1

letno poro~ilo / annual report / 2003

2

Uvodna beseda

Izdelalava Programa razgradnje NEK in odlaganja NSRAO in IJG

Izbor lokacije za odlagališ~e NSRAO

Tehnologija odlaganja

Izvajanje javne slu`be ravnanja z RAO malih proizvajalcev

Mednarodno sodelovanje

Odnosi z javnostmi

Sistem kakovosti

RAO V Sloveniji. Kje in koliko jih je

Predavanja, referati

Finan~no poro~ilo

Osnovni podatki o ARAO

Kratice in okrajšave

/5/

/9/

/ 12 /

/16/17/

/21/

/30/

/33/

/43/

/44/

/49/

/52/

/54/

/56/

3

Foreword

Elaboration of the Program of NPP Krško Decommissioning and SF&LILW Disposal

LILW Repository Site Selection Process

Disposal Technology

Public Service of Radioactive Waste Management from Small Producers

International Co-operation

Public Relations

Quality System in ARAO

Radioactive Waste in Slovenia

Lectures and Papers

Financal Statement

Basic Information about ARAO

Abbreviations and Short Forms

Zalo`nik / Publisher / ARAO, Parmova 53, SI - 1000 Ljubljana

Besedilo / Text / ARAO

Jezikovni pregled / Language check A3 - agencija za prevajanje, d. o. o. / Alan Duff McConnell

Oblikovanje / Design & Layout / Branka Smodiš

Tisk / Printed by / Present, d. o. o.

Natisnjeno / Print-run / 900 izvodov / 900 copies

Ljubljana / September / 2004

ISSN 1581-4327

www.gov.si/arao

4 5

Foreword

In the year 2003 we set out with full sail and deep-filled lungs. The law, adopted in 2002, on Protection against Ionizing Radiation and on Nuclear Safety (ZVISJV) had infused us with optimism. Hence, as early as in January 2003, we had already prepared the expert bases for the Draft Decree on Compensations to Local Communities for Limited Use of Space within the Area of Nuclear Fa-cilities. The path towards reconstruction of the Central storage for radioactive wastes in Brinje now seemed to be opened, and it appeared that there was a realistic hope that swift adoption of the new Decree would also open up the way for progress in planning the repository for low and intermediate level radioactive wastes (LILW).

However, good things mature slowly, and nothing that seems evident is ever quite clear. The safety report for reconstruction of the storage in Brinje did not mature until the middle of the summer, and, in conjunction with the law which came into force in 2003 on the construc-tion of facilities (ZGO-1), imposed additional tasks on us. Despite this, in September 2003 we did finally obtain the building permit, which opened up the way for the reconstruction. What still remained to be assured was only the medium-term investment credit. Thus we were able to begin with the works in November 2003, while the credit in accordance with the necessary procedure was activated only in January 2004. Nevertheless, it came sufficiently early to enable us to carry out the works in a normal way, although they have been protracted until deep into 2004. Consequently, we were not able -unfor-tunately - to celebrate in 2003 the “roof-wetting” for the completed reconstruction of the Central radioactive waste storage in Brinje. It was, therefore, awaited with all the more eagerness in the following year.

Likewise, in searching for a site for the LILW reposi-tory, we adopted the festina lente - hasten slowly - approach. For us, a major event was the entry into validity of the Law on Spatial Planning, in accordance with which the LILW repository was comprised within the scope of the state strategic spatial plan. Unfortu-nately, however, the adoption of this plan was deferred until late in the following year. This even more closely concerns spatial management, which the plan was sup-posed to have determined more precisely. Nonetheless, this is the first state document which does explicitly mention the LILW repository, and therefore undeniably stipulates that it shall be built by Slovenia (with regard to this, the completion of the ZVISJV law was naturally of incomparably greater importance, although this did nevertheless occur later). Furthermore, adoption of the new environmental legislation was postponed till

Uvodna beseda

V leto 2003 smo zajadrali s polnimi jadri in globoko nadihanih plju~. V letu 2002 sprejeti Zakon o varstvu pred ionizirajo~imi sevanji in jedrski varnosti (ZVISJV) nas je napolnil z optimizmom. In ̀ e takoj v januarju 2003 smo pripravili Strokovne osnove za osnutek uredbe o nadomestilih lokalnim skupnostim za omejeno rabo prostora na obmo~ju jedrskih objektov. Pot za rekon-strukcijo centralnega skladiš~a radioaktivnih odpadkov v Brinju se je zdela odprta in upanje, da bo hiter sprejem nove uredbe odprl pot tudi za napredek pri na~rtovanju odlagališ~a nizko in srednje radioaktivnih odpadkov povsem stvarno.

A dobre stvari zorijo po~asi in ni~, kar se zdi o~itno, ni povsem jasno. Varnostno poro~ilo za rekonstruk-cijo skladiš~a v Brinju je dozorelo šele sredi poletja in z letom 2003 veljavni zakon o graditvi objektov (ZGO-1) nam je v zvezi s tem nalo`il dodatne naloge. Kljub temu smo v septembru 2003 kon~no dobili gradbeno dovoljenje za rekonstrukcijo in pot zanjo je bila odprta. Treba je bilo zagotoviti le še srednjero~ni investicijski kredit. Z deli smo tako lahko za~eli v novembru 2003, kredit pa v skladu s potrebno proceduro aktivirali šele v januarju 2004. A vendarle dovolj zgodaj, da smo lahko normalno izvedli dela, ki so se zavlekla še globoko v leto 2004. Likofa za izvedeno rekonstrukcijo Centralnega skladiš~a radioaktivnih odpadkov v Brinju si torej v letu 2003 `al nismo zaslu`ili. Toliko bolj `eljno pa smo ga pri~akali v letu, ki mu je sledilo.

Tudi pri iskanju odlagališ~a nizko in srednje radioaktivnih odpadkov smo hiteli po~asi. Za nas je bil velik dogodek za~etek veljavnosti Zakona o prostorskem na~rtovanju, s katerim je odlagališ~e nizko in srednje radioaktivnih odpadkov prišlo v dr`avni strateški prostorski na~rt. A `al je bilo sprejetje slednjega premaknjeno globoko v naslednje leto. [e bolj velja to za prostorski red, ki naj bi ga podrobneje dolo~al. Ne glede na to gre za prvi dr`avni dokument, ki izrecno omenja to odlagališ~e in torej nedvoumno dolo~a, da ga bo Slovenija gra-dila (glede tega je seveda še neprimerno pomembnejša dopolnitev ZVISJV, a ta se je vendarle zgodila kasneje). Tudi sprejem nove okoljske zakonodaje se je premaknil v leto 2004. A uredba o nadomestilih je bila v naše veliko veselje v letu 2003 le sprejeta. V decembru. Medtem smo se seveda intenzivno pripravljali za ~as, ki bo sledil. Lotili smo se mre`nega na~rta prostorskega umeš~anja, na~rtovanja in izgradnje odlagališ~a ob upoštevanju vse novo sprejete in nastajajo~e zakonodaje. Novelirali smo investicijski program njegove izgradnje. Lotili smo se vklju~evanja javnosti v skladu z Aarhuško konvencijo in pri tem v Sloveniji na tem podro~ju zaorali ledino.

6 7

2004. Yet the decree on compensations had already, to our great delight, been adopted in 2003. In December. Meanwhile, of course, we were intensively preparing ourselves for the time to come. We set about tackling the network plan for spatial installation, and the plan-ning and construction of the depository, while adhering to all the newly adopted and forthcoming legislation. We revised the investment programme for its construc-tion. Furthermore, we grappled with the issue of public involvement, in accordance with the Aarhus convention, thus breaking new ground in this respect in Slovenia.

A klju~na naloga nas je doletela prakti~no nena~rtovano in je zahtevala rebalans letnega na~rta. V skladu z zahtevami 10. ~lena Pogodbe med Vlado Republike Slo-venije in Vlado Republike Hrvaške o ureditvi statusnih in drugih pravnih razmerij, povezanih z vlaganjem v NEK, njenim izkoriš~anjem in razgradnjo smo morali skupno z ustrezno pooblaš~eno organizacijo Republike Hrvaške izdelati program razgradnje NEK. Nalogo smo prevzeli v juliju 2003 in jo morali dokon~ati do aprila 2004. Ker ta program dolo~a klju~ne parametre vsega bodo~ega ravnanja z radioaktivnimi odpadki v Sloveniji, smo mu posvetili vse svoje strokovne mo~i in napore. Ni sicer mo`no re~i, da je bil izdelan v letu 2003. Mo`no pa je zdaj re~i, da je potekal povsem v skladu z na~rtom in da je bil v predvidenem roku kon~an. Na ta dose`ek, ki je do`ivel pozitivne mednarodne odzive in bo v prihodnje v klju~ni meri dolo~al ravnanje z radioaktivnimi odpadki v Sloveniji, smo nadvse ponosni. Navsezadnje nam medn-arodno legitimira našo strokovnost.

The crucial task, however, caught us practically unpre-pared and required a rebalancing of the annual plan. In conformity with the requirements of Article 10 of the Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Slovenia and the Government of the Republic of Croatia concerning settlement of the status and other legal conditions linked to investment in NEK (NPP Krško), its exploitation and decommissioning, we were required - in collaboration with the appropriately authorized organization of the Republic of Croatia - to elaborate a programme for the decommissioning of NEK. This task we undertook in July 2003, and had to complete it by April 2004. Since the programme determines the key parameters of all future radioactive waste treat-ment in Slovenia, we devoted to it all our professional strength and efforts. It cannot actually be said that the programme was worked out in 2003; nevertheless, one may now say that it was conducted wholly in accordance with the plan, and was completed within the time-limit envisaged. This achievement, which has been greeted with a highly positive international response, and which will be crucial in determining the future management of radioactive wastes in Slovenia, is a feat of which we are especially proud. And, by no means least of all, it gives international legitimization to our professional skills.

As may be seen from the Annual Report, we have also - alongside these tasks - been engaged in the almost routine work on all the regular, non-spectacular ar-eas. This means that we have: introduced technical improvements in storing wastes at the interim storage in Brinje; reinforced the activity of the public service in the acceptance of wastes; continued with the remain-ing studies on the requirements for the construction of the repository for low- and intermediate-radioac-tive wastes; and also endeavoured to bring about the planned improvements in providing information and enhancing public awareness, and also in international co-operation.

I feel sure that this report will succeed in giving you a true presentation of our activities. Yet I also trust that it will succeed in presenting to you our commitment and our vision. For we do not wish to be working in vain. We wish that the disposal of radioactive waste in Slovenia should be managed at a level comparable to that of the most successful countries. It need not be concealed that, at present - in certain respects - we are still strongly-lagging behind. Yet this also gives us further motivation.

Prof. Dr. Miran Veseli~

Kot sledi iz našega letnega poro~ila smo ob tem skoraj rutinsko delali na vseh obi~ajnih, nespektakularnih podro~jih. Opravljali smo tehni~ne izboljšave pri hran-jenju odpadkov v skladiš~u v Brinju, krepili dejavnost javne slu`be pri prevzemanju odpadkov, nadaljevali z ostalimi študijami za potrebe izgradnje odlagališ~a nizko- in srednje- radioaktivnih odpadkov ter poskušali dose~i na~rtovane premike na podro~ju obveš~anja in osveš~anja javnosti in mednarodnega sodelovanja.

Ne dvomim, da vam bo poro~ilo uspelo predstaviti naše aktivnosti. Upam pa, da vam bo uspelo predstaviti tudi našo zavzetost in naše vizije. @elimo pa~, da bi ne delali zaman. @elimo, da bi imeli v Sloveniji ravnanje z radioaktivnimi odpadki urejeno na ravni pri tem najbolj uspešnih dr`av. Ni treba skrivati, da zdaj v nekaterih pogledih še krepko zaostajamo. A to nam daje dodatni motiv.

Prof.dr. Miran Veseli~

8 9

Izdelava Programa razgradnje NEK in odlaganja NSRAO in IJG

Lastnik jedrske elektrarne mora po koncu njene `iv-ljenjske dobe poskrbeti za njeno razgradnjo. Sredstva za razgradnjo se morajo zbirati `e med obratovanjem, in sicer v posebej za te namene ustanovljenem skla-du. Zbrana sredstva morajo zadoš~ati tudi za varno in trajno odlo`itev izrabljenega jedrskega goriva in radioaktivnih odpadkov, ki so nastali med obrato-vanjem in z razgradnjo jedrske elektrarne. Da bi lahko ~im bolje predvideli dejavnosti, potrebne za razgrad-njo in odlo`itev izrabljenega goriva in radioaktivnih odpadkov, ter ocenili njihov obseg in višino stroškov, se za vsako jedrsko elektrarno izdela program, ki predvidi zaporedje in obseg tehnoloških postopkov za razgradnjo objekta in za odlo`itev izrabljenega goriva in radioaktivnih odpadkov po kon~anem red-nem obratovanju.

ARAO je zato v preteklem letu skupaj s hrvaško Agencijo za posebni odpad (APO) in ob sodelovanju doma~ih strokovnih organizacij (IBE, FER) in zunan-jih izvedencev (MAAE) za~ela z izdelavo Programa razgradnje skladno z 10. ~lenom sporazuma med Vla-do Republike Slovenije in Vlado Republike Hrvaške o ureditvi statusnih in drugih pravnih razmerij, poveza-nih z vlaganjem v Nuklearno elektrarno Krško, njenim izkoriš~anjem in razgradnjo skupaj. Program temelji na danes poznanih podatkih o razgradnji NEK in odla-ganju NSRAO in IJG ter na mednarodnih standardih in najboljši mednarodni praksi na tem podro~ju. Prven-stveno je namenjen oceni prihodnjih stroškov kot osnovi za zbiranje sredstev, ki so potrebna za finan-ciranje razgradnje NEK, odlaganja NSRAO in ravnanja z IJG. V letu 2003 smo pripravili ve~ino gradiva, ki je razdeljeno v 7 lo~enih celot - modulov. Moduli dajejo pregled dosedanjega dela na programu razgradnje NEK, kontekst in izhodiš~a za ta program razgrad-nje, ravnanje z NSRAO in IJG ter opcije razgradnje, oblikovanje in analizo celotnih scenarijev razgradnje in ravnanja z odpadki in IJG ter v zadnjem modulu priporo~eni scenarij za oceno stroškov razgradnje NEK in odlaganja RAO in IJG. Program razgradnje bos-ta po pregledu neodvisne ustanove sprejeli Vlada RS in hrvaški sabor.

Elaboration of the Program of NPP Krško Decommissioning and SF&LILW Disposal

The owner of a nuclear power plant must provide the conditions for decommissioning of the facility at the end of its lifetime. The financial budget for decom-missioning must be collected in a special fund during the operation period. The assembled funds must be sufficient for safe decommissioning and permanent disposal of all spent fuel and radioactive waste which was generated during operation and decommission-ing of the power plant. In order to make adequate plans for the activities required for decommissioning and disposal of spent fuel and radioactive waste, and to estimate the expenses, a separate program has to be elaborated for each power plant providing the sequence and number of technological processes for decommissioning and for disposal of spent fuel and radioactive waste at the end of the regular operation period.

Last year, ARAO - together with APO and the assis-tance of domestic expert organizations (IBE, FER) and foreign experts from IAEA - started to prepare the Program of decommissioning that was prepared in accordance with Article 10 of the Agreement between the governments of Republic of Slovenia and Repub-lic of Croatia on settlement of the status and other legal relations connected with financing NPP Krško, its exploitation and decommissioning. The program is based on actually known data on NPP Krško de-commissioning and disposal of LILW and SF, and on international standards and best international practices in this area. Its most important objective is to evaluate future expenses that will be taken as a basis for collecting necessary funds for financing NPP Krško decommissioning, disposal of LILW and management of SF. The major part of the document, separated into 7 individual modules, was prepared in 2003. The modules present reviews of previous work on the NPP decommissioning program, the program’s context and principles of decommissioning, treat-ment of LILW and SF and different options for de-commissioning and analyses of integral scenarios for decommissioning and waste and SF treatment. The recommended scenario for evaluation of the costs of NPP Krško decommissioning and radioactive waste and SF disposal is presented in the last mod-ule. The decommissioning program will be adopted by the government of Slovenia and by the Croatian parliament after being revised by an independent institution.

