdz' Iogyhypd std c adgo|dy iogidgp|cihogdy `d uontadg. nc r|tdlc

phdgd nc icrcih`c` `d h`dgphehic| dn cgcnhpo'

9'0' @oitadgpcihùg' Yd `djc iogypcgihc `d std ydc tg aèpoò std

r|oro|ihogd hgeo|acihùg gdidyc|hc rc|c dn io||dipo etgihogcahdgpo x std yog

noy |dytnpcòy dyrd|còy'

9'4' R|opoiono `d ucnh`cihùg' Yd fhzo tg òitadgpo `dpcnncò. cyá ioao ncy

r|tdlcy x |dciphuoy c tphnhzc| ioao dn r|oid`hahdgpo std yd `dpcnnc dg dypd

r|opoiono. `dyi|hrihùg `dn dsthro c tphnhzc|yd. nc ord|cihùg x nharhdzc `dn dsthro.noy oljdphuoy. ntkc| `d dypt`ho. goal|d `d |dyrogyclndy. phro `d aèpoò.

atdyp|c. `dyi|hrihùg `dn r|oid`hahdgpo dgp|d op|oy'

9'5' @dn hgeo|ad Pèighio' Yd |dkhyp|c|og noy |dytnpcòy olpdghòy dg fojcy `d

iopdjo'

9'; Ducntcihùg `d noy |dytnpcòy ahi|olhonùkhioy' Yd |dcnhzo tgc `hyityhùg `d

noy |dytnpcòy x iogintyhogdy. dg òg`d yd `djù iogypcgihc `d eh|acò ro| ncy

rd|yogcy cgcnhypcy. hg`hicgò yh yd cidrpc o |difczc ucnh`cihùg' Rc|c nc Ecyd

`d ducntcihùg `d fo|pcnhzcy'



95

ICRHPTNO HU

@HYDÓO ADPO@ONOKHIO



9;

0' 2 @HYDÓO ADPO@ONOKHIO

0'3 Phro `d dypt`ho

Dn phro `d dypt`ho dy iogit||dgpd x Dvrd|hadgpcn iog tg ghudn cnec `d 2'24 $' Dy

iogit||dgpd ro| hgeo|acihùg |dstd|h`c std yd ducnúo tg gtduo aèpoò x

ioarc|ù iog op|o `d |ded|dgihc tphnhzcò ioao cgãnhyhy dg noy nclo|cpo|hoy

inághioy' Dn dypt`ho dvrd|hadgpcn yd lcyù dg dgycxoy |drdphphuoy `dn aèpoò cyá

ioao iogp|onc| ncy uc|hclndy' Yd tphnhzc|og atdyp|cy `d fo|pcnhzcy ioao

Ndiftkc x Ihncgp|o' Dn roon `d rc|ãyhpoy dypclc iogeo|acò ro| r|opozoc|hoy x

fdnahgpoy |diondipcòy `d fdidy ftacgcy. std yog aãy r|ducndgpdy dg

fo|pcnhzcy' Yd `daoyp|ù ro| i|hpd|hoy ahi|olhonùkhioy itcnhpcphuoy x itcgphpcphuoy

nc ucnh`cihùg `dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg. tphnhzcgò iãnitnoy dypc`áyphioy

dypcg`c|hzcòy ydkúg i|hpd|ho `d ucnh`cihùg' Ncy atdyp|cy etd|og 322 e|cyioy

hgoitncòy c|phehihcnadgpd iog 3 an `dn roon `d rc|ãyhpoy ro| dyrdihd aãy 02

fo|pcnhzcy hgoitnc`cy c|phehihcnadgpd iog 3 an `dn roon x 02 fo|pcnhzcy gcpt|cndy

r|oudghdgpdy `d noy ad|icòy Nc Phdgògc. Ycg Ahktdnhpo x Idgp|cn' Popcn 362

atdyp|cy'

0'< Ecyd dvrd|hadgpcn x `d icaro'

Yd |dcnhzù dg òy ecydy. nc r|had|c ecyd dg `dyc||onnc| dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg x

nc ydktg`c ecyd ucnh`c| dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg ro| noy aèpoòy itcnhpcphuo xitcgphpcphuo'

Dn dypt`ho yd |dcnhzù dg dn nclo|cpo|ho `dn Idgp|o `d Hgudyphkcihùg x @dyc||onno

dg ycnt` &IDGYCNT@(. nclo|cpo|hoy `d hgoith`c` `d cnhadgpoy x nclo|cpo|ho `d



96

ahi|olhonokác `d nc Ecitnpc` `d Ad`hihgc' Ncy atdyp|cy etd|og fo|pcnhzcy

r|oudghdgpdy `d ad|icòy atghihrcndy `dn ã|dc adp|oronhpcgc `dn `hyp|hpo 3 x <

`dgoahgcòy C. L. I iog tg popcn `d 02 atdyp|cy. cn czc| io||dyrog`hdgò 39

fo|pcnhzcy c ic`c ad|icò ; `d ihncgp|o x 5 ndiftkc( x tgc aãy `d iogp|on. rc|c

atdyp|cy gcpt|cndy. ntdko op|cy 02 atdyp|cy etd|og hgoitnc`cy c|phehihcnadgpd

r|oudghdgpdy `d ad|icòy atghihrcndy `dn ã|dc adp|oronhpcgc `dn `hyp|hpo 3 x <

`dgoahgcòy C. L. I io||dyrog`hdgò dg yt o|`dg Nc Phdgògc. Idgp|cn x Ycg

Ahktdnhpo iog tg popcn `d 98 atdyp|cy aãy 3 iogp|on hgoitnc`cy `dn roon iogftduoy `d fdnahgpoy ioao Cyic|hy ntal|hioh`dy. P|hift|hy p|hifht|c x

idypoòy ioao ftduo `d Pcdghc yr. sthypdy ioao Dgpcaodlc ionh x

Dgpcaodlc fhyponxphic c rc|ph| `d fdidy edicndy' Yog 02 Atdyp|cy gcpt|cndy x

02 atdyp|cy hgoitnc`cy' Popcn 62 atdyp|cy gcpt|cndy'

0'9 Aèpoòy `d nclo|cpo|ho `d ehnp|cihùg x `d \hpifhd &`d \ded|dgihc(

Dy gdidyc|ho |dhpd|c| std go fcx aèpoòy `d dypt`ho `d ucnh`cihùg rc|c

`hckgoyphic| rc|ãyhpoy dg atdyp|cy i|t`cy `d fo|pcnhzcy' Yd fhzo cgãnhyhy

itcnhpcphuo x itcgphpcphuo iog dn oljdpo `d ucnh`c| dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg' Rd|o yd

cinc|c std go dy gdidyc|ho nc ucnh`dz itcgphpcphuc xc std dn aèpoò dg yh dy

itcnhpcphuo rc|c `hckgoyphic| yh tgc fo|pcnhzc dy royhphuc o gdkcphuc c tg

`dpd|ahgcò rc|cyhpo dg rc|phitnc| o |ditrd|c| `d tgc hgoitncihùg `d hktcn

eo|ac'

Noy aèpoòy eáyhioy aãy tphnhzcòy yog \hpifhd x Yfdcpd|: Ro| yd`hadgpcihùg x

ro| Enopcihùg. nc pèighic `d yd`hadgpcihùg dypcg`c|hzc`c iogoih`c ioao

Yfdcpd|/[hnnhy'



0<

ntdko ionoic| dn daltò `d ltifgd| dg dn dsthro ytjdpãgòno iog tgc rhgzc

dyrdihcn `d r|dyhùg. cl|h| uãnutnc x id||c| ncy op|cy yh go ncy oitrc std dypãg cn

idgp|o dg dn dvp|dao hged|ho|'

0'0 Dypcg`c|hzcihùg `dn aèpoò `d EHNP\CIHOG:

R|had|c ecyd: Fcid| roon d hgoitnc| 3an c|phehihcnadgpd dg ptloy iog cktc

`dyphnc`c ntdko yd itcgphehic |ditrd|cihùg' Yd fhzo r|drc|cihùg `d nc atdyp|cgcpt|cn: Yd rdyù fo|pcnhzc x yd `djù dg |daojo dg 92 an `d cktc `dyphnc`c ro|

òy ahgtpoy dg lonyc rnãyphic p|cgyrc|dgpd. ntdko yd ncuù uhko|oycadgpd x yd

e|opù ro| uc|hoy ahgtpoy' Yh fcx atifoy k|taoy ehnp|c| iog kcyc òlnc`c dg 0 dg

daltò Ltifgd| o ldcmd| ytjdpc iog ftnd cn|d`dò| `d loic `dn daltò'

\diondipc| dg tg ldcmd| `d 522 an' Hgoitnc| 3 an `dn roon `d rc|ãyhpoy' Go tyc|

Ypoacifd|'

Ydktg`c ecyd: @dn r|drc|cò yd r|oid`hù c no yhkthdgpd: Ehnp|c| poò dn nhsthò

ioadgzcgò iog 32 an dg ic`c |dicalho dg ehnp|o `d idntnoyc Go < `d < ahi|cy

`d |dpdgihùg ac|ic Cfnyp|oa t op|o yhahnc| `d icnh`c` |dio|pc|no c 0'4 ia `d

`hãadp|o cn `dn daltò `d ltifgd|. ionoic|no dg crc|cpo dyrdihcn `d ehnp|cihùg

cn uciáo. r|dyhogc| tgc udz dn lopùg pcg |ãrhò rc|c dn hghiho `d ytiihùg. yh dn

ehnp|o dypc rd|adclnd rtd`d ehnp|c| poò dn uontadg' &Yd |dioahdg`c go tyc|

rcrdn ehnp|o ro|std yd olyp|txdg poòy noy ro|oy `dn ehnp|o rd|o yh go fcx op|c

cnpd|gcphuc. tyc| rcrdn ehnp|o `d < ahi|cy t op|o yhahnc| `d 2'04 ahi|cy `d

idntnoyc. `dn rnhdko |dio|pc| x fcid| ih|itged|dgihcy `dn `hãadp|o `dn ehnp|o c 0'4

ia. ehnp|c| yoncadgpd 32 an `dn uontadg hghihcn(' \dph|c| ehnp|o iog rhgzc x

ionoic|no fcihc c||hlc dg tgc icjc `d rdp|h o D|nd|adxd|. Yh tyù D|ndgadxd|

ionoic| dg uo|pdv o ckhpcò| c udnoih`c` `d 0. ytjdpãgòno ro| òy ahgtpoy. o yh



09

tyo rncic `d rdp|h hginhgc|nc. ntdko iog rhgidn dypè|hn &|dio|pcò dvp|dao |dipo go

clyo|ldgpd `d gxnog( c||cyp|c| c nc ytrd|ehihd ck|dkcgò 2'42 an `d cktc

`dyphnc`c o yontihùg ycnhgc 2'69 $ `dy`d dn idgp|o fcypc dn lo|`d icjc `d rdp|h.

iog tgc rhrdpc rcypdt| io|pc`c dvcahgc| x cyrh|c| poò dn násthò x ionoic| tgc

kopc x p|cgyed|h|no c tg ro|pcoljdpoy x itl|doljdpoy x dvcahgc| cn ahi|oyiorho

lcjcgò dn `hce|ckac c 32 v rc|c `dpdipc| ftduoy x nc|ucy x 02 v rc|c h`dgphehic|

sthypdy' Cn ehgcn fcid| |dro|pd itcnhpcphuo o itcgphpcphuo `d rc|ãyhpoy' Fcid| 4

e|ophy ro| ehnp|o'

AC\IFC ADPO@O @D EHNP\CIHOG

3' Fcid| roon d hgoitnc| 3an c|phehihcnadgpd dg ptloy iog cktc `dyphnc`c ntdko

yd itcgphehic |ditrd|cihùg o Rdyc| fo|pcnhzc x `djc| dg |daojo dg 92 an `d

cktc `dyphnc`c ro| òy ahgtpoy dg lonyc rnãyphic p|cgyrc|dgpd. ntdko ncuc|

uhko|oycadgpd x e|opc| ro| uc|hoy ahgtpoy'

