Measuring Access to Clean Household Energy · 5/19/2017 · Measuring Access to Clean Household...
Transcript of Measuring Access to Clean Household Energy · 5/19/2017 · Measuring Access to Clean Household...
Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use 1 |
Measuring Access to Clean Household Energy
Heather Adair-Rohani
Measuring Access to Clean Household Energy
Heather Adair-Rohani
Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use 2 |
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
� Defining clean for health: WHO Guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion
� Survey Harmonization – Outcomes & Outputs
� Measuring the transition to clean household energy use
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Importance of Monitoring Household Energy Use
Importance of Monitoring Household Energy Use
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Exposure to household air pollution
3.1 billon people
How does WHO use national survey data?How does WHO use national survey data?
Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use 5 |
Exposure to household air pollution
3.1 billon people
Disease burden from household air pollution
~4 million deaths per year
How does WHO use national survey data?How does WHO use national survey data?
Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health | 21 July 20166 |
Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and mo dern energy forall
Indicator
7.1.2
Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels andtechnologies at the household level*
Measuring “CLEAN” Household Energy Fuels & Technolo gies for SDGs
• Excludes kerosene (a nonsolid fuel)
• Emission rates drive innovation in renewable technologies Currently there are no widely-available biomass stoves that can be considered ‘clean’, however with further innovation in new affordable and efficient home technologies (e.g. low-emission cookstoves), the articulation of this indicator allows for such innovations to be positively counted toward this target and others (e.g. Target 3.9)
Clean HHE
Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health | 21 July 20167 |
SDG 11.6.2: Annual urban mean
concentration of particulate matter
(PM2.5), population-weighted
Country consultation on air pollution dataCountry consultation on air pollution data
SDG 3.9.1: Mortality from air pollution
SDG 7.1.2: Percentage of population with
primary reliance on clean fuels and
technologies at the household level
•Survey data (input data)
•Modelled country data,
urban/rural (reporting)
•PM in situ measures
(input data)
•Modelled country data,
urban/rural (reporting)
•Country deaths, DALYs and YLLs,
by disease (reporting)
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Historical Perspective: National Household SurveysA story of the good, the bad and the ugly...
The good... The less good (bad)...
The ugly...
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The good... The less good
(bad)...
The ugly...
Usually able to use one question:
What is your main cooking fuel?
Historical Perspective: National Household SurveysA story of the good, the bad and the ugly...
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 19 May 201710 |
WHO IAQG define “clean” for health ?
Normative guidance found in the WHO Guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion provide:
• Provides emission rate targets for PM2.5, and CO that determine whether fuel and technology combinations are “clean” for health
• Provides guidance on the policy in transition to the sustained adoption of clean fuels (e.g. LPG) and technologies
• Recommendations made against kerosene and unprocessed coal use
• Emphasizes importance of addressing all main household energy end uses for health benefits
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 19 May 201711 |
Risk
PM2.5 Exposure
O/Fire‘ChimneyRocketLPG
3
1
125 200 300 µg/m325
Fan
2
WHO air quality annual
guideline:10µg/m 3
IT1 : 35 µg/m 3
Child pneumonia
Leaves ~80% of burden untouched
Can we get here?
