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............................ 3.................................... 3

........................................ 4EXT2 MINIX ......................... 4

1 .................................................................. 5

1.1 LINUX ........................................... 51.2 ........................................................... 121.3 ........................................................... 16

2 .................................... 17

2.1 ........................................ 172.2 I/O .......................... 192.3 BIOS CMOS ................ 212.4 ................................................ 232.5 ........................................................... 31

3 .................................... 32

3.1 AS86 ....................................................... 323.2 GNU AS ...................................................... 383.3 C ......................................................... 483.4 C ................................. 553.5 LINUX 0.11 ................................. 633.6 MAKE MAKEFILE ........................... 72

4 80X86 ............................ 75

4.1 80X86 ........................ 754.2 ............................................ 814.3 ........................................................... 854.4 ........................................................... 964.5 ................................................................... 994.6 .............................................. 1104.7 ......................................................... 1204.8 ...................................... 1284.9 .......................... 131

5 LINUX ................................ 141

5.1 LINUX ............................................... 1415.2 LINUX ............................... 1425.3 LINUX ................... 1445.4 ......................................................... 157

5.5 LINUX ........................................... 1605.6 .............................................. 1625.7 LINUX ............................................... 1645.8 LINUX ....................... 1725.9 LINUX 0.11 ............................ 1765.10 LINUX ..................... 1775.11 ........................ 1845.12 LINUX/MAKEFILE .................................... 1845.13 ........................................................ 189

6 BOOT ........................... 191

6.1 .......................................................... 1916.2 BOOTSECT.S ............................................... 1936.3 SETUP.S ..................................................... 2036.4 HEAD.S ...................................................... 2216.5 .......................................................... 234

7 (INIT) ....................................... 235

7.1 MAIN.C ...................................................... 2357.2 .............................................. 2477.3 .......................................................... 249

8 (KERNEL)................................... 251

8.1 .......................................................... 2518.2 MAKEFILE ................................................. 2548.3 ASM.S ........................................................ 2568.4 TRAPS.C ..................................................... 2628.5 SYSTEM_CALL.S ........................................ 2678.6 MKTIME.C .................................................. 2798.7 SCHED.C .................................................... 2818.8 SIGNAL.C ................................................... 3008.9 EXIT.C ....................................................... 3118.10 FORK.C .................................................... 3188.11 SYS.C ....................................................... 3268.12 VSPRINTF.C .............................................. 3338.13 PRINTK.C ................................................. 3418.14 PANIC.C ................................................... 3428.15 ........................................................ 343

9 (BLOCK DRIVER)......... 345

9.1 .......................................................... 3469.2 MAKEFILE ................................................. 3499.3 BLK.H ........................................................ 3519.4 HD.C .......................................................... 3559.5 LL_RW_BLK.C ........................................... 3789.6 RAMDISK.C ................................................ 3849.7 FLOPPY.C ................................................... 390

10 (CHAR DRIVER) ..... 417

10.1 ....................................................... 41710.2 MAKEFILE ............................................... 42710.3 KEYBOARD.S .......................................... 42910.4 CONSOLE.C .............................................. 44810.5 SERIAL.C ................................................. 47410.6 RS_IO.S ................................................... 48310.7 TTY_IO.C ................................................. 48710.8 TTY_IOCTL.C ........................................... 499

11 (MATH).............................. 507

11.1 MAKEFILE ............................................... 50711.2 MATH-EMULATION.C ................................ 509

12 (FS)............................................. 511

12.1 ....................................................... 51112.2 MAKEFILE ............................................... 52712.3 BUFFER.C ................................................ 53012.4 BITMAP.C ................................................. 54712.5 TRUNCTE.C .............................................. 55312.6 INODE.C .................................................. 55512.7 SUPER.C .................................................. 56712.8 NAMEI.C .................................................. 57712.9 FILE_TABLE.C .......................................... 60112.10 BLOCK_DEV.C ....................................... 60112.11 FILE_DEV.C ............................................ 60512.12 PIPE.C .................................................... 60812.13 CHAR_DEV.C ......................................... 61212.14 READ_WRITE.C ...................................... 61512.15 OPEN.C .................................................. 62112.16 EXEC.C .................................................. 62712.17 STAT.C ................................................... 64712.18 FCNTL.C ................................................ 64912.19 IOCTL.C ................................................. 652

13 (MM) .......................................... 655

13.1 ....................................................... 65513.2 MAKEFILE ............................................... 66113.3 MEMORY.C ............................................... 66213.4 PAGE.S ..................................................... 679

14 (INCLUDE) ................................... 683

14.1 INCLUDE/ ................................. 68314.2 A.OUT.H ................................................... 68414.3 CONST.H .................................................. 69514.4 CTYPE.H .................................................. 69514.5 ERRNO.H ................................................. 69714.6 FCNTL.H .................................................. 69914.7 SIGNAL.H ................................................ 70114.8 STDARG.H ................................................ 70314.9 STDDEF.H ................................................ 70414.10 STRING.H ............................................... 70514.11 TERMIOS.H ............................................ 715

14.12 TIME.H ................................................... 72214.13 UNISTD.H ............................................... 72414.14 UTIME.H ................................................ 72914.15 INCLUDE/ASM/ ....................... 73114.16 IO.H ....................................................... 73114.17 MEMORY.H ............................................. 73214.18 SEGMENT.H ............................................ 73314.19 SYSTEM.H .............................................. 73514.20 INCLUDE/LINUX/ .................... 73914.21 CONFIG.H ............................................... 73914.22 FDREG.H ............................................ 74114.23 FS.H ....................................................... 74414.24 HDREG.H ................................................ 74914.25 HEAD.H ................................................. 75214.26 KERNEL.H .............................................. 75314.27 MM.H ..................................................... 75414.28 SCHED.H ................................................ 75414.29 SYS.H .................................................... 76114.30 TTY.H ..................................................... 76314.31 INCLUDE/SYS/ ......................... 76614.32 STAT.H ................................................... 76614.33 TIMES.H ................................................. 76714.34 TYPES.H ................................................. 76814.35 UTSNAME.H ........................................... 76914.36 WAIT.H ................................................... 770

15 (LIB)............................................... 773

15.1 MAKEFILE ............................................... 77415.2 _EXIT.C ................................................... 77615.3 CLOSE.C .................................................. 77715.4 CTYPE.C .................................................. 77715.5 DUP.C ...................................................... 77815.6 ERRNO.C .................................................. 77915.7 EXECVE.C ................................................ 77915.8 MALLOC.C ............................................... 78015.9 OPEN.C .................................................... 78915.10 SETSID.C ................................................ 79015.11 STRING.C ................................................ 79115.12 WAIT.C ................................................... 79115.13 WRITE.C ................................................ 792

16 (TOOLS) .................................... 795

16.1 BUILD.C ................................................... 795

17 ........................ 802

17.1 BOCHS ............................................ 80217.2 BOCHS LINUX 0.11 ............... 80617.3 ........................ 81317.4 ........................ 81517.5 BOCHS ................................... 81717.6 ........................................ 82417.7 ............................................ 82717.8 LINUX 0.11 0.11 ........... 83417.9 REDHAT 9 LINUX 0.11 .. 835

17.10 + 83817.11 SHOELACE .... 84317.12 GDB BOCHS ...... 846

.................................................................... 853

............................................................................ 855

1 ............................................ 855

2 ASCII ................................................. 8633 C0 C1 ......................... 8644 ........................ 8655 1 ................................ 868

............................................................................ 869

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3-2

AT&T Intel

cbtw cbw %al %ax

cwtl cwde %ax %eax

cwtd cwd %ax %dx:%ax

cltd cdq %eax %edx:%eax

3.2.3.2

3-3

cs, ds, ss, es, fs, gs :

data16, addr16 / 32 /

16 / as 16

lock80X86

wait80386/80387

rep, repe, repne %ecx

3.2.3.3

3.2.3.4

3.2.4

ld

3.2.4.1

3-2

3.2.4.2text data

as subsection0--8192

text

3.2.4.3 bss bss bss

bss

3.2.5Symbol

Label

3.2.5.1

3.2.5.2

3.2.6 as

3.2.6.1 .align abs-expr1, abs-expr2, abs-expr3

3.2.6.2 .ascii "string"...

3.2.6.3 .asciz "string"...

3.2.6.4 .byte expressions

3.2.6.5 .comm symbol, length

3.2.6.6 .data subsection

3.2.6.7 .desc symbol, abs-expr

3.2.6.8 .fill repeat, size, value

3.2.6.9 .global symbol .globl symbol

3.2.6.10 .int expressions

3.2.6.11 .lcomm symbol, length

3.2.6.12 .long expressions

3.2.6.13 .octa bignums

3.2.6.14 .org new_lc, fill

3.2.6.15 .quad bignums

3.2.6.16 .short expressions .word expressions

3.2.6.17 .space size, fill

3.2.6.18 .string "string"

3.2.6.19 .text subsection

3.2.6.20 .word expressions

3.2.7 16

3.2.8 AS

3.3 C GNU gcc ISO C89 C ISO C99

gcc

3.3.1 Cgcc C

3-3

gcc C C CPP C

C

Linux make

3.3.2C C

1 asm

CC

” gccgcc /

22

10

__res 10'\'

1 get_seg_byte(seg,addr) 3__res

eax “ ” "asm""__asm__" 4 "__asm__" 4 7 4 AT&T

gcc

8 eax __res"=a" "a" "="

9 seg eax "0"(*(addr))

"%0"%0 %1 …%9 %0

("0" (seg)) %1 %2 6 %2 (*(addr))

4—7 fs eaxfs fs:(*(addr)) al

eax __resseg addr

1-3 "\n\t" gccC gcc

CC (

) "\n\t"4 5 count-1 ecx

"c" fill_value eax dest edi gccgcc

fill_value eax gcc eaxmovl

gcc gccgcc 3-4

a eax m

b ebx o

c ecx I 0-31

d edx J 0-63

S esi K 0-255

D edi L 0-65535

qeax ebx ecx edx

M 0-3

r N 1 0-255

geax ebx ecx edx

O 0-31

A eax edx (64 ) =

+ &earlyclobber

gcc

” ” 1 ”” x 5 "%0" "%1" gcc

"%1" x "%0"0 gcc r

eax

GCC asm

gccgcc gcc

mm/memory.c

include/string.h strncmp() "\n\t"gcc

3.3.3 ”{...}”

”({...})” GNU C loop switch

”3 + z”void

init/main.c CMOS

include/asm/io.h I/O port _v inb()

3.3.4 GNU C CPUCPU 2

asm gccgcc

gcc asm volatile

LinuxGNU C

ax resgcc

gcc

asm

3.3.5gcc

/

gcc

” ”” ”

fs/inode.c

malloca() gotogcc

gcc

ISO C99 gccISO C99

C99 inline static gcc C99

gcc

ISO C99 static static

.h

Linux 0.1x

strcpy()

3.4 C

C

3.4.1 CLinux

CC C

Intel 80x86 CPU

3.4.1.1CPU

Stack frame 3-4 ebpframe pointer esp stack pointer esp

ebp

A B B A A B AA B

ebp

B CPU

C '&'B

esp push pop

CALL RET CALLCALL

RETCALL

eax

Intel CPU eax edx ecx

B A B Aebx esi edi B

Aebp esp

3.4.1.2C

C3-5

ebpgdb 2

a b -4 -8

C

3--55 esp 4 c

6--15 swap 6--8 1 &aecx 9--12 2 &b

1 13--15 c2 16--17 leave

swap() esp ebp ret19--21 main() main() a b

22--23 24-28 main() swap()leal b a swap()

1 call 29--30eax

C C

3.4.1.3 main()gcc 1.40 gcc

C main() crt0.scrt0.s stub crt C run-time

Linux 0.11 crt0.s_environ

gcc gcc'-v'

stub crt0.o ldgld exch.o exch crt0.o

crt0.oELF gcc 2.x crt0

crt1.o crti.o crtbegin.o crtend.o crtn.o crt1.o crti.o crtbegin.ocrtbeginS.o crtend.o crtendS.o crtn.o gcc specfile

ctr1.o crti.o crtn.o C C crtbegin.o crtend.oC++ gcc crt1.o crt0.o main()

crtbegin.o crtend.o C++ constructordestructor crtbeginS.o crtendS.o crti.o

crtn.o

boot/head.s 136--140 init/main.c main() 139140 main() head.s 218

ret main() init/main.c

3.4.2 CC C

swap()C

1 3-6 CALL

CALL CPU CALL EIPCPU

Linux CALLCALL

C C3-6 3

EIP1 2 3 p3 p2

Linux 0.1x217 68

5 17

C copy_process()5 copy_process() 5 eax nr

ebp edi esi gs

none 9474

83--88 ebx ecx edx fs es ds 5 CPUeip cs eflags esp ss

CPU C5

C CALL JMP

JMP RETLinux

62 do_int3()

3.4.3 CC C Linux

C

1 0x804

int 0x80 %eax4 %ebx %ecx %edx fd buf count mywrite()

sys_write()2 res

0res

Linux RedHat 9'_' C

mywrite()myadd() a b 3 res mywrite()

myadd() 0

3.5 Linux 0.11Linux 0.11 as86

ld86 16GNU as gas C gcc

gld

Linux 0.11

Image Linux 0.11 a.out as86ld86 MINIXMINIX a.out

John R. Levine Linkers & Loaders

3.5.1Linux 0.11 GNU gcc gas

UNIX a.out Assembly & linker editor outputa.out

Text section Data section3-7

a.out 7exec header exec

ld

text segment

data segment

text relocations

data relocationssymbol table

string table

Linux 0.11 Intel CPU64MB

3.5.1.132 exec

a.out include/a.out.h

a.out a.out Linux 0.11OMAGIC Old Magic a.out

0x107 0407 ZMAGIC a.outdemang-paging load on demand

0x10b 041332 ZMAGIC 1024

32 0 1024OMAGIC .o 32

a_text a_data a_bssbss Linux

bssbss bss

a_entry a_syms a_trsize a_drsize

03.5.1.2 Linux 0.11 a.out

8

4r_address 2

r_length 0 3 1 2 4 8r_pcrel PCr_extern r_symbolnum 0

r_symbolnum1 r_symbolnum

3.5.1.3

GNU gcc12 null

n_type1

n_type a.out.h

text data bbsabsundef 0

bssbss

Common block

3.5.2 Linux 0.11Linux 0.11 objdump

hello.o

hello.o 0407 OMAGIC0x28 3 0x10

0 hello 0413 ZMAGIC1024 0x3000 0x1000 141

strip hellohello 0 hello 20591

17412

a.out 3-8 Linux 0.1164MB ZMAGIC a.out

Linux 0.11 Demand-pagingfs/execve()

bss bss 10 heap

3.5.3

a.out a.out

3-9 text data bss

bssbss

Linux 0.11 ZMAGIC a.out0 bss

Linux 0.11ZMAGIC

Loadon demand

Linux 0.11 Makefile makemake tools/ build.c

build ROM BIOSbuild

bootsect setup system Image

3.5.4ld ld86

etext _etextedata _edata end _end

_etext etext 1 _edata edata1 _end end bss 1

brk _end sys_brk()malloc() / brk sbrk()

Linux 0.1X

Linux RedHat 9 Linux0x08048000 0x41b

Linux 0.1x fs/buffer.c _endImage

3.5.5 System.mapGNU gld ld

link map

System.map_etext _edata _end

System.map

1 2sections 3

2 3-5

110--185

A Absolute

B BSS section BSS

C Common

D Data

G Global

I Inderect

N Debugging

R Read only

S Small

T Text

U Undefined 0

- Stabs a.out stab

? Unknwon

klogdklogd klogd

3.6 Make Makefile Makefile makefile make Make

MakefileMakefile GNU make

make Makefile make Makefilemake Makefile make

make Makefile Makefile

make

make CC

Makefile

make

make

’$<’ foo.c $@ foo.o make

makemake

make

target'clean' delete

make

Makefile Makefile

Makefile makemake

3.7as86 GNU as

Linux CLinux 0.11 a.out

Intel 80X86

Linux 0.11

4 80X86

Linux Intel 80X86 PC 80X86 CPUIntel IA-32 Intel

3 80X86 CPUIntel

80X86 CPU 80X86 CPU Linux1. 80X86 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.Linux 0.11

Linux

Linux

4.1 80X86 80X86 EFLAGS

EFLAGS

4.1.1EFLAGS IOPL I/O

-8086 4-1 EFLAGSCF PF AF ZF SF DF OF

EFLAGS

TF 8 Trap Flag

POPF POPFD IRET TF

IOPL 13-12 I/O I/O Privilege Level I/OIOPL CPL IOPL I/O CPL

0 POPF IRET IOPL IF

NT 14 Nested TaskCALL IRET

NT POPF/POPFD

RF 16 Resume FlagRF

IRETDEFLAGS RF

VM 17 -8086 Virtual-8086 Mode -8086

4.1.24 GDTR LDTR IDTR TR

4-2

GDTR LDTR IDTR TR GDTR IDTRLDTR TR TSS Task State Segment TSS

1. GDTR GDTR GDT 32 16 GDT

0 GDT LGDT SGDTGDTR 0

0xFFFF GDTR2. IDTR

GDTR IDTR IDT 32 16LIDT SIDT IDTR

0 0xFFFF3. LDTR LDTR LDT 32 16LLDT SLDT LDTR LDT GDT

LLDT LDT LDTR LDTLDTR LDT

LDTR0 0xFFFF

4. TR TR TSS 16 32 16

GDT TSS LTR STR TRLTR TSS

TSSTR

4.1.3CR0 CR1 CR2 CR3

4-3 CR0 CR1 CR2CR3 PDBR

Page-Directory Base address Register

1. CR0 CR0 4 ET TS EM MP 80X86

11 CR0 ET80387 80287 TS MP

EM WAIT DNA Device Not Available

ET CR0 4 Extension Type 1 8038732 ET=0 80287 EM=1

ET80387 ET 1 80287 ET 0

TS CR0 3 Task Switched

TS CR0 EM 0DNA Device Not Available TS CR0 MP

EM WAIT/FWAITEM TS 4-1

TS

CLTS TS

EM CR0 2 EMulation

MP CR0 1 Monitor Coprocessor Math Present WAIT/FWAITTS MP=1 TS=1 WAIT

MP=0 TS WAIT

CR0

EM MP TS WAIT/FWAIT

0 0 0

0 0 1 DNA

0 1 0

0 1 1 DNA DNA

1 0 0 DNA

1 0 1 DNA

1 1 0 DNA

1 1 1 DNA DNA

2. CR0PE CR0 0 Protection Enable

PE PGPG CR0 31 Paging

PEPE PG

WP Intel 80486 CPU CR0 16 Write Proctect0

UNIX Copy on WriteNE Intel 80486 CPU CR0 5 Numeric Error

X87 PCX87 NE CPU IGNNE

X87 NE CPU IGNNEX87 FERR

WAIT/FWAIT CPU FERR80387 ERROR NE

IGNNE FERR PCPE Protected Enable 0 PG Paging 31

PE PE=1PE=0 8086 PG

PG=1 PG=-0

PE=0 PG=0 PG=0 PE=1PG=1 PE=0

PG=1 PE=1

PE PGPG

PG=1 CPU TLB - Translation Lookaside

BuffersPE

PEPE=0 PG=0

3. CR2 CR3 CR2 CR3 CR3 CR3 PDBR

20 12CR3 12 0MOV CR3

TLB Translation Lookaside Buffer TLB

CR0 PG PG=0 CR3CR3 CR3

CR2 CR2CR2

4.1.4

0 4-2

LLDT Load LDT Register LDTR LDT

LDTR

SLDT Store LDT Regiter LDTR LDTR LDT

LGDT Load GDT Register GDTR GDT

GDTR

SGDT Store GDT Register GDTR GDTR IDT

LTR Load Task Register TR TSS

STR Store Task Register TR TR TSS

LIDT Load IDT Register IDTR IDT

IDTR

SIDT Store IDT Register IDTR IDTR IDT

MOV CRn Move Control Registers CR0 CR1 CR2 CR3

LMSW Load Machine State Word CR0 15--0

80286

SMSW Store Machine State Word 80286

CLTS Clear TS flag CR0 TS

LSL Load Segment Limit

HLT Halt Processor

4.2

4.2.1

80X86 1 2 1 4

1 0 80X86 CPU32 2^32 4G

4G 280X86 80X86 CPU Little Endium

80X86 CPU Opcode Oprand80X86

80X86 Segment

16 14 2^14 1638432 0 4G 4G

16 32 4832

80X86 6 CS DS ES SS FS GS CSSS CS

EIPCS:[EIP] CS EIP

SS ESP SS:[ESP]4 DS

80X86

= + x +

4.2.2

80X86 4-4

1.

4-5TSS

LDT

GDT1

16K 4GB64TB 246 4GB 232

2.

RAM ROM

4KB

80X86

4.2.3 80X86

1.80X86

80X86

Global address space LinuxLocal address space

2.4 Privilege Levels

0 3 0 3

CSCurrent Privilege Level CPL

CPL

CPL

4.3

4.3.180X86 4GB

0 0xFFFFFFFFI/O

80386

1. Base address0

2. limit3. Attributes

0 limit base base + limit

803864-6 Linux 0.1x

Segment Descriptor

Descriptor table

1632 4-7

32 4GB 0 0xFFFFFFFF

1. GDT LDT

2.3.

4.3.24-8 8192 8GDT Global descriptor table LDT Local

descriptor table

GDT LDT214 213 GDT

LDT GDT LDT

LDT LDT GDT GDTLDT

GDT LDTLDT

4-9 GDT LDT 6A B LDT

A A LDTA CodeA DataA B BLDTB CodeB DataB CodeOS DataOS GDT

LDT LDTA LDTB GDT

A LDTA CodeA DataA GDTCodeOS DataOS B LDTB CodeB DataB GDT

LDTA B A B

B A LDT

GDT LDTLDT LDT

GDT GDTGDTR GDT 8 GDT

0 18 GDT 8 1 8N-1

GDT 1DS ES FS GS

LDT LDT GDT LDT LDTLDT GDT LDT GDT

LDT LDT LDTLDTR

GDTR SGDT 483 MOD 4 = 2

4SIDT

IDTR LDTR SLTRSTR MOD 4 = 0

4.3.316 4-10

3RPL Requested Privilege LevelTI Table Index

Index

RPL TIGDT LDT TI=0 GDT TI=1 LDT

GDT LDT

4-11(a) 0x08 GDT RPL=0 1 1 TI 0GDT 4-11(b) 0x10 GDT RPL=0 2 2 TI

0 GDT 4-11(c) 0x0f LDT RPL=3 1 1TI 1 LDT 4-11(d) 0x17 LDT RPL=3 22 TI 1 LDT 4-11 4 (a) (b) (c) (d) Linux 0.1x

4-11(e) 0xffffLDT RPL=3 8191 0b1111111111111 8191 TI 1 LDT

GDT 1 GDT 0 TI 04-11(f) CS SS

CS SS

6 4-12

CS DS SSES FS GS

6

6

1. MOV POP LDS LES LSS LGS LFS2. CALL JMP RET IRET INTn INTO INT3

CS MOV

4.3.4GDT LDT

84-13

LIMIT Segment limit fieldLimit 20

G Limit G=0 Limit1 1MB G=1 Limit 4KB 4GB

4KBE Limit

0 Limit LimitLimit

B Limit 0xFFFFFFFF 0xFFFFLimit

80X86

BASE Base address field4GB 0 332 16

16TYPE Type field

GateS TYPE

4-14S Descriptor type flag

S S=0 S=1DPL Descriptor privilege level

DPL 0 3 0 3 DPL

P Segment presentP P=1 P=0 P

0

4-15 P=0 P 0Avaliable

D/B / /Default operation size/default stack pointer size and/or upper bound

32 1 160

D32 32 8

0 16 16 8 0x660x67

SS B BigPUSH POP CALL 32

ESP 0 16 SPB

B0xFFFFFFFF 4GB 0xFFFF

64KBG Granularity

Limit 04KB

G12 G=1 0 0 4095

Available and reserved bits2 20 21 0

4.3.5S

2 113 8 9 10 A Accessed

W Write-enable E Expansion-direction 4-3W

TYPE

11 10 9 8

E W A

0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 1

2 0 0 1 0 /

3 0 0 1 1 /

4 0 1 0 0

5 0 1 0 1

6 0 1 1 0 /

7 0 1 1 1 /

C R A

8 1 0 0 0

9 1 0 0 1

10 1 0 1 0 /

11 1 0 1 1 /

12 1 1 0 0

13 1 1 0 1

14 1 1 1 0 /

15 1 1 1 1 /

/ SS

3 A Accessed R Read-enable CConforming R /

ROM / CSDS ES FS GS

GDT LDT ROM ROMROM

ROM

4.3.6S 0

LDTTSS

LDT TSS

TSS 4-4

TYPE

11 10 9 8

0 0 0 0 0 Reserved

1 0 0 0 1 16-Bit TSS (Available) 16 TSS

2 0 0 1 0 LDT LDT

3 0 0 1 1 16-Bit TSS (Busy) 16 TSS

4 0 1 0 0 16-Bit Call Gate 16

5 0 1 0 1 Task Gate

6 0 1 1 0 16-Bit Interrupt Gate 16

7 0 1 1 1 16-Bit Trap Gate 16

8 1 0 0 0 Reserved

9 1 0 0 1 32-Bit TSS (Available) 32 TSS

10 1 0 1 0 Reserved

11 1 0 1 1 32-Bit TSS (Busy) 32 TSS

12 1 1 0 0 32-Bit Call gate 32

13 1 1 0 1 Reserved

14 1 1 1 0 32-Bit Interrupt Gate 32

15 1 1 1 1 32-Bit Trap Gate 32

TSS

4.480X86

/ -

CR0 PG PG=1PG=0

4-16

80X86 4K 212 4KB 4K232 4GB 220 1M = 1048576

4K4K 12 12

20 20

present80X86 4GB RAM

Demand-paged4KB

/

TLB Translation Lookaside Buffer TLBTLB

4.4.1page table

220

20 124K

12 0 20 12

32 20 12

4.4.1.1220 1M 4 4MB

80X86 2010

page directory 1 4K 210 1K 410 31--22

210

page table 1 1K 4 420 10 21--12

20 20 12

4-17 CR3 1010

20 12 12 32

4.4.1.24MB

4MB

present

2

4.4.24-18 31--12 20

12

P -- 0 Present P=1 P=0P=0

4-18(b)

R/W -- 1 / Read/Write 1 00 1 2 R/W

R/WU/S -- 2 / User/Supervisor 1

0 0 1 2U/S

A -- 5 Accessed1 1

D -- 6 DirtyD D

AVL --

4.4.3P

P=1P = 0

P=1A D A

D=0 D 0D=1

4.5

2CPL Current Privilege Level CPL

CR0 PE 0

0

CR0 PG 31

/ R/W / U/S/

RPL CPLR/W U/S

4.5.180X86 4 2

4.5.1.1 Limit

G E B/ E

G 20 LimitLimit 0 0xFFFFF 1MB G 4KB Limit

4K Limit 0xFFF 0xFFFFFFFF 4GBG 12 Limit Limit 0

0 0xFFFLimit

1

B +1 0xFFFF FFFF B+1 0xFFFF 0

GDTR IDTR LDTR16

8 N 8N-10 GDT

4.5.1.2 TYPE

S TYPE

S TYPE 4TYPE

TYPE

1.

CS

SS2.

4.5.1.34 0 3 4-19

20 3

CPL Current Privilege Level CPL

CS SS 0 1 CPLCPL conforming

CPLDPL CPL

CPL DPLDPL Descriptor Privilege Level DPL

DPL DPL CPLRPL DPL

Data Segment DPLDPL 1 CPL 0 1

Nonconforming code segment DPLDPL 0 CPL

0Call Gate DPL

DPLDPL 2 CPL 0

TSS DPL TSS

RPL Request Privilege Level RPL0 1 RPL CPL

CPL RPLRPL CPL RPL CPL RPL

RPL CPLRPL

4.5.2DS ES FS GS

SS MOV POP LDS LES LFS LGS LSS4-20

CPL RPL DPL DPL CPLRPL

CPL CPL 0CPL 1 1 3 CPL 3

3ROM

1.2.3. CS CS

1 2 CPLDPL 3 CS DPL CPL

SSCPL CPL RPL DPL RPL DPLCPL

4.5.3

CSCS

EIPJMP RET INT IRET

JMP CALL RET JMP CALL

TSS TSSTSS TSS

4.5.3.1 JMP CALL RET

JMP CALL RET

4 4-21

CPL CPLCPL

DPLRPL

CCPL RPL DPL C C=0

CPL DPLRPL RPL CPL

CSCPL RPL CPL

C=1 CPL DPL CPL < DPL RPL

DPLCPL DPL CPL

CPL DPL CPL

4.5.3.2

4Call Gate TYPE=12Trap Gate TYPE=15Interrupt Gate TYPE=14Task Gate TYPE=5

4-22 GDT LDTIDT

DPLP Param Count

Linux

4.5.3.3CALL JMP

CPU 4-23

CPU

CPU 44-24

CPLRPL

DPLDPL

C

CALL JMP 4-5 DPL

CPL DPL RPL CPLRPL DPL

CALLCPL<= DPL RPL<= DPL

DPL<=CPL

JMPCPL<= DPL RPL<= DPL

DPL<=CPL DPL=CPL

CPU CPLDPL CALL JMP CALL

DPL CPLJMP DPL CPL CALL

JMP DPL CPL

CPLDPLCPL

I/O

4.5.3.4CPU

4 32 1 0 3 0

3 3 SS ESP

0 1 2 TSS TSSCPU CPU

TSS

TSS

SS ESP CS EIP

EFLAGS

CPU4-25

1. DPL CPL TSS TSS

TSS2. TSS3. SS ESP SS ESP

SS ESP4.

31 05. CS EIP CS

EIP

4.5.3.5RET near return far return

CALL CPUCPU

CALL CPU

DPLCPL CPU CS RPL RPL

CPL CPU1. CS RPL2. CS EIP

RPL3. RET CS EIP

ESP ESPSS ESP

4. SS ESP SS ESPSS ESP

5. RET ESP

6. DS ES FS GS DPL CPLCPU NULL

4.5.4R/W / U/S

0 1 2 3/ / /

/ / 4-60 1 2

// /

U/S R/W

0 0 / /

0 1 / /

1 0 / / /

1 1 / / / /

80X86

33

/ //

4-7U/S R/W U/S R/W

AND

U/S U/S U/S R/W R/W R/W

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 1 0

1 0 0 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1

4.5.4.1

TLB Translation Lookaside Buffer 80X86

CR3

P 0 1

4.5.5CPU CPU

R/W

4.6Interrupt Exception

interrupt handler exception handler/

INT n0

80X86

4.6.1

vector IDT InterruptDescriptor Table

0 255 0 31 80X86

32 255 I/O4-8 80X86 NMI

NMI

0 #DE DIV IDIV

1 #DB / INT 1

2 -- NMI

3 #BP INT 3

4 #OF INTO

5 #BR BOUND

6 #UD UD2 Pro

7 #NM WAIT/FWAIT

8 #DF 0 NMI INTR

9 -- 386 CPU

10 #TS TSS TSS

11 #NP

12 #SS SS

13 #GP

14 #PF

15 -- Intel

16 #MF x87 FPU x87 FPU WAIT/FWAIT

17 #AC 0

18 #MC CPU

19 #XF SIMDSSE SSE2 PIII

20-31 -- Intel

32-255 -- INT n

4.6.24.6.2.1

INTR NMI INTR8259A NMI

2 INTR0 255 EFLAGS IF

INT n INT 0x80Linux 0x80 0 255 INT

NMI NMINMI 2 INT NMI

NMI

EFLAGS IF INT4.6.2.2

80X86 faults traps aborts

INTO INT 3 BOUNDINT 3

INT n INT n 80X86

INT EIP

4.6.3Fault

Trap AbortFault Fault

FaultFault Fault

Trap TrapTrapAbort

Abort

4.6.4Abort

Fault Page-fault

TrapTrap

JMP Trap JMP JMP

Abort

4.6.5EFLAGS IF Interrupt enable Flag INTR

IF=0 INTR IF=1 INTR

IF NMI EFLAGSIF IF=0

IF STI CLI CPL<=IOPLIF

PUSHF EFLAGS POPFEFLAGS

POPF IRET EFLAGS IFIF

IF

4.6.64-9

/

1 RESET

2 TSS T

3

4

5 NMI

6

7

8 >15

9TSS

4.6.7IDT Interrupt Descriptor Table

GDT LDT IDT 8 GDT 1IDT *8 256

IDT 256 IDT 256IDT 0

IDT IDTR IDT

IDT 32 16 4-26 IDT 8IDT

LIDT SIDT IDTR LIDTIDTR CPL 0 IDT

SIDT IDTR

IDT

4.6.8 IDT IDT

Interrupt gateTrap gateTask gate

4-27

EFLAGS IF IDT GDT LDTTSS /

4.6.9CALL

IDTCALL

CALL4-28

GDT LDT

0TSS

tss.ss0 tss.esp04-29EFLAGS CS EIP

EFLAGS CS EIP

IRET IRET RET IRETEFLAGS CPL 0 EFLAGS IOPL

CPL<=IOPL IFIRET

1.

CPL

RPL RPLINT n INT 3 INTO

DPL CPL DPL 3

DPL

3

0CPL

2.