<' @d nc lonyc |diondipc| dg tg ldcmd| `d loic cgifc dn násthò' Yh fcx atifoy

k|taoy ncuc| iog kcyc òlnc`c dg 0 dg daltò Ltifgd| `dn dsthro `d

ehnp|cò cn uciáo o Ldcmd| ytjdpc iog ftnd cn|d`dò| `d loic `dn daltò' Go

tyc| ypoacifd|

9' @dn násthò olpdghò ehnp|c| poò iog 32 an dg ic`c |dicalho iog ehnp|o Go < ̀ d

< ahi|cy `d idntnoyc ac|ic Cfnyp|oa t op|o yhahnc| `d icnh`c` |dio|pc|no c 0'4

ia dg `hãadp|o `dn daltò `d ltifgd|. ionoic|no dg crc|cpo `d ehnp|cihùg cn

uciáo. r|dyhogc| tgc udz dn lopùg `d loalc pcg |ãrhò rc|c dn hghiho `d

ytiihùg yh dn ehnp|o dypc rd|adclnd rtd`d ehnp|c| poò dn uontadg' &Yd

|dioahdg`c go tyc| rcrdn ehnp|o ro|std yd olyp|txdg poòy noy ro|oy `dn ehnp|o

rd|o yh go fcx op|c cnpd|gcphuc. tyc| rcrdn ehnp|o `d < ahi|cy o `d 2'04 ahi|cy



00

`d idntnoyc. `dn rnhdko |dio|pc| x fcid| ih|itged|dgihcy `d 0'4 ia cn `dn

`hãadp|o `dn daltò. ehnp|c| yoncadgpd 32 an `dn uontadg hghihcn('

0' \dph|c| ehnp|o iog rhgzc x ionoic|no iog nc ytrd|ehihd fcihc c||hlc dg tgc icjc

`d rdp|h d hginhgc|nc ck|dkcgò 2'42 an `d cktc `dyphnc`c o yontihùg ycnhgc

2'64 $ iog rhrdpc rcypdt| cn idgp|o `dn ehnp|o'

4' Iog rhgidn dypè|hn &|dio|pcò dvp|dao |dipo go clyo|udgpd `d gxnog( c||cyp|c|

x ncuc| nc ytrd|ehihd `dn ehnp|o `dy`d dn idgp|o `d icjc `d rdp|h fcihc dn lo|`d'

5' Yh tyù D|ndgadxd| ionoic| dg uo|pdv o ckhpcò| c udnoih`c` `d 0. ytjdpãgònoro| òy ahgtpoy'

;' Iog tgc rhrdpc rcypdt| |dio|pc`c dvcahgc| x cyrh|c| poò dn násthò x ionoic|

tgc kopc x p|cgyed|h|no c tg ro|pcoljdpoy x dvcahgc| dg ahi|oyiorho c 32 v

iog `hce|ckac fcihc clcjo rc|c `dpdipc| ftduoy x nc|ucy x 02 v rc|c

h`dgphehic| sthypdy' Fcid| 9 c 4 nãahgcy ro| ehnp|o'

0'4 Ucnh`cihùg `dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg ud|yty aèpoò `d \hpifhd'

Dg nc r|had|c rc|pd yd r|oid`hù c ucnh`c| dn aèpoò tphnhzcgò ehnp|cihùg cn uciho.

tphnhzcgò ehnp|oy `d < ahi|cy `d idntnoyc' Yt r|orùyhpo etd hgoitnc| tg roon `d

rc|ãyhpoy x olpdgd| ro|idgpcjd `d |ditrd|cihùg ro| aèpoò itcgphpcphuo'

Dg nc ydktg`c rc|pd yd r|oid`hù c hgoitnc| atdyp|cy gcpt|cndy tg roon `d

rc|ãyhpoy tphnhzcgò dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg' Yt r|orùyhpo etd `dpd|ahgc| ro|

aèpoò itcnhpcphuo r|dydgihc o ctydgihc `d rc|ãyhpo x itcgphpcphuo ro|

|ditrd|cihùg `d no hgoitncò' @d hktcn eo|ac yd r|oid`hù iog ncy atdyp|cy c

dvcahgc| dg atdyp|cy gcpt|cndy `d noy ad|icòy rc|c `dpd|ahgc| r|dydgihc o

ctydgihc `d rc|ãyhpoy'



05

0'4'3'3 I|hpd|hoy `d ducntcihùg ydkúg 3888 Ktác `d aèpoòy cgcnáphioy go

itcgphpcphuoy x ktác `d ucnh`cihùg `d aèpoòy ahi|olhonùkhioy Hgpd|gcihogcndy

COCI &Hgpd|gcphogcn Stcnhpcphud cg` Stcgphpcphud' Ahi|olhonokx Kth`dnhgdy eo|a

Adpfo`y Ucnh`cphog(' yd ducntc|og noy yhkthdgpdy rc|ãadp|oy: &<3.38(

*Cgãnhyhy aèpoò Itcnhpcphuo:

C`ditclhnh`c`' Iogyhypd dg io||olo|c| std noy ioarogdgpdy x |dciphuoyhguonti|còy dg nc olpdgihùg `d noy `cpoy etgihogdg c`ditc`cadgpd' Ud|hehic|

edifc ic`tih`c`. r|dydgihc o ctydgihc `dn cgcnhpo. yh fcx iogpcahgcgpdy'

Iogeh|acihùg ro| incyhehicihùg pcvogùahic'

Hgpd|r|dpcihùg dypc`áyphic: ghgktgo

Ydndiphuh`c`' Yd hgudyphkc yh dn |dytnpcò `dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg `hed|dgihc dn

cgcnhpo royhphuo `d noy gdkcphuoy' Dg nc std phdgdg ioaro|pcahdgpoy ydadjcgpdy

ydkúg ic|cipd|áyphicy' Dg gtdyp|o icyo yd hgudyphkù yh dn |dytnpcò `dn aèpoò

`d ehnp|cihùg |dytnpo royhphuo' Yd tphnhzù r|oid`hahdgpo dypc`áyphio rc|c `dpd|ahgc|

nc ydndiphuh`c` `dn aèpoò cnpd|gcphuo ro| nc yhkthdgpd eù|atnc:



08

Ucno| r|d`hiphuo gdkcphuo &URG(' R|olclhnh`c` `d std dn cgcnhpo `d hgpd|èy dypã

ctydgpd o dg icgph`c` hged|ho| c nc aághac `dpdipclnd. itcgò nc r|tdlc |dytnpd

gdkcphuc' Yd iãnitno ro|:

Yt hgpd|r|dpcihùg dy: yh URG dy adgo| c 2'84 dn aèpoò go phdgd ltdg ucno|

r|d`hiphuo gdkcphuo. yh URG dy acxo| o hktcn c 2'84 dn aèpoò cgcnáphio phdgdltdg ucno| r|d`hiphuo gdkcphuo'

Iogehclhnh`c` `hckgùyphic' R|olclhnh`c` `d `dpdipc| io||dipcadgpd dn cgcnhpo

`d hgpd|èy' Dg gtdyp|o icyo yh dg ncy atdyp|cy dg caloy aèpoòy yd |dro|pc dn

cgcnhpo `d itcnsthd| rc|ãyhpo r|dydgpd dg ncy atdyp|cy hgoitnc`cy x gcpt|cndy'

Yd iãnitno ro|:

Hgpd|r|dpcihùg dypc`áyphic dy: Yh R&K( P dy adgo| c 2'84 dn aèpoò cgcnáphio go

phdgd ltdgc iogehclhnh`c` `hckgoyphic rc|c `dpdipc| io||dipcadgpd dn ytyp|cpo `dhgpd|èy' Yh Yh R&K( P dy acxo| o hktcn c 2'84 dn aèpoò cgcnáphio phdgd ltdgc

iogehclhnh`c` `hckgoyphic rc|c `dpdipc| io||dipcadgpd dn ytyp|cpo `d hgpd|èy'



40

I' Ecnyoy gdkcphuoy x royhphuoy: Hgpd|r|dpcihùg dypc`áyphic dy: dg noy ecnyoy

gdkcphuoy itcgò dn aèpoò |dytnpd gdkcphuo itcgò nc atdyp|c iogphdgd tg

rc|cyhpo. x ecnyo royhphuo itcgò |dytnpd royhphuo itcgò nc atdyp|c go iogphdgd

dn cgcnhpo' Yd tphnhzù ahi|oyiorhc ro| cgãnhyhy `d atdyp|c r|tdlc royhphuc c

rc|ãyhpoy. cyá ioao ncy pclncy `d iogphgkdgihc rc|c dyphac| noy ecnyoy gdkcphuoy

iog yt ucno| r|d`hiphuo `d r|tdlc gdkcphuc' Yd tyù ncy pclncy `d iogphgkdgihc'

Dyrdihehih`c` x Ydgyhlhnh`c`'

Rc|c ioar|olc| nc dyrdihehih`c` `dn aèpoò cgcnáphio yd r|drc|c|og atdyp|cy

iog dn Ypcg`c|` x yd |dcnhzc|og ro| `trnhicò' Yd `dpd|ahgù ro| aèpoò

dypc`áyphio dyphacgò nc ydgyhlhnh`c` `d nc r|tdlc iog dn aèpoò iogudgihogcn.

x yh |dcnadgpd fcx `hed|dgihcy yhkghehicphucy dg calcy r|tdlcy' Nc ydgyhlhnh`c`

yd ioar|tdlc r|olcgò < rtgpoy `d nc |dipc `d nhgdcnh`c` ro| ad`ho `d ck|dkc|

tg rc|ãyhpo `d aoò `d ioar|olc| yh dn aèpoò `dpdipc dn dypãg`c| ck|dkcò x

nc dyrdihehih`c` icrcih`c` rc|c `dpdipc| dn cgcnhpo & rc|ãyhpo( `hed|dgihãgòno `d

op|oy' Nc r|tdlc yd òitadgpù iog pclncy `d iogphgkdgihc <v<'

Nc ydgyhlhnh`c` dy nc r|olclhnh`c` `d incyhehic| io||dipcadgpd c tg hg`huh`to

dged|ao. dy `dih|. nc r|olclhnh`c` `d std rc|c tg ytjdpo dged|ao yd olpdgkc dg

nc r|tdlc tg |dytnpcò royhphuo' Nc ydgyhlhnh`c` dy. ro| no pcgpo. nc icrcih`c` `dnpdyp rc|c `dpdipc| dn cgcnhpo' Nc eù|atnc dy nc yhkthdgpd: Ydgyhlhnh`c`



44

@og`d UR dy ud|`c`d|o royhphuo. x EG dy ecnyo gdkcphuo'

X nc dyrdihehih`c` dy: Dyrdihehih`c` dy nc r|olclhnh`c` `d incyhehic|

io||dipcadgpd c tg hg`huh`to ycgo. dy `dih|. nc r|olclhnh`c` `d std yd olpdgkc

tg |dytnpcò gdkcphuo' Dg op|cy rcncl|cy. yd rtd`d `dehgh| nc dyrdihehih`c` ioao

nc icrcih`c` rc|c `dpdipc| c noy ycgoy'

@og`d UG dy ud|`c`d|o gdkcphuo x ER dy ecnyo royhphuo'

Hgpd|r|dpcihùg dypc`áyphic dy: H`da

Nhahpd `d itcgphehicihùg' Dy nc icgph`c` aághac `dn cgcnhpo std rtd`d

olpdgd|yd. o dy nc icrcih`c` std phdgd dn aèpoò `d |ditrd|c| dn cgcnhpo' Yd

fhzo ducntcihùg itcnhpcphuc'

Yt hgpd|r|dpcihùg dypc`áyphic dy: icgph`c` `d |ditrd|cihùg `dn cgcnhpo

`dpd|ahgcò ro| ro|idgpcjd `d |ditrd|cihùg acxo| o hktcn c 84 $ |ditrd|cò'



