kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw - II · 2020. 4. 14. · kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ II ¢mkv ˛ IX 94 kzm X{¥yw e`n®v Bdv...
Transcript of kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw - II · 2020. 4. 14. · kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ II ¢mkv ˛ IX 94 kzm X{¥yw e`n®v Bdv...
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`mKw ˛ 1Ãm≥tU¿Uv
IX
tIc-f-k¿°m¿
hnZym-̀ ym-k-h-Ip∏v
Xbm-dm-°n-bXv
kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw2010
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw - II
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Prepared by :State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012, KeralaWebsite : www.scertkerala.gov.ine-mail : [email protected] : 0471 - 2341883, Fax: 0471 - 2341869First Edition : 2010Typesetting : Computer Lab, SCERT© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
tZio-b-Km\w
P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm
{ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km,
hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,
D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK,
Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm
P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl
`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm.
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!
{]Xn⁄
C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-Z-co-
ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln -°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw
sshhn -[y -]q¿W-hp -amb AXns‚ ]mc-º-cy -Øn¬ Rm≥
A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.
Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw apXn¿∂-
hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw t£a-Øn\pw
sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n {]bXv\n°pw.
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{]nbs∏´ Ip´n-I-tf,
A\-¥-km-[y-X-I-fp≈ Hcp ]pXnb temI-Øns‚ am{¥n-I-
hm-Xn-en\p-ap-∂n-emWv \n߃ \n¬°p-∂-Xv. hmb-\-bp-
sSbpw Fgp-Øn-s‚bpw Cu hmXn¬∏Sn-bn¬\n∂v ]pXn-b-
temIw ImWm\p≈ kml-knIat\m-`mhw DW¿∂m¬,
Cu am{¥nIhmXn¬ Xpd∂v AXn-\-∏p-d-ap≈ A\p-`-h-ß-fn-
tebv°v \n߃ IuXpI-tØmsS {]th-in-°p-sa-s∂-\n-°p-d-
∏p≠v.
AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb ]pdw-tem-Iw \ΩpsS C{µn-b-߃°v
hncp-s∂m-cp-°p-I-bmWv. Poh-\p≈hbp-sSbpw C√m-
ØhbpsSbpw hnhn[cq]-߃, Ah-bp-sS emfn-Xyhpw
Zp¿{K-l-Xbpw, kqtcym-Z-bhpw AkvX-a-bhpw, ag-hn-√ns‚
cq]hpw \nd-ßfpw, ssItIm¿Øp-sIm≠v sX∂n-\o-ßp∂
taL-߃, Xoc-Ø-W-bp∂ Xnc, Imt‰‰p Ncn-bp-Ibpw
ho≠pw Dbcp-IbpwsNøp∂ ]p√p-Iƒ, Icp-Øp-Im´n Xe-bp-
b¿Øn-\n¬°p∂ ac-߃, ImSp-Iƒ, \£-{X-ß-fpsS
an∂¬, Nt{µm-Zbw... Ch-bpsS cl-ky-߃ tXSp-∂-Xn-
\p≈ Xmt°m¬; a\p-jy≥ ]n∂n´ hgn-Iƒ...
Cu ]pkvXIw \n߃°p \¬Ip-∂Xv AXm-Wv. A[ym-]-I-
tcm-sSm∏w \n߃ Cu hmXn¬ Xpd-°p-∂-tXmsS Cusbm-
cp-hm-Xn¬ am{X-a√ a‰-t\IwhmXn-ep-Iƒ \n߃°pap-ºn-ep-
s≠∂v t_m[y-s∏-Spw. At∂cw Cu hnizwapgp-h≥ Hcp
Xpd∂ ¢m v apdn-bmbn amdpw. PohnXwXs∂ hnZym-`ym-k-
Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ Hcp bm{X-bm-Ipw.
kvt\lm-iw-k-I-tfmsS,
s{]m^. Fw.F. JmZ¿Ub-d-IvS¿Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.