11

LILW Repository Site Selection Process

Space evaluation within the initilly defined regions and placing of the repository in physical space

Within further assessment of identified potential areas for site selection, we have concluded assess-ment of the natural predisposition for LILW disposal at some areas more suitable for repository siting from the social point of view. Activities were focused on the areas of existing facilities with nuclear technol-ogy. Beside that we have preliminary assessment of the initiatives and suggestions regarding the final site, which have been transferred to the ARAO or were gained through contacts between the mediator and local communities. At the Agency we are planning to acquire the procedure for official offers from local communities in 2004. Nevertheless, we are trying as much as possible to assess all the inquiries and proposals regarding the possible site. Since the concrete, official offers, which would ensure fur-ther assessment and field investigations, have not yet been acquired, we have focused our studies of suitability assessment for LILW disposal also on the suitability assessment of less favorable geological environments. We have initiated a feasibility study of the surface repository on alluvial plane (from the safety, technical and social point of view).

Public acceptance is a key factor in the site selection procedure. Therefore we have continued with the planned activities dealing with public information and participation. In the combined siting procedure that has been selected by ARAO agency, a specific institution of mediator (facilitator) was introduced. The mediator is supposed to facilitate negotiations with local communities by setting a neutral negotiat-ing environment and fostering cooperation between the activity holder ARAO and the local community to acquire consensus on the location of the LILW re-pository. In the year 2003, the mediator established contacts with 32 local communities and provided them with information on the new siting procedure and approach applied by ARAO. Twelve presentations in all Slovenian regions were organized. Responses to these presentations were variable - ranging from positively oriented queries at different decision levels to negative and rejecting reactions of two municipal councils which decided they did not want any further information about the LILW repository site selection.

The mediator participated at several workshops and round tables about LILW repository siting and other environmental projects. She was introduced to the key stakeholders in the field and to NGO’s. She was interviewed by some tens of local, private and public media and was introduced to the general public by ARAO magazine RAOPIS which is distributed free of charge to 600 addresses. She participated in the in-ternational project of the 5th EU framework program dealing with public cooperation and participation in the LILW repository siting procedure. The mediator had our constant technical support in all her activities. We answered questions, requests and initiatives that local communities addressed to ARAO with the help of the mediator. We also provided the professional help of communicators and all the necessary administrative support needed for her work.

Zaradi klju~nega pomena, ki ga ima za postopek izbora lokacije dru`bena sprejemljivost, smo na-daljevali z na~rtovanimi dejavnostmi seznanjanja, informiranja in tudi vklju~evanja javnosti v postopek. Agencija ARAO je v izbranem kombiniranem po-stopku izbora lokacije predvidela vpeljavo posebne inštitucije - mediatorja, ki bo olajšala pogajanja z lo-kalnimi skupnostmi. Naloga mediatorja je, da na ~im bolj nevtralen na~in zagotavlja sodelovanje lokalnih skupnosti in izvajalca postopka ARAO pri doseganju soglasja o lokaciji odlagališ~a NSRAO. V letu 2003 je mediatorka vzpostavila stike z 32 ob~inami, ki so bile informirane o novem postopku izbora lokacije in pris-topu, ki ga uporablja ARAO. Mediatorka je opravila 12 predstavitev v ob~inah, ki se nahajajo v vseh slo-venskih regijah. Odziv na predstavitve je bil razli~en: od pozitivnih povpraševanj na razli~nih ravneh do negativnih, odklonilnih odzivov, kjer je ob~inski svet odlo~il, da ne `elijo ve~ informiranja v zvezi s postop-kom izbora lokacije za odlagališ~a NSRAO.

Mediatorka je sodelovala na ve~jem številu delavnic in okroglih miz na temo izbora lokacije oziroma okoljskih projektov, predstavljena je bila vsem klju~nim dele`nikom v stroki, nevladnim organizaci-jam, dala je nekaj deset intervjujev za lokalne in dr`avne medije, širši javnosti pa smo jo predstavili v RAOPISU, ki je poslan na 600 naslovov. Udele`ila se je mednarodnega projekta v 5. okvirnem programu EU o sodelovanju in udele`evanju javnosti pri umeš~anju odlagališ~a RAO.

Ves ~as delovanja mediatorke smo skrbeli za ustrezno strokovno podporo in pomo~. Odgovarjali smo na razli~ne pobude in vprašanja, ki so jih prek media-torke na nas naslovile lokalne skupnosti. Zagotovili smo tudi strokovno pomo~ komunikologov in zagoto-vili administrativne razmere za njeno delovanje.

10

Izbor lokacije za odlagališ~e NSRAO

Vrednotenje prostora znotraj izhodiš~nih obmo~ij in umeš~anje odlagališ~a NSRAO v prostor

V okviru vrednotenja prostora znotraj izhodiš~nih obmo~ij za iskanje lokacije za odlagališ~e NSRAO smo v letu 2003 dokon~ali podrobnejše ovrednotenje primernosti naravnih danosti z vidika geologije za odlaganje NSRAO na širših obmo~jih objektov, pove-zanih z jedrsko tehnologijo. Poleg tega smo poskušali kabinetno opredeliti primernost tudi nekaterih dru-gih obmo~ij. Tu gre predvsem za pobude in predloge, ki so jih ARAO posredovale tako fizi~ne kot pravne osebe ali pa so bile rezultat delovanja mediatorke. ARAO na~rtuje pridobivanje uradnih ponudb s strani lokalnih skupnosti v letu 2004, vendar vsa predhodna poizvedovanja in pobude evidentira ter poskuša oceniti primernost teh obmo~ij tako z vidika nara-vnih danosti za odlaganje kot drugih prostorskih zna~ilnosti. Ker konkretne ponudbe glede lokacij, ki bi omogo~ale predvideno podrobnejše vrednotenje potencialnih lokacij znotraj izhodiš~nih obmo~ij, še niso bile pridobljene, smo za~eli s prou~itvijo primernosti obmo~ij z manj ugodnimi geološkimi in hidrološkimi lastnostmi, ki se nahajajo znotraj izhodiš~nih obmo~ij, oziroma z izvedbo površinskega odlagališ~a na takšnem terenu.

12 13

Klju~nega pomena je tudi seznanjanje in vklju~evanje v proces posameznih ciljnih javnosti. Tako smo v ok-viru delavnic o postopku izbora lokacije in umeš~anja odlagališ~a v prostor nadaljevali z dejavnostmi, s katerimi smo v preteklem letu vzpostavili sode-lovanje z okoljskimi nevladnimi organizacijami (NVO) in jih za~eli seznanjati s postopkom izbora lokacije za odlagališ~e. Skupaj z njimi smo izvedli posvet o prob-lematiki reševanja vprašanja NSRAO in vklju~evanju javnosti, ki je potekal v okviru rednih sre~anj par-lamentarne skupine GLOBE v dr`avnem zboru. Na posvetu so bile predstavljene tudi tuje izkušnje pri vklju~evanju javnosti v postopek izbora lokacije, osnovni cilj posveta pa je bil v širokem informiranju o problematiki NSRAO, krepitvi politi~ne podpore odgovornemu ravnanju in trajni rešitvi NSRAO ter razpravi na ravni politika - stroka - javnost. Orga-nizirana in izvedena je bila tudi delavnica za NVO, posve~ena pripravi priporo~il NVO za vklju~evanje javnosti v kombiniran postopek izbora lokacije za odlagališ~e na osnovi na~el Aarhuške konvencije, kot jih vidi civilna dru`ba.

Za zagotovitev simulacije postopka vrednotenja pro-stora in umeš~anja odlagališ~a v prostor smo izde-lali Interaktivni model izbora lokacije za odlagališ~e. Model bo na internetnih straneh omogo~al simulacijo postopka vsem zainteresiranim. Na ta na~in se bodo obiskovalci spletnih strani seznanili z merili, ki vplivajo na lokacijo odlagališ~a, z interaktivnostjo pa bodo lahko tudi opazovali, kako spreminjanje meril vpliva na izbor potencialnih obmo~ij lokacij za odlagališ~e NSRAO. Tako bomo zagotovili dodatno aktivno udele`bo in še pove~ali transparentnost postopka.

Izjemno pomembno za nadaljevanje dejavnosti vklju~evanja javnosti v postopek izbora lokacije in pridobivanje ponudb je bilo sprejetje podzakonskega akta - Uredbe o merilih za dolo~itev višine nadomesti-la zaradi omejene rabe prostora na obmo~ju jedrskega objekta, za katerega smo pripravili strokovne pod-lage. Nadomestilo zaradi omejene rabe prostora za odlagališ~e NSRAO znaša po tej uredbi 2.331.180,00 EUR v tolarski protivrednosti, lokalna skupnost pa pridobi nadomestilo tudi za ~as izvajanja terenskih raziskav v višini 10 % celotnega nadomestila.

In addition to the strong information campaign, what is essential for success of the siting process is public involvement in the process. Within the established cooperation with environmental NGO’s we have or-ganized several events. The main issue of the second workshop for environmental NGO’s was implementa-tion of the main principles of the Aarhus Convention in the decision process of site selection. The NGO’s representatives have prepared the recommenda-tions for public participation in LILW repository site selection. We have organized also a round table in the Slovenian Parliament where foreign experience about public involvement and participation in similar proj-ects was presented. The main goal of the round table was to strengthen political support for responsible management and the final solution for LILW, and to open up the discussion about the LILW issue between experts, politicians and public representatives.

For better understanding of the siting process we have prepared the »Interactive model for LILW repository site« as a simulation of the site selection process for LILW repository. It is an internet based application, which enables simulation of the process, aimed at finding a suitable site for the repository. The model is a slightly simplified version of the expert evaluation process and should be understandable for public use, for users without previous experience with modeling. The application includes presentation of the Slove-nian territory with geological spatial data and spatial data important for spatial planning such as data about infrastructure, land use, natural resources, natural / cultural heritage and tourism. Selection of a suitable site with modeling of spatial data regarding the user’s criteria is also included, and the user can observe how changes in the use of single criteria and their importance result in the selection of a potential site. The project will contribute to the transparency of the site selection process.

After detailed studies of benefits and compensations in the process of siting and operating of the LILW re-pository, we have prepared some bases for legislative regulation of this issue. Of great relevance for public participation in the siting procedure was adoption of the Governmental Decree on criteria for compensa-tions due to the land use restrictions in the vicinity of nuclear facilities. The annual compensation in the case of the LILW repository amounts to 2.331.180 EUROS, and the rightful claimant is the local commu-nity. The decree foresees also compensation during the time of field investigation and construction of the repository, which amounts to 10 % of the annual compensation for the operational repository.

14 15

Na~rtovanje odlagališ~a NSRAO

Glede na omejene skladiš~ne zmogljivosti za NSRAO bi bilo treba zgraditi odlagališ~e do leta 2010, prav tako pa nam intenziviranje dejavnosti narekujejo zakonska dolo~ila. Zaradi kompleksnosti posega v prostor, kot je odlagališ~e NSRAO, in ~asovnega obsega posameznih predvidenih dejavnosti je bil za na~rtovanje in spremljanje dejavnosti za izpolnjevan-je prej navedenih ciljev izdelan podroben Mre`ni na~rt umeš~anja v prostor in izgradnje odlagališ~a NSRAO. Zahtevnost in prepletanje postopkov pri na~rtovanju odlagališ~a NSRAO (postopka z vidika prostorskega na~rtovanja in urejanja prostora, investicijskega procesa, graditve objekta, postopka izbora lokacije skladno s priporo~ili Mednarodne agencije za atomsko energijo, kombiniranega postopka izbora lokacije, ki omogo~a ustrezno vklju~evanje in sodelovanje javnosti) ter spremembe prostorske, okoljske in jedrske zakonodaje so zahtevale (potrebna bodo tudi še dodatna sprotna usklajevanja zaradi nove okoljske zakonodaje) podrobno prou~itev in opti-mizacijo umeš~anja odlagališ~a v prostor in njegove izgradnje. Ob prehodu od idejnih rešitev v dejansko izvedbeno, investicijsko fazo zagotavljanja odlaganja NSRAO je namre~ nujno treba konkretizirati in izdelati podroben mre`ni na~rt umeš~anja v prostor in izgrad-nje odlagališ~a NSRAO. S projektom je bil izdelan tak na~rt, ki bo omogo~al na~rtovanje, spremljanje in nadzorovanje posameznih dejavnosti in izpolnjevanje za~rtanih ciljev. Preu~eni so bili vhodni pogoji in izhodiš~a glede posameznih dejavnosti (izbora lokacije, umeš~anja odlagališ~a v prostor, prido-bivanja dovoljenj, tehni~no-tehnoloških rešitev, terenskih raziskav in projektiranja odlagališ~a, pa tudi dejavnosti v ~asu od gradnje objekta do za~etka njegovega obratovanja), pri~akovan ~as izvaja-nja posameznih dejavnosti (optimisti~ni, predvideni, pesimisti~ni ~as izvedbe) ter nato izdelan mre`ni na~rt vseh dejavnosti, njihove medsebojne poveza-nosti in odvisnosti.

Planning of the LILW Repository

Owing to the shortage of existing storage capacity for LILW, the repository should be constructed by 2010. The intensity of repository planning and development activities are dictated also by legislative require-ments. The complexity of the siting procedure and recent changes in environmental, spatial and nuclear legislation requires detailed study and optimization of all foreseen activities. With transition from con-ceptual projects and solutions to the execution of the project and investment phase of ensuring the fi-nal solution for LILW, it is essential to concretize and prepare a detailed network plan of all activities. Such a plan, which will ensure planning, accompanying and control of single activity and fulfilling of the main task and goals, has already been prepared. It gives a time schedule of the LILW repository design-build activities. The activities have been distributed into nine groups, the individual groups encompassing site selection activities, field investigations, decision-making activities in connection with the investment, siting of the repository, waste properties determi-nation and their conditioning for disposal, design engineering, nuclear safety measures, construction and operation. In a special form, a short description and the purpose of each individual activity is given as well as legislative bases, anticipated optimistic and pessimistic time of implementation, and mode of inter-connection with the other activities. It has been presumed that in 2004 a satisfactory number of potential locations will be determined which will en-able the start and continuation of a procedure lead-ing to a program of state site plan development. The program shall contain all key elements of the time schedule activities, mode and scope of implemen-tation, and it shall define all subjects taking part in the procedure. According to the time schedule, the repository site selection can be determined and the state site plan accepted prior to the end of 2008, and the repository’s regular operation can start prior to the end of 2013. The longest lasting activities on the critical way to final accomplishment of the project are the site selection activities, including field in-vestigations, repository construction and trial run. The first ones are particularly unreliable as regards anticipated time of implementation; consequently, they will be paid full attention in the process of the time schedule development.

Terminski na~rt / Time schedule

Skladno z zadol`itvijo s strani vlade so bila priprav-ljena in uradu za prostorsko planiranje predana vsa zahtevana gradiva za vklju~itev vprašanja odlaganja NSRAO v strategijo prostorskega razvoja Slovenije.

16 17

Tehnologija odlaganja

Ocena lastnosti odlagališ~a

Agencija ARAO `e ve~ let intenzivno pripravlja oceno lastnosti odlagališ~a NSRAO, ki je predpogoj za var-nostno oceno, s katero doka`emo varnost odlagališ~a za nekaj sto let, in hkrati osnova za izdelavo razli~nih dokumentov. Predstavlja tudi osnovo za pogajanja z lokalnimi skupnostmi. Pri pripravi ocene lastnosti odlagališ~a je ARAO uporabila metodologijo, ki je bila razvita v okviru programa MAAE z naslovom Improve-ment of safety assessment methodology for near surface disposal facility (ISAM), v katerem je tudi dejavno sodelovala.