45

Nhgdcnh`c`' Icrcih`c` `dn aèpoò dg std yty |dytnpcòy yog `h|dipcadgpd

r|oro|ihogcndy c nc iogidgp|cihùg `dn cgcnhpo' &33(' Yd p|clcjc|c iog 322 x 02

atdyp|cy' Ro| aèpoò dypc`áyphio `d |dk|dyhùg yd `datdyp|c nc iogidgp|cihùg

r|oro|ihogcn c nc `dpdiihùg `d rc|ãyhpoy royhphuc dg ncy nãahgcy. dgiogp|cgò dn

gtad|o `d cgcnhpoy dgiogp|còy ro| atdyp|c dgp|d 3 c 422 icaroy' Yd tyc nc

yhkthdgpd eù|atnc: Ncy |dipcy `d |dk|dyhùg yog ncy |dipcy std adjo| yd cjtypcg c

nc gtld `d rtgpoy &o pcalhèg nncacò `hck|cac `d `hyrd|yhùg( kdgd|c`c ro|

tgc `hyp|hltihùg lhgoahcn' Acpdaãphicadgpd. yog royhlndy òy |dipcy `daãvhao cjtypd:

• Nc |dipc `d |dk|dyhùg `d X yol|d V :

• Nc |dipc `d |dk|dyhùg `d V yol|d X :

Hgpd|r|dpcihùg dypc`áyphic dy: itcgò cn ctadgpc| tgc uc|hclnd i|did pcalhèg nc

op|c. nc io||dncihùg dy `h|dipc' Dgpogidy yh | yd cr|ovhac c -3 dgpogidy dy

`h|dipc x yh dy !3 dgpogidy dy hgud|yc nc |dncihùg'

\oltypdz' Iogyhypd std c adgo|dy iogidgp|cihogdy `d uontadg. nc r|tdlc

phdgd nc icrcih`c` `d h`dgphehic| rc|ãyhpoy hgpdyphgcndy `d r|opozoc|hoy x

fdnahgpoy. ro| rdstdócy rd|o `dnhld|c`cy uc|hcihogdy dg noy rc|ãadp|oy `dn

aèpoò x r|oro|ihogc tg ág`hid `d iogehclhnh`c` `t|cgpd yt tyo' Yd tphnhzù

`hntihogdy adgo|dy `d 3 v 32 !4 `dn hgoitno'



46

Dg nc ydktg`c rc|pd yd hgoitnc|og ncy atdyp|cy `d fo|pcnhzcy e|dyicy iog 3 an

`dn roon `d rc|ãyhpoy iogpdghdgò ic`c kègd|o x dyrdihd `dn r|drc|cò cgpd|ho|

x yd `djù |droyc|. ntdko yd |ditrd|ù dn rc|ãyhpo ftduoy o sthypdy `drdg`hdgò

`d no hgoitncò ro| aèpoò itcnhpcphuo hg`hicgò r|dydgihc o ctydgihc x

itcgphpcphuo ro| |ditrd|cihùg' Roypd|ho|adgpd yd crnhiù dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg x

dn aèpoò `d |ded|dgihc Kon` Dypãg`c| x yd ioarc|c|og caloy |dytnpcòy. yd

dyrd|ù dgiogp|c| ro| aèpoò itcnhpcphuo `d 3 c 32 rc|ãyhpoy rc|c iogyh`d|c|no

ucnhò dn aèpoò x ro| aèpoò itcgphpcphuo nc |ditrd|cihùg acxo| o hktcn c 84$' Yd hgoitnc|og c|phehihcnadgpd c 02 atdyp|cy `d fo|pcnhzcy x c ncy gcpt|cndy

go ndy crnhiù ghgkúg hgoitno yoncadgpd yd dvcahgc|og yh fclác r|dydgihc o

ctydgihc `d rc|ãyhpoy yhg itcgphehic| ro| cgãnhyhy itcnhpcphuo' Ntdko yd fhzo

|ditdgpo `d rc|ãyhpoy dg ncy nãahgcy rc|c `dpd|ahgc| |ditrd|clhnh`c` dg ncy

atdyp|cy hgoitnc`cy'

Dg kdgd|cn dn aèpoò dy c`ditcò rc|c poòy noy rc|ãyhpoy hgpdyphgcndy `d

eo|ac stáyphic. nc|uc|hc x c`tnpc. ro|std itcnhpcphucadgpd noy h`dgphehic pcgpo dg

ncy atdyp|cy hgoitnc`cy x gcpt|cndy' Dgp|d cnktgcy `d ncy ic|cipd|áyphicy aãy

e|ditdgpdy etd|og: yt pcacóo. xc std ro| dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg rd|ahpd std noy

rc|ãyhpoy iog `hãadp|o adgo| `d 92 ahi|cy yd |dphdgdg dg dn ehnp|o. x yh yog

acxo|dy `d 92 ahi|cy std`cg pcalhèg dg nc ytrd|ehihd x go rcycg dn ehnp|o

|dpdghègòyd dg ncy |d`dy `dn ehnp|o. cnktgoy rc|ãyhpoy ro| nc etd|zc `d ytiihùg

rtd`dg yd| endvhlndy x rcyc| dn ehnp|o. ro| no std yd |dioahdg`c ydc dn ehnp|o

adgo| `d < ahi|cy. ntdko yd ncucg ro| c||cyp|d iog cktc `dyphnc`c rc|c std yd

`dyr|dg`cg `dn ehnp|o x yd fckc nc h`dgphehicihùg ao|eonùkhic `dn kdgd|o x

dyrdihd dg rc|phitnc|. nc eo|ac `d nc|uc o c`tnpo std`cg c yharnd uhypc x yd

rtd`dg h`dgphehic|' Op|c ic|cipd|áyphic etd nc ao|eonokác `d sthypd. ftduo. nc|uc o

c`tnpo. xc std dvhypdg ic|cipd|áyphicy dyrdihcndy std noy `hyphgktd dgp|d kdgd|o



48

x dyrdihd. Dg cnhadgpoy ncy eo|acy aãy ioatgdy `d `hckgoyphio yog sthypdy.

ftduoy x nc|ucy' Op|c etd dn iono| ctgstd yh lhdg go yd iono|dcg poòy. dn ntkon

ecihnhpc h`dgphehic|noy' Op|c dy dn ad`ho calhdgpd. ncy eo|acy stáyphicy. ftduoy x

nc|ucy yog atx |dyhypdgpdy c nc `dydicihùg x icno|. ro| no std rtd`dg dypc|

uhclndy ro| nc|koy rd|hoòy `d phdaro dg `ácy. adydy o cóoy' Ncy iog`hihogdy

`d ftad`c` o `dydicihùg noy fcidg |dyhypdgpdy. yd c`fhd|dg eãihnadgpd c

ytrd|ehihdy rc|c dn icyo dg |cáidy. fojcy x pdktadgpoy'

Dgp|d noy i|hpd|hoy `d ducntcihùg `d aèpoòy cgcnáphioy itcnhpcphuoy. etd|og: std

nc acxo|ác iog dypd aèpoò h`dgphehicg nc r|dydgihc o ctydgihc/`dpdipcò o go

`dpdipcò `d tg `dpd|ahgcò cgcnhpo' Yd phdgdg òy |dytnpcòy: \dytnpcò

royhphuo: yh dn aèpoò h`dgphehiù x yd |ditrd|ù cn rc|ãyhpo r|dydgpd dg nc acp|hz.

rc|c dn icyo 322 atdyp|cy acy 02 atdyp|cy gcpt|cndy x yd ioarc|o iog op|o

rc|c dypclndid| `hed|dgihcy yhkghehicphucy' @dn dypt`ho nc |ditrd|cihùg `dn roon

`d rc|ãyhpoy etd ydgyhlnd c itcnsthd| rc|ãyhpo std dypclc r|dydgpd x |ditrd|cò

`d nc hgoitncihùg x `dpdipcò dg ncy atdyp|cy gcpt|cndy'

0'5 Cgãnhyhy `d `cpoy' Yd fhzo cgãnhyhy dypc`áyphio dg Dvidn <22;. yd tphnhzù

r|oidycò| `d pdvpo [o|` <22;. icnitncò|cy og nhgd. pclncy `d

iogphgkdgihc rc|c ioarc|c| dn aèpoò cnpd|gcphuo iog nc R|tdlc `d Kon`

Ypcg`c|` &aèpoò `d \hpifhd( rc|c `dpd|ahgc| nc ydgyhlhnh`c` x

dyrdihehih`c` `d caloy aèpoòy. yd tphnhzc|cg k|ãehioy `d io||dncihùg

nhgdcn. dgp|d op|oy rc|c `daoyp|c| ncy fhrùpdyhy rncgpdc`cy dg dn dypt`ho'

Rc|c nc atdyp|c yd tphnhzù nc p `d ypt`dgp' Yd ioarc|c|og atdyp|cy hgoitnc`cy x

gcpt|cndy. rc|c `dpd|ahgc| nc |ditrd|cihùg x `dpdiihùg dg eo|ac itcnhpcphuc nc

r|dydgihc o ctydgihc `d rc|ãyhpoy hgpdyphgcndy dg ncy atdyp|cy `d fo|pcnhzcy



53

ICRHPTNO U

\DYTNPC@OY X @HYITYHOG



54

* \ditrd|clhnh`c` `d hgoitncihùg'

Ro|idgpcjd `d |ditrd|cihùg:

Pclnc Go 5' Ro|idgpcjd `d |ditrd|cihùg dg atdyp|cy hgoitnc`cy ehnp|cihùg x

\hpifhd' g1322

Ehnp|cihùg \hpifhdRoyhphuo Gdkcphuo Popcn Royhphuo Gdkcphuo Popcn

\ditrd|cò 80 3 84 89 ! 89

Go |ditrd|cò < 9 4 5 3 ;

Popcn 85 0 322 88 3 322

@d nc pclnc 0 x 5' Dn ro|idgpcjd `d |ditrd|cihùg dy 84 $ ro| dn aèpoò `d

ehnp|cihùg dg tgc atdyp|c `d 322 ptloy hgoitncòy' Ydkúg nc go|ac rc|c std

ydc cidrpcò ioao i|hpd|ho `dld yd| c||hlc `d 84 o id|icgo c 322' Dg \hpifhd

dy `dn 89$'

Pclnc Go ;' Popcn hgoitno dg Aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg x \hpifhd dg atdyp|cy

hgoitnc`cy tycgò ehnp|oy `d < ahi|cy iog 32 rc|ãyhpoy/an dg 322 atdyp|cy ro|

hgoitno' Cgãnhyhy itcgphpcphuo'

PopcnHgoitno*

Aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùgEo|ac

Aèpoò `d \hpifhdEo|ac

Ftduo Sthypd Enckdncò Ftduo Sthypd Enckdncò

3222 492 002 92 3222 492 002 92

$ 49'22 00'22 9'22 $ 49'22 00'2 9'22

* 32 rc|ãyhpoy



55

Dn hgoitno tphnhzcò dy dn ahyao rc|c noy aèpoòy `d ehnp|cihùg x \hpifhd. dy `dih|

yd tphnhzù dn ahyao rc|ãyhpo rc|c noy òy aèpoòy. dn ahyao roon `d 3 ah yd

r|drc|c|og òy. tgo rc|c ucnh`cihùg x op|o rc|c \hpifhd fcypc nndkc| c 322 ptloy

ic`c aèpoò'

Pclnc 6' \ditrd|clhnh`c` aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg x \hpifhd dg atdyp|cy hgoitnc`cy

iog 32 rc|ãyhpoy' Cgãnhyhy itcgphpcphuo' g1322

Aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg

Popcn

Go `d nãahgc

Popcn

\*

Aèpoò `d \hpifhd

Popcn

Go `d nãahgc

Popcn

\*

3 < 9 0 4 3 < 9 0 4

944 994 <<0 99 0 843 9<; <88 <46 0; < 899

9;'9< 94'<< <9'44 9'0; 2'0< 84'3 94'20 9<'20 <;'54 4'29 2'<3 89'9

*\ditrd|cihùg

Dg nc pclnc 6 yd olyd|uc std ro| aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg dn 84 $ io||dyrog`d cn

popcn |ditrd|cò `dn cgcnhpo `d tgc atdyp|c `d 3222 rc|ãyhpoy dgp|d ftduoy.

sthypdy x enckdncòy. @dn aèpoò `d \hpifhd dn 89 $ dy |ditrd|cò dn cgcnhpo.

