Manejo e Cultivo de Bambu
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Transcript of Manejo e Cultivo de Bambu
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Conteúdo1. O Bambu
2. Cultivo
2.1 Escolha da espécie2.2 Plantio2.3 Produtividade2.4 Propagação do bambu
3. Manejo
3.1.Cuidados com a moita3.2 Colheita
4. Aplicações
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Bambus
• Tradicional nos países orientais
• Colômbia e Equador
• Rapidamente renovado
Foto: Marco Pereira
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Distribuição Geográfica
(Bamboos: Recht Watterwald)
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Bambus
• Destruição dos Biomas Naturais
• Demanda por madeira
• Alternativa/Nova opção
Foto: Greenpeace
Autor desconhecido
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Principais Usos e Espécies
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Partes da Planta
(NMBA, 2004)
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Partes do Bambu
(Adaptado de Bamboo: Gifts of the Gods)
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Colmo
Bambusa oldhamii (Foto: Thiago Greco)
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Colmo: Anatomia
Vasos
Fibras
Parênquima
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Colmo:Propriedades Físicas e Mecânicas
• Densidade
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Colmo:Propriedades Físicas e Mecânicas
“As propriedades estruturais do bambu, tomadas pelas relações resistência – massa específica e rigidez - massa específica, superam as madeiras e o concreto, podendo ser comparado ao aço”. (JANSSEN, 2000)
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Copa: Folhas e galhos
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Rizoma e Raízes
• Sustentação à planta (Raízes).
• Absorção de água e nutrientes do solo (Raízes).
• Caule subterrâneo
• Gemas que originam colmos e novos rizomas
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Rizoma
(Bamboo World – Vitor Cusack)
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Tipos de bambus lenhosos
(NMBA, 2004)
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Entouceirantes (“Clumping”)
Dendrocalamus giganteus
Simpodial
(Foto: Thiago Greco)
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Alastrante (“Running”)
Monopodial
Phylostachys pubescens (Autor desconhecido)
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Principais Gêneros
• Bambusa
• Dendrocalamus
• Guadua
• Phylostachys
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Bambu: Aproveitamento total
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Cultivo
(Tropical Bamboos – Colômbia)
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Escolha da Espécie• Definição dos objetivos do plantio
• Estabelecimento dos parâmetros mínimos de temperatura
• Verificação dos dados de precipitação anual
• Observação da tolerância das espécies a insolação incidente no local
• Verificação do espaço a ser ocupado pelo bambu
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Espécies indicadas
Bambusa oldhamiiT.min: -9°CArtesanato, estruturas leves, brotos,móveis, ornamentação
Bambusa ventricosaT.min: -9°CProdução de móveis, artesanato, paisagismo, bonsai, controle de erosão
(Foto: Thiago Greco) (Autor desconhecido)
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Espécies Indicadas
Bambusa tuldoidesT.min: -9°CCerca viva, controle de erosão,Artesanato, papel
Bambusa textillisT.min: -15°CArtesanato, estruturas leves, brotos,Móveis, ornamentação
(www. bamboogrove.com.au) (Autor desconhecido)
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Espécies Indicadas
Dendrocalamus asperT.min: -9°CBrotos, construção, móveis
Guadua chacoensesT.min: -2°CConstrução, múltiplos usos no meio rural
(Bamboo World) (American Bamboos)
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Plantio: Preparo da cova
Figura: Bamboo (Recht/Watterwald)
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Exigências Nutricionais
• pH: 5,5 – 6,5
• K > N > Ca > Mg > P (Em quantidade)
• Fe > Zn > Mn > B > Cu
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Adubação
• Plantio: Esterco revigorado (NPK)
• Cobertura: 20 – 05 – 20 + micronutrientes
• Calagem (correção de acidez)
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Produtividade das Moitas
• Variável dependendo das condições (Temperatura, nutrição, irrigação)
• D. giganteus: 8 – 9 colmos/moita/ano
• G. angustifolia: 7 – 8 colmos/moita/ano
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Desenvolvimento das moitas
(Prafance)
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Propagação do Bambu
• Sexuada (por sementes)
• Assexuada – Novos descendentes a partir de partes da planta matriz
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Sementes
Bambusa lako (Foto: Thiago Greco)
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Sementes
Guadua chacoensis (Foto: Prof. Beraldo)
Phylostachys pubescens “Mosó”(Autor desconhecido)
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Ramos Laterais
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Ramos Laterais
• Estaquia do bambu
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Ramos Laterais
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Divisão do Rizoma
• Alastrantes: método mais difundido
• Entouceirantes: indicado para bambus de pequeno porte
(B. gracillis, B. tuldoides, B. multiplex)
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Parcelas de colmo
• “Copinho”
• Seção de colmo “escudinho”
(Marco P
ereira)(P
rof. Beraldo)
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“Chusquin” – G. angustifolia
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Colmo enterrado
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Propagação ‘In Vitro’
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Exemplos de Sucesso
UNESP – BauruProf. Marco Pereira• Cultivo de bambu
para aproveitamento em pesquisas
• Aproximadamente 100 moitas
• 15 anos
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Exemplos de Sucesso
ITAPAGÉ - PE• Área: 100.000 ha
(aprox.)
• Aplicação: papel kraft& biomassa
(Foto: Prof. Beraldo)
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Manejo do Bambuzal
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Cuidados com a moita
• Retirada de colmos velhos e secos, galhos e outros materiais que obstruam a colheita dos colmos.
• Fitossanidade
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Limpeza da Moita
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Colheita
(Prof. Beraldo)(Autor desconhecido)
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Colheita – Conhecimento tradional
• Inverno: meses sem “r”
• Fases da lua: Lua Minguante
• Horário ideal para o corte
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Lua Minguante
• A seiva se desloca do colmo e fica armazenada nos rizomas e raízes.
• Colmos mais secos.
• Colmos supostamente com menor quantidade de amido.
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Fases da Lua
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O Amido não varia
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Idade dos colmos
Maduro ImaturoImagens: Prof. Beraldo
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Idade dos colmos
Imagens: Thiago Greco
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Corte correto
• Anatomia
• Ordem de corte
• Observar a direção de queda dos colmos
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Corte
Motosserra Serrote de Poda
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Corte
(VARGAS, L.R.)
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Cura na Moita
[López (2003)] (Marco Pereira)
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Após a Secagem...
(Marco Pereira)
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Manejo para obtenção de Brotos
• D. asper,D. latiflorus,B. oldhamii, P. pubescens,Nastus elatus• Máximo 10 colmos• 30 – 40 cm• Após crescimento
inicial (10 – 15 dias)• Novos brotos por 2 – 3
mesesDendrocalamus latiflorus (Marco Pereira)
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