Agencija ARAO je `e v letih od 2000 do 2002 pripravila kompleksen model delovanja odlagališ~a nizko in srednje radioaktivnih odpadkov. Izvedena je bila simulacija za dva tipa odlagališ~ s poudarkom na daljni okolici - geosferi. Za prera~une smo pripravili novo analizo liste FEP, izdelali nov nabor alternativnih scenarijev za obravnavano geosfero in oblikovali nove konceptualne modele. Vpliv odlagališ~a na ~loveka in okolico smo modelirali z uporabo programa AMBER. Za podrobno simuliranje odlagalnega sistema z okolico smo uporabili programska orodja PORFLOW, HYDRUS2D in GMS, MODFLOW in MT3D.

Z udele`bo na razli~nih seminarjih in delavnicah smo v letu 2003 pridobivali nova znanja s podro~ja analiz PA/SA in predvsem preverjali ustreznost in verodos-tojnost naših modelov in dosedanjih prera~unov. V letu 2003 smo nadaljevali z natan~no analizo ob~utljivosti in nezanesljivosti (nezanesljivost zaradi izbire scenarijev, konceptualnih in fizikalnih modelov, matemati~nih modelov in ra~unalniških programov, nezanesljivost podatkov oziroma parametrov) z upo-rabo razli~nih metod, ki vrednotijo vplive napak na rezultate. Stohasti~ni izra~uni so izdelani po metodi Monte Carlo. Ta faza ocene lastnosti je sestavni del vseh napovedi in je sestavljena iz iterativnih procesov in postopkov. Posebna pozornost je bila posve~ena zagotavljanju kakovosti pri analizah PA/SA, saj bo dokazovanje transparentnosti, ponovljivosti in vero-dostojnosti prera~unov eden glavnih argumentov v prikazovanju rezultatov analiz javnostim.

Organizirali smo tudi tridnevno delavnico za upravne organe in strokovne ustanove, na kateri smo pred-stavili rezultate ocen lastnosti bodo~ega odlagališ~a NSRAO. Delavnice so se poleg doma~ih strokovnjakov udele`ili tudi predstavniki MAAE in nekaterih drugih dr`av, s katerimi ARAO `e ve~ let sodeluje.

Disposal Technology

Performance assessment of repository

ARAO agency has been intensively preparing the performance assessment of the LILW repository over the past few years. Besides being a basis for other document elaboration, the performance assessment is a precondition for the safety assessment that is to prove the safety of the repository during a period of several hundred years. It also represents the basis for negotiations with local communities. In preparing the performance assessment of a repository, ARAO used the methodology which was developed as a part of the IAEA program ISAM - Improvement of safety assessment methodology for a near surface disposal facility, in which ARAO took an active part.

In 2000 to 2002, ARAO prepared a complex model of LILW repository performance. A simulation for two types of the repositories, the surface and the un-derground one was performed in which the distant environment - geosphere - was mostly stressed. A new analysis of the FEP list, a new list of alternative scenarios for the geosphere in question and new con-ceptual models were prepared for the calculations. The influence of the repository on humans and on the environment was modeled with program AMBER. Programs PORFLOW, HYDRUS2D and GMS, MODFLOW and MT3D were applied for a detailed simulation of the disposal system.

In 2003 we participated at different seminars and workshops to gain new knowledge on PA/SA analyses and mainly to verify the relevance and accuracy of our models and previous calculations. In 2003 we continued with a detailed sensibility and uncertainty analysis (uncertainty due to alternative scenarios, conceptual and physical models applied, math-ematical modeling and computer programs, data and parameter uncertainty) by applying different meth-ods for evaluating the influence of errors on model-ing results. Stochastic calculations were elaborated by the Monte Carlo methodology. This phase of the performance assessment presents a basis for all predictions and consists of iterative processes and proceedings. Special attention was paid to quality confirmation in PA/SA analyses, as the proofing of transparency, repeatability and accuracy of calcu-lations will be one of the major arguments in public presentations of the results.

We organized a three-day workshop for management authorities and professional institutions where we presented the results of performance assessment for the future LILW repository. Slovene experts, IAEA ex-perts and experts from countries with which ARAO has been cooperating with in the last years participated at the workshop.

Delavnice se je udele`ilo ve~ kot 40 predstavnikov iz

15 organizacij. / More than 40 representatives from

15 organization participated in the workshop.

18 19

Kako pripraviti odpadke za skladiš~enje in odlaganje?

Na podlagi razli~nega inventarja radioaktivnih odpadkov (RAO), ki je do zdaj nastajal v dr`avi, in na podlagi realnih predvidevanj njegovega nas-tanka v bodo~e je treba razvijati politiko ravnanja z RAO v slovenskem prostoru, še posebej ko gre za na~rtovanje odlagališ~a za nizko in srednje radio-aktivne odpadke. Poznavanje lastnosti odpadkov je eden od pomembnih vhodnih parametrov za projek-tiranje odlagališ~a NSRAO in za izdelavo zahtevanih varnostnih analiz, ki morajo dokazati varno delovanje odlagališ~a.

V Sloveniji nastajajo RAO pri delovanju NEK, v razis-kovalni dejavnosti, medicini, industriji in rudarstvu. Najve~ji dele` odpade na jedrsko elektrarno (RAO pri obratovanju) in v prihodnosti (RAO pri razgrad-nji). Ker se najve~ji dele` NSRAO nahaja v za~asnem skladiš~u radioaktivnih odpadkov v NEK, smo v okviru projekta Karakterizacija inventarja NSRAO v NEK s pomo~jo elektrarne pripravili ustrezen na~rt pregleda parametrov, ki so pomembni pri ugotavljanju primer-nosti NSRAO za odlaganje. Na podlagi ugotovitev je predvidena izdelava predloga dodatnih dejavnosti, ki bi pripomogle k izboljšanju poznavanja lastnosti NSRAO v NEK.

Revizija predinvesticijske zasnove

Izdelana je bila nova predinvesticijska zasnova, ki upošteva nov terminski na~rt izbora lokacije in izgradnje odlagališ~a NSRAO in predvideva, da bo lokacija izbrana do leta 2008, odlagališ~e pa zgra-jeno do leta 2010. Na podlagi novih ~asovnih po-stavk, novih informacij o postopku izbora lokacije in novih rezultatov dela ARAO revizija predinvesticijske študije podaja ekonomske, ~asovne in tehnološke vi-dike izbora lokacije, izgradnje odlagališ~a, njegove-ga obratovanja in zapiranja. Obdobje obratovanja odlagališ~a vklju~uje poleg fiksnih in variabilnih stroškov tudi stroške nadomestil zaradi omejene rabe prostora, kot jih podaja vladna uredba. Obdelan je mo`ni scenarij glede na veljavni plan razgradnje NEK iz leta 1996, prikazan pa je tudi pristop k drugim mo`nim integralnim scenarijem.

How should waste be prepared for storage and disposal?

Based on the different radioactive waste inventories which have been produced in Slovenia, and based on real estimation in the future, the radioactive waste management policy should be developed in Slovenia, especially by planning the LILW repository. Knowl-edge of waste characteristics is one of the impor-tant input parameters for the repository design and for demanding PA/SA analysis, which ere needed to prove safe operation of repository.

In Slovenia, radioactive waste is generated by NPP, research institutes, medicine, industry and mining. The major share belongs to NPP Krško (waste from operation) and will continue in the future (waste from decommissioning). Because the maximal part of LILW waste occurs in temporary NPP storage, in the frame of the project »Characterization of LILW inventory in NPP Krško«, and with help of the opera-tor, the appropriate review plan for parameters im-portant to determine the LILW relevant for disposal was prepared. The results will be the basis for activity proposals, which will improve the knowledge of op-erational LILW in NPP Krško.

Revision of the preinvestment project

A new preinvestment project was generated. It takes into account the new time schedule of LILW repository siting and construction, and predicts that the siting will be finished by 2008, and that the repository will be constructed by 2010. Being supported by new time assumptions, new information on the siting process and new results of ARAO work, the revision presents the economical, temporal and technological aspects of LILW repository siting, construction, operation and decommissioning. The period of repository operation includes the fixed and variable costs as well as the costs of compensations due to the land use restric-tions as defined by the Governmental Decree on criteria for compensations in the vicinity of nuclear facilities. It also includes a feasible scenario based on the NPP Krško decommissioning plan from the year 1996 and a possible approach to other possible integral scenarios.

The sums of all costs in a respective time period of the repository are presented in time limits and fi-nancially, by considering two basic options of LILW repository (surface and underground). The financial resources by years until the end of construction phase are presented. In the sensitivity analysis, a presentation is given of the factors that might con-siderably influence the investment costs, and also the influence of possible cost variations.

Although the analyses are made for a generic lo-cation of repository, the preinvestment project represents a good basis for planning, provision and allocation of the funds from the Financial Fund for NPP Krško decommissioning in the next years. It is also an appropriate foundation for the preparation of an investment program that will be prepared after the repository siting is finished and the selection of disposal technology is determined.

Vsi stroški v posameznih ~asovnih obdobjih odlagališ~a so prikazani terminsko in finan~no ob upoštevanju dveh osnovnih razli~ic izvedbe odlagališ~a (površinsko in podzemno). Prikazani so predvideni viri financiranja po letih do izgradnje odlagališ~a. V analizi ob~utljivosti pa so podani deja-vniki, katerih sprememba bi lahko znatno vplivala na stroške investicije ter njihov vpliv na stroške.

^eprav so analize stroškov narejene za generi~no lokacijo odlagališ~a, predstavlja predinvesticijska zasnova dobro podlago za na~rtovanje, zagotavljanje in razporeditev finan~nih sredstev sklada za razgrad-njo v naslednjih letih ter za izdelavo investicijskega programa, ko bo izdelan potem, ko bosta izbrana lokacija za odlagališ~e NSRAO in ustrezna tehnologija odlaganja.

Tabela/Table: Stroški izgradnje, obratovanja in zapiranja odlagališ~a - površinsko in podzemno odlagališ~e - scenarij SID-96

LILW repository construction, operation and decommissioning costs - surface and underground repository - scenario SID-96

Obdobje Faza Površinsko odlagališ~e Podzemno odlagališ~ePeriod Phase Surface LILW repository Underground LILW repository mio SIT mio EUR mio SIT mio EUR

2000-2010 Izbor lokacije in izgradnja odlagališ~a 9529.6 41.38 18.441.1 80.07 Site selection and construction

2010-2119 Obratovanje odlagališ~a 93.943.8 407.9 93.943.8 407.9 Operation

2119-2124 Zapiranje odlagališ~a 4333.7 18.8 5729.4 24.9 Decommissioning

2124- Upravni nadzor Administrative control Skupaj / Total 107.807.1 468.1 118.114.3 512.9

20 21

Public Service of Radioactive Waste Management from Small Producers

The Central interim storage for radioactive waste in Brinje is the only storage facility for radioactive waste from industrial, medical and research activities operating in Slovenia. The storage has been in opera-tion since 1986. Since the year 1999, operation of the Central interim storage for radioactive waste in Brinje and public service of radioactive waste management in Slovenia has been under the control of ARAO.

Operation of Central interim storage for radio-active waste in Brinje

With the aim of assuring regular operation of the Central interim storage for radioactive waste in Brin-je and performing the public service of radioactive waste management the main concern of ARAO in 2003 was to ensure undisturbed transport and acceptance of radioactive waste. Also ARAO was concentrated on preparation of technical procedures for radioactive waste treatment and conditioning.

ARAO keeps and maintains regular contact with small producers of radioactive waste from industrial, med-ical and research activities. Also as a governmental institution ARAO informs and helps by advising small radioactive waste producers on how to fulfil all necessary conditions to ensure that their radioac-tive waste matches all valid standards in Slovenia for acceptance in the central storage in Brinje. In 2003, special attention was paid to radioactive waste which, because of its characteristics, can not be stored in the storage facility in Brinje. In cooperation with IAEA we have started our work on definition of the concept for radioactive waste management which will enable us to centralize the way in which radio-active waste is treated in Slovenia. This activity will include definition of urgent and elementary techni-cal procedures for the treatment and conditioning of radioactive waste in order to assure safe and optimal storage and disposal.

The performance of ARAO activities connected with the public service of radioactive waste manage-ment has been regularly controlled by the Slovenian regulatory body. Therefore in 2003, four regular in-spection controls were performed by the Slovenian Nuclear Safety Administration (SNSA) which is the regulatory body for these issues in Slovenia. In their inspections SNSA did not find any major inadequacies or imperfections.

Prevzem odpadkov

Waste acceptance

Izvajanje javne slu`be ravnanja z RAO malih proizvajalcev

Centralno skladiš~e RAO v Brinju je edino skladiš~e pri nas za shranjevanje radioaktivnih odpadkov iz industrije, medicine in raziskovalnih dejavnosti. Skladiš~e obratuje od leta 1986, ARAO pa je prev-zela opravljanje javne gospodarske slu`be ravnanja z radioaktivnimi odpadki malih proizvajalcev leta 1999 skupaj z upravljanjem skladiš~a.

Obratovanje Centralnega skladiš~a RAO v Brinju

V letu 2003 je ARAO kot izvajalec gospodarske javne slu`be ravnanja z radioaktivnimi odpadki malih proiz-vajalcev najve~ pozornosti posvetila zagotavljanju nemotenega izvajanja prevzema in prevoza radioak-tivnih odpadkov ter pripravi tehnoloških procesov obdelave in priprave radioaktivnih odpadkov.

ARAO je v rednih stikih z malimi proizvajalci radio-aktivnih odpadkov in jim na podlagi pregleda stanja odpadkov svetuje in pomaga pri izvedbi potrebnih dejavnosti za pripravo odpadkov v skladu z merili sprejemljivosti za skladiš~enje. Posebna pozornost je bila v letu 2003 namenjena predvsem odpadkom, ki jih zaradi njihovih lastnosti trenutno ne moremo skladiš~iti v Centralnem skladiš~u RAO v Brinju. V sodelovanju z MAAE smo pri~eli z izdelavo idejne zas-nove postopka ravnanja z NSRAO malih proizvajalcev, ki bo omogo~al centraliziran na~in ravnanja z odpadki in bo zajel osnovne in nujno potrebne tehnološke postopke obdelav in priprav za izvajanje varnega in optimalnega skladiš~enja in odlaganja.

Izvajanje sklopov dejavnosti ARAO v okviru oprav-ljanja gospodarske javne slu`be redno nadzorujejo tudi pristojni upravni organi. Tako so bili v letu 2003 opravljeni štirje redni inšpekcijski pregledi s strani Uprave RS za jedrsko varnost, pri katerih niso bile odkrite ve~je nepravilnosti ali pomanjkljivosti.

22 23

In spite of the fact that we were limited to accepting only emergency cases, we accepted in the storage ra-dioactive waste from twenty small radioactive waste producers. The reason for this larger amount of ac-cepted radioactive waste was connected with the re-packing of the spent cobalt sources and with the new Slovenian law ‘Act on Ionizing Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety’. This new law introduced a few changes related to the work with radiation sources and direct consequence of this law were more fre-quent inspection controls of small radioactive waste producers.

Radiation monitoring around Central Interim storage for radioactive waste in Brinje

Regular monitoring of the dose rates around the storage facility in Brinje includes measurements of the dose rates in the working area, radiation protec-tion for the workers and visitors, and measurements of emissions and imissions. The measurements of the dose rates according to the program have been performed by the »Jo`ef Stefan« Institute and the Institute of Occupational Safety.

Measurements of the emissions were limited only to the emissions of radon and its daughter, and to external radiation doses. Radon comes from radioac-tive waste which is directly connected with uranium decay. The emission of radon and its daughter radio-isotopes into the environment was approximately 75 Bq/s, which represents 2.3 GBq/year. There were no liquid emissions from the storage.

Measurements of the imissions comprise measure-ments with thermo-luminescent dosimeters and measurements in the ground near by the ventilation exhausts of the storage facility. These measurements in the environment, performed at different locations around the storage facility, indicated that the radio-logical impact of the storage on the environment was negligible. Results of the measurements are given in the following table.