EFLAGSEFLAGS TF TF IRET

EFLAGS TFEFLAGS IF

IF IRETEFLAGS IF IF

3.IDT

IDT GDT TSSLinux

4.6.10IDT

TSS 0 00

LDT

IDT GDT TSS 4-30TSS

4.6.11

4-31 3 TI RPL 30 EXT External event

1 IDT Descriptor locationIDT GDT LDT

2 GDT/LDT TI 1 IDT=0 TI=1LDT TI=0 GDT

IDT GDT LDT16 0

Page-fault 4-32 3U/S W/R P

0 P P=0 P=1

1 W/R W/R=0 W/R=1

2 U/S CPU U/S=0 CPU U/S=1CPU

CR2

IRET

INT n

4.7Task

80X86

80X86

EFLAGSTask state segment

4.7.1TSS Task-state segment

4-33TSS

TSS

TSSTSS TR Task Register

CR3

EFLAGS EIP CR3 LDTR

I/O I/O TSS0 1 2 TSS

TSS

4.7.2

CALLJMP Linux

TSSCALL JMP TSS

TSS IDTTSS

TSSEIP

TSSTSS 80X86

LDT LDTCR3

80X86

4.7.3

TSSTSS

TR

EFLAGS NT

4.7.3.1TSS Task state segment

4-34 32 CPU TSS TSS

1.EAX ECX EDX EBX ESP EBP ESI EDI

ES CS SS DS FS GSEFLAGS EFLAGS

EIP EIPTSS

Back link field IRET2.

LDT LDTCR3 CR3

PDBR Page directory base register0 1 2 SS0 SS1 SS2

ESP0 ESP1 ESP2SS ESP

Debug Trap T 0x64 0

I/O TSS I/O 16TSS 104

TSSTSS TSS

4.7.3.2 TSSTSS 4-35 TSS TSS

GDT

TYPE B0b1001 0b1011

B

DPL GG=0 103 0x67 TSS 104TSS I/O TSS TSS

TSSTSS TSS

CPL TSS DPL TSS DPL3 TSS

DPL 3TSS TSS

TSSTI LDT TSS

4.7.3.3TR Task Register 16 TSS

GDT TSS TRTSS

LTR STR TSS LTR0 LTR TR 0 TSS

TR4.7.3.4

Task gate descriptorGDT LDT IDTTSS GDT TSS TSS RPL

DPL TSSCPL RPL DPL

TSS DPLTSS 4-36 LDT GDT IDT

4.7.44

1. GDT TSS JMP CALL2. GDT LDT JMP CALL3. IDT4. EFLAGS NT IRET

JMP CALL IRETTSS NT IRET

JMP CALL TSS4-37

IDTIDT

NT

NTTSS TSS

1. JMP CALL TSSIRET TSS

2. JMP CALLCPL RPL TSS DPL

TSS DPL INT nIRET INT n DPL

3. TSS P=1 TSS 0x67

4. JMP IRET TSSB CALL B

5. IRET EFLAGS NTCALL JMP NT

6. TSS TSSTSS

EFLAGS EIP7. CALL EFLAGS

NT JMP IRET EFLAGS8. CALL JMP TSS

B IRET B9. TSS TR CR0

TS10. TSS LDTR PDBR CR3 EFLAGS

EIP

11.

EIPCS CPL

TSSTSS

CR0 TSTS TS

4.7.5 TSS Backlink EFLAGS NT NT

TSS 4-38

CALL TSS TSSEFLAGS NT NT TSS

TSS IRET NTNT

JMP NT 0JMP

4-10 B TSS NT TS

CR0 NTNT IRET TSS

TSS 0

JMP CALL IRET

B

B

NT TSS TSS

NT

TSS

CR0 TS

4.7.6TSS

TSS LDT LDTLDT

LDT

GDTTSS CR3

4.7.6.1

PDBR CR3

TSSTSS TSS

GDTGDT

4.7.6.2

GDT GDT GDT

LDT LDT TSS LDT LDTLDT LDT

GDTLDT

LDT

LDT

4.880X86 8086

0xFFFFFFF0 EPROMIDT

4.8.1

bootsect.s setup.s head.s

IDTGDT

TSSLDT

GDTRIDTR

CR1--CR3CR0 PE

04.8.1.1

GDTGDT 1

GDTLGDT GDT GDTR

LDT LDTGDT LDT

LinuxLDT

4.8.1.2IDT

TSSIDT

IDT LIDT IDT IDTR4.8.1.3

CR0 PG 0PG PG

CR3 PDBRPG PE

PG PEPG JMP MOV CR0 JMP

80X86 PentiumBTB Branch Target Buffer

PG JMP

4.8.1.4/ TSS

TSS 0 1 2 TSS TSSLDT

TSS GDTLTR TSS TR

TSS B=1 TSS0 1 2 TSS

TSSLTR LDT TSS

TSS

4.8.2

-8086

4.8.2.1

CR0 PE MOV CR0CR0 PG

01. CLI NMI

2. LGDT GDT GDTR3. CR0 PE PG MOV CR0 4. MOV CR0 JMP CALL

5. LLDT LDT LDTR6. LTR

TR TSS7. 4 JMP CALL

CS

8. LIDT IDT IDTR9. STI NMI

MOV CR0 JMP CALLMOV CR0 JMP CALL

JMP CALL4.8.2.2

MOV CR0 CR0 PE 0

1. CLI NMI

2.

GDT IDTCR0 PG

CR3 0x00 TLB3. 64KB 0xFFFF

CS4. SS DS ES FS GS

Limit = 64KB G=0

E=0W=1P=1

5. LIDT 1MB6. CR0 PE7. CS

8. SS DS ES FS GS9. STI NMI

4.9

3RAM

boot.s head.s

4.9.12 as86 boot.s

GNU ashead.s 3

A B 0 1

4-39

4-40

4-41

4-42

4-43

4-43

4.9.2 boot.s16 head

ROM BIOS 8 LinuxLinux 8259A

0x20

4.9.3 head.shead.s IDT GDT

Linux 0.11boot.s IDT GDT

5 Linux

Linux Linux

Linux/ Makefile

80X86

45-1 Internet

LinuxX shell

Linux

Linux 0.11 LinuxLinux 0.11

5.1 Linux

Linux 0.11

(int x80) CPU User Mode Kernel Model

CPU

5-2

5.2 Linux

Linux 5

CPUCPU

Linux

5-3Linux 0.11 Linux 0.95

0.96

3

NFS ramdisk

Linux 0.115-4

5.3 Linux

Linux 0.11 Linux 0.11CPU

Linux 0.11

5.3.1Linux 0.11

5-5

LinuxROM BIOS 640K--1MB

RAM

CPUIntel 80386 CPU

Segmentation System Paging SystemLinux

5.3.2 Linux 0.11 3a. b. CPU c.

Virtual Address

GDTLDT 13 GDT LDT 1

Intel 80X86 CPU 16384 4G16384 * 4G = 64T

Logical Address Intel

Linear Address

Intel 80386 4G

Physical Address CPU

Virtual Memory

3

Linux 0.11 64MB0x0000000 0x4000000

5.3.34GB 232

CPU 4-4

CPU

CPU80386

CPU CR2

SwapperLinux 0.11 mm/memory.c

Intel CPU SegmentCPU

32ds

64KB si5-7 (a)

Segment Descriptor Table

Segment Selector

16 5-7 (b)CPU

84GB

3 GDT Global Descriptor Table IDT InterruptDescriptor Table IDT 8086

80X86 CPU GDT IDTLDT Local Descriptor Table

LDT GDT LDTCPU

GDT IDT LDT CPU GDTR IDTR LDTR32 -1

CPU 16 80X86 CPU3 13 8192

0--8191 2 TI 0 GDTLDT

Linux 0.11 CPUGDT LDT GDT LDT

5-8

LDT GDTLDT

24 TSS GDTTSS

idt Linux 0.11

5-10 5-11 TSS Task State Segment CPU CPU

CPU TSS CPUTSS 4-37 Linux 0.11

TSS Linux 0.11 GDT4 syscall include/linux/sched.h 150

Linus

5.3.4

,

CPU 4096 1

80X86CR0 31

803864

1024 1D Dirty

5-9 CR3CR3 PDBR 32

1 1024 1024 * 4KB = 4MB1024 1024 1024 * 4MB = 4GB

Linux 0.1x

Intel 80386 CPU 4GCPU PDT

PTLinux 0.11

64MB ( )*64MB

Linux 0.11 GDT 256 2

2 (256-4)/2 =126 ((256-4)/2)* 64MB 8G 0.11 NR_TASKS = 64

64M ( )*64MB64MB*64 =4G 5-10 4

16MB1 0

00 640KB

Linux 0.11 I Instruction D DataI&D

1 64MB 640KB2 3 128MB 192MB

64MB 4G CPU0 1 64MB

4GB 0.11

5-114GB

2 3

Code Section Data Section CPU

CPU4GB

5.3.5 CPU Intel 80X86 CPU 4 0 3 Linux 0.11

CPU 0 3

5-13CPU CPU 0 3

1 2

0

3

5.3.6CPU Linux 0.11

0 1

Linux 0.11 head.s16MB 0

0xFFFFFF 16MB GDT IDT TSS1 0

0--16MB 44

5-14

Linux 0.11 16MB 40964KB

GDT IDTsetup.s GDT

IDT 0x902000 0x90200

1 head.s GDTRIDTR GDT IDT

0

1

Linux 0.11 16MB4MB 2MB Linux 0.11 4MB

4MB--16MBCPU

4MB--16MB16MB init/main.c

16MB 0--16MB16MB

init/main.c32MB 8

32MB

00 640KB

0 640KB

TSS0 0 sched.h113 TSS0 sched.c 104 5-23

0 5-15

0head.s

0b111 user_stack[]0

10 1 0

fork() 1 init 10 1

1 64MB--128MB 64MB--64MB+640KB0--640KB 1 640KB

11 PCB 1

TSS 5-16

1 0--640KB 0user_stack[] kernel/sched.c 67--72 1

1 1 0user_stack[] 1 1 1 user_stack[]

1

2 init 1Linux 0.11 64 2

2 nr nrnr*64MB 2 = nr*64MB = 2 * 64MB = 128MB

64MB 2 128MB--192MB 64MB/4MB = 16

5-17 22 execve() shell 1

2 128MB--128MB+640KB 21 2 init() execve()

shell 1shell 5-17 2 shell2 1 shell

execve()2 64MB 2

Load on demand

Linux 0.99 4GLinux 2.x

5.3.7C malloc()

C malloc()0 1 CPU 4G 64MB

64MB

brkmalloc() brk()

malloc() brk

CPU

C malloc()

free() C

malloc() free() lib/malloc.c

5.4 Linux

Linuxsetup.s

5.4.1

Interrupt IRQ - Interrupt Request ISR - Interrupt Service Routine

PIC - Programmable Interrupt ControllerIRQ

PIC PIC

PICPIC INT

PIC PIC32

intPC/AT 256

5.4.2 80X8680X86 8259A 8259A

8 8259A 64 PC/AT8259A 15 5-18

INT IR2 8259A 8259A IRQ28259A 0x20 0xA0 IRQ9 PC/XT IRQ2

PC/AT IRQ2 IRQ2 PIC IRQ9BIOS IRQ9 int 71 IRQ2 int 0x0A

IRQ2 PC/XT 8 PC/AT PC

8259A CPU IN OUT8259A

IRQ0 – IRQ15CPU

INT CPU CPU D7-D0CPU

5.4.3CPU

CPU 3280X86 256

80X86 4 41024 80X86 ROM BIOS

0x0000:0x0000BIOS N

0x0000:N*40x0000:N*4

BIOS 8259A 16 BIOS0x10—0x1f

DOS0x20—0x2f Linux

BIOS setup.s 8259A

head.s BIOS

Intel CPU 32 IDT Interrupt Descriptor TableIDT Intel 8086 -- 80186 CPU

Linux 80X86

5.4.4 LinuxLinux ( ) 0-255

int0--int31(0x00--0x1f) Intel, Intel CPU

(Fault) (traps) int32--int255 (0x20--0xff)CPU 5–1

CPU

Maskable CPU INTR eflags IF

Nonmaskable CPU NMI

Fault CPU

Trap CPU

Abort

Linux int32--int47 0x20--0x2f 8259AIRQ0--IRQ15 5–2 system call int128 0x80

IRQ0 0x20 32 8253 100HZ

IRQ1 0x21 33

IRQ2 0x22 34

IRQ3 0x23 35 2

IRQ4 0x24 36 1

IRQ5 0x25 37 2

IRQ6 0x26 38

IRQ7 0x27 39 1

IRQ8 0x28 40

IRQ9 0x29 41

IRQ10 0x2a 42

IRQ11 0x2b 43

IRQ12 0x2c 44 PS/2

IRQ13 0x2d 45

IRQ14 0x2e 46

IRQ15 0x2f 47

head.sInterrupt Descriptor Table - IDT 256 boot/head.s 78

boot/head.s 150Unknown interrupt 256

A gerneal protection fault ( 13) IDT 256CPU

13 CPU1(0xff) IDT 256

init/main.cint0 --int 31 traps.c

kernl/traps.c 181 int128kernel/sched.c 385

IDT LinuxEFLAGS IF IF

iret IFIF 11 include/asm/system.h

5.4.5Linux 0.11 cli sti

cli CPU clisti CPU

clisti CPU

/ cli CPU sticli sti cli

5.5 Linux

5.5.1syscalls Linux 5-4

int 0x80 eax

C 5-19

0errno perror()

Linuxinclude/unistd.h 60 write 4 __NR_write

include/linux/sys.h sys_call_table[]write() 4sys_call_table[]

'sys_' read() sys_read()

5.5.2int 0x80

eax ebx ecx edx Linux 0.11int 0x80

kernel/system_call.s system_callinclude/unistd.h 133—183

_syscalln() n 0 3 3read()

int read(int fd, char *buf, int n);

_syscall3() read() CC

include/unistd.h 2+2*n 12

C

__NR_read 3 Linux 0x80 eax __res0 errno

-1kernel/system_call.s system_call eax

sys_call_table[]

call _sys_call_table(,%eax, 4) // kernel/system_call.s 94

_sys_call_table + %eax * 4 sys_call_table[]4 4

5.5.3 LinuxLinux Linux

ebx ecx edx

LinusIntel CPU System Call gate

5.6

5.6.1PC/AT

RT Real Time CMOS RAM

RT/CMOS RAM PC/AT MotorolaMC146818

Linux 0.11 init/main.c time_init()kernel/mktime.c kernel_mktime() 1970 1 1 0

UNIXstartup_time time()

startup_time stime()jiffies

10include/linux/sched.h 142

HZ = 100 CURRENT_TIME startup_timejiffies/100 i

5.6.2Linux 0.11 PC Intel 8253 8254 0

3 LATCH 10 0OUT 8254 1.193180MHz

LATCH=1193180/100 11931 OUT 010 IRQ0

1 1timer_interrupt

timer_interrupt jiffiesjiffies 1 C do_timer()

CPL CSCPL do_timer() CPL=0

stime 11 floppy.c

01 CPU

0 do_timer()0 CPU

0 do_timer() schedule()do_timer() Linux

nonpreemptive 1 preemptiveLinux

Dynamic TimerLinux 0.11 64 sched.c 264--336

5.7 Linux

process LinuxCPU

(time slice)CPU

15 =150Linux 0.11 64

fork child processparent process process ID pid

CPU

Linux kernel mode user mode

Linux task

5.7.1Linux

task_struct include/linux/sched.hPCB Process Control Block PD Processor Descriptor

long state CPUstate TASK_RUNNING state

TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLETASK_INTERRUPTIBLE TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE

TASK_STOPPEDSIGSTOP SIGTTIN

SIGTTOU ptraceTASK_ZOMBIE

long counter counter

counter counterpriority

long priority counter Linux 0.11 15 15priority counter sched.c fork.c

prioritylong signal 32

= +1 Linux 32

struct sigaction sigaction[32]

long blocked signal

int exit unsigned long start_code CPU Linux 0.1x

64MBunsigned long end_codeunsigned long end_data + unsigned long brk bss 10-6 brk

malloc() brk

unsigned long start_stack 10-6

long pid long father long pgrp long session long leader 4unsigned short uid idunsigned short euid unsigned short suid ID set-user-ID

suid uid suid euidunsigned short gid idunsigned short egid unsigned short sgid ID set-group-ID

sgid gid sgid egid 5sys.c

long alarm alarm() alarm()kernel/sched.c 338

alarmSIGALRM signal()

sigaction()long utime long stime long cutime long cstime long start_time unsigned short used_math int tty tty -1unsigned short umask struct m_inode * pwd i

chdirstruct m_inode * root i

chroot

struct m_inode * executable ii

executable->i_count 1exec()

exec() i exit()i 1 memory.c

share_page() executable2

1 execve() executable 00 1 1 execve()

executable 0 0executable 0

fork() 1 executable 0 execve() executablei 0

unsigned long close_on_exec execve() include/fcntl.h

fork() execve()

close_on_exec execve()

struct file * filp[NR_OPEN] 32

struct desc_struct ldt[3] 0 1 2

struct tss_struct tss TSS Task State Segmenttss_struct CPU CPU

CPUswitch

Linux

5.7.25-20

stateLinux

TASK_RUNNINGCPU

running CPU 5-20 0

TASK_RUNNING0

TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE

TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE

wake_up()

TASK_STOPPEDSIGSTOP SIGTSTP SIGTTIN SIGTTOU

SIGCONT Linux 0.11

TASK_ZOMBIEwait()

wait()

sleep_on() interruptible_sleep_on()

CPUTASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE

5.7.3boot/

init/main.c

0 0 fork() 1 1shell 0 0 pause()

0 move_to_user_mode include/asm/system.h main.c0 3 0sched_init() 0

0 include/linux/sched.h 0TSS LDT tr

ldtr0 0

0 0 640KB0 16MB 0

main.c 0 00 main.c move_to_user_mode 03

0 move_to_user_modeCPU CPU 3

IRET

0 3 iret CPU0 3 5-21

031

move_to_user_mode 00

iretiret CPU CS:EIP CPU

3 0 CPUSS:ESP DS ES FS GS

CPU iret3 0

PAGE_SIZE + (long)&init_task0 0

1 1

5.7.4 Linux fork() 0 0

64 fork()

TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE

15 150TSS 0 tss.eax = 0

tss.esp0 tss.ss0tss.ldt GDT

tss.i387

Copy On Write1 GDT

TSS LDT tss ldt

exec() exec()

CPU FaultCPU

5.7.5

CPULinux TASK_RUNNING CPU

Linux 0.11

schedule() TASK_RUNNINGcounter

TASK_RUNNINGpriority counter

prioritycountercounter2

counter schedule()TASK_RUNNING

switch_to()0 Linux 0.11 0 pause()

schedule() schedule() 00

schedule() include/asm/system.hswitch_to() CPU

switch_to()current TSS

CPU CPUTR TSS tss

tss CPU5-22

5.7.6

exit() do_exit()

i initSIGHUP

TASK_ZOMBIESIGCHLD do_exit()

wait() waitpid()

5.8 Linux

Linux

Linux 0.11

0

CPU CPU0 3TSS 0 tss.ss0 tss.esp0

5.8.1(bootsect.s setup.s)

bootsect ROM BIOS 0x7c00bootsect 0x9000:0 SS 0x9000

esp 0xff00 0x9000:0xff00 boot/bootsect.s 61 62 setup.sbootsect

(head.s)head.s 0x10esp user_stack head.s 31 1 4K

user_stack sched.c 67--72 10245-23

system.map

(main.c)init/main.c move_to_user_mode() 0

move_to_user_mode() main.c 0fork() main.c init() 1 1 main() “ ”

0 0 0

5.8.2

CPU4096 – 3K

64MB

0 1 64MB64MB

5-24CPU Linux Copy

on Writepush

0 1

TSS ss0 esp0 ss0 esp0

task_structfork() tss (tss.esp0 tss.ss0)

kernel/fork.c 93

p tsstask_struct tss task_struct tss.ss0

0x10 tss.esp0 task_struct 5-25tss.esp0 Intel CPU

esp esp

tss.ss0 0x10head.s

16MB Linux 0.11 head.s 110

CPU TSStss.ss0 tss.esp0 esp0 CPU

0 10 idle 1 init 0

1 640KB 00 1 64MB

0--640KBmove_to_user_mode() 0 1

0 sched.c user_stack[]1 0 0 1

1 1 user_stack[] 12 1

1 01 0

00

move_to_user_mode() iret 5-21

0 0IRET 0 3 0

esp user_stack ss0x17 LDT 0 0x0f

CS EIP IRET0

5.8.3Linux 0.11

CPU 3 0 CPUCPU TSS

0 48 TSS ss0 esp0CPU ss esp

eflags cs eip

eflagsiret eflags

5-26

CPUCPU eflags

cs eip

5.9 Linux 0.11

LinuxLinux UNIX

etc/ dev/ bin/ sh mkfs fdiskusr/ usr/bin var/

Windows2000 CWindows2000 NTFS FAT32

Linux 0.11 MINIX 1.0 Linuxext2 ext3

1 Linux 0.11 2 bootimagerootimage bootimage Image

rootimageDOS

Linux 509 510ROOT_DEV 0

5.10 Linux

Linux

Linux

tar linux-0.11.tar.gz linux/5-27

14 102

5.10.1 linux linux 14

Makefile make make

make linux Makefile Makefile linux

makelinux make

5.10.2 boot boot 3 3

32bootsect.s setup.s as86 as86

head.s GNU as AT&T

bootsect.s 00 1 PC ROM BIOS BIOS 0x7C00 setup.s system head.s system

5.10.3 fs Linux 0.11 1.0 MINIX Linux MINIX

MINIX MINIX LinuxMINIX Linux MINIX MINIX

Linux LinuxLinux MINIX

Linuxsleep()

fs/ 17 C5-28 .c

buffer.cfile_table.c ioctl.c

kernel/chr_drv/tty.c io exec.cdo_execve() exec() fcntl.c i/oread_write.c / stat.c

open.cchar_dev.c rw_char() pipe.c

file_dev.c i namei.cblock_dev.c inode.c

i truncate.cbitmap.c i super.c

buffer.c ll_rw_blockfs kernel/blk_drv/ll_rw_block.c

ll_rw_block()

5.10.4 include32 .h 13 asm 4 linux

10 sys 5

<a.out.h> a.out a.out<const.h> i i_mode<ctype.h> <errno.h> (Linus minix )<fcntl.h> <signal.h> <stdarg.h> - va_list

va_start, va_arg va_end vsprintf vprintf vfprintf<stddef.h> NULL, offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER)<string.h> <termios.h> <time.h> tm<unistd.h> Linux__LIBRARY__ _syscall0()<utime.h> utime()

include/asmCPU 4

<asm/io.h> io io<asm/memory.h> memcpy()<asm/segment.h> <asm/system.h> /Linux include/linux<linux/config.h> HD_TYPE<linux/fdreg.h> <linux/fs.h> file,buffer_head,m_inode<linux/hdreg.h> <linux/head.h> head<linux/kernel.h> <linux/mm.h> <linux/sched.h> task_struct 0 <linux/sys.h> 72 C , 'sys_'<linux/tty.h> tty tty_io

include/sys <sys/stat.h> stat{}<sys/times.h> tms times()<sys/types.h> <sys/utsname.h> <sys/wait.h> wait() waitpid()

5.10.5 initmain.c

shell

task 0fork()

init()shell

5.10.6 kernel linux/kernel 12 Makefile 3

kernel/ fork exitget_hd_block tty_write

5-29

asm.s traps.ctraps.c C

exit.c

fork.c sys_fork() C find_empty_process()copy_process() mktime.c mktime() 1970 1 1 0

init/main.c panic.c panic() printk.c printk() sched.c (sleep_on wakeup schedule )

signal.c 4

do_signal() sys.c system_call.s Linux int 0x80

C Linux vsprintf.c

kernel/blk_drv

blk_drv 4 c 1 blk.hC 5-30

blk.h 3 C hd.c/ do_hd__request() floppy.c

/ do_fd_request() ll_rw_blk.c /ll_rw_block()

fs/buffer.ckernel/chr_drv

4 C 2rs-232 5-31

tty_io.c tty tty_read() tty_write()C do_tty_interrupt()

console.c con_write() ttycon_init()

rs_io.s0x3fa 0x2fa 4

do_tty_interrupt() serial.c UART

tty rs_write() tty_ioctl.c tty io tty_ioctl() termio(s) io

sys_ioctl() fs/ioctl.c keyboard.S keyboard_interrupt

kernel/mathC math_emulate.c math_emulate() int7

C CPU

SIGFPE

5.10.7 libC

C lib/init/main.c 0 1

libc lib/ 12 Ctytso malloc.c

_exit() close(fd) dup()open() write() execve() malloc()

wait() setsid() include/string.h

5.10.8 mm2

Linux 386 4G 6464MB

fork

page.s int 14

memory.c mem_init() page.sdo_no_page() do_wp_page()

5.10.9 toolsbuild.c Linuximage

5.11

Linux 5int 0x80 12

0 1lib/

C libc5-4

libc API

ID

UNIX POSIX API Linux APIPOSIX API

APIPOSIX

API

include/unistd.h

Linux LSB Linux Standard BaseLinux 2

C /I/O fopen fclose open

close

3

5.12 linux/Makefile

linux Makefile

5.12.1Makefile make

Makefile make Makefile

makemake Makefile

Makefilemake make

Makefile (last-modification time)Makefile Makefile

'#' '='Makefile make tools/ build

image boot/bootsect.s setup.s 8086

GNU gcc/gas system buildimage build tools/build.c

/ 5-32

5.12.25-1 linux/Makefile

5.13

Linux Linux 0.11

Linux 0.11 Linux makefile

Linux 0.11

6 boot

boot/ 6-1bootsect.s setup.s 16

Intel Intel 8086 as86 ld86 head.sGNU GNU as gas

AT&T Linus Intel x86 Linus GNU

i386 CPU16 1994 GNU as 16 .code16

GNU Using as - The GNU Assembler 80386 162.4.X bootsect.s setup.s as

6-1 linux/boot/

8086 Intel 80X86PC 80386 32

6.1

Linux PC 80x86CPU 0xFFFF0 ROM-BIOS

PC BIOS 0512 0x7C00

Linux 8086 boot/bootsect.s BIOS0x7C00 31KB 0x90000 576KB

2KB boot/setup.s 0x90200 system0x10000 64KB 6-1

system 0x80000 512KB bootsect system0x10000 0x90000 576KB bootsect setup

setup system system6-2 Linux

"Loading..." boot/setup.s

VGA0x10000 0x0000 0x0000

32 : IDT GDT LDTinit/main.c main() boot/head.s

bootsect 0x0000 setup

setup ROM BIOSBIOS

0x400 (1KB) BIOSLinux Linux

Linux 0.11 MINIX 1.0

bootsect.s 43509 510 0x1fc--0x1fd

6.2 bootsect.s

6.2.1 bootsect.s 0 0

1 PC ROM BIOS ROM BIOS bootsect0x7C00 bootsect 0x90000

2 4 setup setup.sbootsect 0x90200 BIOS 0x13

Loading system...” setupsystem 0x10000

1.44M A root_dev(508 ) setup 0x90200 setup

setup system 6-3

Linux 0.11 1.44MB 1.44MB 28801 setup 4 0.11 system

240 2630

6.2.26-1 linux/boot/bootsect.s

6.2.3bootsect.s Alessandro Rubini

Linux (http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/docs/)38680x86

Linux 0.11 bootsect

6.2.3.1 Linux 0.113 1-

2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 1 1--4=

*256 + 6–1

6–1

0x300 /dev/hd0 10x301 /dev/hd1 1 10x304 /dev/hd4 1 40x305 /dev/hd5 20x306 /dev/hd6 2 10x309 /dev/hd9 2 4

Linux 0.95

6.2.3.2

Shoelace LILO Grub bootsect.sbootsect Image

Image

1 MBR - Master Boot Record BIOS 0x7c00 0x600

MBR 1 0x7c00

Image

Image 4bootsect.s Image

Image

bochs

6.3 setup.s

6.3.1 setup.s ROM BIOS

0x90000 bootsect6 2 console.c tty_io.c

( )

0x90000 2 0x00- 0x00-

0x90002 2 1MB KB

0x90004 2

0x90006 1

0x90007 1

0x90008 2 ??

0x9000A 1 (0x00-64k,0x01-128k,0x02-192k,0x03=256k)

0x9000B 1 0x00- ,I/O=0x3dX 0x01- ,I/O=0x3bX

0x9000C 2

...