Exposure -response relationship
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Review of Multi-Stakeholder Survey Harmonization Process
Review of Multi-Stakeholder Survey Harmonization Process
Two stakeholder meetings (GACC 2013 & PAHO 2015)
Development of enhanced HHE survey instrument in multiple formats
Piloting, refinement and alignment
Finalization, dissemination & capacity-building in countries (Current/Future)
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Capturing the Full Picture: Expanded Survey Questions Needed
Capturing the Full Picture: Expanded Survey Questions Needed
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WHO’s Clean Household Energy Solutions Toolkit (CHEST):Tools and Resources for Developing & Implementing Clean Home Energy Policies & Programmes
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WHO Household Energy DatabasesWHO Household Energy Databases
• The WHO HHE database currently houses data on the main energy source for:
• Cooking: >900 surveys, 161 countries, 1970-2014• Lighting: 174 surveys, 75 countries, 1963-2014• Heating: 42 surveys, 23 countries, 1980-2012
… updates in process, and new data welcome
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Challenges for Global Monitoring of Household Energy Use
� Harmonization–missing a systematic system of validated questions & response options
� Enhanced assessment – measure more than just main fuel for cooking
• Include heating, lighting• Assess all fuels used
� Time, resources & questionnaire space (PRACTICALITY)
� Country support – countries need to be better understand the value of this information, have the capacity to capture this information and the resources to do so
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Survey Harmonization GoalsSurvey Harmonization Goals
� Goals– Enhance and harmonize household surveys to
ensure same essential data is captured by all surveys
– Facilitate monitoring of SDGs– Account for all fuels and technologies used for
cooking, heating, lighting
• Ideally, provide data on household energy use
impacts on health, gender, environment, etc.
– Ensure alignment with MTF of SE4All GTF
� Multi-stakeholder household energy survey harmonization process is led by WHO in cooperation with Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves and World Bank
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Household Energy Use QuestionsHousehold Energy Use Questions
� Priority questions for SDG monitoring – 10 essential questions and additional priority questions
• 7 questions for SDG 7.1.2, 3 questions for SDG 7.1.1 – Primary fuels and technologies for cooking, heating, lighting– Questions structured to capture use of clean solid fuel technologies– Target audience: national surveys, censuses– For discussion today
� Additional questions that capture more details – Frequency of use, expenditures / prices– Characterization of wood biomass stoves and fuels– Target audience: surveys focused on energy use– For discussion on future call
*
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Products of Survey Harmonization Process
Products of Survey Harmonization Process
� Survey documents , in multiple formats
� Household Energy Use Questionnaire Guide , explains the importance of each question, and calculations for constructing indicators
� Household Energy Use Catalog , with detailed descriptions of all answer options for survey questions, including pictorial guides (can be used in training)
� Interviewer Manual , for training and a reference tool
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A Closer Look at the “NEW”Priority HHE Use QuestionsA Closer Look at the “NEW”Priority HHE Use Questions
� 7 essential questions
� Designed for use at national, local or project level
� Main fuels and technologies for heating and lighting
� Captures multiple fuels and technologies for cooking
� Cooking location
� More exhaustive and detailed list of fuels and technology options
� Provided in multiple formats
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Digging Deeper: Extended -Version HHE Use Questions
Digging Deeper: Extended -Version HHE Use Questions
� All of “Priority” HHE questions AND…
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Digging Deeper: Extended -Version HHE Use Questions
Digging Deeper: Extended -Version HHE Use Questions
� All of “Priority” HHE questions AND…
� Supplementary fuels & technology for heating & lighting
� Includes questions related to time use for collecting fuel (introduced in roster)
� Assess health & livelihood
impacts, disaggregated by sex & age
� Captures other end uses (e.g. incense)
� Time spent cooking & space heating
� Household roles
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A Closer Look at the “NEW”Household Energy Use Questions
A Closer Look at the “NEW”Household Energy Use Questions
� Available in 3 Formats
List MatrixDHS/MICS
Concise Matrix
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Showing progress: measuring the transition
Showing progress: measuring the transition
� For reporting SDG 7.1.2, WHO will report:– Primary reliance on clean cooking fuels and technologies– Primary reliance on clean lighting fuels and technologies– Primary reliance on clean heating fuels and technologies– Composite indicator: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for
cooking AND heating AND lighting– Historical indicator: Primary use of solid fuel for cooking
� WHO will also calculate and report:– Household use of clean , transitional , and polluting fuels
for cooking, heating and lighting – Will be available from WHO Global Health Observatory and in World Health
Statistics annual report
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How are indicators calculated?How are indicators calculated?
� WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Household Fuel Combustion
– How clean is clean enough (fuel + device)
– What fuels shouldn’t be used
– All end-uses (e.g. cooking, heating,
lighting) need to be clean
– Transition to clean will take time & vary
across settings
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Review of Pilot EffortsReview of Pilot EffortsN Preferred
Survey Format
Survey Length
Avg. Min.
Cameroon – Daniel Pope, Nigel Bruce, Eliza Puzzolo, Nganda Malea, U. Liverpool, GLPGP
1500 List Short 12
Paraguay – Karin Troncoso, PAHO 250 Matrix Long 15
Benin - Herve Lanwin, MSF 58 List Short 20
Peru – Stella Hartinger, Daniel Maeusezahl, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
174 List Short 20
Ghana – Kwaku Poku Asante, Martha Abdulai, Ghana Health Services
200 Both Both 20
Peru – Kendra Williams, William Checkley, Johns Hopkins University
Belize – MICS
Costa Rica - MICS
Tanzania - Edmund Bell-King, Colalight
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MICS 6 IndicatorsMICS 6 Indicators
HOUSEHOLD ENERGY USE
13.1 Access to electricity HC Number of household members with access to electricity Total number of household membersSDG
Indicator 7.1.1
13.2Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking, space heating and lighting
EUNumber of household members with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking, space heating and lighting
Total number of household membersSDG
Indicator 7.1.2
13.3Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking
EUNumber of household members with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking
Total number of household members
13.4Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for space heating
EUNumber of household members with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for space heating
Total number of household members
13.5Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for lighting
EUNumber of household members with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for lighting
Total number of household members
� MICS 6 includes 9 household energy questions
� Questions ask about primary fuels and technologies for:– Cooking, heating, lighting and ventilation
� Appreciate MICS team for testing and incorporating these questions!
� http://mics.unicef.org/tools
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Lessons from PilotingLessons from Piloting
� All pilot partners but one stated that length was reasonable
� When secondary source of fuel is considered, clean fuel households decrease from 82 to 47 percent (MICS, Belize)
– Without information on frequency of use of secondary source, hard to use secondary source information
� Emphasize who answers the questionnaire (Peru)
� Training manual is needed (Peru)
� Skip heating section if not applicable in country (many)
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Pilot Results from Cameroon: Survey Length
Pilot Results from Cameroon: Survey Length
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
DHS/MICSLong
DHS/MICSShort
Matrix Long Matrix Short List Long List Short
Min
utes
(av
erag
e) p
er s
urve
y
Format strongly preferred by field
team
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Main Cookstove / Cooking DeviceMain Cookstove / Cooking Device
*
*
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Fuel Used in Main Cookstove / Cooking Device
Fuel Used in Main Cookstove / Cooking Device
� Main Fuel
� Cooking Location
*
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Main Space Heating DeviceMain Space Heating Device
*
*
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Main Space Heating FuelMain Space Heating Fuel
*
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Main Lighting DeviceMain Lighting Device
*
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Electricity SectionElectricity Section
� No comments submitted – Discussion?
*
*
*
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Time Use and Health (Recommended)Time Use and Health (Recommended)
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THANK YOU! ANY QUESTIONS?THANK YOU! ANY QUESTIONS?
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Indicator Calculation (Cooking)Indicator Calculation (Cooking)
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Indicator Calculation (Heating)Indicator Calculation (Heating)
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Indicator Calculation (Lighting)Indicator Calculation (Lighting)
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Manufactured StovesManufactured Stoves
� Manufactured stoves are produced in a centralized location and sold or distributed to the end user or household as a finished product.
– It is possible that, especially in the case of large stoves, specialized technicians come to the household to install the stove.
– Manufactured stoves are constructed from prefabricated materials or materials not easily available in the immediate community.
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How does WHO use national survey data?How does WHO use national survey data?
� Global population relying primarily on polluting & clean fuel and technologies (1980-2015)