Kljub temu da je bil v letu 2003 sprejem odpadkov v skladiš~e še vedno omejen le na nujne primere, je ARAO v skladiš~enje sprejela odpadke dvajsetih malih proizvajalcev. Ve~je število opravljenih spreje-mov kot v letu prej je poleg prepakiranja kobaltovih virov povezano tudi z novim Zakonom o varstvu pred ionizirajo~imi sevanji in jedrski varnosti (ZVISJV), ki je uvedel ve~ sprememb za delo z viri ionizirajo~ega sevanja in kot posledico tudi pogostejše inšpekcijske nadzore preverjanja izpolnjevanja dolo~il pri malih proizvajalcih.

Nadzor sevanja v okolici CSRAO

ARAO zagotavlja reden radiološki nadzor nad skladiš~em in okoljem ter tudi reden nadzor nad osebjem in obiskovalci skladiš~a. Radiološki nadzor okolja obsega meritve izpustov radioaktivnih snovi iz okolja (emisije), meritve radioaktivnosti okolja v bli`nji okolici skladiš~a (imisije) in vzdr`evanje pripravljenosti. Meritve po programu nadzora sta v letu 2003 izvajala Institut Jo`ef Stefan kot izvajalec in Zavod za varstvo pri delu, d. d., (ZVD) kot podiz-vajalec.

Meritve emisij so obsegale mese~ne meritve radona in potomcev v skladiš~u in na podlagi teh meritev oceno atmosferskih izpustov. Radon izhaja iz od-padkov, ki vsebujejo radioaktivne elemente uranove razpadne verige. Na podlagi meritev koncentracije radona in potomcev v skladiš~u smo ocenili, da znaša povpre~na emisija radona iz skladiš~a 75 Bq/s. Izpusti niso bistveno odvisni od ~asa prezra~evanja skladiš~a. Skupni letni izpust iz skladiš~a je bil ocen-jen na 2,3 GBq. Teko~inskih emisij iz skladiš~a ni bilo, ker v skladiš~u ni teko~ih odpdkov.

Meritve imisij obsegajo meritve zunanjega sevanja s termoluminiscentnimi dozimetri in meritve ra-dioaktivnih izotopov v zemlji ob izpuhih skladiš~a. Rezultati meritev zunanjega sevanja ka`ejo, da raven zunanjega sevanja pade na naravno ozadje na razdalji 20 metrov od objekta. Meritve so podane v spodnji tabeli.

23

24 25

Measurements in the ground near by the ventilation exhausts did not show any impact of the storage fa-cility. The results of these measurements proved the existence of radioactive isotopes Cs-137 and K-40 in the ground. Existence of the Cs-137 in the ground is connected with the Chernobyl accident and has noth-ing to do with normal operation of the Central interim storage in Brinje. K-40 is part of the uranium and thorium decay chain, and also can not be connected with the normal operation of the storage facility.

Based on the assessment of the emission into the en-vironment and results of imission measurements, a conservative estimation of received doses due to the inhalation radon and its daughters, was made for the representatives of two typical members of the popu-lation. Both are working on the Reactor centre area or nearby: the farmer who is farming near the storage facility, and the security personnel. The assessment based on the conservative approach has shown that due to the inhalation of radon and its daughters, and due to the direct irradiation from the storage facil-ity, the total annual dose for security personnel is 7.7 micro Sv/year and for the farmer 0.3 micro Sv/year. It could be seen that the calculated doses are far below legislative limitations and that the storage does not present a burden to the workers and to local inhabitants.

Meritve vzorcev zemlje na izpustih ne ka`ejo pove~anih koncentracij izotopov v zemlji. Zaznamo lahko le prisotnost Cs-137, in sicer zaradi ^ernobila in jedrskih eksplozij, ter naravne radionuklide K-40 ter uranovo in torijevo razpadno verigo.

Na podlagi ocene emisij v okolico in rezultatov imisijskih meritev je bila narejena konzervativna ocena prejetih doz zaradi inhalacije radona in po-tomcev za dva tipi~na predstavnika prebivalstva, ki se zadr`ujeta v obmo~ju reaktorskega centra ali v njegovi okolici: za varnostnika reaktorskega centra in za kmetovalca, ki obdeluje zemljo v okolici reaktor-skega centra. Pri oceni se je izhajalo iz zelo konzer-vativnih predpostavk. Pri samem izra~unu letne efektivne doze se je upoštevala inhalacija radona in potomcev ter neposredno sevanje iz skladiš~a. Tako je bila za delavca reaktorskega centra ocenjena skupna efektivna letna doza 7,7 µSv/leto, za kmeta pa 0,3 µSv/leto.

Tako nizke doze ob zelo konzervativno privzetih predpostavkah ka`ejo, da skladiš~e ne predstavlja obremenitve ne za delavce reaktorskega centra ne za okoliške prebivalce.

Renewal of the LILW storage in Brinje

After ARAO took over the management and the op-eration of the Central storage facility for radioactive waste in Brinje the inventorying of waste was also car-ried out. It was established that data about the waste in the storage facility were incomplete, and in some cases even entirely unknown. At least basic data on the waste must be known before any treatment for storage or disposal can start. Radiological charac-teristics were considered as the most important up to the present, but the chemical and other waste char-acteristics are also important. For this reason ARAO decided to characterise the waste. Due to limited financial resources we focused on the waste with the most deficient data. In the middle of 2003 we started to prepare the project Characterization of waste in the Central storage facility for radioactive waste. It is assisted by the PHARE Programme on nuclear safety and will be performed by a competent contractor. The project started with a public contract to gain a con-tractor for preparing the tender documentation ac-cording to guide criteria of the European Commission. The tender documentation included a list of invited tenderers, general information and requirements for tenderers, draft of the contract, terms of reference, suggestions for preparing the methodology and proj-ect organization, project financial plan, and other forms and documents. The tender documentation was then submitted for official procedure. Selection of the most appropriate tender and characterization of waste will take place in 2004.

Posodobitev skladiš~a RAO v Brinju

Ob prevzemu Centralnega skladiš~a radioaktivnih odpadkov v Brinju v upravljanje je ARAO med drugim izvedla tudi inventarizacijo odpadkov, pri kateri se je izkazalo, da so podatki o uskladiš~enih odpadkih pomanjkljivi, v nekaterih primerih pa celo popol-noma neznani. Za vsakršno nadaljnjo predelavo teh odpadkov za skladiš~enje ali/za odlaganje pa morajo biti o posameznem odpadku znani vsaj najosnovnejši podatki. Poleg radioloških lastnosti odpadkov, na katerih je bil do zdaj najve~ji poudarek, so vsekakor pomembne tudi kemi~ne in druge lastnosti. Zato se je ARAO odlo~ila izvesti karakterizacije odpadkov, ki bo v prvi fazi zaradi omejenih finan~nih sredstev osredoto~ena le na tiste uskladiš~ene odpadke, o katerih je znanih najmanj podatkov. Tako smo sredi leta 2003 za~eli pripravljati projekt za karakterizacijo odpadkov v CSRAO, ki jo bodo izvajali zunanji izva-jalci, projekt pa poteka v okviru projektov PHARE s podro~ja jedrske varnosti. V prvi fazi smo v okviru postopka javnega naro~ila pridobili izvajalca za pripravo razpisne dokumentacije v skladu z navo-dili Evropske komisije. Pripravili smo razpisno do-kumentacijo, ki je poleg spiska vabljenih ponudnikov vsebovala navodila in splošne pogoje za ponudnike, osnutek pogodbe, projektno nalogo, okvir za pripravo metodologije in organizacije projekta, finan~ni na~rt projekta ter druge obrazce in dokumente. Razpisno dokumentacijo smo nato posredovali v uradni posto-pek. Izbor najustreznejšega ponudnika in izvedba karakterizacije pa bosta potekala v letu 2004.

Razdalja od vhoda v skladiš~e [m] Hitrost doze γ sevanja [µSv/h]

Distance from the entrance to the storage facility γ dose rate

0 (vhod v skladiš~e / entrance to the storage facility) 0.21

10 (pomo`ni objekt / auxiliary building) 0.12

20 (travnik / meadow) 0.11

26 27

Pogled na obnovljeno skladiš~e

View of the renewed storage

ARAO started the reconstruction of the Central stor-age in Brinje in November 2003. A project for applica-tion of a construction license and a project for con-struction works execution were prepared. The works involved renewal of the ventilation system, renewal of electrical installation, fire protection assurance, minor reconstruction works, and remediation of the sewage system and water supply network in the Cen-tral storage facility for radioactive waste in Brinje. Together with the above mentioned project docu-mentation ARAO also prepared two key documents. The Environmental Impact Report for reconstruction of the Central storage facility for radioactive waste in Brinje describes the environmental impacts of the proposed construction works during and after the re-construction. The safety report for the Central stor-age facility for radioactive waste in Brinje describes the aspects of safety status and requirements during its operation. The analysis that is presented in both documents shows that the facility and the radioac-tive waste stored in Brinje do not endanger the envi-ronment, and that no normal or emergency situations can be expected that could lead to a radiological in-fluence exceeding legally defined limits for workers, the public and the environment.

In 2002, ARAO started with obtaining consents that had to be presented to the Ministry of the Environ-ment, Spatial Planning and Energy -Section for Spatial Interventions and Construction of Buildings of National Importance, which issued the construc-tion permit for reconstruction in October 2003. An environmental protection consent issued by the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, a consent issued by the Slovenian Nuclear Safety Administration, a consent issued by the Slovenian Health Inspectorate, and a fire protection consent issued by the Inspectorate of the RS for Protection against natural and other Disasters were added to the construction permit.

The contractor to carry out the construction works was NUMIP d. d. from Krško and was selected by an open tender. The company has considerable experi-ence in performing similar works in the Nuclear power plant Krško. The reconstruction works in the Central storage facility for radioactive waste started in November 2003. At the end of January 2004, a new water supply network reaching to the entrance into the storage facility was laid out, the sewage system was replaced and a septic tank was installed which accepts all waste water from the storage facility and has no outlet. A machinery room where new ventila-tion equipment was placed was built behind the stor-age facility .

Novembra 2003 je ARAO za~ela z rekonstrukcijo Centralnega skladiš~a RAO v Brinju. Za izvedbo del je bila pripravljena projektna dokumentacija v fazi PGD (Projekt za pridobitev gradbenega dovoljenja) in PZI (Projekt za izvedbo) in je zajela prenovo prezra~evalnega sistema, prenovo elektri~nih napel-jav, zagotovitev po`arne varnosti, manjša sanacijska dela ter sanacijo kanalizacije in vodovoda za Central-no skladiš~e RAO v Brinju. Vzporedno s projektno do-kumentacijo je ARAO pripravila še dva klju~na doku-menta - Poro~ilo o vplivih na okolje za rekonstrukcijo CSRAO v Brinju, ki podaja vpliv na okolje med izvaja-njem del in po rekonstrukciji, ter Varnostno poro~ilo za CSRAO v Brinju, ki obravnava skladiš~e predvsem z vidika zagotavljanja varnosti med njegovim obra-tovanjem. Analiza, ki je podana v obeh dokumentih, je pokazala, da skladiš~e za radioaktivne odpadke v Brinju skupaj z uskladiš~enimi radioaktivnimi odpad-ki ne ogro`a okolja in da v tem objektu ni pri~akovati normalnih ali nezgodnih obratovalnih stanj, ki bi pre-segla zakonsko omejen radiološki vpliv na delavce, prebivalstvo in `ivljenjsko okolje.

Leta 2002 je ARAO za~ela pridobivati soglasja, na podlagi katerih je MOPE, sektor za posege v prostor in graditev objektov dr`avnega pomena, oktobra 2003 izdal gradbeno dovoljenje za rekonstrukcijo. Dovoljenju so bila prilo`ena okoljevarstveno soglasje ARSO, soglasje Uprave RS za jedrsko varnost, soglasje Zdravstvenega inšpektorata RS in po`arno soglasje Inšpektorata RS za varstvo pred naravnimi in drugimi nesre~ami.

Za izvajanje del je bila na javnem razpisu izbrana organizacija NUMIP, d. d. iz Krškega, ki ima `e veliko izkušenj pri izvajanju podobnih del v jedrski elek-trarni. Prve dejavnosti na rekonstrukciji Centralnega skladiš~a RAO v Brinju so se za~ele novembra 2003. Do konca januarja 2004 je bil polo`en nov vodovod do skladiš~a, zamenjana in obnovljena je bila kanali-zacija z nepreto~no greznico, v katero se zliva voda iz skladiš~a, za obstoje~im skladiš~em pa je zgrajena strojnica, v katero je nameš~ena nova prezra~evalna naprava za skladiš~e.

29

Konec januarja pa smo za~eli izvajati drugo fazoprojekta rekonstrukcije Centralnega skladiš~a RAO v Brinju, ki je zajemala predvsem dela znotraj skladiš~a. Do konca aprila so bile sanirane manjše poškodbe na betonski konstrukciji v skladiš~u, razpeljan je bil ventilacijski sistem znotraj posameznih prekatov in nameš~ena nova filtrna enota v objektu strojnice, ki zagotavlja filtriranje zraka iz skladiš~a prek sistema treh zaporednih filtrov, kar zagotavlja izboljšane de-lovne razmere za delavce in zmanjšane atmosferske izpuste v okolje. Prenovljena in dograjena je celotna elektri~na napeljava, ki omogo~a tudi izboljšanje po`arne varnosti v skladiš~u. V objektu so zamenjani stara vrata in vsi pomo`ni sistemi, ki zahtevajo stalno vzdr`evanje.

Vse dejavnosti so potekale brez posebnosti. Za radiološki nadzor delavcev in okolja je poskrbljeno, meritve so redno izvajale pooblaš~ene organizacije. V celotnem obsegu del je bila kolektivna doza za vse iz-vajalce pod 6 ~lovek-mSv, rezultati meritev okolja pa ka`ejo, da zaradi izvajanja del ni prišlo do dodatnih obremenitev okolja s stališ~a varstva pred sevanji. V nadzor nad izvajanjem del so bili vklju~eni pristojni upravni organi (Uprava RS za jedrsko varnost, Uprava RS za varstvo pred sevanji in Inšpektorat RS za delo), ki niso zabele`ili nobenih odstopanj od na~rtov. Re-zultati radioloških meritev v okolici skladiš~a ka`ejo, da je bil vpliv CSRAO na okolje izven deloviš~a v ~asu rekonstrukcijskih del enak kot pri normalnem obra-tovanju objekta.

Izvajanje vseh del pri rekonstrukciji je bilo zelo zahtevno predvsem zaradi dejstva, da so bili vsi radioaktivni odpadki skladiš~eni tudi ves ~as med izvajanjem sanacijskih in obnovitvenih del. ARAO je sprotno premeš~ala radioaktivne odpadke in tako zagotovila prostor za izvajanje vseh sanacijskih de-javnosti. Tehni~ni pregled je pokazal, da so vsa dela izvedena skladno z izdanim gradbenim dovoljenjem, pred ARAO pa ostaja še postopek, v katerem bo na podlagi nove revizije varnostnega poro~ila prido-bila dovoljenje za poskusno obratovanje ter tako zagotovila stalno in nemoteno delovanje javne slu`be ravnanja z radioaktivnimi odpadki malih proizvajal-cev.

The second phase of the reconstruction of the Central storage facility in Brinje started at the end of January 2004. Mostly works inside the storage facility took place in this phase and lasted till the end of April 2004. Minor lesions on the concrete construction inside the facility were repaired, and the ventila-tion piping was installed in respective chambers. A new filtering unit was placed in the machinery room to provide filtering of the air coming from the stor-age facility and passing through three serial filters. Working conditions were thus improved and atmo-sphere emissions were reduced. The entire electri-cal installation was renewed and fire security in the storage facility was also improved. The old door and all auxiliary systems requiring constant maintenance were also replaced.

