108 - CTUSF · (MnC組) 清華大學3 文化大學30 臺北護大35健行科大62真理大學67 (MnD組) 臺東大學 4 中興大學 29 金門大學 36 中山醫大 61 世新大學
Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: [email protected]...
-
Upload
dora-andrews -
Category
Documents
-
view
286 -
download
0
Transcript of Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: [email protected]...
![Page 1: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Languages for Semantic WebWeb葉慶隆葉慶隆
大同大學 資訊工程系所大同大學 資訊工程系所Email: [email protected]
URL: www.cse.ttu.edu.tw/chingyeh
![Page 2: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 2
Sources
• Knowledge Markup and Resource Semantics, By Harold Boley, Stefan Decker, and Michael Sintek, IJCAI-01 Tutorial, http://www.ijcai-01.org/
• XML Fundamentals, http://www.ibiblio.org/xml/slides/sd2001east/fundamentals/XML_Fundamentals.html
• Anupriya Ankolenkar, et al., “DAML-S: Semantic Markup For Web Services,”, Proceedings of SWWS’ 01, the First Semantic Web Working Symposium, California, USA, July 30 - August 1, 2001.
![Page 3: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 3
Overview• Increasing demand
for formalized knowledge on the Web: AI’s chance!
• XML- & RDF-based markup languages provide a 'universal' storage/interchange format for such Web-distributed knowledge representation
• In this talk, we focus on Semantic Web languages: XML, RDF(S), DAML.
DTDs
XML
RDF[S]
Namespaces
Stylesheets
CSS
XSLT
XQL
Queries
XML-QL
Transformations
Acquisition
Protégé
Agents
Frames
Rules
SHOE
HornML
RuleML
DAML
XQuery
TopicMaps
Ontobroker
![Page 4: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 4
Web Languages forKnowledge Capturing
• Human knowledge is (partially) captured on the Web as informal texts, semiformal documents, and structured metadata
• Each kind of knowledge has its (preferred) markup language
Knowledgeinforma
lSemiform
alMetadat
a
Language HTML XML RDF
![Page 5: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 5
Web Languages forMachine Interpretation
• XML (Extensible Markup Language): Semiformal documents range between non-formatted texts and fully formatted databases
• RDF (Resource Description Framework): Structured metadata describe arbitrary heterogeneous Web pages/objects in a homogeneous manner.
Machines (e.g. search engines) can analyzeXML or RDF markups better than full HTML
![Page 6: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 6
The Semantic Web Activityof the W3C
“The Semantic Web is a vision: the idea of havingdata on the Web defined and linked in a way thatit can be used by machines not just for display purposes,but for
• automation,• integration and• reuse of data across various applications.”
(http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/Activity)
![Page 7: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 7
The Semantic Web Layered Architecture
(http://www.w3.org/2001/Talks/0228-tbl/slide5-0.html)
Tim Berners-Lee:“Axioms, Architecture and Aspirations”W3C all-working group plenary Meeting28 February 2001
![Page 8: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
XML Fundamentals
Source: http://www.ibiblio.org/xml/slides/sd2001east/fundamentals/XML_Fundamentals.html
![Page 9: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 9
What is XML?
• Extensible Markup Language• A syntax for documents • A Meta-Markup Language• A Structural and Semantic language, not a
formatting language• Not just for Web pages
![Page 10: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 10
Extensible Markup Language
• Language – It has a grammar– It has a vocabulary (sort of)– It can be parsed by machines
• Markup Language– It says what things are; not what they do– It is not a programming language– It is not compiled
• Extensible – You can add words to the language
![Page 11: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 11
XML is a Meta Markup Language
• Not like HTML, troff, LaTeX• Make up the tags you need as you need them• The tags you create can be documented in a Docu
ment Type Definition (DTD)• A meta syntax for domain-specific markup languag
es like MusicML, MathML, and XHTML
![Page 12: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 12
XML Applications
• A specific markup language that uses the XML meta-syntax is called an XML application
• Different XML applications have their own more constricted syntaxes and vocabularies within the broader XML syntax
• Further syntax can be layered on top of this; e.g. data typing through schemas
![Page 13: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 13
XML describes structure and semantics, not formatting
• XML documents form a tree– Document Object Model (DOM)
• Element and attribute names reflect the kind of the element– DTD, Schema
• Formatting can be added with a style sheet– Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)– Extensible Stylesheet language (XSL)
![Page 14: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 14
XML Hypertext
• A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) names or locates a resource
• An XLink defines connections between two or more documents identified by URIs
• XPath identifies particular nodes within a document
• An XPointer adds an XPath to a URI• XBase defines the URI against which relative URIs a
re resolved • XInclude embeds a document identified by a URI in
side an XML document.