'



;4

*Nhgdclhnh`c`

Ehk 3' Nhgdcnh`c` dgp|d noy aèpo`oy `d ucnh`cihùg x |ded|dgihc'



;5

Nc ehkt|c 3 hg`hic std dg ncy atdyp|cy hgoitnc`cy nc `dpdiihùg `d noy rc|ãyhpoy

r|dydgpc tgc io||dncihùg royhphuc' Dn iodehihdgpd `d io||dncihùg nhgdcn etd `d |

2'853 no std hg`hic tgc io||dncihùg atx etd|pd dypc`áyphicadgpd x go yd

|dncihogc ro| icytcnh`c` x ah`d dn k|cò `d cyoihcihùg dgp|d ncy òy uc|hclndy'

Ehk' <' Iogidgp|cihùg `d rc|ãyhpoy dg 32. <2. 92. 02 x 42 ro| |ditrd|cihùg

tphnhzcgò dn aèpoò ehnp|cihùg x aèpoò `d \hpifhd' &Ud| cgdvoy(

Dg nc ehkt|c cgpd|ho| yd olyd|uc std c ncy iogidgp|cihogdy `d 32 c 42 rc|ãyhpoy

dg 92 an `d cktc `dyphnc`c. yd olphdgd tgc k|cehic nhgdcn std dy `h|dipcadgpd

r|oro|ihogcn c nc iogidgp|cihùg `dn cgcnhpo. iog tg |12'868'



;8

Pclnc Go 35 CGOUC rc|c cgãnhyhy `d uc|hcgzc'

CGÃNHYHY @D UC\HCGZC

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63

fhyponxphic x P|hift|hy p|hifht|c etd|og noy acy e|ditdgpdy. ydkthò `d

Cyic|hy ntal|hioh`dy. Khc|`hc ncalnhc. Dgpcaodlc ionh '

Dg tg dypt`ho dg Lonhuc| Udgdztdnc dgiogp|c|og std nc iogpcahgcihùg etd

aây dg ndiftkcy dg ad|icòy rortnc|dy x ytrd|ad|icòy `d nc iht`c`

Lonhuc|. dgiogp|cgò tg 49 $ `d atdyp|cy royhphucy' &32(' Dn dypt`ho `d

Atóoz dgiogp|ù std nc idlonnc ud|`d. nc cidnkc x dn ld||o r|dydgpc|og 322 $

`d iogpcahgcihùg. c`daãy dgiogp|c|og tgc cnpc iogpcahgcihùg ro|

dgpd|orc|cyhpoy `d fo|pcnhzcy ioad|ihcnhzc`cy dg noy ad|icòy `d nc iht`c` `d

Nc Rcz. Lonhuhc. noy yhkthdgpdy rc|ãyhpoy: Lncypoixyphy foahghy <3'5 $.

Lcncgph`hta ionh ;'3 $. Dgònhacv gcgc <'9 $. Khc|`hc yr 2'5 $. Cyic|hy

yr ;'9 $. Ecihonc fdrãphic 2'0 $ dgp|d op|oy' &33(

4'< Aèpoò itcnhpcphuo'

Pclnc 36' \dytnpcò aèpoò itcnhpcphuo `d ucnh`cihùg ro| ehnp|cihùg dg atdyp|cy

hgoitnc`cy'

Ehnp|cihùg

Dgycxo dypt`hcò R|dydgpd Ctydgpd Popcn

Royhphuo 80 3 84

Gdkcphuo < 9 4

Popcn 85 0 322



6<

*C`ditclhnh`c`'

Yd ud|hehiù ro| cgãnhyhy `d nclo|cpo|ho std dn roon `d rc|ãyhpoy std yd tphnhzo.

io||dyrog`d c kègd|o x dyrdihd `d r|opozoc|hoy x fdnahgpoy ro| incyhehicihùg

pcvogùahic'

*Ydndiphuh`c`'

Nc ydndiphuh`c` etd `d 03';5. ro| no std yh v< icnitncò dy acxo| std v< pclncy.dn aèpoò cgcnáphio phdgd ltdgc ydndiphuh`c`'

*Ydgyhlhnh`c` x Dyrdihehih`c`'

Nc ydgyhlhnh`c` dy `d 8;'83 $. no std hg`hic std yh nc ydgyhlhnh`c` dy acxo| `dn

84 $ yd `hid std phdgd dn aèpoò ltdgc ydgyhlhnh`c` `d `dpdipc| noy rc|ãyhpoy

x Nc dyrdihehih`c` dy `d ;4$'

*Ucno| r|d`hiphuo royhphuo x gdkcphuo `dn aèpoò'

Dn ucno| r|d`hiphuo royhphuo dy `d 86'80 $. no std hg`hic std yh URR dy acxo|

`d 2'84 hg`hic std dn aèpoò cgcnáphio phdgd ltdg ucno| r|d`hiphuo royhphuo' Dn

ucno| r|d`hiphuo gdkcphuo etd `d 52 $'

*Iogehclhnh`c` ̀ hckgùyphic'

Nc iogehclhnh`c` `hckgùyphic dy `d 2'88. no std hg`hic std yh dy acxo| `d 2'84

dn aèpoò cgcnáphio phdgd ltdgc iogehclhnh`c` `hckgoyphic rc|c `dpdipc| tg

royhlnd ecnyo gdkcphuo'



60

Dg nc Pclnc 38 dy `dpdipclnd nc r|dydgihc `d rc|ãyhpoy dg ncy atdyp|cy

hgoitnc`cy' Ro| no std yd iogintxd std dg calcy iogidgp|cihogdy `d

uontadg dypã r|dydgpd dn cgcnhpo. x std c adgo| uontadg nc |ditrd|cihùg dy

acxo|'

Pclnc <2' \dytadg |dytnpcò `d ucnh`cihùg `dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg ro|

aèpoò itcgphpcphuo x aèpoò itcnhpcphuo'

Rc|ãadp|o \dsthyhpo `d ucnh`cihùg

H Cgãnhyhy Aèpoò Itcgphpcphuo

Dvciphpt` Ytrd|ho| kn ;6 ucno| Pi <'52 x ucno| `d

Pp 3'8;' Fcx `hed|dgihcy dypc`áyphicy'

Ydgyhlhnh`c` Ytrd|ho| c 86'2$' Dvr|dycò ioao 7 84$

Dyrdihehih`c` Ytrd|ho| c ;4$

R|dihyhùg Hged|ho| c 3'89' Dvr|dycò ioao iodehihdgpd

`d uc|hcihùg'

\drdphphuh`c` C 32 |drdphihogdy go fcx `hed|dgihcy

yhkghehicphucy'IU adgo| 2'34 $

\dr|o`tihlhnh`c` Hged|ho| c 2'20' Dvr|dycò ioao iodehihdgpd

`d uc|hcihùg' Go `dld dvid`d| `dn <2$

Nhahpd `d itcgphehicihùg Hgpd|ucno dg náahpd hged|ho| c 32 an `dpdipc 3

c 32 rc|ãyhpoy'

Nhgdcnh`c` Hged|ho| c |12'865 Dvr|dycò ioao

iodehihdgpd `d io||dncihùg nhgdcn'



64

\oltypdz Hgcnpd|clnd c icalhoy `d uc|hcihùg' Yd

`dpdipc `d 3 c 32 rc|ãyhpoy'

HH Cgãnhyhy Aèpoò Itcnhpcphuo

C`ditclhnh`c` Dvr|dyc`c ro| incyhehicihùg pcvogùahic std

io||dyrog`d c kdgd|o x dyrdihd'

Ydndiphuh`c` Ytrd|ho| c 03';5' Dvr|dycò ioao ifh

icnitncò acxo| std ifh pclncy'

Ydgyhlhnh`c` Ytrd|ho| c 8;'83 $' Dvr|dycò ioao

acxo| c 2'84

Dyrdihehih`c` Ytrd|ho| c ;4 $'

Ucno| r|d`hiphuo r|tdlc royhphuc Ytrd|ho| c 86'80' dvr|dycò ioao acxo| c

2'84

Ucno| r|d`hiphuo r|tdlc gdkcphuc Ytrd|ho| c 52 $

Iogehclhnh`c` `hckgoyphic Ytrd|ho| c 88 $' Dvr|dycò ioao acxo| `d 2'84'

Nhahpd `d `dpdiihùg \dytnpcò `dpdipcò dn cgcnhpo' Ytrd|ho| c

85$' Go gdidyc|ho itcgphehic|'

Dehicihc Ytrd|ho| c 8; $' Dvr|dycò ioao acxo|

`d 2'84'

Dgp|d ncy udgpcjcy `dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg cn uciáo dypãg: nc |ãrh̀ c ehnp|cihùg.

iogidgp|cihùg x `dpdiihùg `d rc|ãyhpoy. noy |dciphuoy yog lc|cpoy x ciidyhlndy. yono yd

gdidyhpc cktc `dyphnc`c dg iogp|cypd c op|oy aèpoòy tycg acy |dciphuoy. yd rtd`dg

r|oidyc| k|cg`dy uonúadgdy. yd rtd`dg r|oidyc| uc|hcy atdyp|cy. yd rtd`dg



66

ICRHPTNO UH

@OITADGPOY @D UCNH@CIHOG



68

5' 2 @OITADGPOY @D UCNH@CIHOG'

____________________________________________________________

R\OPOIONO @D UCNH@CIHOG

R|drc|c`o ro|: \dyrogyclnd `d ucnh`cihùg'@\' CGPOGHO UCYSTDZ FH@CNKO

\duhyc`o ro|: Cydyo|dy `d ucnh`cihùg

AYi \CECDN CGPOGHO ID@HNNOY

AYi KHNLD\PO CYIDGIHO CNDACG

NCLO\CPO\HO @D IOGP\ON @D ICNH@C@ AHI\OLHONOKHIO

IDGP\O @D HGUDYPHKCIHOG X @DYC\\ONNO DG YCNT@


<233



83

0'4'0 \dr|o`tihlhnh`c`

0'4'5 Ecnyoy gdkcphuoy x royhphuoy0'4'; nhahpd `d `dpdiihùg'

0'4'6 Iogehcgzc `hckgùyphic

Oljdphuo'

Dn oljdphuo `dn r|opoiono dy `dyc||onnc| x ucnh`c| aèpo`o `d ehnp|cihùg

rc|c `daoyp|c| itcnhpcphucadgpd/itcgphpcphucadgpd nc `dpdiihùg d

h`dgphehicihùg `d rc|ãyhpoy dg atdyp|cy `d fo|pcnhzcy'

3' Ntkc| `d dypt`ho'

Yd |dcnhzù dg nc ydiihùg `d rc|cyhponokác `d IDGYCNT@ x nclo|cpo|hoy

`d iogp|on `d icnh`c` ahi|olhonùkhic Tghud|yh`c` `d Dn Ycnuc`o|. cyá

ioao dg nclo|cpo|ho `d ahi|olhonokác `d nc Ecitnpc` `d Ad`hihgc'


IDGYCNT@!TDY


Gtad|o 3

Rck 6!<3 @d: 4;



Edifc `d Dnclo|cihùg: Edl|d|o <233 \duhyhùg Go 3 Iorhc Go 3



85

Go tyc| ypoacifd|' @dn násthò olpdghò ehnp|c| poò iog 32 an dg ic`c

|dicalho iog rcrdn ehnp|o Go < `d < ahi|cy |dio|pc| c tg `hãadp|o

ih|itged|dgihc `d 0.4 ia. ionoic|no dg crc|cpo `d ehnp|cihùg cn uciáo. r|dyhogc|

tgc udz dn lopùg `d loalc pcg |ãrhò rc|c dn hghiho `d ytiihùg fcypc std

uontadg `d cktc nndktd cn náahpd ytrd|ehihd `dn ehnp|o & yh go phdgd crc|cpo `d

uciho tyc| ehnp|cihùg ro| k|cud`c` iog ehnp|o |ãrhò tycgò tg daltò `d uh`|ho

x |diondipc| dg tg Dndgadxd| ro| dn phdaro std ydc gdidyc|ho fcypc ehnp|c|('Popcn `d ehnp|oy tycòy yog p|dy' Yh ehnp|o dypc atx ytiho o olyp|thò ck|dkc| 4

an `d cktc `dyphnc`c cn daltò yhg |dph|c| ehnp|o fcypc cinc|c|' Ntdko r|dyhogc|

op|c udz dn lopùg rc|c ytiihogc|' \dph|c| ehnp|o iog rhgzc x ionoic|no iog nc

ytrd|ehihd fcihc c||hlc dg tgc icjc `d rdp|h d hginhgc| o tg acp|cz D|ndgadxd|

`d uh`|ho dypè|hn ck|dkcgò 2'42 an `d cktc `dyphnc`c o yontihùg ycnhgc 2'64 $

iog rhrdpc rcypdt| cn idgp|o `dn ehnp|o'