0x90080 16 1

0x90090 16 2

0x901FC 2 bootsec.s

setup system 0x10000-0x8ffff system512KB 0x00000 (idtr)

(gdtr) A20 8259A0x20 - 0x2f CPU CR0 32

system head.shead.s 32 IDT

GDT GDT head.s

Linux 6-44

Global descriptor table – GDT Local descriptor table – LDTGDTR LDTR GDT LDT

lgdt sgdt GDTR lldt sldt LDTRlgdt 6 GDTR

4 LDTR lldt 2GDT GDT

setup.s GDT 207--2160x00C09A00000007FF 8MB =(0x7FF + 1) * 4KB 1 0

0 0x9A0 32 4KB

0x00C09200000007FF 8MB 0 0x920 32

4KB

6-5

Index 8192 213 8Table Indicator - TI

0 GDT 1 LDT Requestor's Privalege Level - RPL

GDT ( 0) 0 0GDT (null) CS

SS

GDTlgdt CPU GDT gdtr

32

6.3.2 6-2 linux/boot/setup.s

6.3.3BIOS

BIOS A20Intel 32

6.3.3.1setup.s system 0x0000 0x90000

6-6

NULL0x0000 setup.s

'jmp 0,8 ' 193 head.s '8'gdt '0'

6.3.3.2 BIOS 0x10ROM BIOS

/

ah =0x12

bl =0x10

bh0x00 – I/O 0x3DX

0x01 – I/O 0x3BX

X 0 – f

bl00 = 64K, 01 = 128K, 02 = 192K, 03 = 256K

ch

0 1 2

1 0 2

2 1 1

3 0 1

4-7 ( 0)

cl

0 1

1 2

2 3

3 4

4-7

EGA/VGA :

0x00 MDA/HGC

0x01-0x03 MDA/HGC

0x04 CGA 40x25

0x05 CGA 80x25

0x06 EGA+ 40x25

0x07-0x09 EGA+ 80x25

0x0A EGA+ 80x25

0x0B EGA+ 80x25

6.3.3.3 INT 0x41int 0x41 4 * 0x41 =0x0000:0x0104

100% BIOSF000h:E401h int 0x46

0x00 cyl

0x02 head

0x03 ( PC XT 0)

0x05 wpcom 4

0x07 ECC XT 0

0x08 ctl

0

1 (0) ( IRQ)

2

3 8 1

4 (0)

5 +1 1

6 ECC

7

0x09 XT 0

0x0A XT 0

0x0B XT 0

0x0C lzone ( )

0x0E sect

0x0F

6.3.3.4 A20 1981 8 IBM IBM PC CPU Intel 8088

20 (A0 – A19) RAM KB 1MB 200xffff:0xffff 0x10ffef 0x100000(1MB)

0x0ffef IBM 1985 AT Intel 80286 CPU 2416MB 8088 1MB

8088IBM 0x100000

8042 P2 P21A20 20

A20

A20 setup.s 138-144A20

A20A20

A20 (Fast Gate A20) I/O 0x92 A200x92

0xee A20 A20

6.3.3.5 8259A2 PC/AT

8259A 8259A Linux

1. 8259APC/AT 8259A PIC

15 2-20 INT IR2 8259A0x20 0xA0 8259A 6-7

IRR Interrupt Request Register8 D7—D0 IR7—IR0 IMR Interrup Mask

Register 8 81 IMR IRR IRR

PR Priority ResolverIRR ISR In-Service

Register ISR CPU8259A ICW Initialization Command

Words OCW Operation Command Words 8259A A0 PC/AT

A0 0 0x20 0xA0 A0=1 0x21 0xA1

8259A IR0—IR7IRR

IMR8259A CPU INT CPU

8259A INTA 8259AISR ISR

IRRCPU 8259A 2 INTA 8259A

8259A 8 CPUCPU 8259A AEOI Automatic End of Interrupt2 INTA ISR

8259A 8259AEOI ISR 2 8259A

EOI 8259A

2.8259A 4

8259A 8259A8259A 8259A 4 ICW1—ICW4

8259A 3 OCW1—OCW38259A 8259A

6-8 ICW1 ICW28259A ICW3 ICW1

ICW4 ICW1

(1) ICW1 5 D4 =1 A0=0 ICW1 PC/AT

8259A 0x20 0xA0 ICW16–5

D7 A7

D6 A6

D5 A5

A7—A5 MCS80/85

ICW2 A15—A8 8086/88

D4 1 1

D3 LTIM 1 - 0 –

D2 ADI MCS80/85 CALL 8086/88

D1 SNGL 1 – 8259A 0 –

D0 IC4 1 – ICW4 0 –

Linux 0.11 ICW1 0x11 8259AICW4

(2) ICW2 5 ICW1 A0=1 ICW2PC/AT 8259A 0x21

0xA1 ICW2 6–6

MCS80/85 D7—D0 A15—A8 ICW1 A7-A58086/88 T7—T3 5 8259A

3 8 8259A 2 INTA CPU

Linux 0.11 ICW2 0x20 0 —70x20—0x27 ICW2 0x28 8 —150x28—0x2f

(3) ICW3 8259A 8 Slave Register ICW36–7

S7—S0 1 IR

IRID2—ID0

CAS2—CAS0 ID2—ID0

Linux 0.11 8259A ICW3 0x04 S2=1 0 IR2ICW3 0x02 2 IR2

0 8—15 3—7

(4) ICW4 ICW1 0 IC4 ICW4 A0=1 ICW46–8

D7 0 0

D6 0 0

D5 0 0

D4 SFNM 1 – 0 –

D3 BUF 1 – 0 –

D2 M/S 1 – 0 –

D1 AEOI 1 – 0 –

D0 PM 1 – 8086/88 0 – MCS80/85

Linux 0.11 8259A ICW4 0x01 8259A8086

3.8259A 8259A

OCW1—OCW3 8259A8259A

(1) OCW1 8259A IMR / A0 1OCW1 6–9

D7—D0 8 7 —0 M7—M0 M=1M=0

Linux 0.11

0x21 8259A ~0x40 6kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c 461

(2) OCW2 EOI D4D3 = 00 A0=0

OCW2 OCW2 6–10

D7 R

D6 SL

D5 EOI

D4 0 0

D3 0 0

D2 L2

D1 L1

D0 L0

L2—L0 3 IRQ0--IRQ7

IRQ8—IRQ15

D7—D5 6–11 * L2--L0ISR

R(D7) SL(D6) EOI(D5)

0 0 1 EOI

0 1 1 * EOI

1 0 1 EOI

1 0 0 AEOI

0 0 0 AEOI

1 1 1 * EOI

1 1 0 *

0 1 0

Linux 0.11 8259A EOIOCW2 0x20 EOI

(3) OCW3 IRR ISR D4D3=01 A0=0OCW3 / Linux 0.11 OCW3 6–12

D7 0 0

D6 ESMM

D5 SMM D6—D5 11 – 10 –

D4 0 0

D3 1 1

D2 P 1 – POLL 0 –

D1 RR RD

D0 RIS D1—D0 11 – ISR 10 – IRR

4. 8259A8259A 8259A

8259A(1)

8259A0 7 0 CPU

ISREOI ICW4 AEOI ISR

CPU 2 INTA ISR

IMR 88259A IR0 IR7

Linux 0.11 8259A(2) EOI

ISRICW4 AEOI CPU 2 INTA

AEOIEOI EOI

EOIEOI EOI EOI

EOI EOIEOI ISR EOI OCW2 3

011 3 Linux EOIEOI ISR

ISR OCW2 3001 Linux 0.11 EOI

(3)ICW4 D4=1

a. CPU

b. EOI ISR

0 0 EOI 0EOI(4) 8259A 864 3 3

8259AICW3 2 EOI

(5)OCW2 8259A

7(6)

IMR 8259AOCW1 IMR IMR D7--D0 IR7 -- IR0

EOI 8259A8259A

OCW3 D6 D5 OCW1

(7) 8259A 3 IMR IRR ISR CPU IMR

OCW1 IRR ISR OCW3 IRR ISR

6.4 head.s

6.4.1 head.s system system

(head) system setup6 Linux 0.11 system

120KB 240heads.s

AT&T GNU gas gld7

0idt 256

ignore_int 8 6-9

P DPL head.s0x0008 ignore_int head.s

head.s 00 P=1 DPL=00

5 4 0x8E00gdt GDT

setup.s GDT 8MB 16MBsetup.s 16MB

GDT GDT gdtGDT 0x902XX

0 1MB A201MB CPU IP MOD 1Mb

0PC 80287 80387 CR0

016MB 4

6-10 P R/WU/S / A D 20

20

0x07 P=1 U/S=1 R/W=1CPU

U/S R/W PL

PL CPU CPL < 30 CPU Supervisor

CPL = 3 CPU User UserU/S=1 W/R = 1U/S=0 0 1

0x7

head.s /init/main.c main()

6.4.26-3 linux/boot/head.s

6.4.36.4.3.1 head.s

idt gdt 1KB system6-11

6.4.3.2 Intel 32Intel 386 32

8086 CPU 80x86 CPU

gdtr idtr lgdt lidt CPU 0x9000

64KB

8

eip32

GDT IDTLDT CPU GDT IDT GDTR

IDTR 0 8191 GDTLDT LDTR LDTR

GDT LDT GDTLDT GDT

LDT Linux 0.11 64GDT 64 LDT

IDT GDT Linux GDT 2568 GDT 0-1 6-7

2-3 4-56-12 Linux GDT

GDT LDT0 TSS0TSS LDT

DSDS:ESI

6.4.3.3 align 3 align .align

CPU

.align val1, val2, val3

1 val1 20 3 val3

val3 2 val23 val3

ELF Intel 80X86 CPU 1 val1 '.align 8' 8 8

a.out 1 val1 0 22^Val1 head.s '.align 3' 8

8 GNU as gasgas

6.5

bootsect.s setup.s system setup.s0x90000 0x90200 setup system

head.s setup ROM BIOS 0x90000

system 0x00000 systemhead.s 0x00000 32

CR0system head.s CPU 32

Head.s 256 A20

system init/main.cinit/main.c

7 (init)

init/ main.c boot/ head.smain.c

LinuxC C

Brian W. Kernighan Dennis M. Ritchie CC GNU gcc

gcc inlineC '//'

*.h

7.1 main.c

7.1.1 main.c setup.s

RAMDISK 7-1

ROM BIOS1K 1024 mm

4Kmm

ttytask 0

0

0 CPU 03 main.c 0 fork()

init() init 7-2

main.c

0 0fork() 1 init init()

shell 0 0idle 0 pause()

init() 4rc shell

setup()

init() tty0 stdin stdoutstderr

init() 2shell /bin/sh etc/rc rc

DOS AUTOEXEC.BAT 0/etc/rc stdin etc/rc

/bin/sh /etc/rc/bin/sh 2

init() shell/bin/sh 2 init 2

shell /bin/sh shell

shell shell /bin/sh argv[]shell 0 1 '-' /bin/sh

shell /bin/shLinux exit logout

shell shell

1 init() init

fork()init 0 0

1 0 main.c 00 fork() gcc

23

_syscall0() unistd.h Linux int 0x80include/unistd.h 133

int fork()

gcc fork() fork()syscall0 0 1 1 1_syscall1()

INT

init 1 0 init1MB 640KB

init0 0 640KB

1 640KB 11

0 11 / 0 1

0 1 init0 1 0

0 fork() pause() 0 1

init 2 execve() 28 Copy on Write

Linux shelllib/ string.c

7.1.27-1 linux/init/main.c

7.1.37.1.3.1 CMOS PC CMOS 64 128 RTC Real Time Chip 64 CMOS IBM PC-XT

BCD 14

CMOS 0x700x71 0x70 0x71 OUT

0x70 IN 0x710x70

0x71 main.c 70 0x80 CMOS

128 0x80Linus CMOS CMOS

0x801.0 ( 1.0

drivers/block/hd.c 42 ) 7–1 CMOS

0x00 ( ) 0x11

0x01 0x12

0x02 ( ) 0x13

0x03 0x14

0x04 ( ) 0x15 ( )

0x05 0x16 ( )

0x06 ( ) 0x17 ( )

0x07 ( ) 0x18 ( )

0x08 ( ) 0x19-0x2d

0x09 ( ) 0x2e ( )

0x0a RTC A 0x2f ( )

0x0b RTC B 0x30 1Mb ( )

0x0c RTC C 0x31 1Mb ( )

0x0d RTC D 0x32

0x0e POST 0x33

0x0f 0x34-0x3f

0x10

7.1.3.2 fork()fork (

exec()fork fork()

PID fork() 0fork() 0

7-3

init fork() 179 194execve() sh

186 202exit()

wait()

7.1.3.3 (session)2 process

pid(Porcess ID)fork() shell

[plinux root]# cat main.c | grep for | more

cat grep moregid Group

ID gid pidgid setpgid()

Ctrl-C

Sessionshell Session leader

Controlling Terminal Controlling process logout

setsid()7-4

Foreground process groupBackground process group

/dev/tty/dev/tty

7.2

183 200 init()shell /bin/sh

init.c/etc/

agetty getty getty login:getty login login

shell shell 7-5

init, getty, login, shell

init /etc/rc /etc/inittabfork()

agetty9 getty init wait()wait() pid

agetty

init agettyLinux

init

getty tty/etc/issue

getty plinux login: login

login passwdgetpass() ”password:”

pw_passwdlogin 1

init wait() pidagetty

login Current Work Directory/

ID HOME= shell SHELL=USER= LOGNAME= PATH= /etc/motd

message-of-the-day loginID shell bash csh

/etc/passwd shell /bin/sh/ login

fork()

exec()

exec()

1

Linux man 8 login shell

shellshell shell

login shell argv[0] ’-’ shellshell shell shell

/etc/profile .profile shell ENVshell .profile shell

.profile shellENV ENV

.profile

ENV=$HOME/.anyfilename; export ENV

shell shellshell $1 $2

shellshell Linux sh

7.3

0.11 MINIX/etc/rc /bin/sh /dev/* /etc/ /dev/ /bin/ /home/ /home/root/

Linuxmain.c

1032

Intel 80x86

Linux

sched.cschedule() system_call.s _timer_interrupt

10 do_timer()

sleep_on() schedule() CPUschedule()

do_timer()CPU

schedule()

8 (kernel)

linux/kernel/ 10 C 2 kernelMakefile 8-1

1312

8-1 linux/kernel/

8.1

8-1 2-17

8.1.1asm.s traps.c asm.s

traps.c asm.s csystem_call.s mm/page.s PC 8259A5-21

CPU 12 EFLAGS CSEIP 8-2(a)

CPU80386

CPU

CPUEFLAGS 8-2(c) (d)

asm.s Intel int0--int16 int17-int31 IntelIRQ int32-int47 16

Linux int128(0x80)kernel/system_call.s

CPU int 8 int10 - int 14

8-2 (b)asm.s

8-3

8.1.2 Linux int 0x80 eax

ebx ecx edxsystem_call.s fork.c signal.c sys.c exit.c

system_call.s asm.sfork.c signal.c traps.c

C fork.c C find_empty_process() copy_process() signal.cdo_signal() 4

sys_xxx() sys.c exit.c sys_xxx() sys_xxx()

sys_execve() Csignal.c 4

'do_' C'sys_'

do_signal()sys_pause() sys_execve() C

8.1.3schedule.c mktime.c panic.c printk.c vsprintf.c

schedule.c schedule() sleep_on() wakeup()

mktime.c mktime() init/main.cpanic.c panic() printk.c vsprintf.c

printk() vsprintf()

8.2 Makefile

8.2.1linux/kernel/ make

5 Makefile 5-1

8.2.28-1 linux/kernel/Makefile

8.3 asm.s

8.3.1 asm.s CPU FPU

kernel/traps.ctraps.c C

8-44 8-4(a)

esp ( esp0 ) C do_divide_error()C esp1 , eax

eax esp2do_divide_error() eip esp0

esp3 8 esp2CPU 8-4(b)

esp0 C do_double_fault() Cesp1 eax ebx esp0

esp1 eax ebx8-4(a)

do_divide_error() esp0 esp0C do_divide_error() traps.c

void do_divide_error(long esp, long error_code)

C

8.3.28-2 linux/kernel/asm.s

esp0esp1

esp3

esp2

esp0

esp1

esp3

esp2

8.3.38.3.3.1 Intel

Intel 8–1

8.4 traps.c

8.4.1 traps.c asm.s C

die()trap_init() init/main.c

asm.sC

8.4.28-3 linux/kernel/traps.c

8.5 system_call.s

8.5.1Linux 0.11 int 0x80 eax

libc forkfork() libc fork() int 0x80

include/linux/sys.h int 0x80

(system_call) int 0x80 80sys_execve sys_fork

(int 16) (int7) (int32) (int46) (int38)

(system_call coprocessor_error device_not_available)C 3 ebx

ecx edx CC linux

include/linux/sys.hIRQ 8259A

EOI C

(int 0x80) “ ”C “Bottom half”

eaxLinux ds,es fssys_call_table C C

Ccounter==0 schedule()

jmp _schedule "jmp _schedule" ret_from_sys_callschedule() ret_from_sys_call

ret_from_sys_call0

1

do_signal()

“ ” system_call8-5

int 0x80 LinuxLinux 0.11 ebx ecx edx 3

eax

ds es fsLinux fs

CPU get_fs_byte() put_fs_byte()include/asm/segment.h

Linus

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

8.5.28-4 linux/kernel/system_call.s

8.5.38.5.3.1 GNU 32 GNU AT&T 32

AT&T: immed32(basepointer, indexpointer, indexscale) Intel: [basepointer + indexpointer*indexscal + immed32]

immed32 + basepointer + indexpointer * indexscale immed32 basepointer

o C AT&T: _booga Intel: [_booga]

C (booga) o AT&T: (%eax) Intel: [eax] o AT&T: _variable(%eax) Intel: [eax + _variable] o 4 AT&T: _array(,%eax,4) Intel: [eax*4 + _array] o

C *(p+1) p char * AT&T: AT&T 1(%eax) eax p Intel: [eax+1]

o 8 eax ebx

AT&T: _array(%ebx,%eax,8) Intel: [ebx + eax*8 + _array]

8.5.3.2Linux

ioctl()

Linux 0.11

sys_sethostname()kernel/sys.c thisname

sys_uname() thisname 218-220

include/unistd.h 131251

include/linux/sys.h sys_call_table

system_call.s 61 nr_system_calls 1lib/ libc sethostname()

8.5.3.3Linus as86 GNU as asm.s

Linux crt0.o

4 - sys_write() 1 - sys_exit()C sys_write(int fd, char *buf, int len) fs/read_write.c 83 3

3 ebx ecx edx

8.6 mktime.c

8.6.1kernel_mktime() 1970 1 1 0

C mktime()

tm UNIX

8.6.28-5 linux/kernel/mktime.c

8.6.38.6.3.1

y 4 100 400 y

8.7 sched.c

8.7.1 sched.c (sleep_on()wakeup() schedule() ) getpid()

do_timer() Linus

schedule() schedule()

alarmalarm (alarm<jiffies), SIGALRM alarm

jiffies 10ms/ sched.hTASK_INTERRUPTIBLE

TASK_RUNNING

counterswitch_to()

prioritycounter

sleep_on() wake_up()schedule() sleep_on()

tmp

*p tmp current *pi i_wait buffer_wait tmp

current 8-6

*p

*pNULLtmp

CPU sleep_on() tmp

tmp8-7 sleep_on()

sleep_on() schedule()

wake_up()

sleep_on()

interruptible_sleep_on() sleep_on()

0.12

include/linux/sched.h

8.7.28-6 linux/kernel/sched.c

“ ”

8.7.38.7.3.1

6 floppy.c4

1.2M

I/O

0x3f2 ( )

0x3f4

0x3f5 /

FDC

FDC

0x3f7

0x3f7 ( )

8 /FDC / DMA

FDC 8 FDC FDDCPU FDC FDC

FDC FDC

0x3f5 DIO0 CPU FDC FDC

715

CPU FDC0--8

FDC CPU FDCCPU FDC FDC DMA

1 DMA DMA FDCDMA FDC FDC

CPUCPU FDC FDC

0--7 FDC

8.7.3.2 /1. Intel 8253 8254 Intel 8253 8254 / PIT - Programmable Interval Timer

316

8254 8253 8254 82538253 8254

8253 8253 82548-8

3 8 Data Bus Buffer / Read/Write Logic A1 A0

/ 3 Control Word RegisterA0,A1 RD WR CS CPU 8253

CPU 8254Read-Back Command 3

CLK8253 2.6MHz 8254 10MHz GATE

OUT

8-8(b) Status RegisterNULL Null Count Flag

CE 16 OL Output Latch OLmOLl 8

CECPU CE CE

OL 8-8(b) CR Count Register 8 CPU

CECR CE GATE

CLK 1 0 OUT

2. 8253 82548253 8253

8–3

7 SC1

6 SC0

SC1 SC0 0-2 SC - Select Counter

00 - 0 01 - 1 02 - 2 11 - 8254

5 RW1

4 RW0

RW1 RW0 RW - Read Write

00 - 01 - LSB

10 - MSB 11 -

3 M2

2 M1

1 M0

M2-M0 M - Method

000 - 0 001 - 1 010 - 2

011 - 3 100 - 4 101 - 5

0 BCD 0 - 16 1 - 4 BCD

CPU A1 A0 11 PC 0x43

A1 A0 00 01 10 PC 0x40 0x41 0x42 3

BCD

8254 31 GATE

2D5 D4 00

CEOL CPU OL OL

CPU OLCE 3 8254

NULL 2CPU OL CE

3. 8253/8254 3 6(1) 0 - Interrupt on terminal count

OUT 0 OUT0

GATE

(2) 1 - Hardware Retriggerable One-shotOUT CPU

GATE OUT 0OUT GATE

GATE(3) 2 - Rate Generator

N OUT1 OUT CLK

N NGATE GATE

(4) 3 - Square Wave Mode2 OUT N

CLK N 1 1 N

(5) 4 - Software Triggered StrobeOUT OUT

“ ” GATE1 OUT

(6) 5 - Hardware Triggered StrobeOUT GATE OUT

CLKGATE CLK

PC/AT 8254 3 /DRAM 3

1.193180MHz PC/AT 8254 8-9 A1 A0A1 A0 A9--A2 0b0010000 8254 PC/AT

8254 IO 0x40--0x43 0x40--0x42 0--2 0x43

0 GATE BIOS3 0 65536 0--65535 OUT0

18.2HZ 1.193180MHz/65536 OUT0 82590 54.9ms 1000ms/18.2

1 GATE 218 PC/XT DMA 2

PC/AT RAM 15 1.19318/18 = 66.288KHz

2 GATE TIME2GATE 8255A B D08-9 SPK DATA 8255A B 0x61 D1

8255A

Linux 0.11 8254 0 3LATCH 1193180/100 0 10

IRQ0 8254 0x36 0b00110110(LATCH & 0xff) (LATCH

>> 8) Linux 0.11

8.8 signal.c

8.8.1 signal.c UNIX

ctrl-C SIGINT SIGnal INTerrupt

SIGALRMkill()

UNIX UNIX

POSIX32

32 Linux 22 20 POSIX.12 Linux SIGUNUSED SIGSTKFLT

22include/signal.h

1. SIGKILL SIGSTOP

02.

SIGTERMSIGTERM kill

3.

sys_ssetmask() sys_sgetmask()sys_signal() signal()

sys_sigaction()( sigaction())do_signal() send_sig() tell_father()

exit.c sig signal signal() sigaction() handler , signal()

signal() sigaction()sigaction[]

sigaction[]

include/signal.h 55 signal()

signal() signrvoid (*handler)(int)

signal()

signal()

signal() signr handlerSIG_IGN SIG_DFL

SIG_IGNSIG_DFL

signal()SIG_DFL

include/signal.h 45 SIG_DFL SIG_IGN

signal() 0 1signal()

SIGKILL SIGSTOP94—98

SIG_DFL SIG_IGNfork()

signal()

signal()

sigaction() sigactionsignal()

include/signal.h 66

sig sigactionact NULL act oldact

sigaction

sa_handler SIG_DFLSIG_IGN sa_handler sa_mask

signal()signal() sigaction sa_flagsinclude/signal.h 36-39 sigaction sys_signal() restorer

Libc eax

do_signal() (int 0x80)

8-10

do_signal()longs 106 8-11

do_signal() 104CPU 8-11

SS ESP CS EIPdo_signal() system_call.s 118

8-12 do_signal()

do_signal() SIG_IGN SIG_DFLsa_handler 104 do_signal()

eip old_eip eipsa_handler eip sa_handler

esp longs 7 8

7 8 old_eip eipeflags edx ecx

eaxblocked signr

sa_restorersignal() signr handler

SIGINT Ctrl-CSIGINT

handler() SIGINTSIGINT Ctrl-C SIG_DFL

sa_restorer Linux Libc 2.2.2misc/

signrLibc sa_restorer()

sa_restorer()

do_signel() system_call.s eipiret CPU cs:eip eflags ss:esp

eipret CPU sa_restorer

sa_restorersignr eax ecx edx eflags

CPU sa_restorer ret eipold_eip

8.8.28-7 linux/kernel/signal.c

8.8.38.8.3.1

18 SIGCHILD

Linux 0.11 8–4

1 SIGHUP

(Hangup)

Xterm modem

SIGHUP

(Abort)

2 SIGINT (Interrupt) ^C (Abort)

3 SIGQUIT (Quit) ^\ (Dump)

dump core

4 SIGILL (Illegal Instruction) (Dump)

dump core

5 SIGTRAP (Breakpoint/Trace Trap)

6 SIGABRT (Abort)(Dump)

dump core

7 SIGIOT (IO Trap) SIGABRT (Dump)

dump core

8 SIGUNUSED (Unused)

9 SIGFPE (Floating Point Exception) (Dump)

dump core

10 SIGKILL (Kill)

9(Abort)

11 SIGUSR1 (User defined Signal 1) (Abort)

12 SIGSEGV (Segmentation Violation) (Dump)

dump core

13 SIGUSR2 (User defined Signal 2) IPC (Abort)

14 SIGPIPE (Pipe)

(Abort)

15 SIGALRM (Alarm) alarm

(Abort)

16 SIGTERM

(Terminate) kill

SIGKILL (Abort)

17 SIGSTKFLT (Stack fault on coprocessor) (Abort)

18 SIGCHLD (Child)(Ignore)

19 SIGCONT (Continue) SIGSTOP (Continue)

20 SIGSTOP (Stop) (Stop)

21 SIGTSTP (Terminal Stop) (Stop)

22 SIGTTIN

(TTY Input on Background)

SIGCONT (Stop)

23 SIGTTOU

(TTY Output on Background)

SIGCONT (Stop)

8.9 exit.c

8.9.1

send_sig() tell_father()

release()

kill_session()sys_kill() pid

do_exit() exitfather 1

1 init ) 1SIGCHLD

SIGCHLDwaitpid() pid

pid

8.9.28-8 linux/kernel/exit.c

8.10 fork.c

8.10.1 fork() Linux 0 0 sys_fork()

kernel/system_call.s 208 sys_fork()C find_empty_process() copy_process()

verify_area() copy_mem() copy_process()

TSS0 tss.eax = 0 tss.esp0

tss.ss0 tss.ldtGDT

tss.i387

1 GDT TSS LDTtss ldt8-13 verify_area()

write_verify() 4096 write_verify()

fork.c fork()fork() PCB

copy_process() TSSnr * 64MB CPU

Linux 0.11Linux 0.11

fork()

8.10.28-9 linux/kernel/fork.c

8.10.38.10.3.1 TSS

8-14 TSS Task State Segment TSStask_struct 4

CPU (task state segment - TSS)80386 TSS

TSS 1 CPUEAX ECX EDX EBX ESP EBP ESI EDI ES, CS, SS, DS, FS, GS

EFLAGS EIP TSS2 CPU LDT

PDBR 0-2 CPU (debug)T- I/O TSS TSS

TSS TR LTR STR

I/O 1 1 I/O 41 I/O +5

1 1 I/O IN INS OUT OUTS CPUIOPL I/O CPU

TSS I/OI/O

I/O TSS TSS I/OCPL>IOPL I/O Linux 0.11 I/O

0x8000 TSS 104 Linux 0.11 I/OLinux 0.11 SS0:ESP0 SS1:ESP1 SS2:ESP2

1 2 LinuxSS:ESP

8.11 sys.c

8.11.1 sys.c -ENOSYS Linux

include/linux/sys.hID pid ID pgrp pgid ID uid ID gid

ID ruid ID euid ID session ID

ID uid ID gid ID passwd IDID ruid ID rgid i ID

ID3 ID ID 8–5

ID ID

uid - ID gid - ID

euid - ID egid - ID

suid - ID

ID set-user-ID suid

uid suid euid

sgid - ID ID

set-group-ID sgid

gid sgid egid

uid gid ID ID ID ruidID rgid set_uid() set_gid() ID ID

ID suid ID sgid set-user-ID set-group-IDeuid ID egid ID

set-user-IDID ID

ID suid set-group-ID

set-user-IDID euid ID 0

Linux passwd set-user-Id/etc/passwd

passwd set-user-IDID pid ID pgrp pgid

ID session 3 ID ID ID

8.11.28-10 linux/kernel/sys.c

8.12 vsprintf.c

8.12.1vsprintf() C

vsprintf() C

8.12.28-11 linux/kernel/vsprintf.c

8.12.38.12.3.1 vsprintf()

int vsprintf(char *buf, const char *fmt, va_list args)

vsprintf() printf()fmt

printf stdout cprintf fprintfprintf 'v' ( vfprintf) va_arg va_list args printf 's'

null buf buf

1. printf

2.

%[flags][width][.prec][|h|l|L][type] (%)

[flags] [width] [.prec] (precision) [h|l|L] [type] ( )

flags27-33 # (o)

(x X) '0x' '0X' e,E,f,F,g Gg G

0 d,i,o,u,x,X,e,E,f,g G0 - 0 0

- -- n

' ' + + -

widthflags

'*'width

precision d,I,o,u,x Xe,E,f F g G

s S

d,i,o,u,xX hh h l ll L e,E,f,F,g G

type d,I (precision)

1 o,u,x,X (o) (u) (xX) x abcdef X ABCDEF

1 e,E [-]d.ddde+dd

6 0 E E2 0 00

f,F [-]ddd.ddd6 0

1 g,G f e G F E

6 0 1-4 e

c s null

null p

n

% % %%

8.12.41.2

8.13 printk.c

8.13.1 printk() C printf()

fsfs tty_write() fs

printk()ds printk() fs

printk() vsprintf() fstty_write()

8.13.28-12 linux/kernel/printk.c

8.14 panic.c

8.14.1 panic()

panic()UNIX

panic Douglas Adams Hitch hikers Guide to the GalaxyDon't Panic!” linux

8.14.28-13 linux/kernel/panic.c

8.15

linux/kernel 12

9 (block driver)

block device (character device)

Linux 0.117 7 0 6

9–1

0

1 / ram,

2 fd,

3 hd,

4 ttyx

5 tty

6 lp

Linux 0.11

9-1

9-1 linux/kernel/blk_drv

: 1. hd.c 2. floppy.c

3. ramdisk.cll_rw_blk.c blk.h

ll_rw_blk.c

9.1

1024 512

ll_rw_block()

9.1.1ll_rw_block()

blk_dev[]blk.h

do_hd_request() do_floppy_request()NULL

init/main.cLinus Linux 0.11 7 9–2

1 2 3NULL

0 NULL

1 / ram, do_rd_request()

2 fd, do_fd_request()

3 hd, do_hd_request()

4 ttyx NULL

5 tty NULL

6 lp NULL

ll_rw_block()do_XX_request()

'XX' 'rd' 'fd' 'hd'32

next 9-1

Elevator Algorithm 9-1 41

ll_rw_block()current_request

ll_rw_block()

2/3 1/3

9.1.2

/

Linux 0.1x --

I/O Linux 0.1x I/OLinux 2.6.x I/O

9.1.3IO

9-2/

C

C /

hd_out()DRQ DRQ

C write_intr()

C

/

C read_intr()

0

do_rd_request()/

ll_rw_block()IO fs/buffer.c bread()

267 ll_rw_block() wait_on_buffer()IO end_request()

9.2 Makefile

9.2.1makefile

9.2.29-1 linux/kernel/blk_drv/Makefile

9.3 blk.h

9.3.1

request

"extern inline" GNU CC 10

inline extern

inline extern macro

inline extern

9.3.29-2 linux/kernel/blk_drv/blk.h

9.4 hd.c

9.4.1 hd.c

5sys_setup() hd_init()

hd_out()do_hd_request()C read_intr() write_intr() bad_rw_intr() recal_intr()

do_hd_request() read_intr() write_intr()controler_ready() drive_busy() win_result() hd_out()

reset_controler() sys_setup() boot/setup.s

hd_init()

hd_out() Cdo_hd

read_intr() 0x1f0 0x1f7WIN_DIAGNOSE

WIN_SPECIFYCPU system_call.s 221 do_hd_request()

INIT_REQUEST

reset recalibrateWIN_SPECIFY

WIN_RESTOREC recal_intr() recal_intr()

C write_intr()DRQ

bad_rw_intr()

C read_intr()

write_intr() CCPU

win_result()bad_rw_intr()

port_write() end_request()

do_hd_request() read_intr() C

write_intr() win_result()write_intr()

port_read()

end_request()

do_hd_request()

9-3 9-4

4 hd_out() do_hd_request() read_intr()write_intr() 4

hd_out() / hd_out()do_hd_request() do_hd_request()

add_request() ll_rw_block()fs/buffer.c bread() IO

9.4.29-3 linux/kernel/blk_drv/hd.c

9.4.39.4.3.1 AT AT 9–3 include/linux/hdreg.h

0x1f0 HD_DATA --

0x1f1 HD_ERROR,HD_PRECOMP (HD_ERROR) (HD_PRECOMP)

0x1f2 HD_NSECTOR --

0x1f3 HD_SECTOR --

0x1f4 HD_LCYL --

0x1f5 HD_HCYL --

0x1f6 HD_CURRENT / -- / (101dhhhh, d= ,h= )

0x1f7 HD_STATUS,HD_COMMAND (HD_STATUS) (HD_COMMAND)

0x3f6 HD_CMD --- (HD_CMD)

0x3f7 1.2M ---

HD_DATA 0x1f016 PIO CPU

1 'rep outsw' 'rep insw' / cx=256/ HD_ERROR 0x1f1

8 (HD_STATUS 0x1f7) 0=19–4

0x05 4

0x01

0x02 0

0x03

0x04 ECC

0x05

0x10 ID

0x40 ECC

0x80

0x05 4HD_NSECTOR 0x1f2

1

1 0 0 256HD_SECTOR 0x1f3

1 1HD_LCYL HD_HCYL 0x1f4 0x1f5

8 2/ (HD_CURRENT 0x1f6)

101dhhhh101 ECC 512 d 0 1 hhhh

9–5

0 HS0 0

1 HS1 1

2 HS2 2

3 HS3 3

4 DRV 0 - 0 1 - 1

5 Reserved 1

6 Reserved 0

7 Reserved 1

/ HD_STATUS/HD_COMMAND 0x1f7) 8

9–6

0 ERR_STAT 0x01

1 INDEX_STAT 0x02

2 ECC_STAT 0x04 ECC

3 DRQ_STAT 0x08

4 SEEK_STAT 0x10

5 WRERR_STAT 0x20

6 READY_STAT 0x40

7 BUSY_STAT 0x80 RESET SRST 400

30

400

512 5

CPU 8 9–7

4 D3 D2 D1 D0

WIN_RESTORE ( ) 0x1 R R R R 0x10

WIN_READ 0x2 0 0 L T 0x20

WIN_WRITE 0x3 0 0 L T 0x30

WIN_VERIFY 0x4 0 0 0 T 0x40

WIN_FORMAT 0x5 0 0 0 0 0x50

WIN_INIT 0x6 0 0 0 0 0x60

WIN_SEEK 0x7 R R R R 0x70

WIN_DIAGNOSE 0x9 0 0 0 0 0x90

WIN_SPECIFY 0x9 0 0 0 1 0x91

4 R R=0 35us R=1 0.5ms R=0 L L=0 / 512 L=1 / 512 4 ECC

L=0 T T=0 T=1 T=0

(1) 0x1X -- WIN_RESTORE Recalibrate/ 0

BUSY_STAT 0BUSY_STAT(2) 0x20 -- WIN_READ 0x21 --

1 256 9–90 256 BUSY_STAT

ID

IDID ID

ID DataAddress Mark

DRQ_STAT DRQ_STAT

DRQ_STATBUSY_STAT DRQ_STATBUSY_STAT BUSY_STAT

(3) 0x30 -- WIN_WRITE 0x31 -- 1 256 9–9

0 256 DRQ_STAT

DRQ BUSY_STATDRQ_STAT

BUSY_STAT DRQ_STAT

IDID ECC

BUSY_STAT

DRQ_STAT BUSY_STATDRQ BUSY BUSY_STAT

DRQ_STAT

(4) 0x40 -- WIN_VERIFY 0x41 -- DRQ_STAT

BUSY_STATBUSY_STAT

(5) 0x50 -- WIN_FORMATDRQ_STAT

DRQ_STAT BUSY_STAT

(6) 0x60 -- WIN_INIT(7) 0x7X -- WIN_SEEK

BUSYSEEK_STAT DSC -

BUSY_STAT

(8) 0x90 -- WIN_DIAGNOSE0 400ns

BUSY_STAT2 1 0

1 5 1 00x80 0 1

/ (0x1f6) 4 1 11 0

1 0 BUSY_STAT

(9) 0x91 -- WIN_SPECIFY

BUSY_STAT/ -1 4

HD_CMD 0x3f60x08

9–8

0x08

0

1 (0) ( IRQ)

2

3 8 1

4 (0)

5 +1 1

6 ECC

7

9.4.3.2 AT9–9

6 1 70x1f1 -- 0x1f7

0x1f1

0x1f2

0x1f3

0x1f4

0x1f5

0x1f6 /

0x1f7

CPU (HD_CMD)0x3f6

1. CPU 7 BUSY_STAT 0hd.c 161

controller_ready()2. CPU 6 READY_STAT 1

1 hd.c 202 drive_busy()3. hd.c 180 hd_out()