![Page 15: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 15
A Song Description in HTML
<dt>Hot Cop<dd> by Jacques Morali, Henri Belolo, and Victor Willis<ul><li>Producer: Jacques Morali<li>Publisher: PolyGram Records<li>Length: 6:20<li>Written: 1978<li>Artist: Village People</ul>
![Page 16: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 16
A Song Description in XML
<SONG> <TITLE>Hot Cop</TITLE> <COMPOSER>Jacques Morali</COMPOSER> <COMPOSER>Henri Belolo</COMPOSER> <COMPOSER>Victor Willis</COMPOSER> <PRODUCER>Jacques Morali</PRODUCER> <PUBLISHER>PolyGram Records</PUBLISHER> <LENGTH>6:20</LENGTH> <YEAR>1978</YEAR> <ARTIST>Village People</ARTIST></SONG>
![Page 17: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 17
Style Sheets Provide Formatting(CSS)
SONG {display: block; font-family: New York, Times New Roman, serif}TITLE {display: block; font-size: 24pt; font-weight: bold; font-family: Helvetica, sans}COMPOSER {display: block}PRODUCER {display: block}YEAR {display: block}PUBLISHER {display: block}LENGTH {display: block}ARTIST {display: block; font-style: italic}
![Page 18: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 18
Attaching Style Sheets to Documents
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="song.css"?><SONG> <TITLE>Hot Cop</TITLE> <COMPOSER>Jacques Morali</COMPOSER> <COMPOSER>Henri Belolo</COMPOSER> <COMPOSER>Victor Willis</COMPOSER> <PRODUCER>Jacques Morali</PRODUCER> <PUBLISHER>PolyGram Records</PUBLISHER> <LENGTH>6:20</LENGTH> <YEAR>1978</YEAR> <ARTIST>Village People</ARTIST></SONG>
![Page 19: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 19
An XSLT Stylesheet (Part 1)
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
<xsl:template match="/"> <html> <head><title>Song</title></head> <body> <xsl:apply-templates select="SONG"/> </body> </html> </xsl:template>
![Page 20: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 20
An XSLT Stylesheet (Part 2) <xsl:template match="SONG"> <h1> <xsl:value-of select="TITLE"/> by the <xsl:value-of select="ARTIST"/> </h1> <ul> <li>Length: <xsl:value-of select="LENGTH"/></li> <li>Producer: <xsl:value-of select="PRODUCER"/></li> <li>Publisher: <xsl:value-of select="PUBLISHER"/></li> <li>Year: <xsl:value-of select="YEAR"/></li> <xsl:apply-templates select="COMPOSER"/> </ul> </xsl:template>
<xsl:template match="COMPOSER"> <li>Composer: <xsl:value-of select="."/></li> </xsl:template></xsl:stylesheet>
![Page 21: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 21
Transforming the Document<html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <title>Song</title> </head> <body> <h1>Hot Cop by the Village People </h1> <ul> <li>Length: 6:20</li> <li>Producer: Jacques Morali</li> <li>Publisher: PolyGram Records</li> <li>Year: 1978</li> <li>Composer: Jacques Morali</li> <li>Composer: Henri Belolo</li> <li>Composer: Victor Willis</li> </ul> </body></html>
XSLT Processor
(IE 5)
XSL document(template rules)
XML document
Output
![Page 22: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 22
A DTD for Songs
<!ELEMENT SONG (TITLE, COMPOSER+, PRODUCER*, PUBLISHER*, LENGTH?, YEAR?, ARTIST+)>
<!ELEMENT TITLE (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT COMPOSER (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT PRODUCER (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT PUBLISHER (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT LENGTH (#PCDATA)><!-- This should be a four digit year like "1999", not a two-digit year like "99" --><!ELEMENT YEAR (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT ARTIST (#PCDATA)>
![Page 23: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 23
Well-formedness
• Rules:– Open and close all tags– Empty tags end with />– There is a unique root element– Elements may not overlap– Attribute values are quoted– < and & are only used to start tags and entities– Only the five predefined entity references are used– Plus more...