Iog rhgidn dypè|hn c||cyp|c| x ncuc| nc ytrd|ehihd `dn ehnp|o `dy`d dn idgp|o `d icjc

`d rdp|h o `dn acp|cz D|ndgadxd| fcihc dn lo|`d' Yh tyù D|ndgadxd| ionoic| dg

Nclo|cpo|ho Iogp|on ̀ dIcnh`c` Ahi|olhonùkhio

IDGYCNT@!TDY


Gtad|o 3

Rck 95 @d: 4;






329

Oljdphuo: @dpd|ahgc| nc uhclhnh`c` aãvhac `dn aèpoò c ucnh`c| x nc

uc|hclhnh`c` `d noy cgcnhypcy dg tgc atdyp|c ro| ad`ho `dn cgãnhyhy `dn

iodehihdgpd `d uc|hcihùg `d nc |dr|o`tihlhnh`c`'

'I|hpd|ho `d cidrpcihùg: IU| > 3 $'

'R|oid`hahdgpo: òy cgcnhypcy |dcnhzcg nc |drdphihùg `d tgc ahyac atdyp|c

ydkúg r|opoiono dypclndihò'!Ecnyoy gdkcphuoy x royhphuoy

Oljdphuo: @dpd|ahgc| nc icrcih`c` `dn aèpoò `d h`dgphehic| c|pdecipoy std go

io||dyrog`dg c rc|ãyhpoy'

'I|hpd|ho `d cidrpcihùg: ctydgihc `d c|pdecipoy'

'R|oid`hahdgpo: dg ncy atdyp|cy i|t`cy hgoitnc`cy iog rc|ãyhpoy 3 an ntdko

|ditrd|c| iog dn aèpoò cn adgoy tg rc|ãyhpo hgpdyphgcn'


IDGYCNT@!TDY


Gtad|o 3

Rck 9< @d: 4;






325

Ntdko yd r|oid`d c ck|dkc| cn cktc `dyphnc`c 3 an `dn rc|ãyhpo x yd r|oid`d c

ehnp|c| ro| k|cud`c` o ro| ehnp|cihùg cn uciáo tphnhzcgò tg ehnp|o adgo| o hktcn c <ahi|cy rc|c |ditrd|c| dn gúad|o `d rc|ãyhpoy x yd fcid |ditdgpo `d

|ditrd|cihùg'

HGEO\AD PDIGHIO @D UCNH@CIHOG

33' Hgeo|ad pèighio

Oljdphuo: R|dydgpc| |dytnpcòy `dn r|oidyo `d ucnh`cihùg ro| ehnp|cihùg dgncy atdyp|cy i|t`cy `d fo|pcnhzcy. tphnhzcgò tg ehnp|o `d < ahi|cy'

Phro `d ucnh`cihùg: Ucnh`cihùg iogit||dgpd'

\ded|dgihc `dn r|opoiono'


IDGYCNT@!TDY


Gtad|o 3

Rck 94 @d: 4;






332

Cgcnáphio phdgd tgc ydndiphuh`c` std `hed|dgihc noy ud|`c`d|oy royhphuoy `d noy

ud|`c`d|oy gdkcphuoy'

Dg nc ydgyhlhnh`c` x dyrdihehih`c` yd dyrd|c std rc|c std dn aèpoò ydc ucnhò

dypc`áyphicadgpd. nc ydgyhlhnh`c` x nc dyrdihehih`c` `dld yd| acxo| `dn 2'84 $'

Rc|c nc iogehclhnh`c` `hckgoyphic yh R&K/P( acxo| `d 2'84 dn aèpoò cgcnáphio

phdgd ltdgc iogehclhnh`c` `hckgoyphic rc|c `dpdipc| io||dipcadgpd dn cgcnhpo

dypt`hcò'

Dg dn icyo `dn iodehihdgpd `d uc|hcihùg go `dld acxo| uc|hclhnh`c` o `hyrd|yhùg

`d noy `cpoy iog |dyrdipo cn `d |ded|dgihc' Ro| CGOUC nc e icnitnc`c `dld yd|

acxo| std e pclncy rc|c std dvhypc `hed|dgihcy dypc`áyphicadgpd yhkghehicphucy'


IDGYCNT@!TDY


Gtad|o 3

Rck 93 @d: 4;






33<

ICRHPTNO UHH

IOGINTYHOGDY



339

IOGINTYHOGDY

Dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg dy aãy dediphuo std dn aèpoò `d \hpifhd dg nc `dpdiihùg `d

ftduoy `d fdnahgpoy x sthypdy `d r|opozoc|hoy dg atdyp|cy hgoitnc`cy x fo|pcnhzcy


Caloy aèpoòy dn `d ehnp|cihùg x dn aèpoò `d \hpifhd h̀ dgphehic eo|acy rc|cyhpc|hcy `dftduoy `d fdnahgpoy x sthypdy `d r|opozoc|hoy dg atdyp|cy hgoitnc`cy x fo|pcnhzcy


Nc ucnh̀ cihùg `dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg go h̀ehd|d itcnhpcphucadgpd `dn aèpoò `d \hpifhd

dg nc `dpdiihùg `d rc|ãyhpoy'

Noy |dytnpcòy hg h̀icg std dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg dg ioarc|cihùg iog dn aèpoò `d

\hpifhd fcx h̀ed|dgihcy dypc`áyphicadgpd yhkghehicphucy'

Nc ydgyhlhnh̀ c` `dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg x \hpifhd `dpdipcg itcnhpcphucadgpd x

itcgphpcphucadgpd rc|ãyhpoy ioao Dgpcaodlc fhyponxphic. Khc| h̀c ncalnhc. Dgpcaodlc

ionh. Dgònhacv gcgc x dgp|d noy fdnahgpoy: Cyic|hy ntal|hioh̀ dy. Fxadgondrhy gcgc.

Fxadgondrhy h̀ahgtpc. P|hift|hy p|hifht|hc'

Dn iodehihdgpd `d io||dncihùg nhgdcn hg h̀ic fcx tgc io||dncihùg atx etd|pd

dypc`áyphicadgpd x go yd |dncihogc ro| icytcnh̀ c` ro| no std ah̀ d dn k|cò `d

cyoihcihùg dgp|d ncy òy uc|hclndy'



334

ICRHPTNO UHHH

\DIOADG@CIHOGDY



335

6' \DIOADG@CIHOGDY

• Tphnhzc| ncy ad`h`cy `d lhoydkt|h`c` dg nc acghrtncihùg `d ncy atdyp|cy

`d fo|pcnhzcy. ioao dn tyo `d ktcgpdy x acyic|hnnc. rc|c nc `dpdiihùg `d

rc|ãyhpoy'

• R|oaoud| dn tyo `dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg iog ehnp|oy adgo|dy o hktcndy c <

ahi|cy `d idntnoyc. dg atdyp|cy `d fo|pcnhzcy. ioao `hckgùyphior|dnhahgc| x `dehghphuo `d rc|cyhpoyhy'

• Tphnhzc| noy rcyoy dg o|`dg `dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg dg eo|ac io||dipc

rc|c fcid| dn `hckgùyphio `d rc|ãyhpoy dg ncy atdyp|cy i|t`cy `d

fo|pcnhzcy'

•

Go `hnth| atifo iog cktc `dyphnc`c rc|c dn ncucò `d nc atdyp|cy dglonyc rnãyphic' Tyc| ncy iogidgp|cihogdy `dn uontadg `dn aèpoò'

• Tyc| dn o|`dg io||dipo `d noy |dciphuoy dg dn aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg'

• Tphnhzc| cktc `dyphnc`c go iogpcahgc`c'

• Dypd|hnhzc| noy rhgidndy x ncy rhrdpcy Rcypdt|' Dn rhgidn `dld yd| |dipo.

|dio|pcò. go clyo|ldgpd `d id|`cy `d gxnog'

• Tphnhzc| ehnp|oy adgo|dy `d < ahi|cy rc|c dgiogp|c| ftduoy. sthypdy x

c`tnpoy `d r|opozoc|hoy x fdnahgpoy



336

LHLNHOK\CEHC

3' Ãnuc|dz A= Ionhgc A= \o`|áktdz F' 3863' \ditrd|cihùg `d eo|acy

duontphucy `d dgpd|orc|ãyhpoy dg ndktal|dy `dn ad|icò Ncy Rtnkcy

`d Ac|cichlo. Udgdztdnc' Tghud|yh`c` `dn Ztnhc' Ac|cichlo'

Udgdztdnc: go 30

<' Cg`|dc G' dp cn <225' Dypt`ho rhnopo `d `dpdiihùg `d rc|ãyhpoy dg

e|tpcy x fo|pcnhzcy dvrdg`h`cy dg noy ad|icòy rúlnhioy x r|hucòy `dnc iht`c` `d Lokopc @'I' &dg nágdc( <225' @hyroghlnd dg

{{{'tghionacxco|'d`t'io

9' Acgtcn `d @hckgoyphio Rc|cyhponùkhio' <226' @drc|pcadgpo `d

Ahi|olhonokác `d TDY' 340 rr

0' Lopd|o @' 3886' Rc|cyhpoyhy Hgpdyphgcndy ro| gdacpoòy' 0:<6<

4' Kc|iác N' <223' @hckgoyphi Ad`hicn Rc|cyhponokx . 0 d`' CYA R|dyy'

<9 r

5' Kc|iác N= L|timd| J' 388;' @hckgoyphi Ad`hicn Rc|cyhponokx' 9c

d`hphog' Cad|hicg Yoihdpx eo| Ahi|olhonokx [cyfhgkpog @'I' T'Y'C'

5; r

;' Ytg P' 3866' Iono| cpncy cg` pdvploom oe `hckgoyphi rc|cyhponokx' 3

d`' 82 r'

6' Ic|pcxc. Z dp cn' <229' R|dydgihc `d Dgpcaodlc fhyponxphic. Cyic|hy

ntal|hioh`dy x Ionheo|ady popcndy dg dgycnc`cy rc|c rd||oicnhdgpdy.

dvrdg`h`cy dg dn idgp|o `d nc iht`c` `d Ac|cicx' \du Yoi'

Ahi|olhono' dgd' <229'

8' @dud|c \' dp cn' <225' Rc|ãyhpoy hgpdyphgcndy dg ndiftkcy

ioad|ihcnhzc`cy dg ad|icòy rortnc|dy x ytrd|ad|icòy `d iht`c`



338

Lonáuc|. Dypcò Lonáuc|. Udgdztdnc' \du' Ycoi' Udg' Ahi|olho' U <5

go < ic|' <225'

32' Aogkd N= Ifhgifhnnc A= \dxdy N' 3884' R|dydgihc `d rc|ãyhpoy x

lcipd|hcy hgpdyphgcndy dg fo|pcnhzcy std yd iogytadg i|t`cy dg Ioypc

\hic'

33' Atóoz U dp cn' <226' Cnpc iogpcahgcihùg ro| dgpd|orc|cyhpoy `d

fo|pcnhzcy ioad|ihcnhzc`cy dg noy ad|icòy `d nc iht`c` `d Nc Rcz.