All activities proceeded normally. Radiological pro-tection of workers and the environment was provided and measurements were carried out by the authorized organization. The overall collective dose for all work-ers was less than 6 man-mSv. Measurement results indicate that no additional radiation burden was imposed on the environment due to the reconstruc-tion works. Supervision of the work was carried out by the competent authorities (Slovenian Nuclear Safety Administration, Slovenian Health Inspectorate and Labor Inspectorate) and no discrepancies between the measured and planned values were detected. The results of radiological measurements in the storage neighborhood indicate that during the reconstruc-tion works the impact of the storage facility was the same as during normal facility operation.

All works related to the reconstruction were difficult, mainly because of the fact that all radioactive waste remained in the storage all the time during recon-struction and renewal of the storage. ARAO provided space for all reconstruction activities by moving the waste to the location where the works were not tak-ing place at the time. The technical check showed that all activities were performed according to the construction license issued. ARAO still has to acquire the license for trial operation that is based on the revision of the Safety report. This is a necessary con-dition for permanent and undisturbed operation of the public service of radioactive waste management from small producers.

rekonstrukcijskih del enak kot pri normalnem obra-tovanju objekta.

Izvajanje vseh del pri rekonstrukciji je bilo zelo

radioaktivni odpadki skladiš~eni tudi ves ~as med

elektri~na napeljava, ki omogo~a tudi izboljšanje

30 31

Mednarodno sodelovanje

©tevilne mednarodne povezave in sodelovanje z mednarodnimi organizacijami in agencijami iz drugih dr`av omogo~ajo redno izmenjavo strokovnih informacij in pomembno prispevajo k u~inkovitemu prenosu dobre prakse ravnanja z radioaktivnimi odpadki med dr`avami. ARAO se teh mo`nosti in prednosti zaveda, zato krepi svoje mednarodno udejstvovanje.

Ve~letno sodelovanje z MAAE na podro~ju varnostnih analiz in ocen za bodo~e odlagališ~e NSRAO te~e v okviru programa tehni~nega sodelovanja. V letu 2003 smo za~eli z novim dvo-letnim projektom, ki je sestavljen iz dveh delov. Prvi del se nanaša na oceno lastnosti odlagališ~a za NSRAO. To je nadaljevanje projekta, ki se je za~el leta 2001. Zaradi dobrih rezultatov je MAAE odobrila še dveletni program, s katerim bomo našo skupino za ocenjevanje last-nosti in varnostne analize usposobili za samostojno izvajanje ocen in izra~unov. Drugi del projekta je namenjen ravnanju z odpadki malih proizvajalcev, predvsem obdelavi in ustrezni pripravi odpadkov za skladiš~enje. V okviru tega dela je bila lani anali-zirana mo`nost za obdelavo in pripravo odpadkov v Centralnem skladiš~u RAO v Brinju. Posebna izveden-ska misija MAAE nam je lani tudi prisko~ila na pomo~ pri pripravi zahtevnega programa razgradnje NEK in odlaganja NSRAO in IJG.

ARAO je `e nekaj let stalen ~lan Kluba agencij, ki zdru`uje organizacije za ravnanje z radioaktivnimi odpadki v dr`avah ~lanicah EU in kandidatkah za ~lanstvo. ^lani kluba se sre~ujejo dvakrat letno. Po-leg redne izmenjave informacij s podro~ja ravnanja z RAO v posameznih dr`avah na vsakem sre~anju poteka tudi poglobljena obravnava izbrane aktualne teme.

Æe v preteklih letih smo za~eli dejavno sodelovati v programih s podro~ja ravnanja z radioaktivnimi odpadki, ki potekajo prek EU. V letu 2003 se je ARAO dejavno vklju~ila v 6. okvirni raziskovalni program EU. Prijavila je sodelovanje pri štirih projektih, od katerih so trije uspešno prestali ocenjevanje na Evropski komisiji in bili sprejeti za sofinanciranje. Projekt COWAM II raziskuje odlo~itvene vidike in umeš~anje lokacije za odlagališ~e RAO v prostor ter udele`bo javnosti in civilne dru`be v odlo~itvenem postopku. Projekt SAPIERR bo analiziral mo`nosti za ve~nacionalna odlagališ~a IJG in RAO, projekt CETRAD pa bo raziskal bodo~e potrebe po izobra`evanju s podro~ja ravnanja z RAO in IJG ter varstva pred sevanji.

Dvostransko sodelovanje s sorodnimi agencijami je `e dobro ute~eno. Lani smo nadaljevali z izvrstnim sodelovanjem z belgijskim inštitutom SCK-CEN, posebej poglobljeni pa so bili dvostranski stiki s hrvaško agencijo APO, saj smo skupaj z njihovimi strokovnjaki intenzivno delali pri pripravi programa razgradnje NEK in odlaganja NSRAO in IJG.

ARAO se je udele`ila tudi ve~ strokovnih sre~anj na temo ravnanja z RAO ter na ve~ sre~anjih in konfe-rencah sodelovala tudi s strokovnimi prispevki.

Bilateral co-operation with other related agencies is well established. Last year we continued our excel-lent cooperation with the Belgian institute SCK-CEN; bilateral contacts with the Croatian agency APO were also enhanced because APO and ARAO experts were working intensively to prepare the Program of NPP Krško Decommissioning and SF and LILW disposal.

ARAO participated at several expert meetings on the topic of LILW management, and also presented some papers and expert lectures at the conferences.

International Co-operation

International relations and established co-operation with international organizations and agencies from other countries help create an environment for ex-change of information and contribute to the transfer of good practice in waste management between dif-ferent countries. Being aware of this, ARAO puts con-siderable efforts into strengthening its international involvement and co-operation.

The collaboration with the IAEA in the field of perfor-mance and safety assessment of our future LILW re-pository continues within the programme of technical co-operation. In 2003 a new two-year project, com-posed of two parts, was started. The first part deals with the performance assessment for a LILW reposi-tory and is a continuation of the project initiated in 2001. Because of the very encouraging results so far, the IAEA approved an additional two-year project to fully qualify the PA/SA group for performance and safety analysis. The second part of the project deals with the radioactive waste from small producers. The emphasis is given to treatment and conditioning of waste for storage. Last year within this project the possibility of treating and conditioning of waste in the Central Interim Storage in Brinje was analyzed.

For several years, ARAO has also been a member of the Club of Agencies, joining the waste management organizations within the EU. Meetings are scheduled twice a year for sharing experience on radioactive waste management and also to discuss some topical subjects.

Already in previous years we started with active participation in European programs dealing with radioactive waste management. In 2003, ARAO was actively involved in the EU 6th Framework Program on Research. We applied for participation in four projects; three of them were positively evaluated by the European Commission and were accepted for co-financing. Project COWAM II is intended to research the decision-making aspects, LILW repository siting and participation of the general public and civil so-ciety in decision-making. Project SAPIERR is going to analyze the feasibility of a multinational repository of SF and radioactive waste. Project CETRAD will con-duct the research on the future needs for education on radioactive waste and spent fuel management, and education on radiation protection.

32 33

Odnosi z javnostmi

ARAO je `e za~ela izvajati nekatere posamezne deja-vnosti, s katerimi gradimo in izboljšujemo sprejem-ljivost odlagališ~a ter hkrati v javnosti pove~ujemo prepoznavnost ARAO kot javne slu`be, ki zagotavlja varno ravnanje z radioaktivnimi odpadki. V letu 2003 smo še naprej redno objavljali prispevke o ravnanju z RAO v Posavskem obzorniku. K sodelovanju v medna-rodnem projektu, ki preu~uje nove vidike udele`be in sodelovanja javnosti v postopku izbora lokacije za odlagališ~e, smo pritegnili predstavnike treh lokalnih skupnosti v Posavski regiji. V sodelovanju z RTV Slovenija smo pripravili scenarij za 30-minutno izobra`evalno oddajo o ravnanju z RAO, na podlagi katerega je bila posneta oddaja z naslovom Kam z RAO. Zaradi usmerjanja komunikacijskih dejavnosti redno spremljamo slovenske medije pri poro~anju o tematiki radioaktivnosti in radioaktivnih odpad-kih ter izvajamo letne javnomnenjske raziskave o razli~nih vidikih izgradnje odlagališ~ in o radioak-tivnih odpadkih med razli~nimi javnostmi.

Sodelovanje z lokalnim prebivalstvom v okolici Centralnega skladiš~a radioaktivnih odpadkov v Brinju

ARAO za prebivalce, ki `ivijo v okolici skladiš~a radioaktivnih odpadkov v Brinju, `e ve~ let izvaja številne dejavnosti. Tako smo 25. oktobra skupaj z Institutom Jo`ef Stefan za javnost `e drugi~ pripravili dan odprtih vrat. Kljub temu da si je `e lani reaktorski center ogledalo lepo število okoliških prebivalcev, je bilo to leto zanimanje še vedno precejšnje. Pred-stavniki agencije ARAO smo obiskovalce seznanili s skladiš~em radioaktivnih odpadkov in z delovanjem javne slu`be za ravnanje z radioaktivnimi odpadki.

Prepri~ani smo, da so gasilci zelo pomemben seg-ment prebivalstva predvsem v manjših lokalnih skup-nostih, zato njihove pomembnosti s stališ~a varnosti in s stališ~a oblikovanja javnega mnenja ne smemo zanemariti. Tako smo se v letu 2003 bolj usmerili tudi na sodelovanje s prostovoljnimi gasilskimi društvi, ki jih je v neposredni okolici centralnega skladiš~a radioaktivnih odpadkov v Brinju kar pet. Skupaj smo organizirali dve gasilski vaji na lokaciji reaktor-skega centra v Brinju, jih seznanili s po`arnim redom skladiš~a radioaktivnih odpadkov ter jim predstavili posebnost takšnega objekta. Ker pa je za u~inkovito in dolgoro~no sodelovanje potreben obojestranski pretok informacij, se predstavniki ARAO odzovemo njihovim povabilom na ob~ne zbore, sestanke in jubileje ter jim skušamo prisluhniti in po svojih zmo`nostih pomagati pri odpravljanju morebitnih te`av.

Public Relations

ARAO is implementing the activities to enhance ac-ceptability of the LILW repository and to increase the perception of ARAO being a public service for provid-ing safe and professional radioactive waste manage-ment. In 2003 we continued with regular publishing of articles on radioactive waste management in the local newspaper Posavski obzornik. Representatives from three local communities from the Posavje re-gion were invited to cooperate in the international project dealing with new aspects of public participa-tion in LILW repository siting. In co-operation with RTV Slovenija we prepared a scenario for a 30-minute education program on radioactive waste manage-ment, titled »Where to put LILW?«. We regularly fo-llow the notices in the Slovenian media that deal with radioactivity and radioactive waste, and prepare a regular annual public opinion survey among different segments of the public on various aspects of reposi-tory construction and radioactive waste. These data serve to define the actual trends in our communica-tion activities.

Public relations with the local community near the Central interim storage for radioactive waste in Brinje

In order to achieve good neighborhood relations with the local community of Brinje village, ARAO has been performing many activities for several years. On October 25th ARAO organized an »Open Day« for the general public. This was the second »Open Day« event which was organized by ARAO in cooperation with Jo`ef Stefan Institute. Public interest in this event was very good, in spite of the fact that in 2002 a lot of people had already visited the reactor centre. Visitors on the occasion of the »Open Day« event were informed by the representatives of ARAO about the general characteristics of the storage facility in Brinje and radioactive waste management in Slove-nia.

We are aware that the fire brigade is a very impor-tant segment of the local community, especially in small local communities. Therefore in 2003 we paid attention to the cooperation with five voluntary fire brigades which operate in villages close to the radio-active waste storage facility in Brinje. Together with those brigades we have organized two fire exercises on the location of the reactor centre. ARAO also pre-pared an information seminar for the members of the voluntary fire brigades concerned with the fire safety guide in the radioactive waste storage facility.

Dan odprtih vrat, oktober 2003

‘Open Day’ event in Brinje

34

Usposabljanje Gasilske brigade Ljubljana

V sklopu zagotavljanja pripravljenosti poklicne ga-silske brigade Ljubljana na gašenje po`ara v CSRAO smo organizirali seznanjanje vseh zaposlenih gasilcev z delovanjem javne slu`be za ravnanje z RAO malih proizvajalcev, s po`arnim redom na lokaciji skladiš~a, s konceptom ukrepanja v primeru izrednih dogodkov na ARAO in z uporabo osebnih elektronskih dozime-trov. Gasilci so si ogledali skladiš~e, dogovorili pa smo se tudi o taktiki gašenja glede na skladiš~ene odpadke in razpolo`ljivo opremo.

Za gasilce smo skupaj z ZVD organizirali seminar in te~aj iz radiološke zaš~ite, ki je predpogoj za vstopanje v skladiš~e. Sedem gasilcev je pridobilo potrdilo o usposobljenosti iz varstva pred sevanji. Interventno vozilo za gašenje nevarnih snovi smo op-remili s štirimi prenosnimi dozimetri, ki zagotavljajo nadzor nad prejetimi dozami interventne ekipe.

Upravljanje s komunikacijami v podporo izboru lokacije odlagališ~a

Za izvajanje komunikacijskih dejavnosti v podporo izboru lokacije smo v letu 2003 pripravili dokument, ki na podlagi pregleda dosedanjih komunikacij-skih dejavnosti ARAO in komunikacijskih namenov in ciljev predstavlja model celovitega upravljanja s komunikacijami na nacionalni in na regionalni oziroma lokalni ravni. Model upošteva kombiniran pristop k izboru lokacije s posebno vlogo media-torja in idejo odlagališ~a NSRAO kot posebne tr`ne znamke. Elaborat podaja kratkoro~ni na~rt komuni-kacijskih dejavnosti za leto 2004 za vsa opredeljena podro~ja s sistemom spremljanja ter merjenja dose-ganja pozornosti in uspešnosti. Opredeljene so tudi dolgoro~nejše strategije programa komunikacijskih dejavnosti, ki so opredeljene na podlagi terminskega na~rta izbora in izgradnje odlagališ~a NSRAO. Vse dejavnosti so ocenjene finan~no in kadrovsko. Glede na trenutno stanje postopka izbora so bile dejavnosti v letu 2003 usmerjene predvsem v pripravo potrebnih orodij za poznejše izvajanje odnosov ter v informi-ranje in izobra`evanje klju~nih javnosti na nacionalni in regionalni ravni.

We are fully aware that for long-term cooperation a mutual flow of information is needed. In order to assure this combined with other activities, ARAO representatives have been responding to invitations from local communities to attend their meetings and jubilees. ARAO has been trying to listen and help them towards a better understanding of the topics regarding the radioactive waste storage facility in Brinje.

Training of Ljubljana Fire-brigade

As a contribution towards ensuring the qualified readiness of the professional Ljubljana fire-brigade to fight a fire in the Central Storage of RW, we orga-nized a training course for the professional firemen where they were given the basic information on the organization of the small producers RW management public service, on the fire regulations in the storage facility, on the ARAO concept of responding in the case of an emergency situation, and how to utilize the electronic dosimeters. The firemen visited the storage facility, and an arrangement was made for fire extinction approaches appropriate to the waste in the storage facility and the equipment at dis-posal.

Together with Institute of Occupational Safety we or-ganized a seminar and a training course on radiologi-cal protection, which is a precondition for firemen being admitted into a storage facility. Seven firemen acquired the certificate of qualification in radiation protection. To garantee the control of doses received by the intervention group we provided 4 transport-able dosimeters for the intervention vehicles for extinguishing fire with hazardous substances.