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kwÿm\ hnZym-̀ ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)hnZym-`h≥, ]qP-∏p-c, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 695 012
]mT-]p-kvXI kanXn
Aºn-fn sP. sI
lb¿ sk°-≠dn So®¿ (tPym{K-^n),
Kh. lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, hmf-Øp-¶¬, sIm√w
tUm. Ie F≥.
dnk¿®v Hm^o-k-¿, Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
Ia-em-£≥ sNdn-bØv
sslkvIqƒ So®¿ (tkmjy¬ kb≥kv),
Kh. lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, apt≠-cn, IÆq¿
IrjvW-Zmkv. ]n
lb¿ sk°-≠dn So®¿ (C°-tWm-an-Ivkv),
Kh. lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, Xncp-hm-en, ae-∏pdw
emep-Ip-am¿. sI. C
lb¿ sk°-≠dn So®¿ (C°-tWm-anIvkv),
tamU¬ Kh. t_mbvkv lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ,
tXh≈n, sIm√w
AwK-߃
$ aZ-\≥, B¿´v FUn-‰¿, amXr-`qan. $ sI. jco^v, B¿´n-Ãv, amXr-`qan. $ tZh-{]-Imiv, B¿´n-Ãv,
kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v. $ ]n. cta-i≥, Ccn-ß-∂q¿ lb¿ sk°‚dn kvIqƒ.hnZKv[kanXn
AssUz-k¿
tUm. tIi-h≥ shfp-Øm-´v
s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v lnÃ-dn, U¬ln bqWn-th-gvkn‰n, U¬ln
sNb¿am≥
tUm. Fw.F≥. kp[m-I-c≥
doU¿ B‚v slUv, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v C°-tWm-anIvkv
sk‚v Atem-jykv tImtfPv F¬Øp-cp-Øv, Xriq¿
tUm.am¿´n≥ ]m{Sn-Iv, doU¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v C°-tWm-an-Ivkv, alm-cm-Pmkv tImtf-Pv, Fd-Wm-Ipfw
Sn.]n. Ip™n-°-Æ≥, ske-£≥ t{KUv eIvN-d¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v C°-tWm-anIvkv,
Kh. tImtf-Pv, t]cm-{º, tImgn-t°mSv
_me-tKm-]m-e≥ sI., ske-£≥ t{KUv eIvN-d¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v C°-tWm-anIvkv, sk‚v tacokv tImtfPv, hb-\mSv
hn. Zmtam-Z-c≥ \mb¿, slUv (dn´.), Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v tPym{K^n, bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
sI. _me-Ir-jvW≥, slUv (dn´.), Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v tPym{K-^n, bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
tUm. kt¥m-jvIp-am¿ hn.
t\m¨ shmt°-j-W¬ eIvN-d¿ (tPym{K-^n),
sI.F≥.Fw shmt°-j-W¬ lb¿ sk°≠dn kvIqƒ,
hmSm-\-∏-≈n, Xriq¿
jqPm-tam≥ Fkv.
sslkvIqƒ So®¿ (tkmjy¬ kb≥kv),
]n.F≥.Fw lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ,
Nnd-bn≥Io-gv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
knbm¿ a\p-cmPv
eIvN-d¿ (C°-tWm-an-Ivkv)
Kh. C©n-\o-b-dnwKv tImtf-Pv, Xriq¿
hn¬{^Uv tPm¨ Fkv.
