, ...

7 1 1

,

EC7

. ...

, 2009

EC7

1. ( )

2 2. ..

3. , -

..

4. ,

5.

EC7-1

, : /

/

( )

:

:

EC7-1

..: ( Brinch Hansen,

Terzaghi DIN 4017)Terzaghi, DIN 4017) ( ,

Terzaghi, DIN 4014) ( Rankine, Coulomb) ( Bishop, Janbu ...)

:

= fE

BqS E

7

1997-1 (2004): Part 1

1997-2 (2007): Part 2

7: :

)

) )

(LSD)

1997-1:

. 1:

2: . 2:

. 3:

4: . 4: ,

. 5: , ,

6: . 6:

. 7:

8: . 8:

. 9:

10: .10:

.11:

12: .12:

1997-1:

. ()

. () 1,2 3.

. ()

. () .

. () - .

1997-1:

. ()

. ()

() . ()

() . ()

EC 7-1:

1. , . ( )

2.

3 (calculation models) 3. (calculation models) ()

4. EC7-1

5. EC7 . (qualified personnel)

EC7

1990: : 1991: 1998-5: ,

,

(TC) CEN: (TC) CEN:

CEN/TC 341: CEN/TC 288: CEN/TC 288: CEN/TC 189: CEN/TC 227: CEN/TC WG203: Maintenance Group of SC7: , ,

, ..

C7, C, :

) (Principles):) (Principles):

) (application rules):`) (application rules):

EC7

. 2:

2.1

2.2

2 3 2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2 8 2.8

2.1

. :

1. 1.

2.

3. 3.

4. ( , , , ..)

5. ( , , , ..)

6.

1 2 3 4: 5 6 :

1( )

2

.

3 ,

, .

3

EC71.

1. .

, (EC 7 1) (EC 7-1)

2. ..

.

3.

.

EC7 EC7 1990 EC7

:

( )

,

, ... ..

, ...

, , F,(actions) (material properties) (actions) , ,(material properties) (design values).

(characteristic values) (partial factors).

(Fd) (d) ( d) ( d) , () ():

: F = F F = F () : Fd = Frep F , Frep= Fk ()

X / () : d = Xk / ()

: Frep =

Fk =

F =

=

=

= ( 1990)

:

d

:

a) a)

b) b)

EC7-1

EC7-1 (SF)

(F)

1 (P) O 1. (P) O 1990:2002 1991

()

1. (P) / , .

2. () 2. () (cautious estimate)

: ; ;

:

.

:

:

:

EC7-1 ,

,

.

.

.

() (cautious) (), (), .

Frank et.al (2004):

EC7-1 :

, , ,

5%

(Orr, 2008)

12m :cu: 27, 42, 47, 31, 53, 38, 29, 49, 35, 54 KPau

m=40,5 KPa

Sd=10,0 KPa

() Cu (m)

m Student:

=

nXStXXm

dcm 1 m

n : o :

tc : Student n.

n=10 KPaX 7.34= Schneider (1997), :

dm SXX = 50,0KPaX 535= KPaX 5.35

, 5% :

dm SXX = 64,1 dm ,

KPaX 1.24=

- ,

cu

-

,

EC7 2

EC7 1

(LSD)

( ) ( )

LSD ,

LSD

Simpson (1997) :

LS

/

(ULS) (ULS) (SLS)

LSD LSD

LSD LSD

, , ( ), ( ), .

( 1990):

a) (ultimate limit states - ULS)

( 1990):

a) (ultimate limit states ULS)

() .

b) (serviceabillity limit states - SLS)

(.. ,

, , )

(C7-1) :

1. (ULS) :

,

2 (SLS) :2. (SLS) :

(ULS) C7-1 (ULS)

EQU

C7-1 (ULS) :

EQU: , .