![Page 24: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 24
Validity
• To be valid an XML document must be1. Well-formed2. Must have a Document Type Definition
(DTD)3. Must comply with the constraints specified
in the DTD
![Page 25: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 25
What Is XML Used for?
• Domain-Specific Markup Languages– XML in industrial applications: http://www.xml.org/xml/in
dustry_industrysectors.jsp• Self-Describing Data
– Much data is lost due to format problems.• Interchange of Data Among Applications
– Electronic business: RosettaNet, ebXML
![Page 26: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 26
XML Namespaces• XML namespaces are akin to namespaces,
packages, and modules in programming languages
• Disambiguation of tag–and attribute–names from different XML applications (“spaces”) through different prefixes
• A prefix is separated from the local name by a “:”, obtaining prefix:name tags
• Namespaces constitute a layer on top of XML 1.0, since prefix:name is again a valid tag name and namespace bindings are ignored by some tools
![Page 27: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 27
Namespace Bindings
• Prefixes are bound to namespace URIs by attaching an xmlns:prefix attribute to the prefixed
element or one of its ancestors, prefix:name1 ,...,
prefix:namen
• The value of the xmlns:prefix attribute is a URI, which may or (unlike for DTDs!) may not point to a description of the namespace’s syntax
• An element can use bindings for multiple name-
spaces via attributes xmlns:prefix1 ,...,
xmlns:prefixm
![Page 28: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 28
Two-Namespace Example: Snail-Mail and Telecoms Address Parts
<mail:address xmlns:mail="http://www.deutschepost.de/" xmlns:tele="http://www.telekom.de/"> <mail:name>Xaver M. Linde</mail:name> <mail:street>Wikingerufer 7</mail:street> <mail:town>10555 Berlin</mail:town> <mail:bill>12.50</mail:bill> <tele:phone>030/1234567</tele:phone> <tele:phone>030/1234568</tele:phone> <tele:fax>030/1234569</tele:fax> <tele:bill>76.20</tele:bill></ mail:address>
bill disambiguation through mail and tele prefixes
![Page 29: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Resource Description Framework
RDFSource: Knowledge Markup and Resource Semantics,By Harold Boley, Stefan Decker, and Michael Sintek,IJCAI-01 Tutorial, http://www.ijcai-01.org/
![Page 30: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 30
Outline
• Motivation: Why XML is not enough
• Introduction to RDF
– Requirements for KR on the Web
– The RDF Data Model
– RDF Schema
• Extensions of RDF(S)
• Tools for RDF and RDF Schema
– Parser, Query, and Inference Engines
![Page 31: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 31
Why The Shift Towards More Semantics?
• Information Overload
– Information on the Web currently aiming at Human
Consumption
– Information Consumption is too time consuming
• Search Engines fail more and more
– combined coverage is less than 42% of the HTML-Web
• Data Interchange growing (e.g. B2B)
– needs a common semantics
![Page 32: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 32
Extensible Markup Language (XML) Revisited
• Key idea: separate structure from presentation
• XML DTDs or Schemas define document structure
• Replace HTML with two things• A domain specific markup language (defined in XML)
• A map from that markup language to HTML (defined using XSLT)
• DTD enables document recipients to tell whether they’ve received a grammar-conforming document– Gives a minimal level of validation
![Page 33: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 33
Why XML is Not Enough
• Main advantage of using XML is reusing the
parser
and document validation
• Many different possibilities to encode a domain
of discourse
• Leads to difficulties when understanding of
foreign documents is required
==> Next step: separate content from structure!