Management of communication in support of site selection

For implementation of communication activities in support of site selection, a document was prepared in 2003 that presents an integral model of communi-cation management on national and regional or local level. The model is based on the review of actual activities and communication targets decided by ARAO. It introduces the combined procedure of the site selection process, especially emphasizing the role of a mediator and presenting the idea of the LILW repository as a special trade mark. The study presents a short-term plan of communication activi-ties for 2004 for all the defined topics and a system

35

Ogled skladišèa in predstavitev po`arnega reda v Centralnem Ogled skladišèa in predstavitev po`arnega reda v Centralnem Ogled skladišèa in predstavitev po`arnega reda v Centralnem

skladiš~u radioaktivnih odpadkov v Brinju / Visit and fire safety guide skladiš~u radioaktivnih odpadkov v Brinju / Visit and fire safety guide skladiš~u radioaktivnih odpadkov v Brinju / Visit and fire safety guide skladiš~u radioaktivnih odpadkov v Brinju / Visit and fire safety guide skladiš~u radioaktivnih odpadkov v Brinju / Visit and fire safety guide

presentation in the Central interim storage facility for radioactive

waste in Brinje

Ogled skladišèa in predstavitev po`arnega reda v Centralnem Ogled skladišèa in predstavitev po`arnega reda v Centralnem

skladiš~u radioaktivnih odpadkov v Brinju / Visit and fire safety guide skladiš~u radioaktivnih odpadkov v Brinju / Visit and fire safety guide

for monitoring and evaluating the public attention and achievements gained. Long-term strategies of the program of communication activities are also defined, on the grounds of a time schedule of LILW repository siting and construction. All activities are assessed from the financial and human resources point of view. Taking into account the actual phase of the siting procedure, the activities in 2003 were dealing mostly with establishing the appropriate tools for future public relations management and with information and education of the key public and stakeholders at the national and regional level.

36 37

Posavski obzornik in GV

Sodelovanje z lokalnim glasilom Posavski obzornik, ki izhaja kot mese~nik za podro~je ob~in Krško, Bre`ice in Sevnica, uspešno te~e `e od leta 2001. Lani smo bili s svojim prispevkom prisotni prav v vseh številkah Posavskega obzornika, obravnavali pa smo zelo razli~ne teme: predstavili smo, kakšna je razlika med skladiš~em in odlagališ~em in kaj naša javnost meni o radioaktivnih odpadkih, pojasnili, kako poteka prevoz radioaktvnih snovi, razpravljali smo o varstvu pred sevanji in o vlogi lokalnih skupnosti pri ravnanju z radioaktivnimi odpadki, pojasnili mednarodno lestvico jedrskih dogodkov in uporabo jodovih tablet v primeru jedrske nesre~e, predstavili smo ravnanje z radioaktivnimi odpadki, ki ne izvirajo iz NEK, pojas-nili, kaj se dogaja z Rudnikom Æirovski vrh po zaprtju, pripravili nekaj napotkov in nasvetov za zbiralce radioaktvih mineralov, poro~ali smo tudi o otvo-ritvi nizozemskega skladiš~a za izrabljeno jedrsko gorivo HABOG in se polemi~no tudi vprašali, kakšne so resni~ne mo`nosti za mednarodno odlagališ~e radioaktivnih odpadkov. Potrudili smo se, da so bili prispevki napisani zanimivo in razumljivo, in upamo, da smo z njimi prispevali k ve~ji seznanjenosti prebi-valcev regije z jedrsko elektrarno o ravnanju z radio-aktivnimi odpadki.

V letu 2003 je ARAO pripravila tudi ve~ prispevkov za Gospodarski vestnik, s ~imer je `elela dose~i nove ciljne skupine, ki so jim bli`e gospodarske teme. Zaradi zahtevnosti publike je bilo treba prispevke smiselno izbrati in jih tudi pozorno oblikovati.

COWAM II

V preteklem letu smo pristopili k sodelovanju v mednarodnem projektu 6. okvirnega programa Ev-ropske unije, ki prou~uje nove vidike udele`evanja in sodelovanja javnosti v postopku izbora lokacije za odlagališ~e. K sodelovanju smo pritegnili pred-stavnike treh lokalnih skupnosti v Posavski regiji, predstavnico novinarjev kot klju~nega nosilca in-formiranja preostalih javnosti in mediatorko kot posrednico med lokalnimi skupnostmi in ARAO.

Skupaj s predstavniki dveh dru`boslovnih fakultet - Oddelka za psihologijo Filozofske fakultete in Fakultete za dru`bene vede - smo pripravili program raziskovalnih projektov, s katerimi bomo skupaj s preostalimi predstavniki Slovenije sodelovali pri pro-jektu COWAM II (Communities and radioactive waste management). V ta triletni program je vklju~enih kar 11 dr`av ~lanic EU, pridru`ila pa se je tudi ©vica.

Co-operation with Local Newsletter

Co-operation with the local newsletter Posavski obzornik, which is published monthly and distributed to all households in the community of Krško, Bre`ice and Sevnica, started already in 2001. Last year we published our contributions regularly, covering dif-ferent topics: we explained the difference between storage and disposal, presented the results of the latest public opinion polling, transportation of ra-dioactive waste, principles of radiological protec-tion, the role of local communities in radioactive waste management processes, and the International nuclear event scale. In addition, we explained the reasons for use of iodine tablets, the management of waste from non-power applications, presented the current status of the former uranium mine Æirovski vrh, prepared basic instructions and guides for col-lectors of radioactive minerals, reported also from the opening of the storage for high level waste and spent fuel in the Netherlands, and further discussed the idea of a multi-national repository. We did our best to make our articles interesting and easy to understand. We hope that with these contributions we have increased the knowledge and information of people from the region on waste management.

In 2003 we also prepared several contributions for the weekly paper on economy »Gospodarski vest-nik«, aiming to reach new publics more interested in economic topics. Due to the high demands of this public, the selection and preparation of topics was of our special concern.

COWAM II

Last year we joined the international project in the 6th Framework Program on Research in the EU, which works on new aspects of public participation and co-operation in the LILW repository site selection pro-cess. We gained the cooperation of representatives from three local communities in the Posavje region: a journalist representing the key holder of information dissemination among other groups of the public, and a mediator who serves as a negotiator between the local communities and ARAO.

Together with representatives of two social sci-ence faculties - the Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, and Faculty for Social Sciences - we prepared the program of research projects which will be included in project COWAM II (Communities and radioactive waste management). Other repre-sentatives from Slovenia will also participate in this program which is planned to last three years and will engage participants from 11 countries from EU and Switzerland.

38 39

TV program »Where to put the radioactive waste?«

Last year ARAO contributed to the preparation of a popular science TV program titled »Where to put radioactive waste?« Its basic purpose was to show in the most neutral manner what are the possible permanent solutions of RW disposal, why we need them, and why there is such a long and tedious way leading to them. Together with our plans for the con-struction of the LILW repository, the status in other countries (Spain, France, Sweden) is also presented. Through interviews with local people in Spain, France and Slovenia, the program refers to the delicate topic of public relations and tries to show different public attitudes towards this ambiguous topic.

Update of leaflets

The first edition of the leaflets was published in 1995, and since then has been reproduced several times. After so many years the revision of the leaflets was necessary. The text was reviewed, corrected and updated. The design of the leaflets has not changed, only the necessary corrections were introduced. The text was reviewed by authors from the Nuclear Train-ing Centre. The corrections were done by the original designer, Boštjan Kenda, to comply with the copy-rights. After the revision was completed the leaflets were printed in 10,000 copies.

EKO - Exhibition on ecology

The EKO exhibition in Celje covers ecology and en-vironmental protection. Three main topics are pre-sented at this exhibition: waste management, water, air and soil protection and environmental projects. The visitors to the EKO exhibition are people with high ecological awareness, tradesmen, entrepreneurs and companies working in the field of environmental pro-tection. Since it is difficult to reach these publics by other activities, ARAO decided to participate at this exhibition. The participation was successful. With the assistance of the Nuclear Training Centre, the most popular exhibits from the Visitors centre were used for the exhibition.

TV oddaja Kam z radioaktivnimi odpadki

ARAO je lani sodelovala tudi pri pripravi poljud-noznanstvene televizijske oddaje z naslovom Kam z radioaktivnimi odpadki. Osnovni namen oddaje je bil na ~im bolj nevtralen na~in prikazati, kakšne trajne rešitve za radioaktivne odpadke so na voljo in zakaj so potrebne, pa tudi, zakaj je do trajnih rešitev tako dolga in te`avna pot. Poleg naših na~rtov za izgradnjo odlagališ~a oddaja prikazuje tudi razmere v drugih dr`avah (©panija, Francija, ©vedska). Skozi razgovore z lokalnimi prebivalci v ©panji, Franciji in pri nas se dotakne tudi ob~utljive teme odnosov z javnostjo in skuša osvetliti razli~na stališ~a javnosti do te iz-postavljene teme.

Posodobitev zgibank

Serijo 8 zgibank o ravnanju z RAO in IJG je ARAO prvi~ izdala leta 1995. Od tedaj so bile zgibanke `e ve-likokrat ponatisnjene. Po toliko letih pa je besedilo v zgibankah ponekod zastarelo in podatki marsikje niso bili ve~ skladni z dejanskim stanjem, zato se je ARAO odlo~ila za revizijo vseh 8 zgibank. Besedilo zgibank je bil pregledano, popravljeno in posodobljeno. Ob-likovno so zgibanke ostale nespremenjene, vnesene pa so bile vse potrebne spremembe.

EKO sejem

Vsakoletni EKO sejem v Celju je posve~en ekologiji in varovanju okolja. Predstavlja tri širša podro~ja: ravnanje z odpadki, varovanje vod, zraka in tal ter ekološke projekte. Publika na sejmu je ekološko ozaveš~eni del prebivalstva, obrtniki, samostojni podjetniki in podjetja z ekološkimi dejavnostmi. Ker je to publika, ki jo z drugimi akcijami te`e dose`emo, smo se odlo~ili, da ravnanje z radioaktivnimi od-padki predstavimo na sejmu. Za predstavitev smo uporabili najbolj popularne razstavne predmete iz Infocentra, ki vedno pritegnejo pozornost obiskoval-cev. Poskrbeli smo tudi za tiskano gradivo, ki je bilo na voljo vsem zainteresiranim. Razstava je pritegnila številne obiskovalce, zato smo bili z udele`bo nadvse zadovoljni.

40

Infocenter

Na Reaktorskem centru v Brinju pri Ljubljani `e vrsto let deluje Informacijski center o jedrskih tehnologi-jah in ravnanju z radioaktivnimi odpadki. Agencija ARAO sofinancira njegovo delovanje od leta 1998 in tako zagotavlja pretok informacij tudi o ravnanju z radioaktivnimi odpadki slovenski javnosti. Da svoje izobra`evalno in informativno poslanstvo do-bro opravlja, ka`e obisk, ki obi~ajno dosega okrog 7000 obiskovalcev na leto. Obisk v letu 2003 je bil rekorden in je presegel 8800 obiskovalcev. Ve~inoma so to šolske skupine, ki se v Infocentru lahko na poljuden in zanimiv na~in seznanijo s tem, kako pri nas in drugod skrbimo za radioaktivne odpadke. Poleg razstave, na kateri so razstavni predmeti pri-rejeni mladim (ra~unalniški kviz, interaktivni zem-ljevid vseh odlagališ~ po svetu, maketi podzemnega in površinskega odlagališ~a ...), lahko obiskovalci poslušajo tudi predavanje na temo ravnanja z radio-aktivnimi odpadki ali jedrske tehnologije.

Raziskava javnega mnenja

V ARAO smo `e deveto leto zapored izvedli raziskavo javnega menja. Tako lahko z izsledki ankete ugotav-ljamo stališ~e javnosti do radioaktivnih odpadkov in vsega, kar je povezano z njimi. Ker so se v nekaterih ob~inah pokazali dolo~eni interesi v zvezi z lokacijo za izgradnjo odlagališ~a, smo letos na teh mestih vzor~enje zgostili. Rezultati `al niso odstopali od drugih obmo~ij, kjer se je izvajala anketa, kar po-meni, da prebivalstvo ne podpira interesov ob~inskih oblasti.

Anketna vprašanja so zaradi ugotavljanja trendov vsa leta bolj ali manj enaka. V~asih anketi z razlogom dodamo nova vprašanja, za katera pa ni nujno, da se v naslednjih letih spet ponovijo. Tako smo letos anketirance dodatno spraševali, kdaj `eli biti ja-vnost vklju~ena oz. seznanjena s postopkom izbora lokacije. Velika ve~ina anketirancev meni, da je treba javnost z napredovanjem izbora lokacije seznaniti `e v povsem zgodnji fazi njenega iskanja in izbora, kar je potrdilo, da je strategija ARAO glede pristopa k informiranju pravilna.

41

Information Centre

The Information Centre on nuclear technologies and waste management in Brinje near Ljubljana has been opened since 1998, and is already well known to the Slovenian public. The number of visitors, exceed-ing 7000 per year, shows that the information and education mission of the Information centre is well performed. The visit in 2003 was record-breaking: the total number of visitors exceeded 8800. Visitors are mainly from the primary and secondary schools. By using innovative and amusing approaches, the Infor-mation centre inites them to become more familiar with the management of radioactive waste in our country and abroad. Besides the exhibits which are oriented to the younger generation (computer quiz, interactive map of worldwide disposal sites, models of surface and underground repository, etc.) the visitors can also decide for a lecture on radioactive waste management or nuclear technology.

Public opinion survey

Since 1995, ARAO has been performing regular annual public opinion surveys. The results from these surveys show the perception of the general public regarding radioactive waste issues and topics related to them. In 2003, we concentrated our survey, on specific lo-cal communities to get direct feedback from those communities related by their interests and opinions about the possibilities for the location of the future LILW repository on their territory. Unfortunately, the results in those areas did not deviate from the results in other areas where the surveys were performed.

Some of the questions in the surveys have been slightly changed over the years, but most have re-maired the same throughout the last nine years. These questions tell the most about changes in trends in public opinion over the years. In 2003, we asked the general public in our survey as to when they think the public should be informed about the site selection progress. Based on answers in the survey we confirmed that we are following the correct strategy for informing the public about site selection progress for the future LILW repository. Our strategy is to inform the general public in the early stage of site selection process.

40

Infocenter

Na Reaktorskem centru v Brinju pri Ljubljani `e vrsto let deluje Informacijski center o jedrskih tehnologi-jah in ravnanju z radioaktivnimi odpadki. Agencija ARAO sofinancira njegovo delovanje od leta 1998 in tako zagotavlja pretok informacij tudi o ravnanju z radioaktivnimi odpadki slovenski javnosti. Da svoje izobra`evalno in informativno poslanstvo do-bro opravlja, ka`e obisk, ki obi~ajno dosega okrog 7000 obiskovalcev na leto. Obisk v letu 2003 je bil rekorden in je presegel 8800 obiskovalcev. Ve~inoma so to šolske skupine, ki se v Infocentru lahko na poljuden in zanimiv na~in seznanijo s tem, kako pri nas in drugod skrbimo za radioaktivne odpadke. Poleg razstave, na kateri so razstavni predmeti pri-rejeni mladim (ra~unalniški kviz, interaktivni zem-ljevid vseh odlagališ~ po svetu, maketi podzemnega in površinskega odlagališ~a ...), lahko obiskovalci poslušajo tudi predavanje na temo ravnanja z radio-aktivnimi odpadki ali jedrske tehnologije.

Raziskava javnega mnenja

V ARAO smo `e deveto leto zapored izvedli raziskavo javnega menja. Tako lahko z izsledki ankete ugotav-ljamo stališ~e javnosti do radioaktivnih odpadkov in vsega, kar je povezano z njimi. Ker so se v nekaterih ob~inah pokazali dolo~eni interesi v zvezi z lokacijo za izgradnjo odlagališ~a, smo letos na teh mestih vzor~enje zgostili. Rezultati `al niso odstopali od drugih obmo~ij, kjer se je izvajala anketa, kar po-meni, da prebivalstvo ne podpira interesov ob~inskih oblasti.