STR:

GEO: ,

UPL: () ()

HYD: (hydraulic heave),

(EQU)

( ( .. )

(UPL)

(YD)

ULS :

dd RE (1) Rd Ed

(F , X) EC7-1

, (FS)

Ed :

1. (F):

( )2 ( ) ():

: (2)( )= XFEE Fd ,2. () ():

: (2)( )= XFEE Ed ,: (2)( ) XFEE Ed ,: : : F:

M:

E:

(R )

(Rd), (), (R), : :

( ) (3 )( )= XFRR Fd , (3)( ) XFRR Fd ,

1= (3) R1 ( )MFR

d XFRR ,1= (3)R

R :

1. : : k ( ):

: 1k

dXX = : 1

2. ():

M

: Fk ( ): Fd = FFk

: 1 : F 1

3. : (.. ): Rd : Ed : E R : Ed Rd

:

7:() Ed() Rd (Rd = Wdtand)() : R E() : Rd Ed

: :() E() R (R = Wtan)

() : 50.1ER

STR & GEO

EC7-1

. .

(DA)

, ,

1 (DA-1)

(2) (3), :

( ) XFR( ) XFE (4) (1): 1 + 1 + R1

( ) XFR F ,( ) XFE F , (4) ( ) 1 1 1

(F>1), (=1). (

)

(2): 2 + 2 + R2

( >1) ( =1) (>1), (F=1).

( )

,,R: , ,

2 (DA-2)

: DA-2 DA-2*

ULS:

1) GEO & STR: , ,

2) STR: : ULS GEO

3) GEO & STR:

3 .

DA-2

(2) (3), :

( )XFE ( )XFR1 (5)( ) XFE F , ( )MFR

XFR , (5) : 1 + 1 + R1 , =1

DA-2*:

(2) (3), =1 F=1 , :

( )XFE ( )XFR1( ) XFEE , ( ) XFRR , DA-2

DA-2*

(2)

=1, DA2* :

( ) XFE ( ) XFR ,1( ) XFE F , ( ) R ,: >1: F>1

:

:

DA2:

DA2*:

DA-2 DA-2* ::

1 1.

2.

3. ( =1)3. ( 1)

4. DA-2*

FS, : FS = R

3 (DA-3)

(GEO) :

1)

2)

(2) (3) : (2) (3), :

( ) XFE F , ( ) XFR F ,( ) F , ( ) F , 1 2 + 2 + R3 ,:

1 , 2 , 2 , R3 ,

GEO/STR

1 2

2

1

2 3 A1 A2 M1 M2 R1 R2 R3

(G) G 1,35 1,0

G,fav 1,0 1,0

(Q) Q 1,5 1,3

Q,fav 0 0

1,0 1,25

c 1,0 1,25

cu 1,0 1,4

qu 1,0 1,4

(tan)

(c)

(cu)

(qu) qu , ,

1,0 1,0

Rv 1,0 1,4 1,0

Rh 1,0 1,1 1,0

(qu)

()

(Rv)

(Rh)

Re 1,0 1,0

1,4

1,1

a 1,1 1,1 1,0

...

...

a 1,1 1,1 1,0

EITOYPKTHTA (SLS)

1. .

2. :

Ed Cd

: Ed: (.. , .).)

Cd: (.. .)

. C7-1.

, EC7-1

1. : : k k : =1 ( ): d = k

2. (): : Fk : Fk : F =1 ( ): Fd = Fk

3. : : Ed ( ) : Ed (.. ) : Cd

(.. ) E C : Ed Cd

( )LAD

S: S:

A DCB

Smax: :

Smax

max

/L: A B C D

max

maxmax

: :

A B C D

max

() , 1/2000 1/300 ... (SLS) ( )

1/500

(ULS) 1/150 (ULS) 1/150

50 mm , 50 mm

(prescriptive measures) (p p )

, o .

.

.

:

(obserational method)

.

:

) .

) .

) .

1997-1

:

) )

)

) )

)

) )

)

) )

.

E1997-1

:

1. : (Rd Ed) (Ed Cd)

2 ( )2. (F, ) (FSmin)

3. (Fk) 3. (Fk) (Xk)

: R = , = (.. )

: EFSRFSER

minmin EC-7:

Mk

kFdM

kkFd

X,FEX,FR

E 1997-1

(LSD).

( )( ).

. .

.

.

.

: : .