![Page 34: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 34
Encoding of Knowledge: Example
http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila Creator
Endless encoding possibilities in XML:
“The Creator of the Resource “http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila” is Ora Lassila
Ora Lassila
<Creator> <uri>http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila</uri> <name>Ora Lassila</name></Creator><Document uri=“http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila” <Creator>Ora Lassila</Creator></Document>
<Document uri=“http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila” Creator=“Ora Lassila”/>
![Page 35: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 35
Point to Point Communicationfor Machine-Understandable
Data
Translation Step
<xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://..."> <xsd:annotation> A-Schema
</xsd:...</xsd:schema>
Conceptual Domain Model(Objects and Relations)
DTD or XML Schema
Deployment
Recipient using DTD A
XML-based Communicationusing DTD A
Sender using DTD A
XML-Parser
Parse Tree
Person is_a Mammal Student is_a Person ----
Common Semantics
![Page 36: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 36
Many Previously Unknown Communication Partners
![Page 37: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 37
New Partners Don’t Understand Each Other
XML-based Communicationusing DTD A
Sender using DTD A Recipient using DTD A
XML-Parser
Parse Tree
Communication Partner using DTD B
? ?
Communication Partner using DTD C
?
![Page 38: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 38
Merging Steps Between Models
<xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://..."> <xsd:annotation>A-Schema
</xsd:...</xsd:schema>
<xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://..."> <xsd:annotation>B-Schema
</xsd:...</xsd:schema>
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0” xmlns:xsl="http://....Transform" <xsl:template match="/"> .... </xsl:template></xsl:stylesheet>
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0” xmlns:xsl="http://....Transform" <xsl:template match="/"> .... </xsl:template></xsl:stylesheet>
Matching
Reengineeringof the conceptual model
XML Document Translation Generation(e.g. in XSLT)
DTD A DTD B
XML Document Translation fromDTD A to DTD B(and B to A)
Steps
Matching
![Page 39: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 39
Merging/Aligning Models
• Reengineering step is costly and unnecessary,
when a conceptual language is in use
• Generation document translation procedures is
again complicated and unnecessary
==> use a level on top of XML
• What are requirements for such a level?
![Page 40: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 40
Postulates: Fundamental Requirements for KR on the Web
1. Knowledge on the Web is distributed (link Knowledge on the Web)
2. Knowledge on the Web is biased - there is no universal truth it must be possible to dispute statements
3. Many different user communities: Extensibility and Simplicity
==> Resource Description Framework (RDF)
![Page 41: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 41
Introduction to RDF• RDF (Resource Description Framework)
– Beyond Machine readable to Machine understandable
• RDF unites a wide variety of stakeholders:– Digital librarians, content-raters, privacy advocates,
B2B industries, AI...– Significant (but less than XML) industrial momentum,
lead by W3C
• RDF consists of two parts– RDF Model (a set of triples)– RDF Syntax (different XML serialization syntaxes)
• RDF Schema for definition of Vocabularies (simple Ontologies) for RDF (and in RDF)
![Page 42: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 42
RDF Data Model• Resources
– A resource is a thing you talk about (can reference)– Resources have URI’s– RDF definitions are themselves Resources (linkage,
see requirement 1)
• Properties – slots, define relationships to other resources or atomic
values
• Statements– “Resource has Property with Value”– (Values can be resources or atomic XML data)
• Similar to Frame Systems
![Page 43: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 43
A Simple Example• Statement
– “Ora Lassila is the creator of the resource http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila”
• Structure– Resource (subject) http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila– Property (predicate) http://www.schema.org/#Creator– Value (object) "Ora Lassila”
• Directed graph
http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassilas:Creator
Ora Lassila
![Page 44: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 44
Another Example
• To add properties to Creator, point through an intermediate Resource.