4. CPU IRQ14 -- int46/ hd.c

237--293 5 55. CPU 0 0

(HD_ERROR) hd.c 202 win_result()

9.4.3.3int 0x41 4 * 0x41 =0x0000:0x0104

9–10 100% BIOSF000h:E401h int 0x46

0x00

0x02

0x03 ( PC XT 0)

0x05 4

0x07 ECC XT 0

0x08 0

1 (0) ( IRQ)

2

3 8 1

4 (0)

5 +1 1

6 ECC

7

0x09 XT 0

0x0A XT 0

0x0B XT 0

0x0C ( )

0x0E

0x0F

9.4.3.43

1- ,2- ,3- ,4-ttyx,5-tty,6- ,7-1 1--4

= *256 + dev_no = (major<<8) + minor

9–11

0x300 /dev/hd0 1

0x301 /dev/hd1 1 1

0x302 /dev/hd2 1 2

0x303 /dev/hd3 1 3

0x304 /dev/hd4 1 4

0x305 /dev/hd5 2

0x306 /dev/hd6 2 1

0x307 /dev/hd7 2 2

0x308 /dev/hd8 2 3

0x309 /dev/hd9 2 4

0x300 0x305linux 0.95

9.4.3.5PC ROM BIOS

1 0x7c00MBR Master Boot Record 9-12

0x000 MBR 446

0x1BE 1 16 1 16

0x1CE 2 16 2 16

0x1DE 3 16 3 16

0x1EE 4 16 4 16

0x1FE 2 0x55, 0xAA

446 MBR 40 0 1 0x1BE--0x1FD

1--416 9–13

0x00 boot_ind 4

0x00- 0x80-

0x01 head 0--255

0x02 sector ( 0-5) 1--63 2 ( 6-7)

0x03 cyl 8 0--1023

0x04 sys_ind 0x0b-DOS; 0x80-Old Minix; 0x83-Linux …

0x05 end_head 0--255

0x06 end_sector ( 0-5) 1--63 2 ( 6-7)

0x07 end_cyl 8 0--1023

0x08-0x0b start_sect 0

0x0c-0x0f nr_sects

head sector cyl0--255 sector 6 1--63

sector 2 cyl 10 0--1023 end_headend_sector end_cyl H

S C CHS H = head; S = sector & 0x3f; C = (sector & 0xc0) << 2) + cyl;

start_sect 4 0CHS 0 0 1 0, 0, 1

0MAX_HD MAX_SECT CHS

phy_sector phy_sector = (C * MAX_HEAD + H) * MAX_SECT + S - 1

1 0 0 1boot 0x7c00 0x6000 0x7c00

10x7c00

1

9.4.3.6track_secs dev_heads sector

tracks cyl sec headsector

sector / track_secs = tracks sectracks / dev_heads = cyl head

1 sec 1cyl sec head

sector = (cyl * dev_heads + head) * track_secs + sec -1

9.5 ll_rw_blk.c

9.5.1/

ll_rw_block()

request_fn() do_hd_request() do_fd_request()do_rd_request() ll_rw_block()

request_fn()

request_fn()request_fn() C read_intr()

write_intr() request_fn()

request_fn() request_fn()9-5

do_rd_request()

9.5.29-4 linux/kernel/blk_drv/ll_rw_blk.c

9.6 ramdisk.c

9.6.1Ram Disk Theodore Ts'o

linux/Makefile RAMDISK

init/main.c 123 16MB4MB RAMDISK KB

RAMDISK=512 9-6

3 rd_init() init/main.cdo_rd_request()

rd_load()

256Bootimage Rootiamge

DOS Linux14

rd_load() 257

ROOT_DEV 0x0101 rd_load()9-7

Linux 0.11 linux/Makefile RAMDISKRAMDISK 256

1KB 2 257RAMDISK

shell256

1.44MB 2569-8

9.6.29-5 linux/kernel/blk_drv/ramdisk.c

9.7 floppy.c

9.7.1

do_fd_request()

0.5

3

Linus 100

kernel/sched.c 201-262

do_fd_request()

include/linux/fdreg.h

9.7.29-6 linux/kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c

9.7.39.7.3.1

Linux 2 = TYPE*4 + DRIVE DRIVE 0-3A B C D TYPE 2 1.2M 7 1.44M floppy.c 85

floppy_type[] 9–14

0

1 360KB PC

2 1.2MB AT

3 360kB 720kB

4 3.5" 720kB

5 360kB 1.2MB

6 720kB 1.2MB

7 1.44MB

7 1.44MB 0 A 7*4 + 0 = 28 (2,28) 1.44M A , 0x021c /dev/fd0 /dev/PS0 2 1.22MB

2*4 + 0 = 8 (2,8) 1.2M A 0x0208 /dev/at0

9.7.3.2FDC 4

1.2M 9–15

I/O

0x3f2 DOR ( )

0x3f4 FDC (STATUS)

0x3f5 / FDC (DATA)

DIR0x3f7

(DCR)( )

DOR 8/ FDC / DMA 9–16

7 MOT_EN3 D 1- 0-

6 MOT_EN2 C 1- 0-

5 MOT_EN1 B 1- 0-

4 MOT_EN0 A 1- 0-

3 DMA_INT DMA 0- DMA

2 RESET FDC 0- FDC

1 DRV_SEL1

0 DRV_SEL0 00-11 A-D

FDC 8 FDC FDDCPU FDC FDC

FDC 9–17

7 RQM FDC

6 DIO 1- FDC CPU 0- CPU FDC

5 NDM DMA 1- DMA 0- DMA

4 CB FDC

3 DDB D

2 DCB C

1 DBB B

0 DAB A

FDC0x3f5 DIO

0 CPU FDC FDC7

DIR 7 D7

(DCR) 2 D1D000 500kbps 01 300kbps 10 250kbps Linux 0.11 DMA

DMA 386 PCIR6 0x26 DMA 2 DMA

9.7.3.315

CPU FDC0--8

FDC CPU FDCCPU FDC FDC DMA

1 DMA DMA FDCDMA FDC FDC

CPUCPU FDC FDC

0--7 FDC

Linux 0.11 6

1. FD_RECALIBRATE0

0x07 0—39–18

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0x07

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 US1 US2

0

2. FD_SEEK1 0-1

2 29–19

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0x0F

1 0 0 0 0 0 HD US1 US2

2 C

3. FD_READDMA

4 R 1 DMA9–20

C R R1 R EOT

1 R 1

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

0 MT MF SK 0 0 1 1 0 0xE6 MT=MF=SK=1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 US1 US2

2 C

3 H

4 R

5 N

6 EOT

7 GPL 3

8 DTL N=0

1 ST0 0

2 ST1 1

3 ST2 2

4 C

5 H

6 R

7 N

MT MF SK MT MT=1 MF MF=1 MFM FM SK SK=1

3 ST0 ST1 ST2 9–21 9–22 9–23

7

6ST0_INTR

00 – 01 –

10 – 11 –

5 ST0_SE Seek End

4 ST0_ECE Equip. Check Error

3 ST0_NR Not Ready

2 ST0_HA Head Address

1

0ST0_DS

Drive Select

00 – 11 0—3

7 ST1_EOC EOT End of Cylinder

6 0

5 ST1_CRC CRC

4 ST1_OR DMA Over Run

3 0

2 ST1_ND No Data - unreadable

1 ST1_WP Write Protect

0 ST1_MAM ID AM Missing Address Mask

7 0

6 ST2_CM SK=0 Control Mark = deleted

5 ST2_CRC CRC

4 ST2_WC ID C Wrong Cylinder

3 ST2_SEH Scan Equal Hit

2 ST2_SNS Scan Not Satisfied

1 ST2_BC ID C=0xFF Bad Cylinder

0 ST2_MAM DATA AM Missing Address Mask

4. FD_WRITE

DMA1

DMA 9–24

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

0 MT MF 0 0 0 1 0 1 0xC5 MT=MF=1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 US1 US2

2 C

3 H

4 R

5 N

6 EOT

7 GPL 3

8 DTL N=0

1 ST0 0

2 ST1 1

3 ST2 2

4 C

5 H

6 R

7 N

5. FD_SENSEI1 2 ST0 PCN

CPUDMA

9–25

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0x08

1 ST0 0

2 C

6. FD_SPECIFY

SRT / HLT/HUT DMA9–26 500KB/S Linux 0.11

1 floppy.c 95 spec1 2 spec2315 spec2 6 HLT=3 ND=0

6 DMA

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0x03

1 SRT 1ms HUT 16ms

2 HLT 2ms ND DMA

9.7.3.4PC NEC PD765 Intel 8287A Intel 82078

MSRoutput_byte(byte)

9-9RQM 1 DIO 0 CPU FDC

10000Linux 0.1x 0.9x

PC 16MHz -- 40MHzLinux

FDC CPU result()reply_buffer[]

DOR 2 FDC 0 1SPECIFY floppy.c

reset_floppy() C reset_interrupt() DOR 2SPECIFY

transfer()DCR

250KpbsDOR

FD_RECALIBRATE (FD_SEEK)/

MSR

DOR DOR9-10

/

DMA9-11

3300ms 5 500ms floppy.c

500msDCR

FD_SEEK

15ms HLT500Kbps HLT=8

16msDMA DMA

TCEOT

DMA

Linux 0.1111

500ms

ID DMA DMAC H R

9 2 512 1 7DMA 36 9 x 4 7,1,1,27,1,2,2 7,1,3,2 ... 7,1,9,2

SEEK

9.7.3.5 DMA DMA Direct Memory Access) “ ” DMA

Intel 8237DMA CPU

CPU DMA1 DMA

DMA DMADMA

PCDMA 2 Linux 0.11

Intel 8237 16 8 64KB1MB DMA 1MB 169–27 DMA

64KB

DMA 64KB

0x0 0x00000 - 0x0FFFF

0x1 0x10000 - 0x1FFFF

0x2 0x20000 - 0x2FFFF

0x3 0x30000 - 0x3FFFF

0x4 0x40000 - 0x4FFFF

0x5 0x50000 - 0x5FFFF

0x6 0x60000 - 0x6FFFF

0x7 0x70000 - 0x7FFFF

0x8 0x80000 - 0x8FFFF

0x9 0x90000 - 0x9FFFF

0xA 0xA0000 - 0xAFFFF

0xB 0xB0000 - 0xBFFFF

0xC 0xC0000 - 0xCFFFF

0xD 0xD0000 - 0xDFFFF

0xE 0xE0000 - 0xEFFFF

0xF 0xF0000 - 0xFFFFF

2DMA DMA 2 DMA

3DMA EOP

CPU

PC/AT DMA 8 4 16DMA 2

DMA 816

9–28

DMA

0 0x87 0x00 0x01

1 0x83 0x02 0x03

2 0x81 0x04 0x05

3 0x82 0x06 0x07

4 0x8F 0xC0 0xC2

5 0x8B 0xC4 0xC6

6 0x89 0xC8 0xCA

7 0x8A 0xCC 0xCE

DMA 4 DMA9–29 Linux 0.11

3 0x0A, 0x0B, 0x0C

0-3 4-7

0x08 0xD0

0x09 0xD2

0x0A 0xD4

0x0B 0xD6

0x0C 0xD8

DMA DMALinux 0.11 ROM BIOS

9–30 DMA

7 DMA DACK 0-DACK 1-DACK

6 DMA DREQ 0-DREQ 1-DREQ

5 0- 1- X- 3=1

4 DMA 0- 1-

3 DMA 0- 5 1- 3 X- 0=1

2 DMA 0- 1-

1 0 0- 0 1- 0 X- 0=0

0 0- 1-

DREQ DREQ1 DMA 0 DMA DREQ

DMA PC DMA2 DREQ Linux

9–31

7 -3

2 0 - 1 - 0

1

000-11 0-3

0x0A 16 0xD4DMA DREQ DMA DMA

9–32

7 -3

2 1 - 0 -

1

000-11 0-3

DMA Linux 0.11 0x460x4A 9–33

7

6 00- 01- 10- 11-

5 0- 1-

4 0- 1-

3

2 00-DMA 01-DMA 10-DMA 11-

1

000-11 0-3

16

0x0C / DMA0 1

0x0C 0DMA DMA

1.2. 0x0A DMA

23. 0x0C4. 0x0B5. 0x04 DMA

6. 0x81 DMA7. 0x05 DMA -1

DMA 1024DMA 1023 0x3FF

8. 0x0A DMA9.

10 (char driver)

linux 0.11M.J.Bach UNIX

10 3

10-1 linux/kernel/chr_drv

10.1

RS-232 rs_io.s serial.ckeyboard.S console.c

tty_io.c tty_ioctl.c

10.1.1

Raw data

canonicalTAB 8

backspace (line discipline)(raw)

10-1

10.1.2 Linuxtty tty Teletype

Teletype Teletype Linux 0.1x/dev/

1. /dev/ttySn

/dev/ttyS0 /dev/ttyS1 4,64 4,65DOS COM1 COM2

echo test > /dev/ttyS1 ”test”ttyS1

2. /dev/ptyp /dev/ttypPseudo Terminals Pseudo - TTY PTY

shell X Window

Master PTY Slave PTYptyp1 ttyp1 ptyp1 ttyp1

/dev/ptyp3 /dev/ttyp3 ttyp3 /ptyp3 ptyp3

ttyp3

telnet telnetptyp2 getty ttyp2 telnet

ptyp2 ttyp2 getty getty ttyp2 ptyp2 telnet”login:” telnet

Linux 16 ttyp ttyp0—ttypf Linuxptm - pty master /dev/ptm3 /dev/pts/3

pty Linux /dev/pts devpts/dev/pts/3

3. /dev/tty/dev/tty Controlling Terminal 5

0 /dev/tty ”ps –ax”shell /dev/tty 5,0

”tty” /dev/tty

/dev/tty TIOCNOTTYTerminal IO Control NO TTY ioctl()

4. /dev/ttyn, /dev/consoleLinux Console VT200 Linux

TERM=Linux tty0 tty1 tty2tty1 Alt+[F1—F6] tty2 tty3 tty1 –

tty6 tty0 Linuxtty0

root /dev/tty0 /dev/console Linux 0.12/dev/console 1 tty1

5.Linux

ISDN /dev/ttyIn

10.1.3tty_struct

ID IO include/linux/tty.h

Linux tty_table[]tty_struct Linux 0.11

termios io pgrppgrp

stopped *write()

3 tty_queue

1K read_qraw write_q

ICANON secondary read_q(cooked) backspace

tty_read()secondary

C copy_to_cooked()copy_to_cooked()

read_q read_qsecondary L_ECHO write_q

termios

tty_struct termios include/termios.h

c_iflag Linux 0.11 POSIX.1 11 termios.h

NL CRLinux 0.11 tty_io.c

copy_to_cooked() termios.h 83 -- 96 c_oflagtty_io.c tty_write() termios.h 99 -- 129 c_cflag

termios.h 132 -- 166 c_lflag Echo

copy_to_cooked() tty_read() ICANONISIG INTR QUIT

SUSP termios.h 169 -- 1834 unsigned long

32 termios.h c_cc[] ^C

NCCS c_cc[] include/linux/tty.hV VINTR VMIN

termios.h 64 -- 80ioctl (tcsetattr()) termios

read readtermios VTIME VMIN VMIN

VTIMEstty termios Linux 0.1x

stty

Linux ’stty -a’

10-2

10.1.410.1.4.1

c_lflag ICANONNL

EOL EOL2 EOF EOF

ERASE KILL EOF EOL REPRINT WERASEEOL2

ERASE Backspace copy_to_cooked()NL

KILL EOF copy_to_cooked() EOL EOL2

EOF REPRINT WERASE REPRINTWERASE Linux 0.1110.1.4.2

ICANONMIN

TIME c_cc[]

MIN TIME 1/10

1. MIN>0 TIME>0TIMEMIN MIN

secondary

2. MIN>0 TIME=0MIN

3. MIN=0 TIME>0TIME

04. MIN=0 TIME=0

0

MIN MINtty_io.c

tty_read()

10.1.5Linux 0.11

keyboard.s console.c

tty_io.ckeyboard.s tty_io.c

rs_io.s tty_io.c keyboard.s console.c Linux

ROMPC

keyboard.s console.c DEC VT100

10-3

10.1.5.1Linux 0.11 keyboard.S console.c keyboard.S

read_q copy_to_cooked() read_qsecondary console.c

IRQ1,INT 33

tty read_q C do_tty_interrupt()copy_to_cooked() tty secondary

tty write_q con_write() echodo_tty_interrupt() copy_to_cooked() tty_io.c

10-4

tty write_qwrite_q write_q

write_q tty_struct write_qcon_write() console.c

keyboard.Sread_q console.c write_q

10-5

10.1.5.2serial.c rs_io.s serial.c

rs_io.s4

a. modem b.c. d.

read_q copy_to_cooked()secondary

write_q

/read_q

11 1 tty read_q

C do_tty_interrupt() copy_to_cooked()tty secondary tty write_q

1 rs_write() echo

tty_structrs_write()

write_q

write_qrs_write() serial.c rs_io.s

10-6

rs_io.sconsole.c keyboard.S

10.1.6

i i

tty_io.ctty_read() tty_write() copy_to_cooked() tty_ioctl.c

tty_ioctl()termios include/termios.h

Linux 0.11termios 'c_line' 0

10.2 Makefile

10.2.1Make

10.2.210-1 linux/kernel/chr_drv/Makefile

10.3 keyboard.S

10.3.1make break

( )Alt Shift Ctrl Caps

moderead_q C do_tty_interrupt() tty_io.c

342 copy_to_cooked()read_q secondary

write_q

AT0xf0 2 AT

PC/XT PC/XT

gas '.S'as GNU C CPP C"#include" "#if"

10.3.210-2 linux/kernel/chr_drv/keyboard.S

10.3.310.3.3.1 PC/AT PC

Intel 804210-7 8042

8042 P20 P20 CPU 1 P21 A20

1 1 A20 0 A20A20

IO 0x60-0x6f IBM CP/AT 0x60 0x640x61 0x62 0x63 XT 10-1

4

/

0x60

8

0 = 1 IRQ1

0 = 1

0x60/

10 1=0

0x61 /

0x61 8255A B / 8255A PC

7=1 =0

6=0

5-0 (PPI)

0x64

8

7=1

6=1 ( IRQ1)

5=1 ( )

4=1 [?? =0 ]

3=1 ( 0x64)

=0 ( 0x60)

2 0 = 1 =

1=1 (0x60/64 8042 )

0=1 ( 0x60 )

0x640x60

12

10.3.3.20x60 1 20ms

10-20xfa (ACK)

0xed

/ 1 0

7-3 0

2 = caps-lock

1 = num-lock

0 = scroll-lock

0xee 0xee

0xef

0xf0

/

0x00 -

0x01 - 1( PCs PS/2 30 )

0x02 - 2( AT PS/2 )

0x03 - 3

0xf1

0xf2 ( 2 ) AT 0xfa

0xf3

7 0

6-5 C= 6-5 =(1+C)*250ms

4-0 B= 4-3 A= 2-0

=1/((8+A)*2^B*0.00417)

0x2c

0xf4

0xf5

0xf6

0xf7-0xfd

0xfe

0xff

(BAT)

1. 0xfa

2.

3. BAT

4. 0xaa 0xfd

10.3.3.3( 0x64) 1 0x60

10-3

0x20 0x60

0x21-0x3f 5 RAM

0x60-0x7f

0x5d

7 0

6 IBM PC ( PC )

5 PC

4

3 (override)

2 1

1 0

0

0xaa 0x55 0xfc

0xab

0x00

0x01 ( )

0x02

0x03

0x04

0xac 804x 16 RAM

0xad 4=1

0xae 4=0

0xc0 804x P1 0x60

0xd0 804x P2 0x60

0xd1804x P2 IBM PC 2 A20

0( )

0xe0T0 T1

1 0

0xed

LED 1 0

7-3 0

2 = caps-lock

1 = num-lock

0 = scroll-lock

0xf0-0xff

P20-23

(6 ) 0 4

0xfe(P20 )

10.3.3.4 PC PC XT

AT(make) (break) XT

10-4

7 6-0 77=0 7=1 ESC

1 1 ESC 1+0x80=129

PC PC/XT 83 1A 30 30 0x1e 0x80

0x9e AT 84/101/102 PC/XT

0xe0 PC/XTctrl 29 0x1d ctrl

0xe0 0x1d altPrtScn Pause/Break PrtScn

2 42 0x2a 55 0x37 0xe0 0x2a 0xe0 0x370xaa 0xe0 0x2a 0xe0 0x37 0xe0 0xaa

0x80 0xe0 0xb7 0xe0 0xaa prtscn shiftctrl 0xe0 0x37 0xe0 0xb7 alt

PrtScn 0x54Pause/Break ctrl 70

0x46 0xe1 0x1d 0x45 0xe1 0x9d 0xc5

0xe0 0xe1 2AT PC/XT

0xf0 2 8049AT AT PC/XT

AT (83 0xe0 )1 shift caps ctrl

alt 21 2 0xe0 0xe1 ctrl

0x1d( PC/XT) 0xe0 0x1d PC/XT

0xe1 0xe0

10.4 console.c

10.4.1

con_write()con_write()

vt102telnet Linux TERM=vt102

TERM=console Linux vt102con_write()

tty_structwrite_q

con_init()con_write()

include/linux/tty.htty_queue tty_struct

10-14

10.4.210-3 linux/kernel/chr_drv/console.c

10.4.310.4.3.1

MDA CGA EGA VGA

CGA MC6845 10-5CGA/EGA/VGA (0x3d0-0x3df) MDA 0x3b0 - 0x3bf

0--17 0x3d4(r0-r17) 0x3d5

10-6

/

0x3d4 CRT(6845) 0x3d5 (r0-r17)

0x3d5CRT(6845) r14-r17

10-6

0x3d8 /

7-6

5=1

4=1 640*200

3=1

2=1

1=1 =0

0=1 80*25 =0 40*25

0x3d9 /

CGA

7-6

5=1 (cyan) (magenta) (white)

=0 (red) (green) (blue)

4=1

3=1 40*25 320*200 640*200

2=1 40*25 320*200 640*200

1=1 40*25 320*200 640*200

0=1 40*25 320*200 640*200

0x3da

CGA

7-4

3=1

2=1 =0

1=1

0=1 =0

0x3db

0x3dc /

/ 40*25 80*25

r0

r1

r2

0x38

0x28

0x2d

0x71

0x50

0x5a

0x38

0x28

0x2d

r3 0x0a 0x0a 0x0a

r4

r5

r6

r7

0x1f

0x06

0x19

0x1c

0x1f

0x06

0x19

0x1c

0x7f

0x06

0x64

0x70

r8 / 0x02 0x02 0x02

r9 0x07 0x07 0x01

r10

r11

0x06

0x07

0x06

0x07

0x06

0x07

r12

r13

( )

( )

0x00

0x00

0x00

0x00

0x00

0x00

r14

r15

( )

( )

/

/

r16

r17

( )

( )

10.4.3.2( scroll up) (

scroll down)

origin

(video_mem_start) video_mem_end

(video_mem_end)

(video_mem_start)

origin(video_mem_end)

(video_mem_start) 10-8(a) (b)

10.4.3.3( ) ( )

ANSILinux console.c keyboard.s

console.cROM ASCII

1.ANSI American National Standards Institute ISO International

Organization for Strndardization 8 7 ANSIISO ANSI X3.4-1977 ISO 646-1977

ASCII ANSI X3.41-1974 ISO 2022.2 7 8ANSI X3.32 ANSI X3.64-1979 ASCII

Linux 0.1x DEC Compaq HP VT100VT102 7

82. ASCII 7 8 7 128 10-7

7 4 3 4 1 'A' 80101 65 0x41

1 2 Control characters

Graphic characters

DEL 0x7F 0x20ANSI

ANSI CR Carriage Return FF Form Feed CANCancel 7 8 10-7 8

7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

0 NUL DLE SP 0 @ P ` p

1 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q

2 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r

3 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s

4 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t IND

5 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u NEL

6 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v SSA

7 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w ESA

8 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x HTS

9 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y HTJ

A LF SUB * : J Z j z VTS

B VT ESC + ; K [ k { PLD CSI

C FF FS , < L \ l | PLU ST

D CR GS - = M ] m } RI OSC

E SO RS . > N ^ n ~ SS2 PM

F SI US / ? O _ o DE

LSS3 APC

C0 GL C1 GR

7 8

7 8 256 7 84 4 0-- 7 78 0 8-- 15 8 1

8 8 C0 C1GL Graphic Left GR Graphic Right

C0 C1 GL / GR

DEC DEC ASCII DECDEC NCR National Replacement Character

DEC3.

ANSI

ANSIANSI

C0 C1 C0C1 8 Linux

VT100 C0Escape Sequences Control Sequences

Device Control Strings ANSIANSI ANSI

4.Escape Seguences

C0 ESC 0x1b ASCII ANSI

ESC ANSI Escape Sequence Introducer ESC

Intermediate Characters ESC 0x20 -- 0x2f ASCII 2

Final Character ESC 0x30 -- 0x7e ASCII 3 -- 7

ANSI 0x40 -- 0x7e ASCII4 -- 7 0x30 -- 0x3f ASCII

3 G0 ASCII

7 7 8

7 ANSI 27 C1 7

C1 CSI IND 7

2 8C1 2 C1 0x40 64

ESC 2 0x40 2 0x40 -- 0x5f8

5.Control Sequences CSI 0x9b 1 ASCII

ANSI

Control Sequence Introducer C1 CSI 0x9b CSI7 'ESC [' 2 '['

CSIParameter Characters CSI 0x30 -- 0x3f ASCII 3

'< = > ?' 0x3c -- 0x3f

Pn 0 -- 9 Ps ';' 0x3b

Intermediate Characters CSI 0x20 -- 0x2f ASCII 2

Final Character CSI 0x40 -- 0x7e ASCII 4 -- 7

ANSI 0x40 -- 0x6f ASCII4 -- 6 0x70 -- 0x7e ASCII

7 5 9

10-9 ESC [ 0;4;7m

6.

ASCII

C0 C1C0 C1

Linux 0.1x console.c

10.5 serial.c

10.5.1rs_init()

rs_write()

rs_write() /dev/tty64sys_write() fs/read_write.c

rw_char() fs/char_dev.crw_tty()

rs_write() rs_write() UART

rs_io.s

10.5.210-4 linux/kernel/chr_drv/serial.c

10.5.310.5.3.1 UART

10-100

5--8 1 1 1.5 2

1 MARK 0 SPACE

MARK 1

1. UARTPC 2 RS-232C /

UART Universal Asyncronous Receiver/Transmitter PC25 9 DB-25 DB-9 MODEM

RS-232C MODEM RS-232C MODEMUART

PC NS8250 NS16450 UART PC16650A NS8250/16450 NS8250/16450 16650A16650A FIFO UART 16

CPU Linux 0.11NS8250/16450 FIFO PC UART 10-11 3

D7 -- D0 A0 -- A2 CPU DISTR DOSTRMR INTRPT / OUT2

OUT2 1 UART

UART RS-232 /MODEM SOUT SIN

DSR MODEM UARTDTR MODEM

RTS MODEM CTS MODEMDCD MODEM

RI MODEMUART UART XTAL1 XTAL2

XTAL1 PCXTAL1 1.8432MHz UART 16 BAUDOUT

RCLK PC8259A UART

UART UART 10-12

NS8250 CPU 10 A2--A08 NS8250 7

LSB MSB 7 DLAB Divisor Latch Access Bit10-8

/

0x3f8 (0x2f8) DLAB=0 THR

DLAB=0 RBR

/ DLAB=1 / LSB

0x3f9 (0x2f9) / DLAB=1 / MSB

/ DLAB=0

/ IER

7-4 0

3=1 modem

2=1

1=1

0=1

0x3fa (0x2fa)

IIR 4

7-3 0

2-1

= 11

= 10 2

= 01 3

= 00 MODEM 4 MODEM

0=0 =1

0x3fb (0x2fb)

LCR

7=1 (DLAB)

= 0

6=1

5=1

4=1 =0

3=1 =0

2=1 5

1.5 6 7 8 2

= 0 1

1-0

= 00 5

= 01 6

= 10 7

= 11 8

0x3fc (0x2fc)

modem MCR

7-5 0

4=1

3=1 2 INTRPT

2=1 1 PC

1=1 RTS

0=1 DTR

0x3fd (0x2fd)

LSR

7=0

6=1

5=1

4=1

3=1

2=1

1=1

0=1

0x3fe (0x2fe)

MODEM MSR

7=1 (CD)

6=1 (RI)

5=1 (DSR)

4=1 CTS

3=1

2=1

1=1 (DSR)

0=1 (CTS)

2. UARTPC RESET NS8250 MR UART

UART UARTPC 1 port

= 0x3f8 UART INTRPT IRQ4IDT

a)LSB MSB 16

LCR 8DLAB=1 port+3 0x3fb 0x80 port 0x3f8 port+1 0x3f9

LSB MSB 2400bps

48162400

1843200162400

8432.116

UART MHz

2400pbs LSB 0x30 MSB 0DLAB

b)LCR

8 1 LCR0x03 LCR 2 11 8c) MODEM

UART MODEM UARTUART

PC ROM BIOS LinuxUART

MCR 4 UART UARTSIN SOUTUART

MODEMUART INTRPT CPU

IER UART 8259AMODEM MCR 3 OUT2 PC

INTRPT 8259A 10-11MODEM MCR 3 OUT2 UART

/ MCR 3=0 MODEMUART INTRPTIIR 8259A LSR

IIR UART MCR 1 0 MODEM UART DTR

RTSUART DTR RTS MODEM

0x0b 01011d)

IER 410-8 1

IIR 2-- 1UART IER 0 0=0

Linux 0.11 3 0x0d MODEM

tty_write() rs_write()

UART UART

3. UART Linux /

tty_io.cUART RBRUART THR

UART 4

IIRjmp_table[] 10-13

rs_io.s

IIR 0 0 = 02 1

UART 0 = 0 IIR 0 0

UART IIR0 = 1

10.6 rs_io.s

10.6.1rs232

read_qwrite_q

4 a. modem b.c. d.

read_q copy_to_cooked()secondary

write_q

include/linux/tty.htty_queue tty_struct

10-14

10.6.210-5 linux/kernel/chr_drv/rs_io.s

10.7 tty_io.c

10.7.1tty 3 read_q write_q

secondary tty_struct include/linux/tty.htail

(head)10-14

/ tty_read() tty_write()copy_to_cooked()

tty_read() tty_write() /dev/ttysys_read() fs/read_write.crw_char() fs/char_dev.c

rw_tty() tty_read() copy_to_cooked() do_tty_interrupt() termios

/ INLCR OUCLC read_qsecondary

tty_read() L_ECHOwrite_q rs_write()serial.c 53 rs_write()

copy_to_cooked()

1. 102. read_q3. CR NL termios ICRNL INLCR

INOCR ICRNL

4. IUCLC5. ICANON

a. ^U secondary

b. ^H secondaryc. ^S stopped=1d. ^Q

6. ISIG7. NL ^D secondary data 18. write_q

9. secondary 110.

include/linux/tty.h tty

ASCII

10.7.210-6 linux/kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c

10.7.310.7.3.1 VTIME VMIN

MINTIME

MIN MINMIN MIN

TIMEtermios.h

10.8 tty_ioctl.c

10.8.1tty_ioctl()

termios tty_ioctl() fs/ioctl.c sys_ioctl()

10.8.210-7 linux/kernel/chr_drv/tty_ioctl.c

10.8.310.8.3.1

= 1.8432MHz /(16 X ) 10-9

MSB,LSB MSB,LSB

50 0x09,0x00 2304 1200 0x00,0x60 96

75 0x06,0x00 1536 1800 0x00,0x40 64

110 0x04,0x17 1047 2400 0x00,0x30 48

134.5 0x03,0x59 857 4800 0x00,0x18 24

150 0x03,0x00 768 9600 0x00,0x1c 12

200 0x02,0x40 576 19200 0x00,0x06 6

300 0x01,0x80 384 38400 0x00,0x03 3

600 0x00,0xc0 192

11 (math)

11-1

11-1 linux/kernel/math

11.1 Makefile

11.1.1 math

11.1.211-1 linux/kernel/math/Makefile

11.2 math-emulation.c

11.2.1

C math_emulate()

11.2.211-2 linux/kernel/math/math_emulate.c

12 (fs)

linux Linux 0.11Linus Andrew S.Tanenbaum MINIX

1.0 MINIX MINIXM.J.Bach UNIX

12-1 linux/fs

12.1

2 Linux 2-28 fs

buffer.ci

MINIX

12.1.1 MINIXMINIX 2.0 2.0 1.5

linux MINIX 1.0 1.0

MINIX UNIX 6 360K12-1

1KB 360MINIX 1.0

1KB 360KB 360

ROM BIOS

MINIX1

12-2 4 FAT32 NTFS MINIXEXT2

kernel/blk_drv/hd.c

12-3s_ninodes i s_nzones s_imap_blocks

s_zmap_blocks i s_firstdatazone

s_log_zone_size 2MINIX 1.0 0 1KB s_max_size

s_magicMINIX 1.0 0x137f

Linux 0.11 super_block[]8 Linux 0.11 8 super.c mount_root()

read_super() put_super()

1 01

00 1

8 s_zmap[8]1024 8192 8

65536 MINIX 1.0 64MB i i i 1K

8192 i ii 0 i 1 0 i

0 i 0 1i 8191 i

i ii id(uid) id gid

32 12-4

i_mode 15-12 11-98-0 12-5 include/sys/stat.h

20—50 include/fcntl.h

ii i_zone[] i_zone[] i

i_zone[0] i_zone[6] 77K i

i_zone[7] MINIX 512512 i_zone[8]

512*512 12-6/dev/

0 i izone[0]

i i 0 i i0 i 0 i 0

PC 512 MINIX2 1024

02 1 2 4 8

linux

12.1.212.1.2.1 UNIX 6 shell "ls -l"

12-7

'-''-'

'd' UNIX

's'

'p''c' tty

'b' UNIX/dev

linux i i_mode 4S_ISBLK S_ISDIR include/sys/stat.h

'rwx''755'

/ / linux 0.11i i_mode 9 mode

include/fcntl.h' ' ' '

' '12.1.2.2 Linux 0.11 MINIX 1.0 UNIX

include/linux/fs.hroot/

root/ i 1 i

-rwxr-xr-x 1 ftpadm ftp 479 10 26 17:28 README

14 2 i1024/16=64 i i

ii

i i12-8 /usr/bin/vi i

i 1 i 1 usr/usr i i /usr

bin /usr/bin i /usr/binvi /usr/bin/vi i

i i

12-9i

i ii i

ii i_nlinks i

2 i 0i

ii

'.' '..' '.'i '..' i

../kernel/Makefile'..' i

i2 '..'

mydir12-10

i 56 mydir i 123mydir '.' i 123 '..' i 56

i 2+

12.1.2.3Linux 0.11 bochs Linux 0.11

'.' '..' hexdump '.' '..'