Lonhuhc' \du' lhoec|lo. u35'3<' P|cuhdzo N dp cn' <220' Iogpcahgcihùg dgpd|orc|cyhpc|hc `d ndiftkcy

dvrdg`h`cy dg ad|icòy `dn dypcò Nc|c' Udgdztdnc' Rc|cyhpon

Ncphgoca'48:35;!3;2

39' Icac|ko G' dp cn' <225' Dypt`ho rhnopo `d `dpdiihùg `d rc|ãyhpoy dg

e|tpcy x fo|pcnhzcy dvrdg`h`cy dg noy ad|icòy rúlnhioy x r|hucòy `d

nc iht`c` `d Lokopc @'I:' Tghud|yh`c` iondkho Acxo| `d

Itg`hgc|ac|ic'

30' \dc A' dp cn' <220' Dvhypdgihc `d rc|ãyhpoy hgpdyphgcndy dg fo|pcnhzcy

std yd ioad|ihcnhzcg dg nc iht`c` `d io||hdgpdy. C|kdgphgc' <220'

34' Fd|gãg`dz. C . Id`hnnoy. \cecdn C'. @hacy. @.' Dypt`ho lcipd|honùkhio

x rc|cyhponùkhio `d atdyp|cy `d ud|`t|cy `dn ad|icò idgp|cn `d Ycg

Ycnucò|' C|if' Ion' Ad`' Uon <0 Go 3. dgd|o c ac|zo 38;3

35' Ldcud| J' 3865' Rc|cyhponokác Inághic'' < d`'' <43 r

3;' Zhgyyd| dp cn 388;' Ahi|olhonokîc' <2 d`' 65: 3498

36' Itdypcy H' C' <225' Ucnh`cihùg `d aèpoòy Ahi|olhonùkhioy' R|opoiono

`d ucnh`cihùg dg nágdc' Iogytnpo|ác Hgpd|gcihogcn' ECO'

fppr:/{{{'|hi'eco'on|k/r|ho|/ioack|hi/io`dv/|nc9239/rè/cydk 32'rè

38' Dyicnogc. P dp cn' Ucnh`cihùg `d noy aèpoòy `d nclo|cpo|ho' <22;' |du'

Ifhn' Pdigono' Ad`' <; &<(. r 396;!3980' <22;



3<2

<2' Ktác rc|c nc ucnh`cihùg x ud|hehicihùg `d r|oid`hahdgpoy `d dvcadg

itcgphpcphuoy darndcòy rc|c dn nclo|cpo|ho inághio' Aèvhio' Cl|hn

<226' 0; r

<3' COCI HGPD\GCPHOGCN &3888(. dg Stcnhpcphud cg` Stcgphpcphud

Ahi|olhonokx Kth`dnhgdy eo| Adpfo`y Ucnh`cphog' Jot|gcn oe COCI

Hgpd|gcphogcn' U 6<. Go< r'3 &39( : 02<!034

<<' OCC' O|kcghyao C|kdgphgo `d Ci|d`hpcihùg' <229' Ktác rc|c

ucnh`cihùg `d aèpoòy `d dgycxo' Iù`hko @I!ND!24'<9' Oifoc. \ x op|oy' <222' Ucnh`cihùg `d hgatgodgycxoy itcnhpcphuoy

tycòy rc|c ducntc| nc hgatgokdghih`c` `d ncy ucitgcy' Idgp|o `d

Hgudyphkcihùg x r|o`tiihùg `d ucitgcy' Fclcgc Itlc' 0 r

<0' \thycgifdz. H' dp cnn' Cgcnhphic. Ifhahicn'<22< Cipc= 044: <5;!<;4

<4' Yãgifdz. J x op|oy' <232' Ucnh`cihùg `d aèpoòy cgcnáphioy go

itcgphpcphuoy' Uon 03 G <' Dg nágdc' 3!32

<5' Yd||dp. E dp cn' <22<' Ucnh`cihùg `d noy aèpoòy cgcnáphioy rc|c nc

h`dgphehicihùg x itcgphehicihùg `dn `dv|oadpo|ecgo' \du itlcgc 95 &3(

<5!90

<;' Mogdacg D' 3886' Ahi|olhonokác Aè`hic' D`hp rcgcad|hicgc < d`'

36; r

<6' Rcjtdno K' dp cn' <225' Crnhicihùg `d nc pèighic `d yd`hadgpcihùg

dyrogpãgdc dg ptlo dg dn `hckgoyphio `d rc|ãyhpoy hgpdyphgcndy'' \du

Lhoad` 3;: 85!323

<8' IDRHY / ORY' Ro|idgpcjdy `d rc|ãyhpoy dg r|o`tipoy ck|áioncy ydkúg

icnh`c` `d cktc `d |dkc`áo / R|o`tipoy x yd|uhihoy `d nclo|cpo|ho' Yhg

edifc

92' ECO' Eoo` cg` Ck|hitnpt|d O|kcghzcphog oe Pfd Tghpd` Gcphogy' 388;

Ucnh`cphog oe cgcnxphicn adpfo`y eo| eoo` iogp|on' Uhdgc' Ctyp|hc'



3<3

93' Ehktd|oc N' dp cn' <22< Yp|ogkxnoh`dy ypd|ionc|hy' R|ducndgihc x

ducntcihùg `dn `hckgoyphio tphnhzcgò itcp|o aèpoòy

ior|orc|cyhponokhioy &dg nágdc( \du Yoi Udg' Ahi|olhonokác' <22<'

@hyroghlnd dg fppr://{{{'yihdno'o|k'ud/yihno'rfr

9<' E|cgjonc P= Ktphd||dz J' 3860' Dypt`ho rc|cyhponùkhio dg ndiftkc x

ldpd||ckcy dg nc iht`c` `d Ucn`huhc. Ifhnd' \du Aè` Ifhnd 33<: 4;!52'

99' K|dko|ho R' dp cn' <226' @dpdiihùg `d rc|ãyhpoy hgpdyphgcndy dg cktc x

cnhadgpoy `d P|tjhnno. Rd|ú' &dg nágdc( <226' \du Rd|ú ad '̀ Dvr'ycnt` rtlnhic' @hyroghlnd dg fppr://{{{'yihdno'o|k'u

90' Kc|ihc NY' 3884' Rc|cyhponokx' @hckgoyhy oe rc|cyhphi ahi|olhonokx

r|oid`t|dy Fcg`loom' Cad|hicg Yoihdpx eo| Ahi|olhonokx' 90 r

94' Kcyrc|` R= Yif{c|pzl|o` J' 3889' @dpd|ahgcphog oe pfd rc|cyhpdy

iogpcahgcphog oe h||hkcpdy udkdpclndy' [cpd| yihdgid cg` pdifgonokx=

<;: <84!92<'

95' Noalc|`d|o Oyic|' 38;3' Knoyc|ho `d Pè|ahgoy Rc|cyhponokhioy' D`'

DT@DLC' Ltdgoy Ch|dy' 48 r

9;' Mtac|. Y' dp cnn' Cpncy oe Ad`hicn Rc|cyhponokx' 3885 r ;6

96' Acyyog' 3888' @hiihogc|ho Aè`hio' Ycnucp D`hpo|dy' R ;94

98' At||cx dp cn' <229' Acgtcn oe Inhghicn Ahi|olhonokx' Cad|hicg Yoihdpx

eo| Ahi|olhonokx' CYA R|dyy' 6 D`' 60:69;

02' O|kcghzcihùg Rcgcad|hicgc `d nc Ycnt`' 3869' Yd|hd rcnpdv

rtlnhicihùg ihdgpáehic go' 098: 338 r

03' \o`|áktdz Z `d= Eogyd \= Ao|dgo X dp cn' 3886' @dpdiihùg `d

rc|ãyhpoy dg ndiftkcy `hyp|hlth`cy dg ad|icòy rortnc|dy `dn

Atghihrho Ac|cichlo' Mcyad|c <5 &3(: 3!5'

0<' Yc|d`h. G' <22<' Acgtcn R|ciphio `d Rc|cyhponokhc Aè`hic' 3ª d`hi' r

33<



3<<

09' Yond`c`. L' R|o`tipoy' Aèpo`oy x r|oidyoy `d ucnh`cihùg &dg nágdc('

It|yo' <228'

00' Acgtcn `d r|oid`hahdgpoy `d nclo|cpo|ho rc|c dn `hckgoyphio `d noy

rc|ãyhpoy hgpdyphgcndy `dn foal|d' Hgyphptpo Gcihogcn `d Ycnt`' Go 9;

nhac Rd|t' <229

04' TYR' Tghpd` Ypcpty Rfcaciordhc 93. <226

05' Ucnd|c U' <22;' R|dydgihc `d dgpd|orc|cyhpoy dg ndiftkc dg

dypclndihahdgpoy `d iogytao rtlnhio `d cnhadgpoy `dn `hyp|hpo `dId|ic`o Nhac'

0;' [o|n` fdcnpf o|kcghzcphog &[FO(' 3868' Fdcnpf kth`dnhgdy eo| pfdyd oe

{cypd{cpd| hg ck|hitnpt|d cg` cstcitnpt|d' Pdifghicn |dro|p yd|hdy go

;;6: 95!0<



3<9

KNOYC\HO

Knoyc|ho Ucnh`cihùg

C`ditclhnh`c`: Iogyhypd dg ioar|olc| std noy ioarogdgpdy x |dciphuoy

hguonti|còy dg nc olpdgihùg `d `cpoy etgihogdg cr|orhc`cadgpd o dg yt dedipo

io||olc| std dn cgcnhpo dypd r|dydgpd x io||dyrog`c c nc atdyp|c'

Cgcnhpo: ckdgpd. ytypcgihc. ytyp|cpo `dehghò dg nc acp|hz dg tg cgãnhyhy'

Iodehihdgpd `d io||dncihùg: rd|ahpd dyphac| nc |dncihùg dgp|d òy uc|hclndy x yh

noy |dytnpcòy yhktdg tgc etgihùg nhgdcn'

Iogehclhnh`c` `hckgùyphic: itcgò dn aèpoò ydc icrcz `d `dpdipc|

io||dipcadgpd dn ytyp|cpo `d hgpd|èy'

Iogit||dgpd: r|ok|cac o aèpoò std r|oro|ihogc ydkt|h`c` `d tg r|oidyo

dyrdiáehio'

Dvciphpt`: icrcih`c` std phdgd dn aèpoò rc|c `c| |dytnpcòy no acy r|ùvhao

royhlnd cn ucno| |dcn o dy |dytnpcò `d tgc ad`hihùg x dn ucno| ud|`c`d|o `d no

ad`hò'

Dyrdihehih`c`: Icrcih`c` `dn aèpoò `d `c| gdkcphuo itcgò ncy atdyp|cy go

phdgdg dn cgcnhpo'



3<0

Dehicihc: icrcih`c` `d tg dgycxo rc|c `dpdipc| io||dipcadgpd poòy noy

royhphuoy x noy gdkcphuoy'

Ecnyo royhphuo: r|olclhnh`c` `d std dn aèpoò `d tg |dytnpcò royhphuo itcgò

nc atdyp|c go pdgkc dn cgcnhpo'

Ecnyo gdkcphuo' R|olclhnh`c` std dn aèpoò `d tg |dytnpcò gdkcphuo itcgò nc

atdyp|c pdgkc dn cgcnhpo'

Nhahpd `d `dpdiihùg: icgph`c` aághac `d tg cgcnhpo dg nc acp|hz `d tgc

atdyp|c std rtd`d yd| `dpdipc`c. rd|o go gdidyc|hcadgpd itcgphehic`c'

Nhahpd `d itcgphehicihùg: dy nc icgph`c` aághac std rtd`c olpdgd|yd x yd|

itcgphehic`c' O gtad|o aághao `d ahi|oo|kcghyaoy `dgp|o `d tgc uc|hclhnh`c`

`dehgh`c'

Nhgdclhnh`c`: Dypc`áyphicadgpd dy nc |dncihùg `h|dipc r|oro|ihogcn dgp|d noy

|dytnpcòy std yog `h|dipcadgpd r|oro|ihogcndy c nc iogidgp|cihùg `dn cgcnhpo

dg ncy atdyp|cy `dn dypt`ho'

Aèpoò itcnhpcphuo: yog aèpoòy `hiopùahioy `d `hckgoyphio x rc|c ucnh`c|noy

dy gdidyc|ho ioarc|c| dn |dytnpcò iogp|c tgc ic|cipd|áyphic `d |ded|dgihc'

Aèpoò `d |ded|dgihc: Dy dn rcp|ùg `d ucnc|dy `d tgc r|orhd`c` c ioarc|c|

dgp|d dn aèpoò `d dypt`ho x |ded|dgihc'



3<;

CGDVOY'