Anketna vprašanja so zaradi ugotavljanja trendov vsa leta bolj ali manj enaka. V~asih anketi z razlogom dodamo nova vprašanja, za katera pa ni nujno, da se v naslednjih letih spet ponovijo. Tako smo letos anketirance dodatno spraševali, kdaj `eli biti ja-vnost vklju~ena oz. seznanjena s postopkom izbora lokacije. Velika ve~ina anketirancev meni, da je treba javnost z napredovanjem izbora lokacije seznaniti `e v povsem zgodnji fazi njenega iskanja in izbora, kar je potrdilo, da je strategija ARAO glede pristopa k informiranju pravilna.

41

Information Centre

The Information Centre on nuclear technologies and waste management in Brinje near Ljubljana has been opened since 1998, and is already well known to the Slovenian public. The number of visitors, exceed-ing 7000 per year, shows that the information and education mission of the Information centre is well performed. The visit in 2003 was record-breaking: the total number of visitors exceeded 8800. Visitors are mainly from the primary and secondary schools. By using innovative and amusing approaches, the Infor-mation centre invites them to become more familiar with the management of radioactive waste in our country and abroad. Besides the exhibits which are oriented to the younger generation (computer quiz, interactive map of worldwide disposal sites, models of surface and underground repository, etc.) the visitors can also decide for a lecture on radioactive waste management or nuclear technology.

Public opinion survey

Since 1995, ARAO has been performing regular annual public opinion surveys. The results from these surveys show the perception of the general public regarding radioactive waste issues and topics related to them. In 2003, we concentrated our survey, on specific lo-cal communities to get direct feedback from those communities related by their interests and opinions about the possibilities for the location of the future LILW repository on their territory. Unfortunately, the results in those areas did not deviate from the results in other areas where the surveys were performed.

Some of the questions in the surveys have been slightly changed over the years, but most have re-maired the same throughout the last nine years. These questions tell the most about changes in trends in public opinion over the years. In 2003, we asked the general public in our survey as to when they think the public should be informed about the site selection progress. Based on answers in the survey we confirmed that we are following the correct strategy for informing the public about site selection progress for the future LILW repository. Our strategy is to inform the general public in the early stage of site selection process.

Navajamo še nekaj še izsledkov iz raziskave:

Æe ves ~as raziskovanja ugotavljamo, da za veliko ve~ino slovenske populacije jedrska energija le ni energija prihodnosti. Velika ve~ina anketirancev se zavzema za izrabo ~istih oblik energije, saj skoraj stoodstotno podpirajo uporabo energije sonca in vode, skoraj 90-odstotno pa tudi energijo vetra. Uporaba fosilnih goriv je sprejemljiva za dobro po-lovico anketiranih, jedrsko energijo pa bi izrabljala manj kot tretjina anketiranih.

Glede na dejstvo, da je za splošno javnost najbolj vprašljiva uporaba jedrske energije, je razumljivo, da so tudi odpadki, ki pri tem nastanejo, najve~ji ekološki problem. Letošnja raziskava je sicer po-kazala, da naraš~a število anketirancev, ki vse bolj ena~ijo vse vrste odpadkov in jih jemljejo kot ekološki problem, a so radioaktivni odpadki prepri~ljivo na prvem mestu.

Dele` anketirancev, ki menijo, da imajo trenutno na voljo dovolj informacij o radioaktivnih od-padkih, se `e tretje leto rahlo vzpenja in je tokrat dosegel tretjino anketirancev.

Mo`nosti, da bi v bli`nji prihodnosti lahko kjer koli v Sloveniji zgradili odlagališ~e za radioak-tivne odpadke, se po rezultatih ankete nekoliko pove~ujejo. Letos so se anketiranci pribli`no 30-odstotno strinjali z gradnjo odlagališ~a v njihovi ob~ini, ~e bi zagotovili varnost, soglasje krajanov in ekonomski napredek v njihovi lokalni skupnosti.

Sistem kakovosti ARAO

V letu 2003 smo na ARAO organizirali program delavnic aktivnega izobra`evanja za vzpostavitev sistema ravnanja z okoljem po zahtevah standarda ISO 14001. Z aktivnim izobra`evanjem zaposlenih v obliki delavnic smo s pomo~jo strokovne organizacije nadgradili obstoje~i sistem kakovosti skladno z novim standardom ISO 9001:2000, kar pomeni, da smo sistem vodenja kakovosti zasnovali na pre-poznanih glavnih in podpornih procesih ARAO in na dolo~itvi posameznih skrbnikov procesov. V sistem vodenja kakovosti smo vklju~ili sistem ravnanja z okoljem po zahtevah standarda ISO 14001. V agenciji nameravamo nadaljevati izobra`evanje zaposlenih, da bomo lahko vsak na svojem podro~ju in skupaj uresni~evali in izboljševali integrirani sistem vodenja in s tem prispevali k uspešnemu poslovanju in raz-voju ARAO. Na podlagi dose`enih rezultatov `elimo v naslednjem letu pridobiti certifikat ISO 14001.

Some interesting results of this survey can be found below:

According to our public surveys, for the majority of the Slovenian population nuclear energy is not the energy for the future. Most Slovenes support the usage of clean energy sources. Nearly one hundred percent of the population supports the usage of solar and hydro energy, and nearly ninety percent wind energy. The usage of fossil fuel is acceptable for fifty percent of the Slovenian population, and nuclear energy is supported by less a one third of the population surveyed.

For the Slovenian public, radioactive waste is still perceived as the greatest ecological problem. The results of the last survey show that the majority of the population thinks that all kinds of waste - no matter from which sources it comes - is an eco-logical problem, but according to them radioactive waste is the biggest ecological problem.

The percentage of the population which thinks that they have enough information about radioactive waste, is for the third year in a row, around 30 per-cent.

According to our surveys, general acceptance of the new radioactive waste repository in Slovenia in the near future is increasing. In the survey from the year 2003, almost 30 percent of the population did not have anything against the option that the new radioactive waste repository might be built in their local community, if the majority of the local popu-lation is for it and if this means that their local community will receive economic benefits from it, and also if the local community receives warranties that the radioactive waste repository will operate safely.

Quality System in ARAO

In 2003, we organized the workshop program of ac-tive education for environmental management sys-tem restoration according ISO 14001. During active education of employees through workshops, we im-proved the existing quality management system with the new ISO 9001:2000, which means that the quality management system based on major and supported processes of ARAO, and based on specified tutors of the processes where planned. In the quality man-agement system, we integrated the environmental management system according to ISO 14001. In the agency, we intend to continue with the education of employees to improve the integrated management system, involving individuals in the working field and combing together in contributing to the successful operation and development of ARAO. Based on the achieved results we wish next year to earn certificate ISO 14001.

4342

RAO v Sloveniji: Kje in koliko jih je

Najve~ji povzro~itelj radioaktivnih odpadkov v Slo-veniji je NEK. Pri njenem obratovanju nastajajo nizko in srednje radioaktivni odpadki (NSRAO) ter visoko radioaktivni odpadki (VRAO) v obliki izrabljenega je-drskega goriva (IJG). Radioaktivni odpadki nastajajo v NEK-u, poleg tega pa tudi pri uporabi radioaktivnih snovi in izotopov v drugih dejavnostih, kot so obrato-vanje raziskovalnega reaktorja TRIGA, v raziskovalnih dejavnostih, v medicini in industriji.

Nizko in srednje radioaktivni odpadki iz NEK

Vsi nizko in srednje radioaktivni odpadki (NSRAO), ki nastanejo v jedrski elektrarni Krško (NEK-u), so skladiš~eni v skladiš~u NSRAO na lokaciji elektrarne. Med rednim obratovanjem elektrarne nastajajo trdni, teko~i in plinasti NSRAO. Ker morajo biti vsi odpadki skladiš~eni v trdni obliki, se teko~e in plinaste od-padke pred skladiš~enjem ustrezno obdela in se jih tako kot druge shrani v standardne sode ali v cevaste površnike TTC (tube type container). S po-stopki obdelave se lahko ve~ina odpadkov pretovori v trdno obliko, tako da se jim zmanjša prostornina. Zmanjšanje volumna je bistveno, saj se NEK `e leta bori s prostorsko stisko in bi imela brez ustrezne obdelave razpolo`ljive zmogljivosti skladiš~a `e polne. Teko~e radioaktivne odpadke predstavljajo radioaktivne goš~e in ionski izmenjevalci, ki se jih na skladiš~enje pripravi s posebnim sistemom za sušenje odpadkov (IDDS) in jih nato vlagajo v cevaste površnike tipa TTC. Pri obdelavi plinastih odpadkov uporabljajo posebne filtre, ki zadr`ijo radioaktivne delce v zraku. Ko so filtri zasi~eni, postanejo radio-aktivni odpadek.

V letu 2003 je bilo v NEK-u proizvedenih 195 stan-dardnih sodov NSRAO, od katerih jih je bilo 57 iz sistema IDDS vlo`enih v 17 cevastih površnikov, 70 sodov stisljivih odpadkov (kontaminirani plasti~ni papirni in tekstilni odpadki) in 68 sodov ostalih od-padkov (odpadki razli~nih karakteristik).

Radioactive Waste in Slovenia

The main producer of radioactive waste in Slovenia is Nuclear Power Plant Krško. During its normal opera-tion NPP Krško generates low and intermediate level radioactive waste (LILW) as well as spent nuclear fuel (SNF). Besides NPP Krško, radioactive waste is also generated by the research reactor TRIGA and in other research activities, using radioactive substances and isotopes, and by medical and industrial applications.

Low and intermediate level waste from NPP Krško

The low and intermediate level radioactive waste which is produced in NPP Krško is stored in the LILW storage on the premises of NPP. In the course of regular operation of the NPP Krško, solid, liquid and gaseous radioactive waste is produced. Before stor-ing, all waste other than solid must be treated and conditioned. The waste is stored in standard drums or tube type containers.

By these procedures the volume of the waste is usually reduced as well. The volume reduction in NPP is of prime importance, because for years they have experienced problems with the limited storage space. Without suitable waste treatment the avail-able storage capacity would have already been full. The liquid radioactive wastes are mainly evapora-tor bottoms and spent ion exchange resins. With a special system for in the drums drying of the waste1, the water is entirely excluded from the waste. For the treatment of gaseous radioactive waste special filters are used, which trap the radioactive particles. When the filters are no longer efficient they become radioactive waste.

1 IDDS - The »In-Drum Drying System« is a system of drying in the drum, where two types of dried spent ion exchange resins (stan-dard drums marked PR and BR) and also dried evaporator bottoms are produced (standard drums marked DC).

In 2003, NPP Krško produced 195 standard drums of LILW: 57 drums from the IDDS system (51 drums were put in tube type containers), 70 drums of compress-ible waste (contaminated plastic, textile and paper waste) and 68 drums of other waste (waste of differ-ent characteristics).

In May 2002, 250 drums were sent for incineration of radioactive waste in Studsvick (206 type C and 44 type O). This waste is not included in the waste inventory evidence because of the fact that ash from the incineration has not yet been delivered from Studsvick.

The following figure shows the amount of LILW in the LILW storage in NPP Krško from the beginning of its operation until the end of the year 2003. By the end of 2003 the total amount of radioactive waste in the storage increased to 4745 drums with a total volume of 2253 m3. Gamma activity was 1,84 x 1013 Bq and alpha activity 1,76 x 1010 Bq. As is evident from the figure, the compression and incineration of burnable waste contributed significantly to the volume reduc-tion of the stored RAW.

Maja 2002 je bilo v tujino na se`ig poslanih 250 sodov (206 tipa C in 44 tipa O). Ker pepel, nastal pri se`igu, do konca leta 2003 še ni bil pripeljan nazaj v NEK, v evidenci celotnega inventarja v skladiš~u ti odpadki niso zajeti.

Prvi diagram prikazuje koli~ino nizko in srednje ra-dioaktivnih odpadkov v skladiš~u NSRAO v NEK-u od za~etka obratovanja jedrske elektrarne do konca leta 2003. Konec leta 2003 je bilo v skladiš~u NEK-a uskladiš~enih 4745 sodov in cevastih površnikov s skupno prostornino 2253 m3 ter skupno aktivnostjo gama sevalcev 1,84 × 1013 Bq in alfa sevalcev 1,76 × 1010 Bq. Na diagramu so poleg naraš~anja koli~in vid-ni tudi u~inki stiskanja in se`iganja NSRAO na skupno koli~ino odpadkov v skladiš~u NEK-a.

Koli~ina nizko in srednje radioaktivnih odpadkov v skladiš~u v jedrski elektrarni / Low and intermediate level waste volume in the NPP Krško storage facility

1 Stiskanje odpadkov1 Compaction campaign

2 Stiskanje odpadkov2 Compaction campaign

Se`ig RAOWaste incineration

44 45

46 47

Spodnja tabela prikazuje koli~ine odpadkov v skladiš~u glede na tip soda in vrsto odpadka.

In the table below stored LILW are presented by the type of waste and the type of drums which are used for packaging.

NSRAO malih proizvajalcev

Leta 2003 je ARAO sprejela v skladiš~enje radioak-tivne odpadke dvajsetih proizvajalcev. Od tega je bilo prvih pet sprejemov povezanih z izvedbo projekta prepakiranja kobaltovih virov. Kljub temu da je bil sprejem radioaktivnih odpadkov omejen le na nujne primere, smo v skladiš~enje sprejeli 53 pakirnih enot odpadkov, in sicer 55 zaprtih virov, 625 javljalnikov po`ara in en poseben odpadek. Tri pakirne enote ra-dioaktivnih odpadkov pa je ARAO prevzela v postop-kih inšpekcijskih pregledov proizvajalcev, izvedenih po uradni dol`nosti.

Ob koncu leta 2003 bele`imo v skladiš~u 673 kosov RAO s skupno prostornino 60-70 m3. Skupna aktivnost v skladiš~u shranjenih odpadkov je ocenjena na 2700 GBq. Najve~ji dele` k celotni aktivnosti prispeva izra-bljen teleterapevtski vir Co-60 z ocenjeno aktivnostjo 1900 GBq.

Spodnji diagram ka`e pregled celotnega inventarja glede na posamezne vrste odpadka v letih 1999-2003. Glede na tip embala`e so odpadki razvrš~eni v tri skupine: odpadki, pakirani v sode, posebni odpadki, ki so preveliki za hranjenje v sodih, in za-prti viri. Iz diagrama je razvidno zmanjšanje števila zaprtih virov v letu 2003, ki je posledica prepakiranja kobaltovih virov. Kobaltovi viri so zdaj shranjeni v skladu s priznano mednarodno prakso v svin~evih zabojnikih, ki so vlo`eni v dva 210-litrska soda s ce-mentno matriko.

LILW from small radioactive waste producers

In 2003, ARAO accepted in the storage the waste from twenty small producers. The first five accep-tances were related to the project for conditioning of the cobalt sources. In spite of the fact that we are limited only to accepting radioactive waste in emer-gency cases, we accepted in the storage 53 package units, which included 55 spent sealed sources, 652 smoke detectors and one special bulky item. Three packages of waste which were accepted were related to inspection reviews of small producers.

At the end of 2003, the storage capacity of the Central storage facility in Brinje was 673 items of radioactive waste with a total volume of app. 60-70 m3. The total activity of the waste inventory in the storage is estimated at 2700 GBq. The major contri-bution to the total activity of the waste comes from a disused teletherapeutic source Co-60 with the pre-sent activity of 1900 GBq.

The diagram presents the review of the whole LILW in-ventory in the storage from the year 1999 to 2003. The waste in the storage is divided according to the type of packaging into three categories: waste packed in drums, contaminated or activated bulky items, and spent sealed sources. We can learn from the diagram that the number of spent sealed sources is decreas-ing which is result of the cobalt sources conditioning in the year 2003.