'hexdump .' 1 ii 14 i 0

'.' '..' i 1

etc/ etc/ hexdump etc/

etc/ i'.' i etc/ i 4 '..' i etc/ i 1

12.1.3

I/O CPUbuffer cache

linux2-5

Linux buffer.cbread() breada()

bread_page() 4

12.1.45

bitmap.c i ifree_inode() new_inode() free_block() new_block()

truncate.c 0 truncate() i0

inode.c i iget() i iput() ibmap()

namei.c namei() iget() iput() bmap()i

super.c get_super() put_super() free_super()/ sys_mount()

12-11

12.1.55 12-12 block_dev.c file_dev.c

char_dev.c pipe.c read_write.c 4read_write.c read() write()

block_dev.c block_read() block_write()

file_dev.c file_read() file_write() i

pipe.c read_pipe() write_pipe()pipe()

openpipe() read() write() close() pipe

i i

read() write() char_dev.c rw_char()tty (ttyx)

file file_table[] i inode_table[]include/linux/fs.h file

i i f_modei i_mode f_flags open()

flag include/fcntl.h

file f_count if_inode i ilinux 0.11 64 64

filp[NR_OPEN]NR_OPEN = 20 20

filp[0] 0

i inode_table[NR_INODE] i NR_INODE = 3232 i

i 12-13 01

12.1.612-14 5

open.croot

exec.c shelldo_execve() (int 0x80) __NR_execve() C exec()

fcntl.c fcntl() dup() dup2() dup2()dup() /

ioctl.c / ioctl() tty_ioctl() I/O stat.c stat() fstat() stat() fstat()

( )

12.1.7 360KB12-1 Linux 0.11 360KB

MINIX 1.0 hello.cbochs

2 mkfs MINIX120 i 360

8 1024 268966912mount MINIX /mnt

hello.c MINIXbochs 2 diskb.img

Linux 0.11 hexdumpbochs UltraEdit

/dev/fd1 hexdump

12-1 MINIX 1.0 10 0x0000 - 0x03ff 1KB

mkfs

1 0x0400 - 0x07ff 1KB MINIX 12-312–1 18

ing 0 MINIX

s_ninodes i 0x0078 = 120

s_nzones 0x0168 = 360

s_imap_blocks i 0x0001

s_zmap_blocks 0x0001

s_firstdatazone 0x0008

s_log_zone_size Log2 / 0x0000

s_max_size 0x10081c00 = 268966912

s_magic 0x137f

2 0x0800 - 0x0bff 1KB i 120 i1 i 1KB 120/8 = 15

0 i 1mkfs 1

2 1 0x07 0b0000111 i 31 0 2 3

1 i 2 i i 2 i1 i 2 i hello.c

i3 0x0c00 - 0x0fff 1KB 360KB

360 360/8 = 451 + 1 + 1i + 1 + 4i

= 8 360 - 8 = 352 440 353 45 0xfe 1

0nr

block nr + 8 -1 block = nr + s_firstdatazone - 1 blocknr nr = block - s_firstdatazone +1

i 1 3 1 0 23 2 11 1 i 2 2 2

i ii i i 4--7

4--7 0x1000 - 0x1fff 4KB 4 i 120i i 32 12-4 120 x 32 = 3840 4

32 1 i 322 i 12–2 12–3

i

i_mode 0x41ed drwxr-xr-x

i_uid id 0x0000

i_size 0x00000030 48

i_mtime 0x421cc200 Feb 23 17:48

i_gid id 0x00

i_nlinks 0x02

i_zone[9] zone[0] = 0x0008 0

i

i_mode 0x8180 -rw-------

i_uid id 0x0000

i_size 0x0000004a 74

i_mtime 0x421cc200 Feb 23 17:48

i_gid id 0x00

i_nlinks 0x01

i_zone[9] zone[0] = 0x0009 0

1 i 1 8 1

30 16 0x10 3 0x302

2 i 1 2 974 hello.c

8 0x2000 - 0x23ff 1KB 1 i 48 312–4

1 0x0001 0x2e .

2 0x0001 0x2e,0x2e ..

3 0x0002 0x68,0x65,0x6c,0x6c,0x6f,0x2e,0x63 hello.c

9 0x2400 - 0x27ff 1KB hello.c 74

12.2 Makefile

12.2.1 makefile make

12.2.212-1 linux/fs/Makefile

12.3 buffer.c

fs/ 241 buffer.c

12.3.1 buffer.c ( )

12-15

end end ldsystem ld end

data_start + datasize + bss_size bss 1etext edata 1

11024

hash12-16

1024 buffer_headinclude/linux/fs.h 68

buffer_head 12-17 free_list

b_prev_free

b_lockblk_drv/ll_rw_block.c

b_count buffer

0 b_count = 0 b_count = 0free

hash b_count 1 b_count++b_count 1

b_count-- b_lockb_lock b_count 0

b_dirtb_uptodate

0 b_dirt = 1b_uptodate = 0 b_uptodate = 1

b_dirt b_uptodate 1

devblock bread() bread_page() breada()

getblk()brelse()

12-18

buffer.c307 buffer_head hash Hash

hash ( ^ ) Mod 30712-17 b_prev b_next hash hash

Unix 3 hash12-19

hashfree_list

LRU Least Recently Usedgetblk()

getblk()get_hash_table() hash

getblk()

hash hash hash

getblk()1

hash

LRUgetblk() 12-20

free_listhash

free_list

hashfree_list

b_dirt b_lock 0b_dirt b_lock

b_dirtb_lock 0 getblk()

getblk()bread()

ll_rw_block()

NULL 12-21 bread() breada()bread_page() bread()

brelse()

=0

bread() ll_rw_block()bread()

ll_rw_block()12-22

Synchronizationsync_inodes i inode_table i

1. 2. sync_inodes()

sync_inodes() isync_indes()

inode

12.3.212-2 linux/fs/buffer.c

12.4 bitmap.c

25 super.c bitmap.c truncate.c inode.c namei.c super.c bitmap.c

i truncate.c 0 truncate() inode.ci namei.c

i

super.c /inode.c

12.4.1i

i free_inode() new_inode() free_block()new_block()

free_block() dev block blockdev

blockblock

1 ( )

new_block() dev blockdev 0

0 1 0 1

free_inode() i i new_inode()dev i i i i

i i

12.4.2 12-3 linux/fs/bitmap.c

12.5 truncate.c

12.5.1i

0 i12-23

12.5.212-4 linux/fs/truncate.c

12.6 inode.c

12.6.1i iget() iput() bmap() iget()

iput() bmap() namei.c i namei() iget() dev nr i i_count 1

12-24 dev i ii nr i i i

ii

i i 1 i

i i

ii i i 1

ii i

i ii i i i

i i iput() iget() i 1

i i i i0 i i i i_count

1 i 1 ii_count=0 iget()

i iput() ii_count

iput()i i_count 1

namei() dir_namei() open_namei()iget() new_inode() get_empty_inode()

ipwd root executalbe

i i iiput()

i pwd i rootexecutable iput()

_bmap() inode iblock create

create=0 bmap() create=1 create_block()i

i _bmap() ii_zone[] i_zone[]

12-6 i_zone[0] i_zone[6]i_zone[7] i_zone[8]

7K i 77K+512K i_zone[7]

i_zone[8] linux

12.6.2 12-5 linux/fs/inode.c

12.6.3

12.7 super.c

12.7.1

get_super() put_super() read_super() 2 /sys_umount() sys_mount() mount_root()

buffer.c12-3

get_super()mount

NULL put_super() i

super_block[] umount()

read_super()i

sys_umount() sys_mount()

mount_root()12-25

file_table[]i

mount_root() main.c 0 1init() setup() setup()

/kernel/blk_drv/hd.c 71

12.7.2 12-6 linux/fs/super.c

12.8 namei.c

12.8.1Linux 0.11 700

i namei()

Linux 0.11 MINIX 1.0 UNIXinclude/linux/fs.h

root/ root/i 1

14 2 ii i

i i

i/usr/bin/vi i i 1

i 1 usr /usr ii /usr bin/usr/bin i /usr/bin vi

/usr/bin/vi i i i

'.' '..' '.'

i '..' i../kernel/Makefile

'..' i

12.8.2 12-7 linux/fs/namei.c

12.9 file_table.c

12.9.1

12.9.2 12-8 linux/fs/file_table.c

12.10 block_dev.c

3 5 block_dev.c char_dev.c pipe.c file_dev.cread_write.c 4 read_write.c read_write.c

sys_write() sys_read() 5” 12-26 sys_write()

sys_read()/

12.10.1 block_dev.c block_read() block_write()

, read() write()

block_write()pos bread()

breada()chars

offset 0 12-27

block_read() block_write()

12.10.2 12-9 linux/fs/block_dev.c

12.11 file_dev.c

12.11.1file_read() file_write() read() write()

block_dev.ci i

file

/dev/fd0

12.11.2 12-10 linux/fs/file_dev.c

12.12 pipe.c

12.12.1read_pipe() write_pipe()

sys_pipe() read() write()read_write.c

i 4KBi i_size i_zone[0]

i_zone[1]

12-28

read_pipe()

write_pipe()

sys_pipe()

i

PIPE_HEAD() PIPE_TAIL()include/linux/fs.h 57--64

12.12.212-11 linux/fs/pipe.c

12.13 char_dev.c

12.13.1 char_dev.c rw_ttyx() rw_tty() rw_memory() rw_char()

rw_ttyx() 4 tty

rw_tty() 5 rw_ttyx()

rw_memory() 1 linux 0.110 1 2 0.96 1 2

rw_char()open() read()

12.13.2 12-12 linux/fs/char_dev.c

12.14 read_write.c

12.14.1read() write() lseek() read() write()

4 4 lseek()

read() ipipe.c char_dev.c rw_char()

block_dev.cfile_dev.c file_read() write() read()

lseek()

12.14.2 12-13 linux/fs/read_write.c

12.14.3

Linux System Calls libc.a

bsd

Linux

Linux

open file

file escriptor MS-DOS file handle

read write read write

int read(int fd, char *buf, int n); int write(int fd, char *buf, int n);

0 -1

_syscall3() unistd.h 172

__NR_read 3 Linux 0x80 eax__res 0

errno -1Linux read_write.c

read_write.c 55 sys_read() sys_read()

int sys_read(unsigned int fd, char *buf, int count)

0

buf buf

i

read_pipe() fs/pipe.crw_char() fs/char_dev.c

block_read() fs/block_dev.cfs/buffer.c bread()

ll_rw_block()file_read() fs/file_read.c

ll_rw_block() file_read()

read()0 errno

-1 read() 12-29

12.15 open.c

45 open.c exec.c stat.c fcntl.c ioctl.c

open.c exec.c execve() stat.cfcntl.c ioctl.c

12.15.1

root

12.15.2 12-14 linux/fs/open.c

12.16 exec.c

12.16.1shell

do_execve() int 0x80 __NR_execve() C exec()5 exec

fork() exec()

execve()

-- (NULl) i

-- iShell #! Shell

Shell

-- i

execve()

execve() fork()

Load on demandID

IDclose on exec linux/fs/fcntl.c

close_on_execclose_on_exec execve()

fcntl() execve

ls -l /home/john/

shell /bin/ls /bin/ls ls-l /home/john/ C main()

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

argc argument countargv -- argument vector argvargv[0] argc 1 argc=3

argv[0] argv[1] argv[2] 'ls' '-l' '/home/john/' argv[3] = NULL 12-30

main() enviroment variableNULL

main()

int main(int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[])

VAR_NAME=somevalue

VAR_NAMEshell set

execve()MAX_ARG_PAGES 128kB

128kB(128kB-4 ) p 12-31

p copy_string()copy_string()

copy_string() 333 p12-32 p'

64MB (128KB - p) p' create_tables()p'

sp

create_tables() p argcenvc

sp 12-33

do_execve() 344 345 eipesp

CPU 12-3464MB

start_code CPU

12.16.2 12-15 linux/fs/exec.c

12.16.312.16.3.1 a.out Linux 0.11 a.out(Assembley & link editor output)

ELF Executable and Link Formata.out

<a.out.h>

(exec header)

(ld)(text segment)

(data segment)

(text relocations)

(data relocations)

(simbol table)

(string table)

exec structure

a_midmag - N_GETFLAG() N_GETMID N_GETMAGIC()N_GETMID() (machine-id)

N_GETMAGIC()

OMAGIC -

NMAGIC - OMAGIC

ZMAGIC -

a_text - a_data - a_bss - bss break brk

a_syms - a_entry - a_trsize - a_drsize -

a.out.h exec

N_BADMAG(exec) a_magicN_TXTOFF(exec) N_DATOFF(exec) N_DRELOFF(exec) N_TRELOFF(exec) N_SYMOFF(exec) N_STROFF(exec)

(relocation_info)

r_address -

r_symbolnum - r_extern 0

r_pcrel - pc

r_length - 2 0 1 1 2 2 4 r_extern -

0r_baserel r_symbolnum

n_type r_baserel - r_symbolnum (Global Offset Table) r_jmptable - r_symbolnum (Procedure Linkage Table) r_relative -

r_copy - r_address

nlist

n_un.n_strx - nlist()n_un.n_name

n_type - (bitmasks) n_typeN_EXT

N_TYPEN_UNDF -

n_typeBSS n_value

N_ABS - N_TEXT -

N_DATA - N_TEXT

N_BSS - BSSN_FN -

N_STAB - ( gdb) stab() n_other - n_type n_other

4 AUX_FUNC AUX_OBJECT <link.h> AUX_FUNCAUX_OBJECT

ld n_desc -

n_value - BSS

u_int32_t null32 1 4

12.17 stat.c

12.17.1stat() fstat()

stat() fstat() ( )

12.17.2 12-16 linux/fs/stat.c

12.18 fcntl.c

12.18.1

fcntl.c fcntl() dup() dup2()dup2() dup() fcntl()

/include/fcntl.h

dup() dup2()dup() dup2() 3

12-35

dupfd() dup() dup2()close_on_exec exec() dup()

AT&T III fcntl()cmd 4

cmd = F_DUPFD fcntl() 3

dup(fd) fcntl(fd,F_DUPFD,0) dup2(fd,newfd)close(newfd); fcntl(fd,F_DUPFD,newfd);

cmd = F_GETFD F_SETFD close_on_exec3

cmd = F_GETFL F_SETFL RDONLYO_WRONLY O_RDWR O_APPEND O_NONBLOCK include/fcntl.h

3 O_APPENDO_NONBLOCK

cmd = F_GETLK F_SETLK F_SETLKW Linux 0.11

12.18.2 12-17 linux/fs/fcntl.c

12.19 ioctl.c

12.19.1 ioctl.c / ioctl() ioctl() ioctl

IO ttytty_ioctl() I/O POSIX.1 termios

tty include/termios.h tcflow()libc.a ioctl()

12.19.2 12-18 linux/fs/ioctl.c

13 (mm)

Intel 80x86 Linux

4KLinux 0.11 13-1

13-1

page.s int 14memory.c

13.1

Intel 80X86 CPU

—CPU 32Linux

13.1.1Intel 80x86 13-1

13-44 4

10241024 80386 1024 X 1024 X

4096 = 4G Linux 0.1116MB 4 4 4

head.s 109--12516MB 16MB

32

13-2

31-22 10 21-1212

13-2

13-30 4

CPU CR3 Linux

13-1 4G

13-4

(PAGE FRAME ADDRESS) 4K12 0 12

PRESENT – P P=1P=0

CPU P=0

Accessed – A Dirty – D

D DirtyCPU

/ Read/Write – R/W / User/Supervisor – U/SCPU

13.1.2 LinuxLinux Linux 0.11

Linux 0.11 16M 16MB80x86 Linux end

4M ROM BIOSRAM

13-5

Linux head.s head.s0 4 4

0 0

fork()

page.s int 14memory.c do_no_page() do_wp_page() do_no_page()

do_wp_page() copy on write

13.1.3 Linux

5-12

nr*64MB nr64MB 128K

bss bss

13.1.4PG=1 CPU

int 14P 0

CPUerror code 32 3

U/S W/R P0 P P=0 P=1

1 W/R W/R=0 W/R=1

2 U/S CPU U/S=0 CPUU/S=1 CPU

CR2 CPU CR2

page.s

memory.c do_no_page() do_wp_page()

13.1.5 copy on write

A fock BB A

fork() B AA memory.c copy_page_tables()

A B(page_fault int14) CPU do_wp_page()

do_wp_page() un_wp_page() ,A B

( )CPU

-> -> ->

verify_area()write_verify()

Linux 0.11 <1MB fork()0 idle 1 init

1 1

fork() execve()

13.1.6 Load on demandexecve() CPU 4G

64MB

CPU

CPU

CPU

Load on demanddemand-paging

execve()I/O

ZMAGIC

13.2 Makefile

13.2.1mm make

13.2.213-1 linux/mm/Makefile

13.3 memory.c

13.3.1

1MB mem_map[]0

11MB

PAGING_PAGES mem_map[] 100 mem_map[]1MB

mem_map[]13-5 16MB 512KB mem_map[]

(16MB - 1MB)/4KB = 3840 3840 (16MB-4.5MB)/4KB = 2944 mem_map[] 2944 896 1MB

mem_map[] 896 1002944 0 13-7

get_free_page() free_page()

get_free_page()mem_map[] 0 0

0 1

free_page() <1M1M

: (addr - 1M)/4K mem_map[]0 0 1 “ ”

free_page_tables() copy_page_tables() 4M

free_page_tables()4M =0“ ”

sizesize

copy_page_tables()

4Mbfrom_dir, to_dir

mem_map[]1

put_page()1M

P=1

do_wp_page() mm/page.sCopy

on Writedo_no_page()

+1

get_empty_page() get_free_page()put_page()

13.3.2 13-2 linux/mm/memory.c

13.4 page.s

13.4.114

do_no_page(error_code, address)do_wp_page(error_code, address) (error_code) CPU

CR2 CR2

13.4.2 13-3 linux/mm/page.s

13.4.313.4.3.1

14 o CPU Present 0 o

CPU(1)

CPU 323

2(U/S) - 0 11(W/R) - 0 10(P) - 0 1

(2) CR2( 2) CPU CR2

CR2

14 (include)

header filemacros #include

filename # include <filename>

filename > " ' \ /* filename

# include "filename"filename

" ' \ /* >

/usr/include/libc.a

linker

C 15I/O Plauger

The Standard C Library

blk.h Linux 0.11 include/ Linux 0.11 /usr/include/ tools/build.c

0.95 /usr/include/linux

14.1 include/

include/ 11.1Linus C

CLinux

Linus CLinux 14-1

asm/ linux/ sys/ C/usr/include

asm/ Intel CPU IO io.h system.h linux/ Linux

sched.h mm.htty.h sys/ 0.98

sys/ linux/ Linux 0.11 32 (*.h) asm/ 4 linux/ 10sys/ 5 include/ 13

14-1 linux/include/

14.2 a.out.h

14.2.1Linux a.out.h fs/exec.c

C Linux/usr/include/

a.out Assembley out Linux 0.11 .o

a.out.h

1—108109—185186—217

0.96 Linux GNU a.out.h Linux 0.9xLinux 0.1x a.out

0.9x 0.1x Linux 0.11 a.out.h GNU exec a_magicGNU a_info 3 Flags Machine Type Magic Number N_MACHTYPE N_FLAGS

14-1

Linux 0.9x4

0x0b, 0x01, 0x64, 0x00

Linux 0.1x a.out4

0x0b, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00

GNU a.out Linux 0.1xLinux 0.9x a.out 3

0.1x 0.1xLinux 0.1x

GNU a.out.h a.out.h

14.2.2 14-1 linux/include/a.out.h

14.2.314.2.3.1 a.out Linux 0.11 a.out(Assembley out)

ELF Executable and Link Formata.out

a.out.hLinux 0.11a.out 7

a) exec header exec(ld)

b) text segment

c) data segmentd) text relocations

e) data relocations

f) simbol table

g) string tableexec structure

a_magic 11-1 Linux 0.11

N_MAGIC()

OMAGIC OMAGIC 0407

NMAGIC OMAGIC

ZMAGIC

ZMAGIC 0413 0x10ba_text a_data a_bss bss break brk

a_syms a_entry a_trsize a_drsize

a.out.h exec

N_BADMAG(exec) a_magic

N_TXTOFF(exec) N_DATOFF(exec) N_DRELOFF(exec) N_TRELOFF(exec) N_SYMOFF(exec) N_STROFF(exec)

(relocation_info)

r_address

r_symbolnum r_extern

0r_pcrel pc

r_length 2 0 1 1 2 2 4

r_extern 0

r_symbolnumn_type

r_pad Linux 4 0

nlist

n_un.n_strx nlist()n_un.n_name

n_type 146--154 bitmasks8 n_type 14-2 N_EXT

N_TYPEN_UNDF

n_typeBSS

n_value

N_ABS N_TEXT

N_DATA N_TEXT

N_BSS BSSN_FN

N_STAB ( gdb) stab()n_other n_typen_other 4 AUX_FUNC AUX_OBJECT<link.h> AUX_FUNC AUX_OBJECT

ldn_desc

n_value BSS

unsigned long null32 1 4

14.3 const.h

14.3.1i i_mode

14.3.214-2 linux/include/const.h

14.4 ctype.h

14.4.1C

c isdigit(c) isspace(c)lib/ctype.c ASCII

_ctype[]

__abc _SP

14.4.214-3 linux/include/ctype.h

14.5 errno.h

14.5.1C errno C C

X3J11 errno errno.h”

/

null pid -1-1 C

errno CLinux C

lib/open.c unistd.h -1errno

Linux LinusPOSIX SCO

Linux 2003 1210 Linux Linus Alan Cox H.J.Lu Mitchell Blank Jr 2.4.x errno.h 0.96c

Linus H.J.Lu Libc 2.xSCO UNIX V6 V7

14.5.2 14-4 linux/include/errno.h

14.6 fcntl.h

14.6.1fcntl()

fcntl() linux/fs/fcntl.c 47cmd

14.6.2 14-5 linux/include/fcntl.h

14.7 signal.h

14.7.1

signal() sigaction()Linux POSIX.1 20 Linux

kernel/signal.c

14.7.2 14-6 linux/include/signal.h

14.8 stdarg.h

14.8.1 C

stdarg.h stdarg.h C BSD varargs.h

stdarg.h - (va_list)(va_start, va_arg va_end) vsprintf vprintf vfprintf

kernel/vsprintf.c

14.8.214-7 linux/include/stdarg.h

14.9 stddef.h

14.9.1 stddef.h C X3J11 std (def)

stdlib.h stdlib.h

C CC C C

4 float.h limits.h stdarg.h stddef.h stddef.h

float.hlimits.h stdarg.h

stddef.hNULL 4

stddef.h NULL undef 14C

Linux 0.11

14.9.2 14-8 linux/include/stddef.h

14.10 string.h

14.10.1

NULL SIZE_TC C

string.h Linus'extern' 'inline'

lib/lib/string.c string.c 'extern' 'inline' string.h

string.c string.h

14.10.214-9 linux/include/string.h

14.11 termios.h

14.11.1I/O termios

idLinux POSIX

termio termios UNIX termioAT&T V termios POSIX termio

termiossgtty

14.11.214-10 linux/include/termios.h

14.11.314.11.3.1 TIME MIN

MINTIMEDE MIN TIME 1/10

MIN > 0 TIME > 0TIME 1

MIN TIME

MIN MINTIME

( ) (MIN > 0 TIME > 0) 1 MIN TIME

MIN > 0 TIME = 0TIME 0 MIN

MIN ( MIN )IO

MIN = 0 TIME > 0MIN=0 TIME

( )TIME*0.10 0

MIN = 0 TIME = 0

MINTIME

MIN TIMEMIN MIN TIME

14.12 time.h

14.12.1 time.h MINIX

GMT UTCUssher(1581-1656 ) 4004 10 12 9UNIX GMT 1970 1 1 ( )

C UNIXUNIX UNIX C

1 4Linux 0.11 init/main.c kernel/mktime.c tmCMOS

1970 1 1 0 startup_time

C

14.12.214-11 linux/include/time.h

14.13 unistd.h

14.13.1

__LIBRARY__ _syscall0()

14.13.214-12 linux/include/unistd.h

14.14 utime.h

14.14.1utimbuf{} utime()

14.14.214-13 linux/include/utime.h

14.15 include/asm/

14-2 linux/include/asm/

14.16 io.h

14.16.1IO outb() inb() outb_p() inb_p()

jmp

14.16.214-14 linux/include/asm/io.h

14.17 memory.h

14.17.1memcpy() string.h memcpy()

C

14.17.214-15 linux/include/asm/memory.h

14.18 segment.h

14.18.1Intel CPU Linux

ds esGDT ( 0x10) ds es fs

LDT 0x17 fs system_call.s89--93

get_fs_byte() put_fs_byte()

14.18.214-16 linux/include/asm/segment.h

14.19 system.h

14.19.1/ move_to_user_mode()

0 03 iret

CPU 0 14-3

CPU CPU 3

IRET0

0 iret11.2 esp esp1 0 iret 0

0 3 ss:esp iret espesp0 iret CPU

NT sched_init() NT iret CPU0

031

0 0640K SS ESP

IDT _set_gate()set_intr_gate() set_trap_gate() set_system_gate()

IDT Interrupt Gate Trap Gate 14-4

P DPL EFLAGSIF IF

IRET IFIF

_set_gate(gate_addr,type,dpl,addr) gate_addrtype 14-4 6 4

type=14 0x0E type=15 0x0F dplDPL addr 32

0x0008 eax system.h GDT

14.19.214-17 linux/include/asm/system.h

14.20 include/linux/

14-3 linux/include/linux/

14.21 config.h

14.21.1HD_TYPE

14.21.214-18 linux/include/linux/config.h

14.22 fdreg.h

14.22.1I/O

(FDC)

4 1.2M 14–1

I/O

0x3f2

0x3f4

0x3f5 /

( )

FDC

FDC

0x3f7

0x3f7 ( )

8 /FDC / DMA

FDC 8 FDC FDDCPU FDC FDC

FDC FDC

0x3f5 DIO0 CPU FDC FDC

7

15CPU FDC

0--8 FDC CPUFDC CPU FDC FDC

DMA 1 DMA DMA FDCDMA FDC

FDC CPU CPU FDCFDC 0--7

FDC

14.22.214-19 linux/include/linux/fdreg.h

14.23 fs.h

14.23.1 fs.hMINIX 1.0 i

14.23.214-20 linux/include/linux/fs.h

14.24 hdreg.h

14.24.1

14.24.214-21 linux/include/linux/hdreg.h

14.24.314.24.3.1

1--44 16

14–2 0 0 10x1BE--0x1FD

0x00 boot_ind 4

0x00- 0x80-

0x01 head

0x02 sector ( 0-5) 2 ( 6-7)

0x03 cyl 8

0x04 sys_ind 0x0b-DOS; 0x80-Old Minix; 0x83-Linux …

0x05 end_head

0x06 end_sector ( 0-5) 2 ( 6-7)

0x07 end_cyl 8

0x08--0x0b start_sect

0x0c--0x0f nr_sects

14.25 head.h

14.25.1 head Intel CPU

14.25.214-22 linux/include/linux/head.h

14.26 kernel.h

14.26.1

14.26.214-23 linux/include/linux/kernel.h

14.27 mm.h

14.27.1 mm.h

14.27.214-24 linux/include/linux/mm.h

14.28 sched.h

14.28.1task_struct 0

switch_to()switch_to(n) 171 'struct {long a,b;} __tmp'

8 TSSTSS

__tmp 4 __tmp

%ecx current currentecx

__tmp ljmp TSS __tmp CPUTSS

__tmp 5 2-22ljmp TSS CPU

ljmp ecx

clts CR0 TS CPULinux TS

14.28.214-25 linux/include/linux/sched.h

14.29 sys.h

14.29.1 sys.h

14.29.214-26 linux/include/linux/sys.h

14.30 tty.h

14.30.1

14.30.214-27 linux/include/linux/tty.h

14.31 include/sys/

14-4 linux/include/sys/

14.32 stat.h

14.32.1stat()

14.32.214-28 linux/include/sys/stat.h

14.33 times.h

14.33.1tms times() time_t

sys/types.h times()

14.33.214-29 linux/include/sys/times.h

14.34 types.h

14.34.1 types.h size_t

off_t pid_t

14.34.214-30 linux/include/sys/types.h

14.35 utsname.h

14.35.1 utsname.h utsname uname()utsname POSIX

null utsname9 utsname Unix Timesharing System name

14.35.214-31 linux/include/sys/utsname.h

14.36 wait.h

14.36.1wait() waitpid()

14.36.214-32 linux/include/sys/wait.h

15 (lib)

c library Linuxc

_exit() close() dup() open()write() execve() malloc() wait()

setsid() include/string.hTytso malloc.c

15-1 /linux/lib/

Makefile .o lib.alibc.a libufc.a

init/main.c init()

ar archive – 3 a.o b.o c.olibmine.a

ar -rc libmine.a a.o b.o c.o d.o dup.o

ar -rs dup.o

15.1 Makefile

15.1.1Makefile

15.1.215-1 linux/lib/Makefile

15.2 _exit.c

15.2.1

15.2.215-2 linux/lib/_exit.c

15.2.3include/unistd.h

15.3 close.c

15.3.1 close.c close()

15.3.215-3 linux/lib/close.c

15.4 ctype.c

15.4.1ctype.h

15.4.215-4 linux/lib/ctype.c

15.5 dup.c

15.5.1dup()

lseek()(close-on-exec)

15.5.215-5 linux/lib/dup.c

15.6 errno.c

15.6.1errno include/errno.h

15.6.215-6 linux/lib/errno.c

15.7 execve.c

15.7.1

15.7.215-7 linux/lib/execve.c

15.8 malloc.c

15.8.1malloc() malloc()

0.98 kmalloc() free_s() kfree_s()

GCC libc.aget_free_page()

libc.a

brk() kernel/sys.c 168malloc() calloc()

brk()

malloc() (bucket)( ) ( ) 32 32

1615-1 4096

malloc() ( )15-2

free_bucket_desc

free_bucket_desc NULL153

malloc()1.

2.freeptr NULL

a. NULL malloc()init_bucket_desc()

b. 0page

freeptrc.

NULLd.