http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila
s:Creator
Person://fi/654645635
Name
Ora Lassila [email protected]
![Page 45: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 45
Collection Containers
• Multiple occurrences of the same PropertyType don’t establish a relation between the values– The Millers own a boat, a bike, and a TV set– The Millers need (a car or a truck)– (Sarah and Bob) bought a new car
• RDF defines three special Resources:– Bag unordered values rdf:Bag
– Sequence ordered values rdf:Seq
– Alternative single value rdf:Alt• Core RDF does not enforce ‘set’ semantics amongst
values
![Page 46: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 46
Example: Bag
• The students incourse 6.001 are Amy, Tim,John, Mary,and Sue
Rdf:Bag
/Students/Amy
/Students/Tim
/Students/John
/Students/Mary
/Students/Sue
bagid1
/courses/6.001
students
rdf:type
rdf:_1
rdf:_2
rdf:_3
rdf:_4
rdf:_5
![Page 47: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 47
Example: Alternative
• The source code for X11 may be found at ftp.x.org, ftp.cs.purdue.edu, or ftp.eu.net
http://x.org/package/X11rdf:Alt
ftp.x.org
ftp.cs.purdue.edu
ftp.eu.net
altid
rdf:type
rdf:_1
rdf:_2
rdf:_3
source
![Page 48: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 48
Statements About Statements (Requirement 2: Dispute
Statements)
• Making statements about statements requires a
process for transforming them into Resources
– subject the original resource
– predicate the original property
– object the original value
– type rdf:Statement
![Page 49: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 49
A Formal Model of RDF
• RDF itself is mathematically straightforward:
– Basic Definitions• Resources. • Properties Resources • Literals• Statements = Properties Resources {Resources
Literals}
– Typing• rdf:type Properties • {RDF:type, sub, obj} Statements obj Resources
– for triples like {p,r1,r2} the RDF spec should use some different bracketing, like (p,r1,r2)
![Page 50: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 50
Formal Model of RDF II
– Reification• rdf:Statement Resource-Properties• {rdf:predicate, rdf:subject, rdf:object } Properties• Reification of a triple {pred, sub, obj} of Statements is an
element r of Resources representing the reified triple and the elements s1, s2, s3, and s4 of Statements such that
– s1: {RDF:predicate, r, pred}– s2: {RDF:subject, r, sub} – s3: {RDF:object, r, obj} – s4: {RDF:type, r, [RDF:Statement]}
– Collections• { RDF:Seq, RDF:Bag, and RDF:Alt } Resources-Properties • There is a subset of Properties corresponding to the ordinals
(1, 2, 3, ...) called Ord. We refer to• elements of Ord as RDF:_1, RDF:_2, RDF:_3, ...
![Page 51: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 51
RDF Syntax I
• Data model does not enforce particular syntax• Specification suggests many different syntaxes
based on XML• General form:
<rdf:RDF> <rdf:Description about="http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila"> <s:Creator>Ora Lassila</s:Creator> <s:createdWith rdf:resource=“http://www.w3c.org/amaya”/> </rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>
Starts an RDF-Description
Properties
Subject (OID)
Literal
Resource (possibly another RDF-description)
![Page 52: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 52
Resulting Graph
<rdf:RDF> <rdf:Description about="http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila"> <s:Creator>Ora Lassila</s:Creator> <s:createdWith rdf:resource=“http://www.w3c.org/amaya”/> </rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>
http://www.w3c.org/amaya
http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila
Ora Lassila
s:createdWiths:Creator
![Page 53: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 53
RDF Syntax II: Syntactic Varieties
<s:Homepage rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila” s:Creator=“Ora Lassila”/>
<s:createdWith> <s:HTMLEditor rdf:about=“http://www.w3c.org/amaya”/> </s:createdWith> </s:Homepage>
Typing InformationIn-Element Property
Property
Subject (OID)
http://www.w3c.org/amaya
http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila
Ora Lassila
s:createdWiths:Creator
HTMLEditor
s:Homepagerdf:type
rdf:type
![Page 54: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 54
RDF Schema (RDFS)
• RDF just defines the data model
• Need for definition of vocabularies for the data
model - an Ontology Language!