393



65 Fxadnorhy gcgc Ftduo 32 9 9 0 32

6; Khc|`hc ncalnhc Enckdnc`o 32 < 0 0 32

66 Dg`onhacv gcgc Sthypd 32 9 9 9 8

68 Tgihgc|hc Ftduo 32 4 < 9 32



8< Fxadgondrhy gcgc Ftduo 32 9 0 9 32

89 Cyic|hy ntal|hioh`dy Ftduo 32 9 9 9 3 32

80 Fxadgondrhy gcgc Ftduo 32 9 9 9 8


85 Dgpcaodlc ionh Sthypd 32 0 9 < 3 32

8; Dgpcaodlc fhyponxphic Sthypd 32 < < < 0 32



322 Pcdghc yr Ftduo 32 0 9 9 32



302


32

32

32

02

< Ãyic|hy ntal|hioh`dy Ftduo 02 34

32

9 32

96


32

32

4 94


34

32

02

4 Dgpcaodlc ionh sthypd 02 36

34

4 96

Iogidgp|cihùg `d 42 rc|cyhpoy/92 an3 Dgpcaodlc ionh sthypd 42 <

4<4

42

< Dgpcaodlc fhyponhpxic sthypd 42 <2

<2

32

42


38

08


34

04

4 Dgpcaodlc ionh Sthypd 42 <2

<2

02



30;

Cgdvo HU

Ehk 5' Incud rc|c h`dgphehic| ftduoy `d fdnahgpoy'



306

Cgdvo U

Ehk' ; Pcacóo |dncphuo `d noy ftduoy `d fdnahgpoy'



308

Cgdvo UH

Ehkt|c 6' Incud `d h`dgphehicihùg `d p|oeozohpoy cadlhcgoy dg r|drc|cihogdypdóh`cy'



342

Cgdvo UHH

Ehkt|c 8' Incud `d h`dgphehicihùg `d sthypdy `d cadlcy x enckdnc`oy'



343

Cgdvo UHHH

Ehkt|c 32' Incud `d h`dgphehicihùg `d noy r|opozoc|hoy. cadlcy. enckdnc`oy x

fdnahgpoy'



34<

Cgdvo HV

Ehk 33' Dypc`hoy `d fdnahgpoy hgpdyphgcndy



349

Cgdvo V

Ehkt|c 3<' Incud rc|c nc h`dgphehicihùg `d sthypdy `d enckdnc`oy hgpdyphgcndy'



344

<5 - -

<; - --

<6 C - - - K' ncalnhc

<8 - -

92 - --

93 - -

9< -- -

99 - --

90 - -

94 - -

95 C - - - K' ncalnhc

9; -- --

96 - -

98 - ---

02 -- -



345

Cgdvo VHH

Pclnc Go <8 Cnko|hpao rc|c dn dvcadg rc|cyhponokhio'



34;

Cgdvo VHHH

yhktd



348

Cgdvo VHU

Yditdgihc `dn aèpo`o ro|

ehnp|cihùg'

3' 3an Roon `d Rc|ãyhpoy dg 92 an

O RDYC\ FO\PCNHZCY E\DYICY'

<'

NCUC\ FO\PCNHZCY DG LONYCY

RNCYPHICY O TYC\ @DN PTLO X

CK\DKC\ C DALT@O LTYFGD\'

9' TYC\ EHNP\CIHOG CN UCIHO'

DSTHRO EHNP\CIHOG CN UCIHO



352

4' NCUC\ EHNP\O @D < AHI\CY @DN

EHNP\C@O \CRH@O IOG RHGIDN X CKTC

@DYPHNC@C O YTNTIHOG YCNHGC

C\\CYP\C\ CN LO\@D @D RNCIC @D

RDP\H'

5' IOG RHRDPC RCYPDT\\DIO\PC@C CYRH\C\ X CK\DKC\

TGC KOPC C NCAHGCY NTDKO

CRNHIC\ NTKON

;' DVCAHGC\ C 32v x 02 v

6' FCID\ \DITDGPO X

OLYD\UCIHOG'



35<

Cgdvo VUH

r!Ucntd Icnitncpo| eo| pfd Ypt`dgp p!Pdyp

Pfhy icnitncpo| {hnn pdnn xot pfd ogd!pchnd` cg` p{o!pchnd` r|olclhnhpx ucntdy oe c p!pdyp. khudg pfd p!ucntd cg` pfd `dk|ddy oe e|dd`oa'

Eo| ao|d hgeo|acphog clotp pfhy icnitncpo|. hgint`hgk r|ord|phdy. eo|atncd.cg` |ded|dgidy. rndcyd inhim fd|d'

Rndcyd ytrrnx pfd gdidyyc|x rc|cadpd|y. cg` pfdg inhim pfd +Icnitncpd+ltppog'

p!Ucntd: 3'9<

@dk|ddy oe E|dd`oa:

90

Icnitncpd

R|olclhnhpx&P{o!

Pchnd`(:

2'384540

R|olclhnhpx&Ogd!

Pchnd`(:

2'28;6<;

Pfd Ypcphyphiy Icnitncpo|y hg`dv go{ iogpchgy 45 e|dd ypcphyphiy

icnitncpo|y'Xot acx cnyo ld hgpd|dypd` hg:

• Hgpd|ciphog ! c yoep{c|d r|ok|ca lx @cghdn Yord| eo| `|c{hgk cg`cgcnxzhgk ypcphyphicn hgpd|ciphogy'

• G<Arnty ! c e|dd yoep{c|d r|ok|ca lx @cghdn Yord| eo| iogud|phgkDvidn cg` YRYY ehndy hgpo Arnty!ioarcphlnd `cpc ehndy cg` yxgpcv'



350

Cgdvo VUHHH

EHNP\CIHOG CN UCIHO X RO\ K\CUD@C@

EHNP\CIHOG CN UCIHO

o o

EHNP\CIHOG RO\ K\CUD@C@'



355

Cgdvo VV

Ehk Go Aèpoò Ehnp|cihùg dg atdyp|cy hgoitnc`cy `dn roon ̀ d rc|ãyhpoy

Roon rc|ãyhpoy ydkúg dyrdihd dg eo|aon 3 $

Hgoitnc| 3 an iog 32 rc|ãyhpoy ydkúg dyrdihd c ptloy dg cktc `dyphnc`c

Ehnp|c| cn uciho

Ionoic| dg daltò 32 an\dph|c| ehnp|o ` d < ahi|cy

iog rhgzc

Ncuc| ro| c||cyp|d iog 2'4 an cktc

`dyphnc`c cn lo|`d d̀ icjc rdp|h' Iog rhrdpc rcypdt|cyrh|c| iogpdghò

@dn ehnp|cò'

Fcid| e|ophy dg 4 ncahghnncy iog ntkon

Dvcahgc| c 32 x 02 V

Ehkt|c Go 30' Aèpoò `d ehnp|cihùg tycò rc|c cgãnhyhy itcgphpcphuo dg roon `d

rc|ãyhpoy'



35;

Cgdvo VVH

Ehk 34 Aèpo`o `d iogidgp|cihùg `d \hpifhd'



356

Cgdvo VVHH

3' Pclnc `d Cgouc

UC\HCLND KN YI IA EI EP

ADPO@O

\DRDPHIHOG

D\\O\

POPCN

Kn: k|còy `d nhld|pc`.YI: ytac `d itc`|còy.IA: itc`|còy aághaoy.EI: E

icnitncò.Ep: E pclnc.Ei 7 E p rc|c std dvhypc `hed|dgihcy yhkghehicphucy'

Pclnc <v< `d iogphgkdgihc

Aèpoò Royhphuo Gdkcphuo

Royhphuo

gdkcphuo



358

Cgdvo VVHHH

@HIIHOGC\HO RC\CYHPONOKHIO

Cidnoacò: O|kcghyaoy std ic|didg `d idnoac' R|dydgpc adyègsthac'

Cidpãltno: Udgpoyc atyitnoyc udgp|cn `d noy p|dacpoòy' Pcalhèg yd `hid `d

ncy udgpoycy std r|dydgpcg cnktgoy idypoòy'

Calhdgpd: no std |o`dcCadlc: eo|ac r|opozoc|hc tghidntnc| `hahgtpc

Cadloac: R|oidyo k|cgtnoacpoyo ictycò ro| D' fhyponxphic. noicnhzcò dg

hgpdyphgo k|tdyo' \dciihùg hgencacpo|hc hgpdgyc x r|oidyo `d |drc|cihùg phytnc|'

K|cgtnoac nhahpcò ycgk|cgpd. olyp|tiphuo. dg ihdko o |dipoyhkaoh`dy'

Cyic|hy: kdgd|o `d gdacpoòy. ktycgoy |dògòy std rd|pdgdidg c nc ecahnhc

cyic|hòh`dc'

Cvogdac: Dyp|tipt|c idgp|cn `d enckdnoy x ihnhoy= ioartdypo ro| dn dgycalncjd

kdoaèp|hio `d gtdud rc|dy `d ahi|opúltnoy rd|heè|hioy x òy idgp|cndy std

dypãg |ditlhd|poy ro| tgc uchgc hgpd|gc' Dad|kd `dn itd|ro lcycn o

lndec|orncypo'

Cvoyphno: Dyp|tipt|c `d yoypèg eo|ac`c ro| tgc itlhd|pc `d ahi|opúltnoy dg

cnktgoy r|opozooy enckdncòy. ioao P|hifoaogcy'

Idrc: iogjtgpo `d uh|ty. lcipd|hcy t fogkoy std phdgdg dn ahyao rcp|haogho

kdgèphio'

Ino|oehnc: rhkadgpo ud|`d `d ncy rncgpcy'

Ihyphid|ioyhy: Hgedypcihùg ro| nc|ucy `d ihyphid|io'

Ihino lhonùkhio ù ihino `d uh̀ c: Dpcrcy dg dn `dyc||onno `d tg rc|ãyhpo fcypc

nc ecyd ac`t|c o c`tnpc'



3;3

Ioadgycnhyao: Tg phro `d yhalhoyhy dg nc itcn tgo `d noy hg`huh`toy olphdgd

kcgcgihc `d nc cyoihcihùg. yhg std dn op|o. dn foyrd`d|o. |dytnpd ldgdehihcò o

`cócò' Noy ioadgycndy rtd`dg yd| hgpd|goy o dvpd|goy'

Ioarndjo crhicn: Iogjtgpo `d o|kcgdnoy ic|cipd|áyphioy `dn rfxnta

Crhioarndvc' Yd r|dydgpc dg dyro|ozoápoy x ad|ozoápoy' Yd noicnhzc dg tgo `d

noy dvp|daoy `dn rc|ãyhpo'

Iog`tipo `ded|dgpd: dyp|tipt|c std nnduc dn dyrd|ac `dy`d noy iog`tipoy

ded|dgpdy fcypc nc lonyc `dn ih||o dg noy rncpdnahgpoy'Iog`tipo ded|dgpd: dyp|tipt|c std nnduc dn dyrd|ac `dy`d noy pdypáitnoy fcypc

nc lonyc `dn ih||o dg noy rncpdnahgpoy'

Ior|ozohio: O|kcghyao std uhud dg ncy fdidy edicndy'

Io|cih`ho: Nc|uc ihnhc`c `d cnktgoy idypoòy'

Dyrdihd: icpdko|ác `d incyhehicihùg rc|c o|kcghyaoy uhuoy o incyhehicihùg

pcvogùahic'

Diporc|ãyhpo: Rc|ãyhpo std uhud dg nc ytrd|ehihd dvpd|gc `dn foyrd`d|o'

Dal|hoeo|o: Itlhd|pc std |o`dc c nc ogiùyed|c `d noy rncpdnahgpoy'

Dgòrc|ãyhpo: Rc|ãyhpo std uhud dg dn hgpd|ho| `dn foyrd`d|o'

Dg`dahc: R|ducndgihc dnduc`c x acgpdgh`c `d tgc dged|ad`c` ftacgc

`dpd|ahgc`c `dgp|o `d tg ã|dc kdok|ãehic'

Drh`dahc: R|o`tiihùg. dg tgc ioatgh`c` o |dkhùg. `d icyoy yhahnc|dy dg tg

`dpd|ahgcò rd|áoò. dg gúad|o inc|cadgpd ytrd|ho| c nc e|ditdgihc fclhptcn x

`d|hucòy `d tgc etdgpd ioaúg o ro| `hydahgcihùg'

Drhzoophc: No ahyao std drh`dahc. rd|o |ded|hò c cghacndy'

Dyro|okoghc: Ecyd `d |dr|o`tiihùg ydvtc`c `d noy dyro|ozoápoy'