3. freeptr freeptr1

free_s()( )

freeptr 1

15.8.215-8 linux/lib/malloc.c

15.9 open.c

15.9.1 open()

exec

flag 0_RDONLY O_WRONLY O_RDWR( fs/open.c 138 )

15.9.215-9 linux/lib/open.c

15.10 setsid.c

15.10.1setsid()

idid PID( )

15.10.215-10 linux/lib/setsid.c

15.11 string.c

15.11.1string.h 'extern' 'inline'

string.h string.c include/string.h

15.11.215-11 linux/lib/string.c

15.12 wait.c

15.12.1waitpid() wait()

wait()

waitpid() pid

pid= -1 options=0 waitpid() wait() pid optionskernel/exit.c,142

15.12.215-12 linux/lib/wait.c

15.13 write.c

15.13.1write() count

buf

15.13.215-13 linux/lib/write.c

16 (tools)

Linux tools build.clinux/ Makefile

Image boot/ bootsect.s setup.s 8086GNU gcc/gas

system build Image/ 16-1

16.1 build.c

16.1.1linux/Makefile 42 build

tools/build boot/bootsect boot/setup tools/system $(ROOT_DEV) > Image

build 4 bootsect setup systembootsect setup as86 ld86 MINIX

system GNU a.outbuild bootsect setup MINIX

system a.outImage

stat

bootsect minix512 0xAA55 508,509

512 stdout Make Imagesetup 4 0 4

stdoutsystem GCC GCC linux

a.out 0 stdout128KB Image

1 bootsect 5122 4 2 - 5 setup 46 system build.c 35

16.1.216-1 linux/tools/build.c

16.1.316.1.3.1 Minix a.out minix 2.0 01400

MINIX a_magic[]

a_flags

MINIX exec Linux 0.11 a.out Linux a.outlinux/include/a.out.h

17

Linux 0.1x 0.11 0.12 PCLinux 0.1x PC

Linux 0.1xRedHat 9 gcc 3.x

Windows

Bochs 2.2.x PCUltraEdit WinImage DOS

Linux RedHat 9 Fedora 4Bochs Linux

Linux 0.1x PC PC 3VMware VMware Workstation Connectix Virtual PC

Bochs 'box' 3 Intel x86

3 Bochs x86CPU

Virtual PC BochsVMware Workstation x86 VMware

Workstation I/O x86VMware

VMware 3 3http://www.osnews.com/story.php?news_id=1054

VMware Workstation Virtual PC

Bochs BochsBochs

Bochs Linux 0.11 Bochshttp://sourceforge.net/projects/bochs/ Bochs

17.1 Bochs

Bochs Intel x86 386 486 PentiumCPU Bochs PC

Bochs PCBochs

Bochs Kevin Lawton 1994 C++ Intel x86 PPCAlpha Sun MIPS Bochs x86

BochsBochs

Bochs

Bochs http://bochs.sourceforge.net BochsWindows C

'C:\Program Files\Bochs-2.2.1\'RedHat 9 Linux Bochs RPM

root Bochs Bochs X11Linux X Window Bochs Bochs

Bochs Linux dlx BochsBochs Linux Bochs SLS Linux

sls-0.99pl.tar.bz2 Linux 0.1xSLS Linux

www.oldlinux.org http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/bochs/sls-1.0.zipbochsrc.bxrc 12 Bochs SLS Linux

Bochs Bochs Bochs

17.1.1 BochsBochs

bochsbios 'BIOS-bochs-latest'vga bios 'VGABIOS-lgpl-latest'

CDROM

Bochs .bxrc Sample.bxrcBochs

17.1.2 *.bxrc Bochs

Bochs2.1 Bochs '.bxrc'

Bochs 'bochsrc-0.11.bxrc' Bochs

'bochsrc-sample.txt'

1. megs 32MB 128MB

2. floppya floppyb floppya floppyb floppya

BochsLinux Windows status

ejected inserted

3. ata0 ata1 ata2 ata3 4 4 ATA IO

ata0

4. ata0-master ata0-slave ata0-master 1 ATA 0 1 ATA CDROM

ata0-slave 1 2 ATA17–1

ata0-master: type=disk, path=hd.img, mode=flat, cylinders=306, heads=4, spt=17, translation=none

ata1-master: type=disk, path=2G.cow, mode=vmware3, cylinders=5242, heads=16, spt=50, translation=echs

ata1-slave: type=disk, path=3G.img, mode=sparse, cylinders=6541, heads=16, spt=63, translation=auto

ata2-master: type=disk, path=7G.img, mode=undoable, cylinders=14563, heads=16, spt=63, translation=lba

ata2-slave: type=cdrom, path=iso.sample, status=inserted

ata0-master: type=disk, path="hdc-large.img", mode=flat, cylinders=487, heads=16, spt=63

ata0-slave: type=disk, path="..\hdc-0.11.img", mode=flat, cylinders=121, heads=16, spt=63

type [disk | cdrom]

path

mode disk[flat | concat | external | dll | sparse |

vmware3 | undoable | growing | volatile ]

cylinders disk

heads disk

spt disk

status cdrom [inserted | ejected]

biosdetect bios [none | auto], ata0 disk [cmos]

translation bios (int13), disk

[none | lba | large | rechs | auto]

model ATA

ATA type disk cdrompath CDROM iso CDROM

Linux Bochs windows

disk path cylinders heads spt cdrompath

int13 bios DOSnone 528MB 1032192large 4.2GB 8257536rechs 15 7.9GB 15482880

lba lba- 8.4GB 16450560auto

modeflatconcatexternal C++dll DLLsparsevmware3 vmware3undoablegrowingvolatile

mode=flat, biosdetect=auto, translation=auto, model=”Generic 1234”

5. boot boot CDROM

'c' 'a'

6. ips ips Instructions Per Second Bochs IPS

IPS VGA17–2

IPS

650Mhz Athlon K-7 with Linux 2.4.x 2 to 2.5 million

400Mhz Pentium II with Linux 2.0.x 1 to 1.8 million

166Mhz 64bit Sparc with Solaris 2.x 0.75 million

200Mhz Pentium with Linux 2.x 0.5 million

7. loglog Bochs Bochs

log

17.2 Bochs Linux 0.1x

LinuxLinux

Linux bootimage root fs

bootimage rootimage

Bochs Linux 0.1xLinux 0.1x

http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/bochs/linux-0.11-devel-050518.zip

6unzip winzip rar 150MB

17.2.1linux-0.11-devel-050518.zip linux-0.11-devel-050518

20

2 Bochs 4 Bochs 5 ImageREADME

bochs-2.2.1.i586.rpm Linux BochsBochs-2.2.pre4.exe windows Bochs Linux 0.11

Bochs Bochshttp://sourceforge.net/projects/bochs/ bochsour.txt Bochs Bochs

Bochsbochsrc-fda.bxrc Bochs Bochs A /dev/fd0Linux 0.11 A

Arootimage-0.11 bootimage-0.11

Linux 0.11bochsrc-fdb.bxrc Bochs(rootimage-0.11) B /dev/fd1

bootimage-0.11-fdLinux 0.11

bochsrc-hd.bxrc A Chdc-0.11-new.img bootimage-0.11-hd

Linux 0.11bochsrc-hdboot.bxrc hdc-0.11-new.img Linux 0.11

/usr/src/linux/Imagebootimage-0.11 Image

Linux 0.11bootimage-0.11-fd Image bootimage-0.11

512 509 510 B/dev/fd1 0x021D bootimage-0.11

bootimage-0.11-hd 509 510C 1 /dev/hd1 0x0301

bootimage-0.12-fd Linux 0.12 bootimage-0.11bootimage-0.12-hd Linux 0.12 bootimage-0.11-hddebug.bat windows Bochs Bochs

Linux BochsLinux gdb Bochs

Bochsdiska.img diskb.img DOS Linux 0.11 mcopy

bochsrc-fda.bxrc bochsrc-hd.bxrc bochsrc-hdboot.bxrc Linux 0.11B diskb.img

gcclib-1.4.0.taz Linux 0.11 GNU gcc 1.40/ gcc

hdc-0.11-new.img 1 MINIX1.0 2 MINIX 1.0

mountrootimage-0.11 bochsrc-fda.bxrc bochsrc-fdb.bxrcLinux 0.11SYSTEM.MAP Linux 0.11

17.2.2 Bochsbochs-2.2.1.i586.rpm RedHat Linux Bochs Bochs-2.2.pre4.exe

windows Bochs Bochs

http://sourceforge.net/projects/bochs/

Linux rpm X window 1Bochs

Windows Bochs-2.2.pre4.exe Bochsdebug.bat

Windows Bochs

17.2.3 Linux 0.1xBochs Linux 0.1x Bochs *.bxrc

PCnotepad.exe Linux 0.11

PC ROM BIOS VGA ROM 3 PC16MB Linux 0.11 16MB

floppya PC A 1.44MBbootimage-0.11 floppyb B

ata0-master PCata0-slave 2

boot: A C A(a)

1. bochsrc-fda.bxrc Linux 0.11Linux 0.11 Linux 0.11bootimage-0.11 rootimage-0.11 bochsrc-fda.bxrc

Linux 0.11 Bochs17-1 bochsrc-fda.bxrc Linux 0.11 A

bootimage-0.11 Abootiamge-0.11

A A bootimage-0.11rootimage-0.11 OK

17-2

2. bochsrc-fdb.bxrc Linux 0.11

A bootimage-0.11-fd Brootiamge-0.11 bootimage-0.11-fd 512

B bootimage-0.11-fd 509 510B 0x021D 0x1D,0x02 B

bochsrc-fdb.bxrc Linux 0.11 17-2

3. bochsrc-hd.bxrc Linux 0.11A Linux 0.11 bootimage-0.11-hd

hdc-0.11-new.img 1 bootimage-0.11-hd 509510 C 1 0x0301 0x01,0x03

C 1 bochsrc-hd.bxrc Linux 0.1117-2

4. bochsrc-hdboot.bxrc Linux 0.11bochsrc-hdboot.bxrc Linux 0.11 Linux LiLo Grub

Linux 0.11 MINIX shoelace

/usr/src/linux/Imagebochsrc-hdboot.bxrc Linux 0.11

17-3 4 '*'Bochs PC

1 Linux 0.111 Bochs Linux 0.11 17-4

Bochs /usr/src/linux/Imageshoelace /etc/config

17.3

BochsBochs

Bochs CDROMImage

Image ImageImage

ImageImage MINIX DOS

ImageLinux

Linux loopiso

17.3.1 WinImageImage DOS

mtools mtools UNIX MSDOSMSDOS copy dir cd format del md rd

m mtools1.44MB Image

diskb.img Linux 0.11 bochs.bxrc floppya

floppyb: 1_44="diskb.img", status=inserted

2 1.44MB Image diskb.imgLinux 0.11 Linux 0.11Linux 0.11 DOS mtools hello.c 2 ImageImage Bochs mformat b:

Bochs WinImage diskb.img WinImage hello.c

WinImage DOSMINIX

17.3.2 LinuxLinux RedHat 9 loop

Image mount Imagerootimage-0.11

mount -t minix MINIX -o loop loopDOS Image mount minix

msdosImage Image

mount Image Image

Image ImageImage Image

fdiskImage hdc-0.11.img 1

http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/bochs/linux-0.11-devel-040329.zip

loop losetuploop loop loop

hdc-0.11.img loop1 fdisk

fdisk Image 1Start Image

losetup -d hdc-0.11.img loop1hdc-0.11.img 1 losetup -o

1 1 * 512 1loop1 mount

17.4

80386 Linux 0.003 A B

Bochs

http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/bochs/linux-0.00-050613.zip http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/bochs/linux-0.00-041217.zip

1 2head 0x10000

1 2linux-0.00-050613.zip linux-0.00

1. linux-0.00.tar.gz - 2. linux-0.00-rh9.tar.gz - 3. Image - 4. bochsrc-0.00.bxrc - Bochs5. rawrite.exe - Windows Image6. README -

1 linux-0.00.tar.gz Linux 0.1xImage 2 RedHat 9 Linux

3 Image 1.44MB 4bochsrc-0.00.bxrc Bochs Bochs PC Bochs

PC Bochsbochsrc-0.00.bxrc Image 5 DOS Windows

RAWRITE.EXEImage 1.44MB

linux-0.00-tar.gzboot.s head.s Makefile as86/ld86

boot 32 MINIX as/ld head1024 a.out Image dd

Imagemake Image make

'make clean' make

Image A 'make disk' Bochs Linux 0.11

bootimage-0.11-hd Linux 0.11

Bochs RESET4-43 Linux 0.11

17.5 Bochs

Bochs BochsBochs 14.2 Linux 0.11 Windows

Bochs

17.5.1 BochsBochs C:\Program Files\Bochs-2.1.1\ Linux 0.11

Bochs bochsrc-hd.bxrc Imagerun.bat

bochsdbg Bochs Bochs

Bochs CPU ROM BIOS 0x000fffff0'<bochs:1>' '<bochs:1>'

'help' 'help'help 'vbreak'”

Bochs htmlinternal-debugger.html help

1.

2. seg off addr '0x' '0'

3.

4. CPU

"dump_cpu" "set_cpu"

s Selectordl Descriptor Low-dword 4dh Descriptor High-dword 4valid inhibit_int CPU

STI MOV SS"set_cpu" Error: ...”

done” "set_cpu"

OK

4.

Bochs windowsrecord filename filename %s%d %x 1 2 3playback filename filename

print-stack [num words] num 16 num 160

load-symbols [global] filename [offset] filenameglobal offset 0

filename%x %s 1 2

Bochs Linux 0x7c000x7c00

CPU boot.s 1 Bochs Boot From floppy...”'s' 'n'

Bochs

Linux 0.11 32 0 32head.s 0x0000 'c'

'help'

17.5.2system.map Image (bootimage)

system.map windows system.map 2.10.3system.map Bochs

Linux 0.11 32 0 system.mapCPU

buffer_init() system.map

0xd1ec 'c' CPU

17.6

Disk Image File

0 /

1.2MB 1.44MB

Cylinder Head

256 -- 1024512 2-11

4

= X X

PCROM BIOS

BIOSBochs

TranslationLinux 0.11 Image MINIX

1.5 64MB 64MB Linux 0.11Image 4 Linux 0.11

Image 64 x 4 = 256MB 460MB Image

spt - Sectors Per Track 1.44MB 80 2 18

512 2880 80 x 2 x 18 x 512 = 1474560

Image

17.6.1 Bochs Image Bochs Image Disk Image Creation Tool bximage.exe

Image Image Imagehd fd Image mode

flat ImageImage Image

Bochs256MB Image

Image ImageImage

Image

17.6.2 Linux dd ImageImage 0

Image dd Image520 16 63 Image

520 * 16 * 63 = 524160

17.6.3 WinImage DOS Image WinImage DOS Image DOS Image

CDROM iso WinImageImage DOS Image

a) WinImage “Options->Settings” Image Compression“None”

b) Image File->New 1.44MB

c) Image->Boot Sector properties MS-DOSd)

All files (*.*)” Image

WinImage Image BochsImage 1.44MB 1474560 Image

UltraEdit

UltraEdit Image 511 512 55,AA512 MSDOS5.0

“EB 3C 90 4D ...”img “...F6 F6 F6”

0x168000 “F6 F6 F6...”Image

17.7

oldlinux.orgImage

Linus INSTALL-0.11 rootimage-0.11bootimage-0.11

http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/images/bootimage-0.11-20040305 http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/images/rootimage-0.11-20040305

bootimage-0.11 rootimage-0.11Linux-0.11 rootimage-0.11bootimage-0.11

Image Linux

17.7.1 Linux

etc/ dev/ bin/ sh mkfs fdiskusr/ usr/bin var/

Windows2000 CWindows2000 NTFS FAT32

Linux 0.11 MINIX 1.0Linux 509 510

ROOT_DEV 0

Linux 0.11 17–3

Linux 0.1117–4 6 floppy.c

0x300 /dev/hd0 1

0x301 /dev/hd1 1 1

0x302 /dev/hd2 1 2

0x303 /dev/hd3 1 3

0x304 /dev/hd4 1 4

0x305 /dev/hd5 2

0x306 /dev/hd6 2 1

0x307 /dev/hd7 2 2

0x308 /dev/hd8 2 3

0x309 /dev/hd9 2 4

0x0208 /dev/at0 1.2MB A

0x0209 /dev/at1 1.2MB B

0x021c /dev/fd0 1.44MB A

0x021d /dev/fd1 1.44MB B

17.7.2Image

Image Bochs SLS LinuxImage SLS Linux

SLS-Linux 256MB Image hdc.imgMINIX Image 1 MINIX

1. SLS-Linux Linux-0.11 hdc.img2. SLS-Linux SLS Linux Bochs bochsrc.bxrc ata0-master

Image ata0-slave:type=disk, path=..\Linux-0.11\hdc.img, cylinders=520, heads=16, spt=63

3. bochsrc.bxrc SLS Linux Login 'root'Bochs

4. fdisk hdc.img 1 1 3SLS Linux MINIX2.0 81

Linux/MINIX fdisk t 80 Old MINIX

hdc.img SLS Linux 2 Linux 0.11/dev/hd5 Linux 0.95

SLS Linux 2 /dev/hdb

5. 65015SLS Linux

6. SLS Linux mkfs 1 MINIX64000 1KB

hdc.img 1Linux 0.11

17.7.3 Linux-0.11 BochsBochs Linux 0.11 bochsrc.bxrc

SLS Linux Bochs bochsrc.bxrc Linux-0.11floppya ata0-master boot 3

Bochs 17-7

A: A rootimage-0.11Bochs 'CONFIG' Bochs

17-8

1 rootimage-0.11'Continuing simulation' Bochs

Linux 0.11 17-9

17.7.4 hdc.imgLinux 0.11 Image

256MB Image hdc.imgBochs

“ata0 master: Generic 1234 ATA-2 Hard-Disk (255 Mbytes)”

Linux 0.11 bochsrc.bxrcBochs

hdc.img 1 MINIX64MB

[/usr/root]# mkfs /dev/hd1 64000

/mnt

[/usr/root]# cd / [/]# mount /dev/hd1 /mnt [/]#

[/]# cd /mnt[/mnt]# for i in bin dev etc usr tmp> do> cp +recursive +verbose /$i $i> done

'logout' 'exit' Linux 0.11

[/mnt]# cd /[/]# umount /dev/hd1[/]# logout

child 4 died with code 0000 [/usr/root]#

17.7.5 ImageImage Linux 0.11

bootimage-0.11 509 510 0x1fc 0x1fd

1. bootimage-0.11 bochsrc.bxrc bootimage-0.11-hd bochsrc-hd.bxrc2. bochsrc-hd.bxrc 'floppya:' 'bootimage-0.11-hd'3. UltraEdit winhex bootimage-0.11-hd

509 510 0x1fc 0x1fd 00 00 01 03Image 1

1

000001f0h: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 03 55 AA ; ..............U?

bochsrc-hd.bxrc Bochs Linux 0.1117-10

17.8 Linux 0.11 0.11

gcc 1.40 Linux 0.11Bochs bochs

http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/bochs/linux-0.11-devel-040817.zip http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/bochs/linux-0.11-devel-040923.zip

READMEbochs bochs-hd.bxrc Image

Linux 0.11 /usr/src/linux 'make' Linux 0.11Image Image bootimage-0.11-hdbootimage-0.11-hd Bochs

bootimage-0.11-hd

[/usr/src/linux]# make [/usr/src/linux]# dd bs=8192 if=Image of=/dev/fd0 [/usr/src/linux]#

mtools Image 2 diskb.imgWinImage diskb.img 'Image'

Image rootimage-0.11Makefile # 'ROOT_DEV='

gcc '-mstring-ins'Linus gcc 1.40 gcc

Makefilegar /usr/local/bin/ ar / gar

17.9 Redhat 9 Linux 0.11

Linux Minix 1.5.10 Minix-i386Minix 1.5.10 A.S. Tanenbaum Minix 1 Prentice Hall

Minix 80386 80386 3232 Linus Bruce Evans MINIX-386

GNU gcc gld emacs bash Minix-386 LinusLinux 0.01 0.03 0.11 Linux

Linus Linux http://oldlinux.org

Minix 1.5.10Linux 0.11 RedHat 9

bootimage PC Bochsdiff

linux linux-mdf

diff -r linux linux-mdf > dif.out

dif.out RedHat 9 Linux 0.11

http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/kernel/linux-0.11-040327-rh9.tar.gz http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/kernel/linux-0.11-040327-rh9.diff.gz

Booting from Floppy... Loading system ...

Insert root floppy and press ENTER

Loding system...”PC vmware bochs

linux 0.11 oldlinux.org

http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/images/rootimage-0.11-for-orig

17.9.1 makefileLinux 0.11 makefile

a. gas =>as, gld=>ld gas gld as ldb. as( gas) -c -c Linux Makefile

34c. gcc -fcombine-regs -mstring-insns Makefile

94 gcc -fcombine-regs -mstring-insns Linusgcc gcc

d. gcc -m386 RedHat 980486 CPU 80386

17.9.2 as86 c ! boot/bootsect.s C

17.9.3 alignboot align align

.align 3 (2 3 2^3=8)

.align 8

17.9.4as

CPU __asm__("ax") fs/bitmap.c 20 26fs/namei.c 65

include/string.h 84:"si","di","ax","cx");

: ); gcc

gccinclude/string.h memcpy() 342

17.9.5 cLinux 0.11 C '_'

gcc cc boot/head.s 15

.globl _idt,_gdt,_pg_dir,_tmp_floppy_area

.globl idt,gdt,pg_dir,tmp_floppy_area 31

lss _stack_start,%esp

lss stack_start,%esp

17.9.6, ROM BIOS int 0x10

check_data32()13 printk() , tty_write(),check_data32() ,

4M0 0 4M

linus

3

17.10 +

Linux 0.11kernel/blk_drv/ramdisk.c

http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/bochs/linux-0.11-devel-040923.zip http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/images/rootimage-0.11-for-orig

linux-0.11-devel Bochs Linux 0.11 rootimage-0.11 1.44MBLinux 0.11 'for-orig' Linux 0.11

Makefile

17.10.1Linux 0.11 “ ” Image

Linux

Linux 0.11

RAMDISK

mount 1.44MB

17.10.1.1 Linux 0.11 Makefile RAMDISK

RAMDISK 0 ROOT_DEV

Linux 0.11 linux/Makefile RAMDISKRAMDISK 256

1KB 2 257RAMDISK

shell256

17-11

17.10.1.2Linux 0.1x 120KB Linux

Linus 256KB 1.44MB256

17-12

RAMDISKLinus ramdisk.c 256

Linux 0.11 Image Image 120KB256

1440 - 256 = 1184 KBramdisk.c 75 block 130

17.10.2ramdisk.c

1024KB 1184KB1.44MB Image RAMDISK Image

1024KB 256

17.10.2.1RAMDISK Image RAMDISK 2048KB

Bochs linux-0.11-devel /usr/src/linux/Makefile

Image

17.10.2.21024KB Image rootram.img

Image Bochs bochsrc-hd.bxrc Bochs(1) 1024KB Imagerootram.img Linux

(2) Bochs linux-0.11-devel Bochs Arootimage-0.11-orign B rootram.img(3) rootram.img 1024KB A B/mnt /mnt1 /mnt1

(4) cp /mnt rootimage-0.11-orign /mnt1 /mnt11024KB

/mnt/ 1024KB /bin /usr/bindf

/mnt/etc/fstab /mnt/etc/rcfd1 /mnt1/ 1024KB

(5) umount /dev/fd0 /dev/fd1 dd /dev/fd1Linux-0.11-devel rootram-0.11 Image

Linux-0.11-devel Image /usr/src/linux/Image1024KB rootram-0.11

17.10.2.3Bochs A 1.44MB

bootroot-0.11

bs=1024 1KB seek=256 256Bochs

bootroot-0.11

17.10.3Bochs bootroot-0.11.bxrc

Bochs 17-13

http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/bochs/bootroot-0.11-040928.zip

17.11 shoelace

Image Linux 0.11shoelace Image shoelace Linux LILO Grub

MINIX 1992 1 Linux shoelacegrub Lilo boot-HOWTO shoelace.tar.z Linux.old/bin-src/

17.11.1 shoelaceshoelace

/etc/config config boot: bootimage Image

/usr/src/linux/Image

17.11.21 shoelace

1 shoelace

"-w 1" 1 .

17.11.3fdisk Image MINIX MINIX-1.5

) hd imageLinux 0.11 fdisk MINIX fdisk

Linux-0.11-devel-XXXX.zip 2004 923 hd image MINIX

hd

127MB Image MINIX

Linux 0.11 fdisk

Linux hd image hdc.img

dd if=/dev/zero of=hdc.img bs=512 count=248280

count (=410 * 16 * 38) Image mount Linux 0.11 cp -a / Image /mnt/

0x55,0xAA 511 512UltraEdit hdc.img Image

http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/bochs/linux-0.11-devel-040923.zip

17-14

17.12 GDB Bochs

Linux RedHat 9 Bochs gdb Linux 0.11 Linux X window Bochs

RPM Bochs gdb gdbstubBochs

gdbstub Bochs 1234 gdb gdbgdb Linux 0.11 C Linux 0.11

-g

17.12.1 gdbstub Bochs Bochs Bochs gdbstub Bochs

Bochs bochs-2.2.tar.gz

http://sourceforge.net/projects/bochs/

tar bochs-2.2--enable-gdb-stub configure make make install

./configure MakefileX window

17.12.2 Linux 0.11Bochs gdb Linux 0.11

RedHat 9 0.110.11 Makefile -g

-s

find Makefile

systemSYSSIZE = 0x3000 boot/bootsect.s 6

Makefile Image systemImage system gdb

TAB

boot/bootsect.s tools/build.c SYSSIZE 0x8000

17.12.3Linux RedHat 9 Bochs Linux 0.11

17.12.3.1 Linux Linux 0.11Linux 0.11 linux-rh9-gdb/

Makefile linux-rh9-gdb/ bochs

http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/bochs/linux-0.11-gdb-rh9-050619.tar.gz

tar zxvf linux-gdb-rh9-050619.tar.gz

1 bochsrc-fd1-gdb.bxrc Bochs rootimage-0.11-for-orig2 bochs Linux 0.11

bochs 1234gdb

2 linux/ Linux 0.11 Makefile3 rootimage-0.11-for-orig 4

bochs1. X window2. linux-gdb-rh9/ ./run

gdb Wait for gdb connection on localhost:1234Bochs

3. linux-gdb-rh9/linux/gdb tools/system”

4. gdb break main target remote localhost:1234 gdbBochs

5. gdb cont gdb init/main.c main()gdb list

help break print/set /next/step quit gdb gdb gdbgdb

gdb gdbmemory.c: No such file or directory mm/ memory.c Makefile

ld mm/ mm.o linux/ld linux/

17.12.3.2 Linux 0.11 0.11RedHat 9 Linux Linux 0.11

Image 0.11 Redhat 9linux-0.11-devel Image

mcopy Bochs 2

WinImage mount1. Bochs Linux-0.11-devel /usr/src/ linux-gdb2. 0.11 cp -a linux linux-gdb/ linux-gdb/linux/

Makefile3. /usr/src/ tar linux-gdb/ linux-gdb.tgz4. 2 b ) mcopy linux-gdb.tgz b: b

mdel b: ” b5. windows WinImage b

FTP Redhat 9 Redhat 9Linux mount b

6. Linux 0.11 linux-gdb/linux-gdb/ bochs bochsrc-fd1-gdb.bxrc

linux-0.11-devel bochsrc-fdb.bxrc gdbstuboldlinux.org rootimage-0.11 linux-gdb/

Redhat 9 Bochs Linux 0.11

Bochs b LINUX-GD.TGZ Redhat 9 Linux

linux-gdb/ Bochs bochsrc-fd1-gdb.bxrcrootimage-0.11 bochs -q -f bochsrc-fd1-gdb.bxrc

run oldlinux.orgRedhat 9

http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/bochs/linux-0.11-gdb-050619.tar.gz

[1] Intel Co. INTEL 80386 Programmer's Reference Manual 1986, INTEL CORPORATION,1987.

[2] Intel Co. IA-32 Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual Volume.3:System Programming Guide.

http://www.intel.com/, 2005.

[3] James L. Turley. Advanced 80386 Programming Technigues. Osborne McGraw-Hill,1988.

[4] Brian W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie. The C programming Language. Prentice-Hall 1988.

[5] Leland L. Beck. System Software: An Introduction to Systems Programming,3nd. Addison-Wesley,1997.

[6] Richard Stallman, Using and Porting the GNU Compiler Collection,the Free Software Foundation, 1998.

[7] The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6 IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, The IEEE and The Open Group.

[8] David A Rusling, The Linux Kernel, 1999. http://www.tldp.org/

[9] Linux Kernel Source Code http://www.kernel.org/

[10] Digital co.ltd. VT100 User Guide, http://www.vt100.net/

[11] Clark L. Coleman. Using Inline Assembly with gcc. http://oldlinux.org/Linux.old/

[12] John H. Crawford, Patrick P. Gelsinger. Programming the 80386. Sybex, 1988.

[13] FreeBSD Online Manual, http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi

[14] Andrew S.Tanenbaum MINIX . 1990.4

[15] Maurice J. Bach UNIX . 2000.4

[16] John Lions UNIX 2000.7

[17] Andrew S. Tanenbaum 2 , 1998.8

[18] Alessandro Rubini Jonathan Linux 2002.11

[19] Daniel P. Bovet, Marco Cesati , LINUX , 2001.

[20] . (PC ) , 1992.

[21] . MS-DOS 5.0 . 1992.

[22] RedHat 9.0 . http://www.plinux.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi

[23] W.Richard Stevens UNIX . 2000.2

[24] Linux Weekly Edition News. http://lwn.net/

[25] P.J. Plauger. The Standard C Library. Prentice Hall, 1992

[26] Free Software Foundation. The GNU C Library. http://www.gnu.org/ 2001

[27] Chuck Allison. The Standard C Library. C/C++ Users Journal CD-ROM, Release 6. 2003

[28] Bochs simulation system. http://bochs.sourceforge.net/

[29] Brennan "Bas" Underwood. Brennan's Guide to Inline Assembly. http://www.rt66.com/~brennan/

[30] John R. Levine. Linkers & Loaders. http://www.iecc.com/linker/

[31] Randal E. Bryant, David R. O'Hallaron . , . . 2004

[32] Randal E. Bryant, David R. O'Hallaron. Computer Systems A programmer's Perspective. . 2004.