• RDF schemas are Web resources (and have
URIs) and can be described using RDF
![Page 55: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 55
Most Important Modeling Primitives
• Core Classes– Root-Class rdfs:Resource
– MetaClass rdfs:Class
– Literals rdfs:Literal
• rdfs:subclassOf-property
• Inherited from RDF: properties (slots)• rdfs:domain & rdfs:range• rdfs:label, rdfs:comment, etc.
• Inherited from RDF: InstanceOf (rdf:type)
![Page 56: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 56
RDF-Schema: Example
rdfs:Resource
xyz:MotorVehicle rdfs:Class
s s t
t
xyz:Truck
s
t
xyz:PassengerVehicle
s = rdfs:subClassOf t = rdf:type
xyz:Van s
s
xyz:MiniVan s
s
t t
t
t
![Page 57: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 57
Extensibility of RDF
• Define an Ontology of your Language with RDF
Schema (like RDF-Schema itself)
• Describe Instance Data using your new
Vocabulary
• Advantage: all Languages use the same Data
Model (simplifies Interoperability)
![Page 58: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 58
Protégé-2000 as RDF[S]-Editor
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="&mv;MotorVehicle"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&rdfs;Resource"/></rdfs:Class>
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="&mv;PassengerVehicle"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&mv;MotorVehicle"/></rdfs:Class>
<rdf:Property rdf:about="&mv;rearSeatLegRoom" a:maxCardinality="1" a:range="integer"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&mv;MotorVehicle"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&rdfs;Literal"/></rdf:Property>
![Page 59: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 59
Ontology Languages on Top of RDF:The Principle
Definition uses the data model of
Defined in terms of
RDF
RDF SchemaOntologyLanguage
Instance Data
Is extension of
Legend:
![Page 60: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 60
The Semantic Web
• A Web of machine understandable Data, based on declarative languages on top of RDF (all use the same data model!)• Intelligent Agent enabling architecture• W3C’s vision for the Semantic Web Architecture:
![Page 61: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
DARPA Agent Markup DARPA Agent Markup LanguageLanguage
DAMLDAML
![Page 62: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 62
DARPA Agent Markup Language Program
• DARPA funded Research Program (also funded the Development of the ARPANNET -> Internet)
• Focusing on building the foundation for the Semantic Web: http://www.daml.org
• Ontology Language DAML+OIL: Result of a Joint (European + US-American) Committee
• Rule Language in preparation
![Page 63: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 63
DAML+OIL
• Extension of RDF Schema• Ontology Language DAML+OIL: Result of a
Joint (European + US-American) Committee• Extension of RDF Schema
– Class Expressions (Intersection, Union, Complement)– XML Schema Datatypes– Enumerations– Property Restrictions
• Cardinality Constraints• Value Restrictions
![Page 64: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 64
Example: Intersection & Synonyms
<daml:Class rdf:ID="TallMan"> <daml:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="daml:collection">
<daml:Class rdf:about="#TallThing"/> <daml:Class rdf:about="#Man"/>
</daml:intersectionOf> </daml:Class>
<daml:Class rdf:ID="HumanBeing"><daml:sameClassAs rdf:resource="#Person"/>
</daml:Class>
![Page 65: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 65
Example: Disjoint & Complement<daml:Disjoint rdf:parseType="daml:collection"><daml:Class rdf:about="#Car"/> <daml:Class rdf:about="#Person"/> <daml:Class rdf:about="#Plant"/>
</daml:Disjoint>
<daml:Class rdf:ID="Car"><rdfs:comment>no car is a person</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:subClassOf>
<daml:Class><daml:complementOf rdf:resource="#Person"/>
</daml:Class> </rdfs:subClassOf>
</daml:Class>
Disjoint not strictly necessary, since expressible via pairwise subClassOfof complementOf, as for Car and Person:
![Page 66: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 66
Example: Properties (Transitive, Inverse, subProperty, UniqueProperty, range,
Datatypes)
<daml:TransitiveProperty rdf:ID="hasAncestor"/>