Tip odpadka / Waste type Koli~ina Ėšt. sodovĘ Prostornina Ėm3Ę Number of drums Volume

EB - goš~e izparilnika (208 l) / EB Evaporation bottoms (208 l) 251 52.21

CW - stisljivi odpadki (208 l) / CW - Compressible waste (208 l) 508 105.66

F - filtri (208 l) / F - Filters (208 l) 112 23.06

O - drugi odpadki (208 l) / O - Other incompressible wastes (208 l) 671 139.56

SR1 - izrabljeni ionski izmenjevalci (208 l) / SR1 - Spent ion resins (208 l) 689 143.31

SC2 - stisnjeni odpadki v površnikih (320 l) / SC2 - Overpack steel drums (320 l) 617 197.44

ST - superstisnjeni odpadki v TTC (864 l) / ST - Tube Type Containers (864 l) 1765 1524.96

TI - sodi iz IDDS, preloženi v TTC (869 l) / TI - Drums from IDDS shifted to TTC-s (869 l) 60 52.14

BR- izrabljeni ionski izmenjevalci, sekund. (208 l) / BR - Spent ion resins, sec. (204 l) 39 7.8

A3 - pepel in filtrski prah (208 l) / A3 - Ash and filter dust (208 l) 33 6.86

Skupaj / Total 4745 2253.01

1 Rezultat prvega stiskanja odpadkov v letih 1988 in 1989 / Result of the first waste compaction/compression in 1988-89.2 Rezultat drugega stiskanja odpadkov v letu 1995 / Result of the second waste compaction in 1995.3 Se`ig RAO v Studsviku na [vedskem / Incineration of LILW in Studsvick.

Koli~ine NSRAO v NEK-u konec leta 2003 glede na tip odpadka / The quantities of LILW in the NPP Kr{ko at the end of the year 2003.

©tevilo pakirnih enot v Centralnem skladiš~u RAO v Brinju / Number of units in Central Interim storage in Brinje

Sodi / Drums

©tev

ilo p

akirn

ih e

not /

Quan

tity o

f sto

rage

pac

kage

s

* Nedolo~eni so viri, ki niso nosili nobene oznake predhodnega upravljalca in jih tudi ni mogo~e najti v stari evidenci. / Undefined sources are those which were found at the inventorization of the storage and which did not have any labelling and also were not found in the database of the previous operator.

Posebni odpadki /Special bulky items

Zaprti viri /Spent sealed sources

* Nedolo~eni viri / *Undefined sources

Skupaj v skladiš~u / Total

Vrsta odpadka / Waste type

4948

Izrabljeno jedrsko gorivo

Izrabljeno jedrsko gorivo iz jedrske elektrarne Krško se skladiš~i v bazenu za IJG v NEK-u. Leta 2003 so v sredici reaktorja jedrske elektrarne Krško zamenjali 44 gorivnih sve`njev, izrabljene gorivne sve`nje pa premestili v bazen za izrabljeno gorivo. Tako je bilo konec leta 2003 v bazenu, kjer je po izvedbi pove~anja zmogljivosti zdaj na voljo 1694 pozicij, 707 izrabljenih gorivnih sve`njev. Naraš~anje koli~ine izrabljenega goriva v bazenu prikazuje naslednja slika.

Lectures and Papers

Tomše P. Restoring cooperation between ARAO and NGO,1st workshop - Workshop for NGO, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 17 April, 2003

Veseli~ M. Research to achieve an environment according to our desires,and development according to our measures, Strategic development conferences of the goverment of RS, Ljubljana, Slovenia, June, 17 2003

@eleznik N., Jenko T. The approaches used for build-ing confidence in development of the safety assess-ment for LILW repository in Slovenia, »Confidence building in Safety Assessment for Near Surface Dis-posal of Low and Intermediate Level Waste«, Trnava, Slovak Republic,16 - 20 June, 2003

Hertl B., Novak R., Zavrl S. The Process Approach in Radioactive Waste Management according to ISO 9001:2000 in ARAO, Technical Meeting on Quality Assurance for the Safety of Radioactive Waste Man-agement, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 16 - 19 June, 2003

Fabjan M., Workshop on Improvements of Operational Safety and Security of Facilities for Collection, Pro-cessing and Storage of Radioactive Waste and Radio-active Sources, regional Workshop on Improvements of operational safety and Security of Facilities for Collection, Processing and Storage of Radioactive Waste and Radioactive Sources, Minsk, Belarus, 20 - 27 July, 2003

@eleznik N., Poli~ M. Meta- analysis of studies on social acceptability of an LILW repository in Slove-nia, Psychology in dialogue with related discipline, Vienna, Austria, 6 - 11 July, 2003

Veseli~ M., @eleznik N., Tomše. Deep Geological Disposal in Slovenia, International conference- 10th

Anniversary of DECOM , Piestany, Slovak Republic, 26 - 28 August, 2003

Mele I. WM in Slovenia and multinational repository, TC meeting on multinational repositories, Vienna, Austria 9 - 12 September, 2003

Predavanja, referati

Tomše P. Vzpostavitev sodelovanja med ARAO in NVO, 1. delavnica - Delavnica za NVO, 17. 4. 2003, Ljubljana, Slovenija

Veseli~ M. Raziskave za okolje po naših `eljah in raz-voj po naši meri, Strateški razvojni konferenci Vlade RS, 17. 6. 2003, Ljubljana, Slovenija

@eleznik N., Jenko T. The approaches used for build-ing confidence in development of safety assessment for LILW repository in Slovenia, Regional workshop on Confidence building in safety assessment for near surface disposal of LILW, IAEA, junij 2003, Trnava, Slovaška

Hertl B., Novak R., Zavrl S. The Process Approach in Radioactive Waste Management according ISO 9001:2000 in ARAO, Technical Meeting on Quality Assur-ance for the Safety of Radioactive Waste Manage-ment, IAEA, 16.-19. 6. 2003, Dunaj, Avstrija

Fabjan M. Workshop on Improvements of Operational Safety and Security of Facilities for Collection, Pro-cessing and Storage of Radioactive Waste and Radio-active Sources, Regional Workshop in Improvements of opernational safety and Security of Facilities for Collection, Processing and Storage of Radioactive Waste and Radioactive Sources, 20.-27. 7. 2003, Minsk, Belorusija

@eleznik N., Poli~ M. Meta-analysis of studies on social acceptability of LILW repository in Slovenia, Psychology in dialoge with related disciplines, 6.-11. 7. 2003, Dunaj, Avstrija

Veseli~ M., @eleznik N., Tomše P. Deep geological Disposal in Slovenia, 10. obletnica DECOM, 26.-28. 8. 2003, Piešt’any, Slovaška

Mele I. WM in Slovenia and multinational repository, TC meeting on multinational repositories, 9.-12. 9. 2003, Dunaj, Avstrija

Koli~ina izrabljenega goriva v NEK-u / Quantities of spent nuclear fuel in NPP Krško.

Spent nuclear fuel

Spent fuel elements from the NPP Krško are stored in the spent fuel pool at the premises of the nuclear power plant. NPP increased the capacities of the pool from the present 828 positions up to 1694 positions. In 2003, 44 fuel elements were replaced in the reac-tor core and spent fuel elements transferred to the spent fuel pool. Therefore 707 spent fuel elements were stored in the pool at the end of 2003.

50

@eleznik N. Repacking of the Cobalt 60 Spent Sources in the central Interim storage, Nuclear Energy for new Europe 2003, Portoro`, Slovenia 8 - 11 September , 2003

Veseli~ M. Groundwater as a socio-economic con-straint, 1st International Conference »Groundwater in Geological Engineering«, Bled, Slovenia, 22 to 26 September, 2003

@eleznik N., Mele I., Petkovšek B. Development of PA/SA for LILW repository through the IAEA coop-eration in Slovenia, ICEM, Oxford, England, 21 - 26 September, 2003

Veseli~ M. LILW management strategy, Performance Assessment for LILW repository in Slovenia, Ljubljana Slovenia 6 - 8 October, 2003

Petkovšek B., @eleznik N., Veseli~ M. EDZ as part of PA studies for the near-surface repository in Slovenia, European Commission CLUSTER conference, Luxembourg, November, 2003

Mele I., @eleznik N. Disposal plans and activities in Slovenia, Radioactive waste and spent fuel manage-ment, Plovdiv, Bulgaria, 6 - 8 November, 2003

@eleznik, N. Repacking of Cobalt 60 spent sources in the Central interim storage, International Confer-ence Nuclear Energy for New Europe 2003, Portoro`, Slovenija, september 2003

Veseli~ M. Groundwater as a socio-economic con-straint, 1st International Conference »Groundwater in geological Engineering«, 22.-26. 9. 2003, Bled, Slovenija

@eleznik N., Mele I., Petkovšek B. Development of PA/SA for LILW repository trough the IAEA coop-eration in Slovenia, ICEM, 21.-26. 9. 2003, Oxford, Anglija

Veseli~ M. LILW management strategy, Performance Assesment for LILW repository in Slovenia, 6.-8. 10. 2003, Ljubljana, Slovenija

Petkovšek B., @eleznik N., Veseli~ M. EDZ as part of PA studies for the near-surface repository in Slovenia, European Commission CLUSTER conference, Luxembourg, Luksemburg, november 2003

Mele I., @eleznik N. Disposal plans and activities in Slovenia, Radioactive waste and spent fuel manage-ment, 6.- 8. 11. 2003, Plovdiv, Bolgarija

51

52 53

* Agencija RAO je v letu 2003 prejela iz dr`avnega prora~una 270,8 mio SIT in iz Sklada za financiranje razgradnje NEK in odlaganje odpadkov iz NEK 132,4 mio SIT.

* In 2003 the Agency for radwaste management recieved 270.8 mio SIT from the state budget and 132.4 mio SIT from the Fund for the decommissioning of the NPP Krško and the disposal of radioactive waste from NPP Krško.

Bilanca prihodkov in odhodkovBalance sheet of income and expenses

2003 v 000 SIT 2002 v 000 SIT in 000 SIT in 000 SIT

Prihodki 409.925 289.323 Income Donacija 403.332 287.916 Budgetary funds*

Drugi prihodki 6.593 1.407 Other income

2003 v 000 SIT 2002 v 000 SIT in 000 SIT in 000 SIT Odhodki 343.514 281.497Expenses Stroški materiala in drugih storitev 241.919 157.851Costs of material and outside services

Stroški dela 89.491 85.393Costs of labor Stroški za osnovna sredstva 12.104 38.253Cost of fixed assets

2003 2002

Prese`ek odhodkov nad prihodki 66.411 7.826Excess (of revenue over expenditure)

Finan~no poro~iloFinancial Statement

Bilanca stanja za leti 2003 in 2002Balance sheet for 2003 and 2002 2003 v 000 SIT % 2002 v 000 SIT % in 000 SIT in 000 SIT

Sredstva 180.924 100 143.083 100Assets Dolgoro~na sredstva in sredstva v upravljanju 69.120 38 98.510 69 Fixed assets

Opredmetena osnovna sredstva 20.623 11 46.934 32 Equipment and other tangible fixed assets

Neopredmetena dolgoro~na sredstva 48.497 27 51.576 39 Intangible fixed assets

Kratkoro~na sredstva razen zalog in aktivne ~asovne razmejitve 111.804 62 44.573 31 Current assets

Kratkoro~ne terjatve in finan~ne nalo`be 2.442 1 1.157 1 Accounts receivable and short-term investments

Denarna sredstva 109.362 60 43.416 30 Cash

2003 v 000 SIT % 2002 v 000 SIT % in 000 SIT in 000 SIT

Obveznosti do virov sredstev 180.924 100 143.083 100Liabilities Kratkoro~ne obveznosti in pasivne ~asovne razmejitve 48.190 27 19.343 14Short-term liabilities and accruals and deffered revenues

Kratkoro~ne obveznosti 48.190 27 19.343 14 Short-term operating liabilities

Pasivne ~asovne razmejitve 0 0 0 0 Accruals and deffered revenues

Lastni viri in dolgoro~ne obveznosti 132.734 73 123.740 86Equity and long-term liabilities

Dolgoro~ne rezervacije 0 0 0 0 Long-term provisions Splošni sklad 0 0 0 0Contingency /open end fund

Sklad namenskega premo`enja Appropriated fund

Obveznosti za sredstva, prejeta v upravljanje 69.120 38 98.510 69Other liabilities

Ugotovljeni poslovni izid 63.614 35 25.230 17Financial result

54 55

Osnovni podatki o ARAOBasic Information about ARAO

Ustanovitelj / Founder

Republika Slovenija / Republic of Slovenia

Upravni odbor / Management board

Upravni odbor šteje pet ~lanov; od teh je tri imenoval ustanovitelj, enega NEK, enega pa so izvolili zaposleni ARAO. / The management board consists of five members: three are appointed by the founder, one is appointed by NPP Krško and one by ARAO.

Predsednik / President

Ivo Novak, univ. dipl. in`., Ministrstvo za okolje, prostor in energijo RS

Namestnik predsednika / Vice-president

dr. Peter Stegnar, univ. dipl. biol., Institut Jo`ef Stefan

^lani / Members

mag. Miroslav Gregori~, univ. dipl. in`. str., Institut Jo`ef StefanBranka Snoj, univ. dipl. iur., ARAOStane Ro`man, univ. dipl. in`., NEK

Naš naslov / Our address

ARAOParmova 53SI-1000 Ljubljana, SlovenijaT +386 (0) 1 236 32 00F +386 (0) 1 236 32 30

E-naslov zaposlenih / E-mail personnel

Info e-naslov / Public e-mail

Spletni naslov / Homepage

http://www.gov.si/arao

Direktor / Directorprof. dr. Miran Veseli~, univ. dipl. geol., v agenciji od 25. 7. 2002

Zaposleni / Personnel

Uroš ^otar, univ.dipl. fiz., v agenciji od 2. 10. 2002Marija Fabjan, univ. dipl. in`. kem., v agenciji od 1. 1. 1998mag. Bojan Hertl, univ. dipl. in`. met., v agenciji od 31. 10. 1998mag. Tilen Jenko, univ. dipl. in`. str., v agenciji od 15. 5. 2003Simona Knez, univ. dipl. ekon., v agenciji od 15. 10. 2000Mihael Lukanovi~, v agenciji od 1. 12. 1999dr. Irena Mele, univ. dipl. fiz., MBA, v agenciji od 1. 2. 1994 Boris Okorn, v agenciji od 15. 12. 1999Branka Snoj, univ. dipl. prav., v agenciji od 1. 10. 2001Miroslav Sodja, univ. dipl. in`. kem., v agenciji od 1. 9. 2001Peter Tomše, univ. dipl. geol., v agenciji od 1. 11. 1996Sandi Viršek, univ. dipl. geoteh., v agenciji od 17. 11. 2003Irena Zupan~i~, univ. dipl. in`. kem., v agenciji od 1. 10. 2001 mag. Nadja @eleznik, univ. dipl. fiz., v agenciji od 15. 11. 1995

Tajnica / Secretary

Tjaša Lu~i~, gimnazijska maturantka, v agenciji od 1. 3. 1993Martina Pibernik, študentka, v agenciji od 5. 2. 2001

Organizacijska shema agencije ARAO / Organisational Scheme of ARAO

Upravni odborManagement Board

Direktor ARAODirector of Agency

Poverjenik za QAQA manager

Direktor ARAODirector of Agency

Poverjenik za QAQA manager

TajništvoAdministration

Sektor za na~rtovanje in razvoj / Planningand Development Unit

Sektor za skupne slu`beCommon Service Unit

Sektor za odlaganje RAODisposal Unit

Sektor za obratovanje objektov Operations Unit

Sektor za na~rtovanje Sektor za na~rtovanje

56 57

Kratice in okrajšave / Abbreviations and Short Forms

ARAO Agencija za radioaktivne odpadke / Agency for Radwaste ManagementNSRAO nizko in srednje radioaktivni odpadkiRAO radioaktivni odpadkiIJG izrabljeno jedrsko gorivoNEK Nuklearna elektrarna KrškoSFR NEK Sklad za financiranje razgradnje NEK in odlaganje RAO iz NEKMAAE Mednarodna agencija za atomsko energijoRAW Radioactive WasteLILW Low and Intermediate Level WasteNPP Nuclear Power PlantSNF Spent Nuclear FuelTTC Tube Type ContainerIAEA International Atomic Energy Agency