[33] Intel. Data Sheet: 8254 Programmable Interval Timer. 1993.9

[34] Intel. Data Sheet: 8259A Programmable Interrupt Controller. 1988.12

[35] Intel. Data Sheet: 82077A CHMOS Single-chip Floppy Disk Controller. 1994.5

[36] Robert Love Linux 2004.11

[37] Adam Chapweske. The PS/2 Keyboard Interface. http://www.computer-engineering.org/

[38] Dean Elsner, Jay Fenlason & friends. Using as: The GNU Assembler. http://www.gnu.org/ 1998

[39] Steve Chamberlain. Using ld: The GNU linker. http://www.gnu.org/ 1998

[40] Michael K. Johnson. The Linux Kernel Hackers' Guide. http://www.tldp.org/ 1995

[41]

1

1. a.out include/a.out.h 6a.out Assembly out

2. flock include/fcntl.h 43

3. sigaction include/signal.h 48 sigaction

sa_handler SIG_DFL SIG_IGN

sa_maskSA_NOMASK

sa_flagssa_restorer Libc

4. include/termios.h 36(Window size) ioctls TIOCGWINSZ

TIOCSWINSZ

5. termio(s) include/termios.h 44 AT&T V termio NCC = 8

POSIX termios 54 NCC = 17

termio termios UNIX termio AT&TV termios POSIX termio

termiossgtty

6. include/time.h 18

7. / include/utime.h 6

8. buffer_head include/linux/fs.h 68 bh buffer_head

9. include/linux/fs.h 93 i d_inode 7

10. include/linux/fs.h 116 i

11. include/linux/fs.h 124 d_super_block 8

12. include/linux/fs.h 157

13. include/linux/hdreg.h 52

1--44 16

0 0 1 0x1BE--0x1FD4

14. include/linux/head.h 4 CPU

15. i387 include/linux/sched.h 40 i387

16. include/linux/sched.h 51

17. task include/linux/sched.h 78

18. tty include/linux/tty.h 16

tty

19. tty include/linux/tty.h 45

tty

20. include/sys/stat.h 6

21. include/sys/times.h 6

22. ustat include/sys/types.h 39

ustat()

NULL

23. include/sys/utsname.h 6

24. kernel/blk_drv/blk.h 23

dev=-1

2 ASCII

3 C0 C1

NUL 0x00 Null --

ENQ 0x05 Enquiry --

BEL 0x07 Bell --

BS 0x08 Backspace --

HT 0x09 Horizontal Tabulation --

LF 0x0a Linefeed --

VT 0x0b Virtical Tabulation -- LF

FF 0x0c Form Feed -- LF

CR 0x0d Carriage Return --

SO 0x0e Shift Out -- SCS G1 G1 5

SI 0x0f Shift In -- SCS G0 G0 5

DC1 0x11 Device Control 1 -- XON

DC3 0x13 Device Control 3 -- XOFF XOFF XON

CAN 0x18 Cancel --

SUB 0x1a Substitute -- CAN

ESC 0x1b Escape --

DEL 0x7f Delete --

7B

IND 0x84 ESC D Index --

NEL 0x85 ESC H Next Line --

HTS 0x88 ESC E Horizontal Tab Set --

RI 0x8d ESC M Reverse index --

SS2 0x8e ESC N Single Shift G2 -- GL G2 G2

SCS

SS3 0x8f ESC O Single Shift G3 -- GL G3 G3

SCS

DCS 0x90 ESC P Device Control String --

CSI 0x9b ESC [ Control Sequence Introducer --

ST 0x9c ESC \ String Terminator -- DCS

4

ESC ( Ps ESC ) Ps Select Character Set (SCS) -- G0 G1 5 'ESC ( Ps'

G0 'ESC ) Ps' G1 Ps A - UK B - US

0 - 1 - ROM 2 - ROM

254 ROM 127

127 ROM 94

SCS

G0 G1 Shift In -

SI 14 G0 Shift Out - SO 15 G1

SCS

ESC [ Pn A Cursor Up (CUU) -- CUU

Pn Pn Pn ASCII

0 1

ESC [ Pn B ESC [ Pn e Cursor Down (CUD) -- CUD

1 0 1 Pn Pn

ESC [ Pn C ESC [ Pn a Cursor Forward (CUF) -- CUF

1 0 1 Pn Pn

ESC [ Pn D Cursor Backward (CUB) -- CUB

1 0 1 Pn Pn

ESC [ Pn E Cursor Next Line (CNL) -- Pn 1

ESC [ Pn F Cursor Last Line (CLL) -- Pn 1

ESC [ Pn G ESC [ Pn ` Cursor Horizon Absolute (CHA) -- Pn

ESC [ Pn ; Pn H

ESC [ Pn;Pn f

Cursor Position (CUP) Horizontal And Vertical Position(HVP) -- CUP

0 1 1

home ESC [ H

ESC [ Pn d Vertical Line Position Absolute -- Pn

ESC [ s Save Current Cursor Position -- DECSC

ESC [ u Restore Saved Cursor Position -- DECRC

ESC D Index (IND) -- 1

1

ESC M Reverse Index (RI) -- 1

1

ESC E

1

Next Line (NEL) -- 1

1

ESC 7 Save Cursor (DECSC) --

ESC 8 Restore Cursor (DECRC) --

ESC [ Ps; Ps; … ; Ps m Select Graphic Rendition (SGR) --

Ps

0 - 1 - 4 - 5 - 7 - 22 - 24 -

25 - 27 - 30--38 39 - White 40--48

- 49 - Black 30--37 40-47 Black Red Green

Yellow Blue Magenta Cyan White

ESC [ Pn L Insert Line (IL) -- 1

ESC [ Pn M Delete Line (DL) -- 1

1 Pn

ESC [ Pn @ Insert Character (ICH) -- 1

Pn 1 1

ESC [ Pn P DeleteCharacter (DCH) -- Pn

ESC [ Ps J Erase In Display (ED) --

Ps

0 - 1 - 2 -

ESC [ Ps K Erase In Line (EL) --

Ps

0 - 1 - 2 -

ESC [ Pn ; Pn r Set Top and Botttom Margins (DECSTBM)--

1 1 2 1

2

home

ESC [ Pn c ESC Z

Device Attributes (DA) --

0 DA DA ESC Z

VT101 ESC [?1;0c STP ESC [?1;1c

AVO VT100 ESC [?1;2c AVO STP ESC [?1;3c

GPO ESC [?1;4c GPO STP ESC [?1;5c

GPO AVO VT102 ESC [?1;6c GPO STP AVO ESC [?1;7c

ESC c Reset To Initial State (RIS) --

1. XON/XOFF

XOFF XON 2. 10

5 1

12 KP -- KeyPad3

/ /

___strtok include/string.h, 275, __GNU_EXEC_MACROS__ include/a.out.h, 4, __LIBRARY__ init/main.c, 7, lib/close.c, 7, lib/dup.c, 7, lib/_exit.c, 7, lib/open.c, 7, lib/execve.c, 7, lib/setsid.c, 7, lib/string.c, 13, lib/wait.c, 7, lib/write.c, 7, __NR_access include/unistd.h, 93, __NR_acctinclude/unistd.h, 111, __NR_alarm include/unistd.h, 87, __NR_break include/unistd.h, 77, __NR_brk include/unistd.h, 105, __NR_chdir include/unistd.h, 72, __NR_chmod include/unistd.h, 75, __NR_chown include/unistd.h, 76, __NR_chroot include/unistd.h, 121, __NR_close include/unistd.h, 66, __NR_creatinclude/unistd.h, 68, __NR_dup include/unistd.h, 101, __NR_dup2 include/unistd.h, 123, __NR_execve include/unistd.h, 71, __NR_exit include/unistd.h, 61, __NR_fcntl include/unistd.h, 115,

__NR_fork include/unistd.h, 62, __NR_fstat include/unistd.h, 88, __NR_ftime include/unistd.h, 95, __NR_getegid include/unistd.h, 110, __NR_geteuid include/unistd.h, 109, __NR_getgid include/unistd.h, 107, __NR_getpgrp include/unistd.h, 125, __NR_getpid include/unistd.h, 80, __NR_getppid include/unistd.h, 124, __NR_getuid include/unistd.h, 84, __NR_gtty include/unistd.h, 92, __NR_ioctl include/unistd.h, 114, __NR_kill include/unistd.h, 97, __NR_link include/unistd.h, 69, __NR_lock include/unistd.h, 113, __NR_lseek include/unistd.h, 79, __NR_mkdir include/unistd.h, 99, __NR_mknod include/unistd.h, 74, __NR_mount include/unistd.h, 81, __NR_mpx include/unistd.h, 116, __NR_niceinclude/unistd.h, 94, __NR_open include/unistd.h, 65, __NR_pause include/unistd.h, 89, __NR_phys include/unistd.h, 112,

__NR_pipe include/unistd.h, 102, __NR_prof include/unistd.h, 104, __NR_ptrace include/unistd.h, 86, __NR_read include/unistd.h, 63, __NR_rename include/unistd.h, 98, __NR_rmdir include/unistd.h, 100, __NR_setgid include/unistd.h, 106, __NR_setpgid include/unistd.h, 117, __NR_setregid include/unistd.h, 131, __NR_setreuid include/unistd.h, 130, __NR_setsid include/unistd.h, 126, __NR_setuid include/unistd.h, 83, __NR_setup include/unistd.h, 60, __NR_sgetmask include/unistd.h, 128, __NR_sigaction include/unistd.h, 127, __NR_signal include/unistd.h, 108, __NR_ssetmask include/unistd.h, 129, __NR_stat include/unistd.h, 78, __NR_stime include/unistd.h, 85, __NR_stty include/unistd.h, 91, __NR_sync include/unistd.h, 96, __NR_time include/unistd.h, 73, __NR_times include/unistd.h, 103, __NR_ulimit include/unistd.h, 118, __NR_umask include/unistd.h, 120, __NR_umount include/unistd.h, 82, __NR_uname include/unistd.h, 119, __NR_unlink include/unistd.h, 70, __NR_ustat

include/unistd.h, 122, __NR_utime include/unistd.h, 90, __NR_waitpid include/unistd.h, 67, __NR_write include/unistd.h, 64, __va_rounded_size include/stdarg.h, 9, _A_OUT_H include/a.out.h, 2, _BLK_H kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 2, _BLOCKABLE kernel/sched.c, 24, _bmap fs/inode.c, 72, _bucket_dir lib/malloc.c, 60, struct_C include/ctype.h, 7, _CONFIG_H include/config.h, 2, _CONST_H include/const.h, 2, _ctmp include/ctype.h, 14, lib/ctype.c, 9, _ctype include/ctype.h, 13, lib/ctype.c, 10, _CTYPE_H include/ctype.h, 2, _Dinclude/ctype.h, 6, _ERRNO_H include/errno.h, 2, _exit include/unistd.h, 208, lib/_exit.c, 10, _FCNTL_H include/fcntl.h, 2, _FDREG_H include/fdreg.h, 7, _fskernel/traps.c, 34, _FS_H include/fs.h, 7, _get_base include/sched.h, 214, _hashfn fs/buffer.c, 128, _HDREG_H include/hdreg.h, 7, _HEAD_H include/head.h, 2,

_HIGH include/sys/wait.h, 7, _I_FLAG kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 29, _Linclude/ctype.h, 5, _L_FLAG kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 28, _LDT include/sched.h, 156, _LOW include/sys/wait.h, 6, _MM_H include/mm.h, 2, _N_BADMAG include/a.out.h, 36, _N_HDROFF include/a.out.h, 40, _N_SEGMENT_ROUND include/a.out.h, 95, _N_TXTENDADDR include/a.out.h, 97, _NSIG include/signal.h, 9, _O_FLAG kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 30, _Pinclude/ctype.h, 8, _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED include/unistd.h, 51, _PC_LINK_MAX include/unistd.h, 43, _PC_MAX_CANON include/unistd.h, 44, _PC_MAX_INPUT include/unistd.h, 45, _PC_NAME_MAX include/unistd.h, 46, _PC_NO_TRUNC include/unistd.h, 49, _PC_PATH_MAX include/unistd.h, 47, _PC_PIPE_BUF include/unistd.h, 48, _PC_VDISABLE include/unistd.h, 50, _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED include/unistd.h, 7, _POSIX_NO_TRUNC include/unistd.h, 8, _POSIX_VDISABLE include/unistd.h, 9, _POSIX_VERSION include/unistd.h, 5, _PTRDIFF_T include/sys/types.h, 15,

include/stddef.h, 5, _Sinclude/ctype.h, 9, kernel/sched.c, 23, _SC_ARG_MAX include/unistd.h, 33, _SC_CHILD_MAX include/unistd.h, 34, _SC_CLOCKS_PER_SEC include/unistd.h, 35, _SC_JOB_CONTROL include/unistd.h, 38, _SC_NGROUPS_MAX include/unistd.h, 36, _SC_OPEN_MAX include/unistd.h, 37, _SC_SAVED_IDS include/unistd.h, 39, _SC_VERSION include/unistd.h, 40, _SCHED_H include/sched.h, 2, _set_baseinclude/sched.h, 188, _set_gateinclude/asm/system.h, 22, _set_limit include/sched.h, 199, _set_seg_desc include/asm/system.h, 42, _set_tssldt_desc include/asm/system.h, 52, _SIGNAL_H include/signal.h, 2, _SIZE_T include/sys/types.h, 5, include/time.h, 10, include/stddef.h, 10, include/string.h, 9, _SPinclude/ctype.h, 11, _STDARG_H include/stdarg.h, 2, _STDDEF_H include/stddef.h, 2, _STRING_H_ include/string.h, 2, _SYS_STAT_H include/sys/stat.h, 2, _SYS_TYPES_H include/sys/types.h, 2, _SYS_UTSNAME_H include/sys/utsname.h, 2, _SYS_WAIT_H include/sys/wait.h, 2, _syscall0

include/unistd.h, 133, _syscall1 include/unistd.h, 146, _syscall2 include/unistd.h, 159, _syscall3 include/unistd.h, 172, _TERMIOS_H include/termios.h, 2, _TIME_H include/time.h, 2, _TIME_T include/sys/types.h, 10, include/time.h, 5, _TIMES_H include/sys/times.h, 2, _TSSinclude/sched.h, 155, _TTY_H include/tty.h, 10, _Uinclude/ctype.h, 4, _UNISTD_H include/unistd.h, 2, _UTIME_H include/utime.h, 2, _Xinclude/ctype.h, 10, ABRT_ERR include/hdreg.h, 47, ACC_MODE fs/namei.c, 21, accessinclude/unistd.h, 189, acctinclude/unistd.h, 190, add_entry fs/namei.c, 165, add_requestkernel/blk_drv/ll_rw_blk.c, 64, add_timer include/sched.h, 144, kernel/sched.c, 272, alarm include/unistd.h, 191, ALRMMASK kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 17, argvinit/main.c, 165, argv_rc init/main.c, 162, asctime include/time.h, 35, attrkernel/chr_drv/console.c, 77, B0

include/termios.h, 133, B110 include/termios.h, 136, B1200 include/termios.h, 142, B134 include/termios.h, 137, B150 include/termios.h, 138, B1800 include/termios.h, 143, B19200 include/termios.h, 147, B200 include/termios.h, 139, B2400 include/termios.h, 144, B300 include/termios.h, 140, B38400 include/termios.h, 148, B4800 include/termios.h, 145, B50 include/termios.h, 134, B600 include/termios.h, 141, B75 include/termios.h, 135, B9600 include/termios.h, 146, bad_flp_intr kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 233, bad_rw_intr kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 242, BADNESSfs/buffer.c, 205, BBD_ERR include/hdreg.h, 50, BCD_TO_BIN init/main.c, 74, beepcount kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 697, blk_dev kernel/blk_drv/ll_rw_blk.c, 32, structkernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 50, structblk_dev_init init/main.c, 46, kernel/blk_drv/ll_rw_blk.c, 157, blk_dev_struct kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 45, structblock_read fs/read_write.c, 18, fs/block_dev.c, 47, BLOCK_SIZE include/fs.h, 49,

BLOCK_SIZE_BITS include/fs.h, 50, block_write fs/read_write.c, 19, fs/block_dev.c, 14, bmap fs/inode.c, 140, include/fs.h, 176, bottom kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 73, bounds kernel/traps.c, 48, bread fs/buffer.c, 267, include/fs.h, 189, bread_page fs/buffer.c, 296, include/fs.h, 190, breada fs/buffer.c, 322, include/fs.h, 191, brelse fs/buffer.c, 253, include/fs.h, 188, brk include/unistd.h, 192, BRKINTinclude/termios.h, 84, BS0 include/termios.h, 122, BS1 include/termios.h, 123, BSDLY include/termios.h, 121, bucket_desc lib/malloc.c, 52, structbucket_dir lib/malloc.c, 77, buffer_block include/fs.h, 66, BUFFER_END include/const.h, 4, buffer_head include/fs.h, 68, structbuffer_init fs/buffer.c, 348, include/fs.h, 31, buffer_memory_end init/main.c, 99, buffer_wait fs/buffer.c, 33, BUSY_STAT include/hdreg.h, 31, calc_mem mm/memory.c, 413, CBAUD

include/termios.h, 132, cfgetispeed include/termios.h, 216, cfgetospeed include/termios.h, 217, cfsetispeed include/termios.h, 218, cfsetospeed include/termios.h, 219, change_ldt fs/exec.c, 154, change_speed kernel/chr_drv/tty_ioctl.c, 24, CHARSinclude/tty.h, 30, chdir include/unistd.h, 194, check_disk_change fs/buffer.c, 113, include/fs.h, 168, chmod include/sys/stat.h, 51, include/unistd.h, 195, chowninclude/unistd.h, 196, chr_dev_init init/main.c, 47, kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 347, chrootinclude/unistd.h, 197, CIBAUDinclude/termios.h, 162, clear_bitfs/bitmap.c, 25, clear_block fs/bitmap.c, 13, cliinclude/asm/system.h, 17, CLOCALinclude/termios.h, 161, clock include/time.h, 30, clock_tinclude/time.h, 16, CLOCKS_PER_SEC include/time.h, 14, closeinclude/unistd.h, 198, CMOS_READ init/main.c, 69, kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 28, CODE_SPACE mm/memory.c, 49, command kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 121, con_init

include/tty.h, 66, kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 617, con_write include/tty.h, 73, kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 445, controller_ready kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 161, coprocessor_error kernel/traps.c, 58, coprocessor_segment_overrun kernel/traps.c, 52, copy_buffer kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 155, copy_mem kernel/fork.c, 39, copy_page mm/memory.c, 54, copy_page_tables include/sched.h, 29, mm/memory.c, 150, copy_process kernel/fork.c, 68, copy_strings fs/exec.c, 104, copy_to_cooked include/tty.h, 75, kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 145, COPYBLKfs/buffer.c, 283, cp_stat fs/stat.c, 15, CPARENBinclude/termios.h, 158, CPARODD include/termios.h, 159, crkernel/chr_drv/console.c, 224, CR0 include/termios.h, 111, CR1 include/termios.h, 112, CR2 include/termios.h, 113, CR3 include/termios.h, 114, CRDLYinclude/termios.h, 110, CREADinclude/termios.h, 157, creatinclude/unistd.h, 199, include/fcntl.h, 51, create_block fs/inode.c, 145, include/fs.h, 177, create_tables

fs/exec.c, 46, CRTSCTSinclude/termios.h, 163, crw_ptrfs/char_dev.c, 19, crw_tablefs/char_dev.c, 85, CS5 include/termios.h, 152, CS6 include/termios.h, 153, CS7 include/termios.h, 154, CS8 include/termios.h, 155, csi_atkernel/chr_drv/console.c, 391, csi_Jkernel/chr_drv/console.c, 239, csi_Kkernel/chr_drv/console.c, 268, csi_Lkernel/chr_drv/console.c, 401, csi_m kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 299, csi_Mkernel/chr_drv/console.c, 421, csi_Pkernel/chr_drv/console.c, 411, CSIZEinclude/termios.h, 151, CSTOPBinclude/termios.h, 156, ctime include/time.h, 36, cur_ratekernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 113, cur_spec1 kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 112, CURRENTkernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 93, CURRENT_DEVkernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 94, current_DOR kernel/sched.c, 204, kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 48, current_drive kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 115, CURRENT_TIME include/sched.h, 142, current_track kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 120, d_inode include/fs.h, 83, structd_super_block include/fs.h, 146, struct

daddr_t include/sys/types.h, 31, DAY kernel/mktime.c, 22, debug kernel/traps.c, 44, DECinclude/tty.h, 25, DEFAULT_MAJOR_ROOT tools/build.c, 37, DEFAULT_MINOR_ROOT tools/build.c, 38, del kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 230, delete_char kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 363, delete_line kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 378, desc_struct include/head.h, 4, structdesc_table include/head.h, 6, dev_t include/sys/types.h, 26, DEVICE_INTR kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 72, kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 81, kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 97, DEVICE_NAME kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 63, kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 71, kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 80, device_not_available kernel/traps.c, 50, DEVICE_NR kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 65, kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 74, kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 83, DEVICE_OFF kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 67, kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 76, kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 85, DEVICE_ON kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 66, kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 75, kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 84, DEVICE_REQUEST kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 64, kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 73, kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 82, kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 99, die kernel/traps.c, 63, tools/build.c, 46, difftime include/time.h, 32,

DIR_ENTRIES_PER_BLOCK include/fs.h, 56, dir_entry include/fs.h, 157, structdir_namei fs/namei.c, 278, div_t include/sys/types.h, 36, divide_error kernel/traps.c, 43, DMA_READ include/fdreg.h, 68, DMA_WRITE include/fdreg.h, 69, do_bounds kernel/traps.c, 134, do_coprocessor_error kernel/traps.c, 169, do_coprocessor_segment_overrun kernel/traps.c, 149, do_debug kernel/traps.c, 124, do_device_not_available kernel/traps.c, 144, do_div kernel/vsprintf.c, 35, do_divide_error kernel/traps.c, 97, do_double_fault kernel/traps.c, 87, do_execve fs/exec.c, 182, do_exit kernel/exit.c, 102, kernel/traps.c, 39, kernel/signal.c, 13, mm/memory.c, 31, do_fd_request kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 417, do_floppy_timer kernel/sched.c, 245, do_general_protection kernel/traps.c, 92, do_hd_request kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 294, do_int3 kernel/traps.c, 102, do_invalid_op kernel/traps.c, 139, do_invalid_TSS kernel/traps.c, 154, do_nmi kernel/traps.c, 119, do_no_page mm/memory.c, 365, do_overflow

kernel/traps.c, 129, do_rd_request kernel/blk_drv/ramdisk.c, 23, do_reserved kernel/traps.c, 176, do_segment_not_present kernel/traps.c, 159, do_signal kernel/signal.c, 82, do_stack_segment kernel/traps.c, 164, do_timer kernel/sched.c, 305, do_tty_interrupt kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 342, do_wp_page mm/memory.c, 247, double_fault kernel/traps.c, 51, DRIVE kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 54, drive_busy kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 202, DRIVE_INFO init/main.c, 59, drive_info init/main.c, 102, structDRQ_STAT include/hdreg.h, 27, dup include/unistd.h, 200, dup2 include/unistd.h, 248, dupfd fs/fcntl.c, 18, E2BIGinclude/errno.h, 26, EACCESinclude/errno.h, 32, EAGAIN include/errno.h, 30, EBADFinclude/errno.h, 28, EBUSY include/errno.h, 35, ECC_ERR include/hdreg.h, 49, ECC_STAT include/hdreg.h, 26, ECHILD include/errno.h, 29, ECHOinclude/termios.h, 172, ECHOCTL include/termios.h, 178, ECHOE

include/termios.h, 173, ECHOK include/termios.h, 174, ECHOKE include/termios.h, 180, ECHONL include/termios.h, 175, ECHOPRTinclude/termios.h, 179, EDEADLK include/errno.h, 54, EDOM include/errno.h, 52, EEXISTinclude/errno.h, 36, EFAULTinclude/errno.h, 33, EFBIGinclude/errno.h, 46, EINTRinclude/errno.h, 23, EINVALinclude/errno.h, 41, EIOinclude/errno.h, 24, EISDIR include/errno.h, 40, EMFILEinclude/errno.h, 43, EMLINKinclude/errno.h, 50, EMPTYinclude/tty.h, 26, empty_dir fs/namei.c, 543, ENAMETOOLONG include/errno.h, 55, endfs/buffer.c, 29, end_requestkernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 109, ENFILE include/errno.h, 42, ENODEV include/errno.h, 38, ENOENT include/errno.h, 21, ENOEXEC include/errno.h, 27, ENOLCKinclude/errno.h, 56, ENOMEM include/errno.h, 31, ENOSPCinclude/errno.h, 47, ENOSYS

include/errno.h, 57, ENOTBLKinclude/errno.h, 34, ENOTDIR include/errno.h, 39, ENOTEMPTY include/errno.h, 58, ENOTTY include/errno.h, 44, envpinit/main.c, 166, envp_rc init/main.c, 163, ENXIOinclude/errno.h, 25, EOF_CHAR include/tty.h, 40, EPERMinclude/errno.h, 20, EPIPE include/errno.h, 51, ERANGE include/errno.h, 53, ERASE_CHAR include/tty.h, 38, EROFSinclude/errno.h, 49, ERR_STAT include/hdreg.h, 24, errno include/unistd.h, 187, include/errno.h, 17, lib/errno.c, 7, ERRORinclude/errno.h, 19, ESPIPEinclude/errno.h, 48, ESRCHinclude/errno.h, 22, ETXTBSY include/errno.h, 45, EXDEVinclude/errno.h, 37, execinclude/a.out.h, 6, structexeclinclude/unistd.h, 204, execleinclude/unistd.h, 206, execlpinclude/unistd.h, 205, execvinclude/unistd.h, 202, execveinclude/unistd.h, 201, execvp

include/unistd.h, 203, exit include/unistd.h, 207, EXT_MEM_K init/main.c, 58, EXTA include/termios.h, 149, EXTBinclude/termios.h, 150, F_DUPFD include/fcntl.h, 23, F_GETFD include/fcntl.h, 24, F_GETFL include/fcntl.h, 26, F_GETLK include/fcntl.h, 28, F_OK include/unistd.h, 22, F_RDLCKinclude/fcntl.h, 38, F_SETFD include/fcntl.h, 25, F_SETFL include/fcntl.h, 27, F_SETLK include/fcntl.h, 29, F_SETLKW include/fcntl.h, 30, F_UNLCK include/fcntl.h, 40, F_WRLCKinclude/fcntl.h, 39, fcntl include/unistd.h, 209, include/fcntl.h, 52, FD_CLOEXEC include/fcntl.h, 33, FD_DATA include/fdreg.h, 17, FD_DCR include/fdreg.h, 20, FD_DIRinclude/fdreg.h, 19, FD_DORinclude/fdreg.h, 18, FD_READinclude/fdreg.h, 62, FD_RECALIBRATE include/fdreg.h, 60, FD_SEEK include/fdreg.h, 61, FD_SENSEI include/fdreg.h, 64, FD_SPECIFY include/fdreg.h, 65,

FD_STATUS include/fdreg.h, 16, FD_WRITE include/fdreg.h, 63, FF0include/termios.h, 128, FF1include/termios.h, 129, FFDLY include/termios.h, 127, fileinclude/fs.h, 116, structfile_read fs/read_write.c, 20, fs/file_dev.c, 17, file_table fs/file_table.c, 9, include/fs.h, 163, file_write fs/read_write.c, 22, fs/file_dev.c, 48, find_buffer fs/buffer.c, 166, find_empty_process kernel/fork.c, 135, find_entry fs/namei.c, 91, find_first_zero fs/bitmap.c, 31, FIRST_LDT_ENTRY include/sched.h, 154, FIRST_TASK include/sched.h, 7, FIRST_TSS_ENTRY include/sched.h, 153, flock include/fcntl.h, 43, structfloppy kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 114, floppy_change include/fs.h, 169, kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 139, floppy_deselect include/fdreg.h, 13, kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 125, floppy_init init/main.c, 49, kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 457, floppy_interrupt kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 104, floppy_off include/fs.h, 172, include/fdreg.h, 11, kernel/sched.c, 240, floppy_on include/fs.h, 171,

include/fdreg.h, 10, kernel/sched.c, 232, floppy_on_interrupt kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 404, floppy_select include/fdreg.h, 12, floppy_struct kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 82, structfloppy_type kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 85, flush kernel/chr_drv/tty_ioctl.c, 39, FLUSHO include/termios.h, 181, fn_ptr include/sched.h, 38, fork include/unistd.h, 210, freeinclude/kernel.h, 12, free_block fs/bitmap.c, 47, include/fs.h, 193, free_bucket_desc lib/malloc.c, 92, free_dind fs/truncate.c, 29, free_ind fs/truncate.c, 11, free_inode fs/bitmap.c, 107, include/fs.h, 195, free_list fs/buffer.c, 32, free_page include/mm.h, 8, mm/memory.c, 89, free_page_tables include/sched.h, 30, mm/memory.c, 105, free_s include/kernel.h, 10, lib/malloc.c, 182, free_super fs/super.c, 40, fstatinclude/sys/stat.h, 52, include/unistd.h, 233, FULLinclude/tty.h, 29, GCC_HEADERtools/build.c, 33, gdt include/head.h, 9, GDT_CODE include/head.h, 12,

GDT_DATA include/head.h, 13, GDT_NUL include/head.h, 11, GDT_TMP include/head.h, 14, general_protection kernel/traps.c, 56, get_base include/sched.h, 226, get_dir fs/namei.c, 228, get_ds include/asm/segment.h, 54, get_empty_inode fs/inode.c, 194, include/fs.h, 183, get_empty_page mm/memory.c, 274, get_free_page include/mm.h, 6, mm/memory.c, 63, get_fs include/asm/segment.h, 47, get_fs_byte include/asm/segment.h, 1, get_fs_long include/asm/segment.h, 17, get_fs_word include/asm/segment.h, 9, get_hash_table fs/buffer.c, 183, include/fs.h, 185, get_limit include/sched.h, 228, get_new kernel/signal.c, 40, get_pipe_inode fs/inode.c, 228, include/fs.h, 184, get_seg_byte kernel/traps.c, 22, get_seg_long kernel/traps.c, 28, get_super fs/super.c, 56, include/fs.h, 197, get_termio kernel/chr_drv/tty_ioctl.c, 76, get_termios kernel/chr_drv/tty_ioctl.c, 56, getblk fs/buffer.c, 206, include/fs.h, 186, GETCH include/tty.h, 31,

getegid include/unistd.h, 215, geteuid include/unistd.h, 213, getgid include/unistd.h, 214, getpgrp include/unistd.h, 250, getpid include/unistd.h, 211, getppid include/unistd.h, 249, getuid include/unistd.h, 212, gid_t include/sys/types.h, 25, gmtime include/time.h, 37, gotoxy kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 88, hash fs/buffer.c, 129, hash_table fs/buffer.c, 31, hdkernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 59, HD_CMD include/hdreg.h, 21, HD_COMMAND include/hdreg.h, 19, HD_CURRENT include/hdreg.h, 16, HD_DATA include/hdreg.h, 10, HD_ERROR include/hdreg.h, 11, HD_HCYL include/hdreg.h, 15, hd_i_struct kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 45, structhd_info kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 49, structkernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 52, structhd_init init/main.c, 48, kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 343, hd_interrupt kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 67, HD_LCYL include/hdreg.h, 14, HD_NSECTOR include/hdreg.h, 12, hd_out kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 180, HD_PRECOMP include/hdreg.h, 18,

HD_SECTOR include/hdreg.h, 13, HD_STATUS include/hdreg.h, 17, hd_struct kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 56, structheadkernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 117, HIGH_MEMORY mm/memory.c, 52, HOUR kernel/mktime.c, 21, HUPCL include/termios.h, 160, HZinclude/sched.h, 5, I_BLOCK_SPECIAL include/const.h, 9, I_CHAR_SPECIAL include/const.h, 10, I_CRNL kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 42, I_DIRECTORY include/const.h, 7, I_MAP_SLOTS include/fs.h, 39, I_NAMED_PIPE include/const.h, 11, I_NLCRkernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 41, I_NOCRkernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 43, I_REGULAR include/const.h, 8, I_SET_GID_BIT include/const.h, 13, I_SET_UID_BIT include/const.h, 12, I_TYPE include/const.h, 6, I_UCLC kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 40, i387_struct include/sched.h, 40, structICANON include/termios.h, 170, ICRNLinclude/termios.h, 91, ID_ERR include/hdreg.h, 48, idt include/head.h, 9, IEXTENinclude/termios.h, 183, iget fs/inode.c, 244,

include/fs.h, 182, IGNBRKinclude/termios.h, 83, IGNCRinclude/termios.h, 90, IGNPAR include/termios.h, 85, IMAXBELinclude/termios.h, 96, immoutb_p kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 50, IN_ORDER kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 40, inb include/asm/io.h, 5, inb_p include/asm/io.h, 17, INCinclude/tty.h, 24, INC_PIPE include/fs.h, 63, INDEX_STAT include/hdreg.h, 25, init init/main.c, 45, init/main.c, 168, kernel/chr_drv/serial.c, 26, init_bucket_desc lib/malloc.c, 97, INIT_C_CC include/tty.h, 63, INIT_REQUEST kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 127, INIT_TASK include/sched.h, 113, init_task kernel/sched.c, 58, unionINLCRinclude/termios.h, 89, ino_t include/sys/types.h, 27, inode_table fs/inode.c, 15, include/fs.h, 162, INODES_PER_BLOCK include/fs.h, 55, INPCK include/termios.h, 87, insert_char kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 336, insert_into_queues fs/buffer.c, 149, insert_line kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 350, int3 kernel/traps.c, 46,

interruptible_sleep_on include/sched.h, 146, kernel/sched.c, 167, INTMASK kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 19, INTR_CHAR include/tty.h, 36, invalid_op kernel/traps.c, 49, invalid_TSS kernel/traps.c, 53, invalidate mm/memory.c, 39, invalidate_buffers fs/buffer.c, 84, invalidate_inodes fs/inode.c, 43, ioctl include/unistd.h, 216, ioctl_ptr fs/ioctl.c, 15, ioctl_table fs/ioctl.c, 19, iput fs/inode.c, 150, include/fs.h, 181, iretinclude/asm/system.h, 20, irq13 kernel/traps.c, 61, is_digit kernel/vsprintf.c, 16, IS_SEEKABLE include/fs.h, 24, isalnum include/ctype.h, 16, isalpha include/ctype.h, 17, isasciiinclude/ctype.h, 28, iscntrl include/ctype.h, 18, isdigit include/ctype.h, 19, isgraph include/ctype.h, 20, ISIG include/termios.h, 169, islower include/ctype.h, 21, isprint include/ctype.h, 22, ispunct include/ctype.h, 23, isspaceinclude/ctype.h, 24,

ISTRIP include/termios.h, 88, isupper include/ctype.h, 25, isxdigit include/ctype.h, 26, IUCLCinclude/termios.h, 92, IXANY include/termios.h, 94, IXOFFinclude/termios.h, 95, IXON include/termios.h, 93, jiffiesinclude/sched.h, 139, kernel/sched.c, 60, KBD_FINNISH include/config.h, 19, kernel_mktime init/main.c, 52, kernel/mktime.c, 41, keyboard_interrupt kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 56, kill include/unistd.h, 217, include/signal.h, 57, KILL_CHAR include/tty.h, 39, kill_session kernel/exit.c, 46, KILLMASK kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 18, L_CANON kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 32, L_ECHO kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 34, L_ECHOCTL kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 37, L_ECHOE kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 35, L_ECHOK kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 36, L_ECHOKE kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 38, L_ISIG kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 33, LASTinclude/tty.h, 28, last_pid kernel/fork.c, 22, LAST_TASK include/sched.h, 8, last_task_used_math include/sched.h, 137, kernel/sched.c, 63,

LATCH kernel/sched.c, 46, ldiv_t include/sys/types.h, 37, LDT_CODE include/head.h, 17, LDT_DATA include/head.h, 18, LDT_NUL include/head.h, 16, LEFTinclude/tty.h, 27, kernel/vsprintf.c, 31, lfkernel/chr_drv/console.c, 204, link include/unistd.h, 218, ll_rw_block include/fs.h, 187, kernel/blk_drv/ll_rw_blk.c, 145, lldt include/sched.h, 158, localtime include/time.h, 38, lock_buffer kernel/blk_drv/ll_rw_blk.c, 42, lock_inode fs/inode.c, 28, lock_super fs/super.c, 31, LOW_MEM mm/memory.c, 43, lseekinclude/unistd.h, 219, ltrinclude/sched.h, 157, m_inode include/fs.h, 93, structmain init/main.c, 104, tools/build.c, 57, main_memory_start init/main.c, 100, MAJOR include/fs.h, 33, MAJOR_NR kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 25, kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 41, kernel/blk_drv/ramdisk.c, 17, make_request kernel/blk_drv/ll_rw_blk.c, 88, malloc include/kernel.h, 9, lib/malloc.c, 117, MAP_NR mm/memory.c, 46,