<daml:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasChild"><daml:inverseOf rdf:resource="#hasParent"/>
</daml:ObjectProperty>
<daml:UniqueProperty rdf:ID="hasMother"><rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="#hasParent"/><rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Female"/>
</daml:UniqueProperty>
<daml:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID="age"><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/2001/03/daml+oil#UniqueProperty"/><rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/.../XMLSchema#nonNegativeInteger"/>
</daml:DatatypeProperty>
![Page 67: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 67
Using User-defined Datatypes(based on XML Schema)
<xsd:simpleType name="over17"><!--over17 is an XMLS datatype based on decimal--> <!--with the added restriction that values must be >=18--> <xsd:restriction base="xsd:decimal"> <xsd:minInclusive value="18"/> </xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
<daml:Class rdf:ID="Adult"><daml:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="daml:collection">
<daml:Class rdf:about="#Person"/> <daml:Restriction><daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#age"/><daml:hasClass rdf:resource="somefile#over17"/>
</daml:Restriction> </daml:intersectionOf> </daml:Class>
![Page 68: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 68
Instances (Individuals)<Person rdf:ID="Adam">
<rdfs:label>Adam</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>Adam is a person.</rdfs:comment> <age><xsd:integer rdf:value="13"/></age> <shoesize>
<xsd:decimal rdf:value="9.5"/></shoesize>
</Person>
<daml:Class rdf:ID="Person"> . . .</daml:Class>
![Page 69: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 69
Protégé as OIL-Editor
• supports following subset of OIL:
– class definitions with subclass and slot constraints (property restrictions) with• class expressions: and, or, not, class[names], slot constraints, top, and bottom
• slot constraints: has-value, value-type, max-cardinality, min-cardinality, cardinality
• missing: concrete-type-exp, filler-exp
– slot definitions: • subslot-of, inverse (using Protégé's inverse slot mechanism), domain, range
• properties (transitive, symmetric, functional)
– global axioms (disjoint, covered, disjoint-covered, equivalent)
– missing: instance-of, related
• special widgets for displaying OIL expressions
• connects to FaCT description logic classifier for classification and satisfiability checking
• generates SHIQ LaTeX output
![Page 70: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Application:Semantic Web Services
Source: Anupriya Ankolenkar, et al., “DAML-S: Semantic Markup For Web Services,”, Proceedings of SWWS’ 01, the First Semantic Web Working Symposium, California, USA, July 30 - August 1, 2001
![Page 71: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 71
Web Services
Serviceregistry
Servicerequester
Serviceprovider
FindWSDL, UDDI
PublishWSDL, UDDI
Bind
Servicedescriptions
Servicedescriptions
Services
![Page 72: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 72
What Is DAML-S
• Users and software agents should be able to discover, invoke, compose, and monitor Web resources offering particular services and having particular properties.
• As part of the DARPA Agent Markup Language program, we have begun to develop an ontology of services, called DAML-S.
![Page 73: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 73
Some Motivating Tasks
• Automatic Web service discovery• Automatic Web service invocation• Automatic Web service composition and
interoperation• Automatic Web service execution
monitoring
![Page 74: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 74
Top Level of the Service Ontology
Service
Resource
ServiceGrounding
ServiceProfile
ServiceModel
provide presents
supports
describedBy
(what it does)
(how it works)
(how to access it)
![Page 75: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 75
Process Modeling Ontology
![Page 76: Languages for Semantic Web 葉慶隆 大同大學 資訊工程系所 Email: chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw URL: .](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e365503460f94b25690/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Languages for Semantic Web 76
Summary