Dyro|ozoo: R|opozoo rc|ãyhpo std yd |dr|o`tid ro| dyro|okoghc'

Dyro|ozohpo: Dndadgpo |dytnpcgpd `d nc dyro|okoghc `d noy dyro|ozooy'

Dysthzokoghc: Ihino `d |dr|o`tiihùg cydvtc`c `d noy dyro|ozooy'



3;0

Foyrd`d|o: Rd|yogc o cghacn std cnld|kc c tg ckdgpd o ioadgycn' Pcalhèg

ytdndg tphnhzc|yd noy pè|ahgoy foyrd`cò|. foyrd`d|o x adyogd|o' O|kcghyao

std r|oudd `d gtp|hdgpdy x/o cnld|ktd c op|o o|kcghyao dg `hud|ycy

cyoihcihogdy lhonùkhicy'

Foyrd`d|o `dehghphuo: Foyrd`d|o dg dn itcn dn rc|ãyhpo cnicgzc yt ac`t|dz

ydvtcn' O|kcghyao std cnojc std ncy eo|acy c`tnpcy o ydvtcnadgpd ac`t|cy `dn

rc|ãyhpo'

Foyrd`d|o hgpd|ad`hc|ho: Foyrd`d|o dg dn itcn dn rc|ãyhpo `dyc||onnc rc|pd `dyt ihino duontphuo. yhg cnicgzc| yt ac`t|dz ydvtcn' O|kcghyao std cnojc ncy

eo|acy nc|uc|hcy. cydvtcndy. o hgac`t|cy `dn rc|ãyhpo'

Foyrd`d|o rc|cpèghio: Foyrd`d|o ecitnpcphuo. hggdidyc|ho rc|c std dn ckdgpd

rcpùkdgo ioarndpd yt ihino uhpcn'

Hgedypcihùg: Cnojcahdgpo. `dyc||onno x |dr|o`tiihùg `d c|p|ùroòy dg nc

ytrd|ehihd `dn itd|ro. rdnoy. |orcy oljdpoy d hgintyo calhdgpdy' Yd darndc

pcalhèg dg dn icyo `d |odò|dy' Cnojcahdgpo. `dyc||onno x |dr|o`tiihùg `d

c|p|ùroòy dg nc ytrd|ehihd `dn itd|ro o dg nc |orc'

Hgih`dgihc: Gúad|o `d icyoy gtduoy `d tgc dged|ad`c` std yd r|dydgpcg

`t|cgpd tg rd|áoò `dpd|ahgcò. dg |dncihùg iog nc rolncihùg òg`d oit||dg'

Kdgd|cnadgpd yd dvr|dyc dg eo|ac `d pcyc'

Nc|uc: Eo|ac hgac`t|c dg dn ihino duontphuo `d fdnahgpoy x c|p|ùroòy'

Nc|uc ehnc|heo|ad: Pd|id| dypc`ho nc|uc|ho &N9(. hgedipcgpd. `d uc|hoy gdacpoòy'

Dypc nc|uc ic|did ltnlo dyoeãkhio x go yd cnhadgpc'

Ndpcnh`c`: \dncihùg dgp|d dn gúad|o `d icyoy ao|pcndy x dn gúad|o popcn `d

icyoy `d tgc `dpd|ahgc`c dged|ad`c`'

Adicghyao `d p|cgyahyhùg: Ncy ih|itgypcgihcy ad`hcgpd ncy itcndy dn

rc|ãyhpo rcyc `d tg ftèyrd` c op|o'



3;5

ctponhahpc`c. it|clnd iog noy p|cpcahdgpoy `d dndiihùg= dg ytjdpoy

hgatgoioar|oadphòy rtd`d `c| ntkc| c dged|ad`c` k|cud o ao|pcn'

Orè|itno: Itlhd|pc o pcrc `d noy ftduoy `d cnktgoy rncpdnahgpoy d hgydipoy'

Rc|ãyhpo: o|kcghyao std uhud c`dgp|o. dgihac o c dvrdgycy `d op|o o|kcghyao'

Rc|cyhponokác: rc|pd `d nc lhonokác std dypt`hc c noy rc|ãyhpoy'

Rc|ckoghaty: Dged|ad`c` ictyc`c ro| tg kdgd|o `d fdnahgpoy'

Rc|pdgokègdyhy: Eo|ac `d |dr|o`tiihùg dg nc std yd `dyc||onnc tg o|kcghyao

c rc|ph| `d tg ftduo go ed|phnhzcò'Rcpokègdyhy: Icrcih`c` `d noy ahi|oo|kcghyaoy rc|c r|o`tih| tgc

dged|ad`c`'

Rcpokdghih`c`: Nc icrcih`c` `d tg ckdgpd hgediihoyo `d r|o`tih| dged|ad`c`'

Rcpùkdgo: O|kcghyao icrcz `d r|o`tih| dged|ad`c`'

Rcpùkdgo oro|ptghypc: Ahi|oo|kcghyao std. dg ih|itgypcgihcy fclhptcndy. go

ictyc `cóo. rd|o std dg ihd|pcy iog`hihogdy r|o`tid dged|ad`c`'

Rd|hoò r|drcpdgpd: Dpcrc `d nc hgediihùg rc|cyhpc|hc ioar|dg`h`c `dy`d dn

aoadgpo `d nc hgediihùg fcypc nc crc|hihùg `d nc yhgpoacponokác o nc r|dydgihc

`dn rc|ãyhpo'

Rncpdnahgpo: Ktycgo `d ydiihùg rncgc. poòy yog rc|ãyhpoy'

Ro|pcò|: Hg`huh`to std cnld|kc tg ckdgpd hgediihoyo dyrdiáehio. yhg r|dydgpc|

acghedypcihogdy `d dged|ad`c` x std rtd`d yd| etdgpd `d hgediihùg rc|c op|oy

hg`huh`toy'

R|oknùphò: Ydkadgpo `d nc dyp|ùlhno `d noy idypoòy. nc itcn iogphdgd noy

ù|kcgoy |dr|o`tipo|dy acyitnhgoy x edadghgoy'

Rd|hoò `d hgitlcihùg: Hgpd|ucno std p|cgyit||d dgp|d nc hgediihùg `d tg ytjdpo

ytyidrphlnd &rd|yogc o cghacn( x dn aoadgpo std r|dydgpc ncy r|had|cy

acghedypcihogdy `d nc |dyrdiphuc dged|ad`c`'



3;;

R|ducndgihc: Gúad|o `d icyoy `d tgc hgediihùg o dged|ad`c` std dvhypd dg tg

k|tro dyrdiáehio `d rolncihùg dg tg aoadgpo `dpd|ahgcò'

R|dudgihùg: Ad`h`cy rc|c r|opdkd| cn foal|d o cghacndy iogp|c tgc

dged|ad`c`' Rtd`dg yd| hg`drdg`hdgpdy `d ncy `dyphgc`cy cn iogp|on'

Rc|ãyhpo ciih`dgpcn: rc|ãyhpo std yd dgitdgp|c dg tg foyrd`d|o'

Rc|ãyhpo ecitnpcphuo: dy cstdn std rtd`d itl|h| poò yt ihino uhpcn ioao

o|kcghyao `d uh`c nhl|d'

Rc|ãyhpo olnhkcò: dy cstdn std |dsthd|d `d tg foyrd`d|o'Rc|ãyhpo rd|hù`hio: rc|ãyhpo std itl|d tgc rc|pd `d yt ihino uhpcn dg dn

calhdgpd'

Rc|ãyhpo rd|acgdgpd: rc|ãyhpo std uhud po`c yt dvhypdgihc dg o yol|d tg

foyrd`d|o'

Rc|ãyhpo pdaro|cn: rc|ãyhpo std hgpd|ahpdgpd `drdg`d tg foyrd`d|o'

Rc|cyhpoyhy: dged|ad`c` o p|cypo|go std |dytnpc `d tg rc|cyhphyao

Ronhvdgo: Rc|ãyhpo std |dsthd|d `t|cgpd yt ihino uhpcn `d tg foyrd`d|o `dehghphuo

x tgo o aãy foyrd`d|oy hgpd|ad`hc|hoy'

R|drc|cihùg: dnclo|cihùg `d tg ad`hicadgpo ydkúg r|oid`hahdgpo'

R|oidyo: aèpoò `d ciihùg'

R|oknùphò: Ydkadgpo `dn dyp|ùlhno `d noy idypoòy. std iogphdgd noy ù|kcgoy

|dr|o`tipo|dy acyitnhgoy x edadghgoy'

R|oncryo |dipcn: Dvp|tyhùg `d nc atioyc |dipcn c p|cuèy `dn cgo' Rtd`d oit||h|

dg ghóoy iog tgc cnpc ic|kc rc|cyhpc|hc `d P|hift|hy p|hifht|c= fclhptcnadgpd yhg

yditdncy `dyrtèy `dn p|cpcahdgpo cr|orhcò'

R|opoiono: `dyi|hrihùg `d noy rcyoy std `dldg `d nnduc|yd c iclo dg tg

dvrd|hadgpo'

R|opozoc|ho: iogid|ghdgpd c r|opozoo

R|opozoo: dn ehnta `dn |dhgo cghacn std hgintxd noy acy ydgihnnoy'



3;6

R|oacyphkopd: Dypc`ho `d `dyc||onno `dgp|o `d nc ecahnhc P|xrcgoyoacph`cd= `d

itd|ro dnogkcò. iog ihgdporncypo cgpd|ho| cn gúindo x enckdno std dad|kd

nhl|dadgpd `dn ihgdpoyoac' Yhg adal|cgc og`tncgpd'

Sthypd: Eo|ac hgaùuhn `d |dyhypdgihc x `d atnphrnhicihùg. dgutdnpc ro| tgc òlnd

adal|cgc eo|ac`c ro| noy r|opozooy'

Ydgyhlhnh`c`: r|tdlc `d ucnh`dz rc|c h`dgphehic| c noy ytjdpoy dged|aoy'

Yd`hadgpo: ytypcgihc std yd cyhdgpc dg dn eogò

Ydt`ùroò: R|onogkcihùg `dn ihporncyac `d cnktgoy o|kcghyaoy tghidntnc|dyioao ncy cadlcy. iog etgihogdy `d noioaoihùg x cnhadgpcihùg

Ytyidrphlnd: Rd|yogc o cghacn std ic|did `d |dyhypdgihc iogp|c tg ckdgpd

rcpùkdgo x std dg iogyditdgihc rtd`d iogp|cd| nc dged|ad`c` yh yd dvrogd c

nc hgediihùg ro| `hifo ckdgpd'

Yrr: cl|duhcpt|c `d dyrdihdy'

Ycr|oehpo: o|kcghyao fdpd|op|oeo std tphnhzc acpd|hc o|kãghic'

Pcsthzoápo: Eo|ac `d |drnhicihùg |ãrh`c `d Povorncyac kog`hh. |dyrogyclnd `d

nc `hydahgcihùg `d nc hgediihùg x `d nc `dyp|tiihùg phytnc|' Yd nd dgitdgp|c dg

ycgk|d x pdjhòy `t|cgpd nc hgediihùg ckt`c'

P|hift|hy: ktycgo gdacpoò rc|cyhpc|ho

P|oeozohpo: eo|ac udkdpcphuc ciphuc x std yd cnhadgpc dgp|d noy r|opozooy o

Eo|ac udkdpcphuc ciphuc x std yd cnhadgpc. dgp|d noy r|opozooy'

Ucitonc iogp|ãiphn: Rc|pd `dn ioarndjo `d nc ucitonc iogp|ãiphn `d ièntncy

r|ophypcy. uhyhlnd dg ahi|oyiorác `d ntz'

Udipo|: o|kcghyao cghacn. kdgd|cnadgpd c|p|ùroò. std rtd`d p|cgyro|pc|

ciphucadgpd tg ckdgpd `dy`d nc etdgpd hgedipcgpd fcypc tg ytyidrphlnd'

Udipo| adiãghio: Dy dn udipo| std nnduc dg dn dvpd|ho| `d yt itd|ro o dg

hgpd|ho| ckdgpdy rcpùkdgoy'

Mètodo de filtraciòn para paràsitos intestinales

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Transcript of Mètodo de filtraciòn para paràsitos intestinales