MARK_ERR include/hdreg.h, 45, match fs/namei.c, 63, math_emulate kernel/math/math_emulate.c, 18, math_error kernel/math/math_emulate.c, 37, math_state_restore kernel/sched.c, 77, MAX fs/file_dev.c, 15, MAX_ARG_PAGES fs/exec.c, 39, MAX_ERRORS kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 34, kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 60, MAX_HD kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 35, MAX_REPLIES kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 65, MAY_EXEC fs/namei.c, 29, MAY_READ fs/namei.c, 31, MAY_WRITE fs/namei.c, 30, mem_init init/main.c, 50, mm/memory.c, 399, mem_map mm/memory.c, 57, mem_use kernel/sched.c, 48, memchr include/string.h, 379, memcmp include/string.h, 363, memcpy include/string.h, 336, include/asm/memory.h, 8, memmove include/string.h, 346, memory_end init/main.c, 98, memset include/string.h, 395, MIN fs/file_dev.c, 14, MINIX_HEADER tools/build.c, 32, MINOR include/fs.h, 34, MINUTEkernel/mktime.c, 20, mkdir

include/sys/stat.h, 53, mkfifo include/sys/stat.h, 54, mknod include/unistd.h, 220, mktime include/time.h, 33, mode_t include/sys/types.h, 28, moff_timer kernel/sched.c, 203, mon_timer kernel/sched.c, 202, month kernel/mktime.c, 26, mount include/unistd.h, 221, mount_root fs/super.c, 242, include/fs.h, 200, move_to_user_mode include/asm/system.h, 1, N_ABS include/a.out.h, 128, N_BADMAG include/a.out.h, 31, N_BSS include/a.out.h, 137, N_BSSADDR include/a.out.h, 107, N_COMM include/a.out.h, 140, N_DATA include/a.out.h, 134, N_DATADDR include/a.out.h, 100, N_DATOFFinclude/a.out.h, 48, N_DRELOFF include/a.out.h, 56, N_EXTinclude/a.out.h, 147, N_FN include/a.out.h, 143, N_INDR include/a.out.h, 164, N_MAGIC include/a.out.h, 18, N_SETA include/a.out.h, 178, N_SETBinclude/a.out.h, 181, N_SETD include/a.out.h, 180, N_SETTinclude/a.out.h, 179,

N_SETV include/a.out.h, 184, N_STAB include/a.out.h, 153, N_STROFFinclude/a.out.h, 64, N_SYMOFF include/a.out.h, 60, N_TEXTinclude/a.out.h, 131, N_TRELOFF include/a.out.h, 52, N_TXTADDR include/a.out.h, 69, N_TXTOFF include/a.out.h, 43, N_TYPE include/a.out.h, 150, N_UNDF include/a.out.h, 125, NAME_LEN include/fs.h, 36, namei fs/namei.c, 303, include/fs.h, 178, NCCinclude/termios.h, 43, NCCSinclude/termios.h, 53, new_block fs/bitmap.c, 75, include/fs.h, 192, new_inode fs/bitmap.c, 136, include/fs.h, 194, next_timer kernel/sched.c, 270, niceinclude/unistd.h, 222, NL0 include/termios.h, 108, NL1 include/termios.h, 109, NLDLY include/termios.h, 107, nlink_t include/sys/types.h, 30, nlist include/a.out.h, 111, structNMAGIC include/a.out.h, 25, nmi kernel/traps.c, 45, NOFLSH include/termios.h, 176, nop

include/asm/system.h, 18, NPAR kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 54, npar kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 75, NR_BLK_DEV kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 4, NR_BUFFERS fs/buffer.c, 34, include/fs.h, 48, nr_buffers include/fs.h, 166, NR_FILE include/fs.h, 45, NR_HASH include/fs.h, 47, NR_HD kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 50, kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 53, NR_INODE include/fs.h, 44, NR_OPEN include/fs.h, 43, NR_REQUEST kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 15, NR_SUPER include/fs.h, 46, NR_TASKS include/sched.h, 4, NRDEVS fs/char_dev.c, 83, fs/ioctl.c, 17, NSIG include/signal.h, 10, NULL include/sys/types.h, 20, include/unistd.h, 18, include/stddef.h, 14, include/stddef.h, 15, include/string.h, 5, include/sched.h, 26, include/fs.h, 52, number kernel/vsprintf.c, 40, O_ACCMODE include/fcntl.h, 7, O_APPEND include/fcntl.h, 15, O_CREAT include/fcntl.h, 11, O_CRNL kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 47, O_EXCL include/fcntl.h, 12, O_LCUC kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 49,

O_NDELAY include/fcntl.h, 17, O_NLCR kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 46, O_NLRET kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 48, O_NOCTTYinclude/fcntl.h, 13, O_NONBLOCK include/fcntl.h, 16, O_POSTkernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 45, O_RDONLY include/fcntl.h, 8, O_RDWR include/fcntl.h, 10, O_TRUNC include/fcntl.h, 14, O_WRONLY include/fcntl.h, 9, OCRNLinclude/termios.h, 102, OFDEL include/termios.h, 106, off_t include/sys/types.h, 32, offsetof include/stddef.h, 17, OFILLinclude/termios.h, 105, OLCUCinclude/termios.h, 100, OMAGIC include/a.out.h, 23, ONLCRinclude/termios.h, 101, ONLRET include/termios.h, 104, ONOCR include/termios.h, 103, oom mm/memory.c, 33, open include/unistd.h, 223, include/fcntl.h, 53, lib/open.c, 11, open_namei fs/namei.c, 337, include/fs.h, 179, OPOST include/termios.h, 99, ORIG_ROOT_DEV init/main.c, 60, ORIG_VIDEO_COLS kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 43, ORIG_VIDEO_EGA_AX

kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 45, ORIG_VIDEO_EGA_BX kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 46, ORIG_VIDEO_EGA_CX kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 47, ORIG_VIDEO_LINES kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 44, ORIG_VIDEO_MODE kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 42, ORIG_VIDEO_PAGE kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 41, ORIG_X kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 39, ORIG_Y kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 40, origin kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 69, outb include/asm/io.h, 1, outb_p include/asm/io.h, 11, output_byte kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 194, overflow kernel/traps.c, 47, PAGE_ALIGN include/sched.h, 186, page_exception kernel/traps.c, 41, page_fault kernel/traps.c, 57, PAGE_SIZE include/a.out.h, 79, include/a.out.h, 88, include/a.out.h, 92, include/mm.h, 4, PAGING_MEMORY mm/memory.c, 44, PAGING_PAGES mm/memory.c, 45, panic include/kernel.h, 5, include/sched.h, 35, kernel/panic.c, 16, parkernel/chr_drv/console.c, 75, parallel_interrupt kernel/traps.c, 60, PARENB include/termios.h, 165, PARMRKinclude/termios.h, 86, PARODD include/termios.h, 166, partition include/hdreg.h, 52, struct

pause include/unistd.h, 224, PENDINinclude/termios.h, 182, permission fs/namei.c, 40, pg_dir include/head.h, 8, pid_t include/sys/types.h, 23, pipe include/unistd.h, 225, PIPE_EMPTY include/fs.h, 61, PIPE_FULL include/fs.h, 62, PIPE_HEAD include/fs.h, 58, PIPE_SIZE include/fs.h, 60, PIPE_TAIL include/fs.h, 59, PLUSkernel/vsprintf.c, 29, port_readkernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 61, port_write kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 64, poskernel/chr_drv/console.c, 71, printbuf init/main.c, 42, printf include/kernel.h, 6, init/main.c, 151, printk include/kernel.h, 7, kernel/printk.c, 21, ptrdiff_t include/sys/types.h, 16, include/stddef.h, 6, put_fs_byte include/asm/segment.h, 25, put_fs_long include/asm/segment.h, 35, put_fs_word include/asm/segment.h, 30, put_page include/mm.h, 7, mm/memory.c, 197, put_super fs/super.c, 74, PUTCH include/tty.h, 33, ques kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 76,

QUIT_CHAR include/tty.h, 37, QUITMASK kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 20, quotient kernel/chr_drv/tty_ioctl.c, 18, R_OK include/unistd.h, 25, raiseinclude/signal.h, 56, rd_init init/main.c, 51, kernel/blk_drv/ramdisk.c, 52, rd_length kernel/blk_drv/ramdisk.c, 21, rd_load kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 68, kernel/blk_drv/ramdisk.c, 71, rd_start kernel/blk_drv/ramdisk.c, 20, readinclude/unistd.h, 226, READinclude/fs.h, 26, read_inodefs/inode.c, 17, fs/inode.c, 294, read_intr kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 250, read_pipefs/read_write.c, 16, fs/pipe.c, 13, read_super fs/super.c, 100, READA include/fs.h, 28, READY_STAT include/hdreg.h, 30, recal_interrupt kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 343, recal_intr kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 37, kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 287, recalibrate kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 39, kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 44, recalibrate_floppy kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 362, releasekernel/exit.c, 19, relocation_info include/a.out.h, 193, structremove_from_queues fs/buffer.c, 131, reply_buffer kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 66,

request kernel/blk_drv/ll_rw_blk.c, 21, kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 23, structkernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 51, reserved kernel/traps.c, 59, resetkernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 40, kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 45, reset_controller kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 217, reset_floppy kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 386, reset_hd kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 230, reset_interrupt kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 373, respond kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 323, RESPONSEkernel/chr_drv/console.c, 85, restore_cur kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 440, result kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 212, rikernel/chr_drv/console.c, 214, ROOT_DEV fs/super.c, 29, include/fs.h, 198, ROOT_INO include/fs.h, 37, rs_init include/tty.h, 65, kernel/chr_drv/serial.c, 37, rs_write include/tty.h, 72, kernel/chr_drv/serial.c, 53, rs1_interrupt kernel/chr_drv/serial.c, 23, rs2_interrupt kernel/chr_drv/serial.c, 24, rw_char fs/read_write.c, 15, fs/char_dev.c, 95, rw_interrupt kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 250, rw_kmem fs/char_dev.c, 44, rw_mem fs/char_dev.c, 39, rw_memory fs/char_dev.c, 65, rw_port fs/char_dev.c, 49, rw_ram

fs/char_dev.c, 34, rw_tty fs/char_dev.c, 27, rw_ttyx fs/char_dev.c, 21, S_IFBLKinclude/sys/stat.h, 22, S_IFCHR include/sys/stat.h, 24, S_IFDIRinclude/sys/stat.h, 23, S_IFIFO include/sys/stat.h, 25, S_IFMTinclude/sys/stat.h, 20, S_IFREGinclude/sys/stat.h, 21, S_IRGRP include/sys/stat.h, 42, S_IROTH include/sys/stat.h, 47, S_IRUSR include/sys/stat.h, 37, S_IRWXG include/sys/stat.h, 41, S_IRWXO include/sys/stat.h, 46, S_IRWXU include/sys/stat.h, 36, S_ISBLKinclude/sys/stat.h, 33, S_ISCHR include/sys/stat.h, 32, S_ISDIRinclude/sys/stat.h, 31, S_ISFIFO include/sys/stat.h, 34, S_ISGIDinclude/sys/stat.h, 27, S_ISREGinclude/sys/stat.h, 30, S_ISUIDinclude/sys/stat.h, 26, S_ISVTXinclude/sys/stat.h, 28, S_IWGRPinclude/sys/stat.h, 43, S_IWOTH include/sys/stat.h, 48, S_IWUSRinclude/sys/stat.h, 38, S_IXGRPinclude/sys/stat.h, 44, S_IXOTH include/sys/stat.h, 49, S_IXUSR

include/sys/stat.h, 39, SA_NOCLDSTOP include/signal.h, 37, SA_NOMASK include/signal.h, 38, SA_ONESHOT include/signal.h, 39, save_cur kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 434, save_old kernel/signal.c, 28, saved_x kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 431, saved_y kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 432, sbrkinclude/unistd.h, 193, sched_init include/sched.h, 32, kernel/sched.c, 385, schedule include/sched.h, 33, kernel/sched.c, 104, scr_end kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 70, scrdown kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 170, scrupkernel/chr_drv/console.c, 107, sectorkernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 116, seekkernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 46, SEEK_CUR include/unistd.h, 29, SEEK_END include/unistd.h, 30, seek_interrupt kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 291, SEEK_SET include/unistd.h, 28, SEEK_STAT include/hdreg.h, 28, seek_trackkernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 119, segment_not_present kernel/traps.c, 54, SEGMENT_SIZE include/a.out.h, 76, include/a.out.h, 82, include/a.out.h, 85, include/a.out.h, 89, include/a.out.h, 93, selectedkernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 122, send_break

kernel/chr_drv/tty_ioctl.c, 51, send_sig kernel/exit.c, 35, set_baseinclude/sched.h, 211, set_bit fs/super.c, 22, fs/bitmap.c, 19, set_cursor kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 313, set_fsinclude/asm/segment.h, 61, set_intr_gate include/asm/system.h, 33, set_ldt_desc include/asm/system.h, 66, set_limit include/sched.h, 212, set_origin kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 97, set_system_gate include/asm/system.h, 39, set_termio kernel/chr_drv/tty_ioctl.c, 97, set_termios kernel/chr_drv/tty_ioctl.c, 66, set_trap_gate include/asm/system.h, 36, set_tss_descinclude/asm/system.h, 65, setgid include/unistd.h, 230, setpgid include/unistd.h, 228, setpgrpinclude/unistd.h, 227, setsid include/unistd.h, 251, setuid include/unistd.h, 229, setup_DMA kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 160, setup_rw_floppy kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 269, SETUP_SECTS tools/build.c, 42, share_page mm/memory.c, 344, show_stat kernel/sched.c, 37, show_task kernel/sched.c, 26, sig_atomic_t include/signal.h, 6, SIG_BLOCK include/signal.h, 41,

SIG_DFLinclude/signal.h, 45, SIG_IGNinclude/signal.h, 46, SIG_SETMASK include/signal.h, 43, SIG_UNBLOCK include/signal.h, 42, SIGABRTinclude/signal.h, 17, sigaction include/signal.h, 48, structinclude/signal.h, 66, sigaddsetinclude/signal.h, 58, SIGALRMinclude/signal.h, 26, SIGCHLD include/signal.h, 29, SIGCONT include/signal.h, 30, sigdelset include/signal.h, 59, sigemptyset include/signal.h, 60, sigfillset include/signal.h, 61, SIGFPEinclude/signal.h, 20, SIGHUPinclude/signal.h, 12, SIGILLinclude/signal.h, 15, SIGINTinclude/signal.h, 13, SIGIOTinclude/signal.h, 18, sigismember include/signal.h, 62, SIGKILL include/signal.h, 21, SIGNkernel/vsprintf.c, 28, sigpending include/signal.h, 63, SIGPIPEinclude/signal.h, 25, sigprocmask include/signal.h, 64, SIGQUIT include/signal.h, 14, SIGSEGV include/signal.h, 23, sigset_t include/signal.h, 7, SIGSTKFLT

include/signal.h, 28, SIGSTOP include/signal.h, 31, sigsuspend include/signal.h, 65, SIGTERMinclude/signal.h, 27, SIGTRAPinclude/signal.h, 16, SIGTSTPinclude/signal.h, 32, SIGTTINinclude/signal.h, 33, SIGTTOUinclude/signal.h, 34, SIGUNUSED include/signal.h, 19, SIGUSR1 include/signal.h, 22, SIGUSR2 include/signal.h, 24, size_tinclude/sys/types.h, 6, include/time.h, 11, include/stddef.h, 11, include/string.h, 10, skip_atoi kernel/vsprintf.c, 18, sleep_if_empty kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 122, sleep_if_full kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 130, sleep_oninclude/sched.h, 145, kernel/sched.c, 151, SMALLkernel/vsprintf.c, 33, SPACEkernel/vsprintf.c, 30, SPECIALkernel/vsprintf.c, 32, speed_t include/termios.h, 214, ST0kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 67, ST0_DSinclude/fdreg.h, 30, ST0_ECEinclude/fdreg.h, 33, ST0_HAinclude/fdreg.h, 31, ST0_INTRinclude/fdreg.h, 35, ST0_NRinclude/fdreg.h, 32, ST0_SE

include/fdreg.h, 34, ST1kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 68, ST1_CRC include/fdreg.h, 42, ST1_EOC include/fdreg.h, 43, ST1_MAM include/fdreg.h, 38, ST1_NDinclude/fdreg.h, 40, ST1_ORinclude/fdreg.h, 41, ST1_WPinclude/fdreg.h, 39, ST2kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 69, ST2_BC include/fdreg.h, 47, ST2_CMinclude/fdreg.h, 52, ST2_CRC include/fdreg.h, 51, ST2_MAM include/fdreg.h, 46, ST2_SEH include/fdreg.h, 49, ST2_SNS include/fdreg.h, 48, ST2_WC include/fdreg.h, 50, ST3kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 70, ST3_HAinclude/fdreg.h, 55, ST3_TZinclude/fdreg.h, 56, ST3_WPinclude/fdreg.h, 57, stack_segment kernel/traps.c, 55, start_buffer fs/buffer.c, 30, include/fs.h, 165, START_CHAR include/tty.h, 41, startup_time include/sched.h, 140, init/main.c, 53, kernel/sched.c, 61, statinclude/sys/stat.h, 6, structinclude/sys/stat.h, 55, include/unistd.h, 232, statekernel/chr_drv/console.c, 74,

STATUS_BUSY include/fdreg.h, 24, STATUS_BUSYMASK include/fdreg.h, 23, STATUS_DIR include/fdreg.h, 26, STATUS_DMA include/fdreg.h, 25, STATUS_READY include/fdreg.h, 27, STDERR_FILENO include/unistd.h, 15, STDIN_FILENO include/unistd.h, 13, STDOUT_FILENO include/unistd.h, 14, stiinclude/asm/system.h, 16, stime include/unistd.h, 234, STOP_CHAR include/tty.h, 42, strinclude/sched.h, 159, strcatinclude/string.h, 54, strchrinclude/string.h, 128, strcmp include/string.h, 88, strcpyinclude/string.h, 27, strcspninclude/string.h, 185, strerror include/string.h, 13, strftime include/time.h, 39, STRINGIFY tools/build.c, 44, strleninclude/string.h, 263, strncatinclude/string.h, 68, strncmp include/string.h, 107, strncpy include/string.h, 38, strpbrk include/string.h, 209, strrchr include/string.h, 145, strspninclude/string.h, 161, strstrinclude/string.h, 236, strtok

include/string.h, 277, super_block fs/super.c, 27, include/fs.h, 124, structinclude/fs.h, 164, SUPER_MAGIC include/fs.h, 41, suserinclude/kernel.h, 21, SUSPEND_CHAR include/tty.h, 43, switch_to include/sched.h, 171, syncinclude/unistd.h, 235, sync_dev fs/buffer.c, 59, fs/super.c, 18, include/fs.h, 196, sync_inodes fs/inode.c, 59, include/fs.h, 174, sys_accessfs/open.c, 47, include/sys.h, 34, sys_acctinclude/sys.h, 52, kernel/sys.c, 77, sys_alarm include/sys.h, 28, kernel/sched.c, 338, sys_break include/sys.h, 18, kernel/sys.c, 21, sys_brkinclude/sys.h, 46, kernel/sys.c, 168, sys_call_table include/sys.h, 74, sys_chdirfs/open.c, 75, include/sys.h, 13, sys_chmod fs/open.c, 105, include/sys.h, 16, sys_chownfs/open.c, 121, include/sys.h, 17, sys_chrootfs/open.c, 90, include/sys.h, 62, sys_closefs/open.c, 192, fs/exec.c, 32, fs/fcntl.c, 16,

include/sys.h, 7, kernel/exit.c, 17, sys_creatfs/open.c, 187, include/sys.h, 9, sys_dupfs/fcntl.c, 42, include/sys.h, 42, sys_dup2fs/fcntl.c, 36, include/sys.h, 64, sys_execve include/sys.h, 12, sys_exitfs/exec.c, 31, include/sys.h, 2, kernel/exit.c, 137, sys_fcntl fs/fcntl.c, 47, include/sys.h, 56, sys_forkinclude/sys.h, 3, sys_fstatfs/stat.c, 47, include/sys.h, 29, sys_ftime include/sys.h, 36, kernel/sys.c, 16, sys_getegid include/sys.h, 51, kernel/sched.c, 373, sys_geteuid include/sys.h, 50, kernel/sched.c, 363, sys_getgid include/sys.h, 48, kernel/sched.c, 368, sys_getpgrp include/sys.h, 66, kernel/sys.c, 201, sys_getpid include/sys.h, 21, kernel/sched.c, 348, sys_getppid include/sys.h, 65, kernel/sched.c, 353, sys_getuid include/sys.h, 25, kernel/sched.c, 358, sys_gttyinclude/sys.h, 33, kernel/sys.c, 36, sys_ioctl fs/ioctl.c, 30, include/sys.h, 55,

sys_kill include/sys.h, 38, kernel/exit.c, 60, sys_linkfs/namei.c, 721, include/sys.h, 10, sys_lock include/sys.h, 54, kernel/sys.c, 87, sys_lseekfs/read_write.c, 25, include/sys.h, 20, sys_mkdir fs/namei.c, 463, include/sys.h, 40, sys_mknod fs/namei.c, 412, include/sys.h, 15, sys_mount fs/super.c, 200, include/sys.h, 22, sys_mpx include/sys.h, 57, kernel/sys.c, 92, sys_niceinclude/sys.h, 35, kernel/sched.c, 378, sys_open fs/open.c, 138, include/sys.h, 6, sys_pause include/sys.h, 30, kernel/sched.c, 144, kernel/exit.c, 16, sys_physinclude/sys.h, 53, kernel/sys.c, 82, sys_pipe fs/pipe.c, 71, include/sys.h, 43, sys_profinclude/sys.h, 45, kernel/sys.c, 46, sys_ptraceinclude/sys.h, 27, kernel/sys.c, 26, sys_read fs/read_write.c, 55, include/sys.h, 4, sys_rename include/sys.h, 39, kernel/sys.c, 41, sys_rmdir fs/namei.c, 587, include/sys.h, 41,

sys_setgid include/sys.h, 47, kernel/sys.c, 72, sys_setpgidinclude/sys.h, 58, kernel/sys.c, 181, sys_setregid include/sys.h, 72, kernel/sys.c, 51, sys_setreuid include/sys.h, 71, kernel/sys.c, 118, sys_setsidinclude/sys.h, 67, kernel/sys.c, 206, sys_setuid include/sys.h, 24, kernel/sys.c, 143, sys_setupinclude/sys.h, 1, kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 71, sys_sgetmask include/sys.h, 69, kernel/signal.c, 15, sys_sigactioninclude/sys.h, 68, kernel/signal.c, 63, sys_signalinclude/sys.h, 49, kernel/signal.c, 48, SYS_SIZE tools/build.c, 35, sys_ssetmask include/sys.h, 70, kernel/signal.c, 20, sys_statfs/stat.c, 36, include/sys.h, 19, sys_stime include/sys.h, 26, kernel/sys.c, 148, sys_sttyinclude/sys.h, 32, kernel/sys.c, 31, sys_syncfs/buffer.c, 44, include/sys.h, 37, kernel/panic.c, 14, sys_time include/sys.h, 14, kernel/sys.c, 102, sys_times include/sys.h, 44, kernel/sys.c, 156, sys_ulimit

include/sys.h, 59, kernel/sys.c, 97, sys_umask include/sys.h, 61, kernel/sys.c, 230, sys_umount fs/super.c, 167, include/sys.h, 23, sys_uname include/sys.h, 60, kernel/sys.c, 216, sys_unlinkfs/namei.c, 663, include/sys.h, 11, sys_ustat fs/open.c, 19, include/sys.h, 63, sys_utime fs/open.c, 24, include/sys.h, 31, sys_waitpid include/sys.h, 8, kernel/exit.c, 142, sys_writefs/read_write.c, 83, include/sys.h, 5, sysbeepkernel/chr_drv/console.c, 79, kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 699, sysbeepstop kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 691, system_call kernel/sched.c, 51, TAB0include/termios.h, 116, TAB1include/termios.h, 117, TAB2include/termios.h, 118, TAB3include/termios.h, 119, TABDLYinclude/termios.h, 115, table_list kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 99, task include/sched.h, 136, kernel/sched.c, 65, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE include/sched.h, 20, TASK_RUNNING include/sched.h, 19, TASK_STOPPED include/sched.h, 23, task_struct include/sched.h, 78, struct

TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE include/sched.h, 21, task_union kernel/sched.c, 53, unionTASK_ZOMBIE include/sched.h, 22, tcdrain include/termios.h, 220, tcflow include/termios.h, 221, TCFLSH include/termios.h, 18, tcflush include/termios.h, 222, TCGETA include/termios.h, 12, tcgetattr include/termios.h, 223, TCGETSinclude/termios.h, 8, TCIFLUSH include/termios.h, 205, TCIOFF include/termios.h, 201, TCIOFLUSH include/termios.h, 207, TCIONinclude/termios.h, 202, TCOFLUSH include/termios.h, 206, TCOOFFinclude/termios.h, 199, TCOON include/termios.h, 200, TCSADRAIN include/termios.h, 211, TCSAFLUSH include/termios.h, 212, TCSANOWinclude/termios.h, 210, TCSBRKinclude/termios.h, 16, tcsendbreak include/termios.h, 224, TCSETAinclude/termios.h, 13, TCSETAFinclude/termios.h, 15, tcsetattrinclude/termios.h, 225, TCSETAWinclude/termios.h, 14, TCSETSinclude/termios.h, 9, TCSETSFinclude/termios.h, 11, TCSETSW

include/termios.h, 10, TCXONC include/termios.h, 17, tell_father kernel/exit.c, 83, termio include/termios.h, 44, structtermios include/termios.h, 54, structticks_to_floppy_on include/fs.h, 170, include/fdreg.h, 9, kernel/sched.c, 206, time include/unistd.h, 236, include/time.h, 31, time_init init/main.c, 76, TIME_REQUESTS kernel/sched.c, 264, time_t include/sys/types.h, 11, include/time.h, 6, timer_interrupt kernel/sched.c, 50, timer_list kernel/sched.c, 266, structkernel/sched.c, 270, times include/sys/times.h, 13, include/unistd.h, 237, TIOCEXCL include/termios.h, 19, TIOCGPGRP include/termios.h, 22, TIOCGSOFTCAR include/termios.h, 32, TIOCGWINSZ include/termios.h, 26, TIOCINQ include/termios.h, 34, TIOCM_CAR include/termios.h, 192, TIOCM_CD include/termios.h, 195, TIOCM_CTS include/termios.h, 191, TIOCM_DSR include/termios.h, 194, TIOCM_DTR include/termios.h, 187, TIOCM_LE include/termios.h, 186, TIOCM_RI include/termios.h, 196, TIOCM_RNG

include/termios.h, 193, TIOCM_RTS include/termios.h, 188, TIOCM_SR include/termios.h, 190, TIOCM_ST include/termios.h, 189, TIOCMBICinclude/termios.h, 30, TIOCMBISinclude/termios.h, 29, TIOCMGET include/termios.h, 28, TIOCMSET include/termios.h, 31, TIOCNXCL include/termios.h, 20, TIOCOUTQ include/termios.h, 24, TIOCSCTTY include/termios.h, 21, TIOCSPGRP include/termios.h, 23, TIOCSSOFTCAR include/termios.h, 33, TIOCSTI include/termios.h, 25, TIOCSWINSZ include/termios.h, 27, tm include/time.h, 18, structtmp_floppy_area kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 105, tms include/sys/times.h, 6, structtoascii include/ctype.h, 29, tolower include/ctype.h, 31, top kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 73, TOSTOP include/termios.h, 177, toupper include/ctype.h, 32, trackkernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 118, transfer kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 309, trap_init include/sched.h, 34, kernel/traps.c, 181, TRK0_ERR include/hdreg.h, 46, truncatefs/truncate.c, 47,

include/fs.h, 173, try_to_share mm/memory.c, 292, tss_structinclude/sched.h, 51, structTSTPMASKkernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 21, TTY_BUF_SIZE include/termios.h, 4, include/tty.h, 14, tty_init include/tty.h, 67, kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 105, tty_intr kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 111, tty_ioctl fs/ioctl.c, 13, kernel/chr_drv/tty_ioctl.c, 115, tty_queue include/tty.h, 16, structtty_read fs/char_dev.c, 16, include/tty.h, 69, kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 230, tty_struct include/tty.h, 45, structtty_table include/tty.h, 55, structkernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 51, structtty_write fs/char_dev.c, 17, include/kernel.h, 8, include/sched.h, 36, include/tty.h, 70, kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 290, TYPEkernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 53, tzsetinclude/time.h, 40, u_char include/sys/types.h, 33, uid_t include/sys/types.h, 24, ulimit include/unistd.h, 238, umask include/sys/stat.h, 56, include/unistd.h, 239, umode_t include/sys/types.h, 29, umount include/unistd.h, 240, un_wp_page mm/memory.c, 221, uname include/sys/utsname.h, 14,

include/unistd.h, 241, unexpected_floppy_interrupt kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 353, unexpected_hd_interrupt kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 237, unlink include/unistd.h, 242, unlock_buffer kernel/blk_drv/ll_rw_blk.c, 51, kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 101, unlock_inode fs/inode.c, 37, usage tools/build.c, 52, USED mm/memory.c, 47, user_stack kernel/sched.c, 67, ushort include/sys/types.h, 34, ustat include/sys/types.h, 39, structinclude/unistd.h, 243, utimbuf include/utime.h, 6, structutime include/unistd.h, 244, include/utime.h, 11, utsname include/sys/utsname.h, 6, structva_arg include/stdarg.h, 24, va_end include/stdarg.h, 22, include/stdarg.h, 21, va_list include/stdarg.h, 4, va_start include/stdarg.h, 13, include/stdarg.h, 16, VDISCARD include/termios.h, 77, VEOF include/termios.h, 68, VEOL include/termios.h, 75, VEOL2 include/termios.h, 80, VERASE include/termios.h, 66, verify_area include/kernel.h, 4, kernel/fork.c, 24, video_erase_char kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 67, video_mem_end

kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 64, video_mem_start kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 63, video_num_columns kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 59, video_num_lines kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 61, video_page kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 62, video_port_reg kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 65, video_port_val kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 66, video_size_row kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 60, video_type kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 58, VIDEO_TYPE_CGA kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 50, VIDEO_TYPE_EGAC kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 52, VIDEO_TYPE_EGAM kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 51, VIDEO_TYPE_MDA kernel/chr_drv/console.c, 49, VINTR include/termios.h, 64, VKILLinclude/termios.h, 67, VLNEXT include/termios.h, 79, VMIN include/termios.h, 70, VQUIT include/termios.h, 65, VREPRINT include/termios.h, 76, vsprintf init/main.c, 44, kernel/printk.c, 19, kernel/vsprintf.c, 92, VSTART include/termios.h, 72, VSTOP include/termios.h, 73, VSUSP include/termios.h, 74, VSWTC include/termios.h, 71, VT0 include/termios.h, 125, VT1 include/termios.h, 126, VTDLY include/termios.h, 124, VTIME

include/termios.h, 69, VWERASE include/termios.h, 78, W_OK include/unistd.h, 24, waitinclude/sys/wait.h, 20, include/unistd.h, 246, lib/wait.c, 13, wait_for_keypress fs/super.c, 19, kernel/chr_drv/tty_io.c, 140, wait_for_request kernel/blk_drv/ll_rw_blk.c, 26, kernel/blk_drv/blk.h, 52, wait_motor kernel/sched.c, 201, wait_on include/fs.h, 175, wait_on_buffer fs/buffer.c, 36, wait_on_floppy_select kernel/blk_drv/floppy.c, 123, wait_on_inode fs/inode.c, 20, wait_on_super fs/super.c, 48, wait_until_sent kernel/chr_drv/tty_ioctl.c, 46, waitpid include/sys/wait.h, 21, include/unistd.h, 245, wake_up include/sched.h, 147, kernel/sched.c, 188, WAKEUP_CHARS kernel/chr_drv/serial.c, 21, WEXITSTATUS include/sys/wait.h, 15, WIFEXITED include/sys/wait.h, 13, WIFSIGNALED include/sys/wait.h, 18, WIFSTOPPED include/sys/wait.h, 14, WIN_DIAGNOSE include/hdreg.h, 41, WIN_FORMAT include/hdreg.h, 38, WIN_INIT include/hdreg.h, 39, WIN_READ include/hdreg.h, 35, WIN_RESTORE include/hdreg.h, 34, win_result

kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 169, WIN_SEEK include/hdreg.h, 40, WIN_SPECIFY include/hdreg.h, 42, WIN_VERIFY include/hdreg.h, 37, WIN_WRITE include/hdreg.h, 36, winsizeinclude/termios.h, 36, structWNOHANG include/sys/wait.h, 10, WRERR_STAT include/hdreg.h, 29, writeinclude/unistd.h, 247, WRITEinclude/fs.h, 27, write_inode fs/inode.c, 18, fs/inode.c, 314, write_intr kernel/blk_drv/hd.c, 269, write_pipe fs/read_write.c, 17, fs/pipe.c, 41, write_verify kernel/fork.c, 20, mm/memory.c, 261, WRITEA include/fs.h, 29, WSTOPSIG include/sys/wait.h, 17, WTERMSIG include/sys/wait.h, 16, WUNTRACED include/sys/wait.h, 11, X_OK include/unistd.h, 23, XCASE include/termios.h, 171, XTABS include/termios.h, 120, ykernel/chr_drv/console.c, 72, YEARkernel/mktime.c, 23, Z_MAP_SLOTSinclude/fs.h, 40, ZEROPAD kernel/vsprintf.c, 27, ZMAGICinclude/a.out.h, 27,