lb¿ sk°≠dn So®¿ (tPym{K-^n), ap…ow lb¿
sk°≠dn kvIqƒ, IWn-bm-]p-cw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
A°m-Z-anIv tImUnt\‰¿
Nn{Xmam[-h≥
dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿ (tPym{K^n), Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn
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1. \ΩpsS A¥-co£w 07
2. a\p-jy-≥ B-{i-bn-°p∂ `qan 19
3. Poh-Pew 44
4. kap-{Zhpw a\p-jy\pw 57
5. h≥I-c-Iƒ 69
6. Dev]m-Z-\hpw Dev]mZ-\-L-S-I-ßfpw 86
7. Zmcn-{Zyhpw `£y-kp-c-£bpw 94
8. am\-h-ti-john-I-k-\hpw kaq-lhpw 107
D≈-S°w
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`mc-X-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\`mKw IV I
auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃
51 I. auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃ ˛ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h `mc-X-Ønse Hmtcm
]uc-s‚bpw I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv ˛
(I) `c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ BZ¿i-ß-sfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-
sfbpw tZiob]Xm-I-sbbpw tZiobKm\-sØbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(J) kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ \ΩpsS tZiobka-c-Øn\v {]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb
al-\o-bm-Z¿i-ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]n≥Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sNøpI;
(K) `mc-X-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-fi-Xbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw
kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(L) cmPysØ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥ Bhiy-
s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(M) aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y-߃°Xo-
X-ambn `mc-X-Ønse F√m P\-߃°p-an-S-bn¬, kulm¿Zhpw s]mXp-hmb
kmtlm-Z-cy-a-t\m-`m-hhpw ]pe¿Øp-I. kv{XoI-fpsS A¥- n\v Ipdhp hcp-
Øp∂ BNm-c-߃ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°pI;
(N) \ΩpsS kΩn{ikwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb ]mc-º-cysØ hne-a-Xn-°p-
Ibpw \ne-\n-dp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI;
(O) h\-ßfpw XSm-I-ßfpw \Zn-Ifpw h\yPo-hn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ {]IrXym D≈
]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw
ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(P) imkv{Xo -b -amb Img vN -∏mSpw am\-hn -I -Xbpw, At\z -j-W-Øn\pw
]cnjvIcWØn\pw D≈ at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°pI;
(Q) s]mXp-kzØv ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv A{Iaw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw
sNøpI;
(R) cmjv{Sw bXv\-Øn-s‚bpw e£y-{]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D∂-X-X-e-ß-fn-te°v
\nc¥cw Db-c-Ø-°-hÆw hy‡n-]-chpw Iq´m-b-Xp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚
F√m afi-e-ß-fnepw D¬Ir-jvS-X-bv°p-th≠n A[zm-\n-°p-I.
(S) Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbv°v {]mb-ap≈ Xs‚ Ip´nt°m c£y-_m-e-I-t\m,
AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm c£-I¿Ømthm hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-
\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
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kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
94
kzmX{¥yw e`n®v Bdv ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ]n∂n -´t∏mƒ \mw FhnsS
FØn\n¬°p∂p F∂v Xncn™v t\m°p-
∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn -°pw. Hcp-`m-KØv apºv
kz]v\wImWm≥t]mepw Ign -bmØ
kºØpw PohnX-ku-I-cy-ß-fpw ImWmw.
]e-cw-KØpw kXz-c-amb am‰-߃ kw`-hn-
°p-∂p. temI-Ønse G‰hpw Db¿∂ kmº-
ØnIhf¿®bp≈cmPy-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv
C¥y F∂v Nne IW-°p-Iƒ ImWn-°p∂p.
`mhn-bnse kmº-ØnIi‡n-I-fn¬ H∂mbn
Nne temI-cm-jv{S-ßfpw A¥¿tZ-iob
kwL-S-\-Ifpw C¥ysb hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw 1950 ˛ 2007 Ime-b-f-
hn¬ C¥y-bn¬ Xmsg -∏ -d -bp∂ am‰ -
ßfp≠mbn.
$ `£y-[m-\y-ß-fpsS Dev]m-Z\w \men-c-´n-
bmbn h¿≤n-®p.
$ P\-kwJy aq∂n-c-´n-bmbn h¿≤n-®p.
$ `t£ymev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ kzbw-]-cym-]vXX
ssIh-cn®p.
$ Acn, tKmXºv XpS-ßnb `£y-[m-\y-
߃ Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvXp.
$ s]mXp-hn-X-cWkwhn-[m\w km¿∆-{Xn-I-
am-°n.
$ \nc-h[n Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\]≤-Xn-Iƒ
\S-∏m-°n.
Cu t\´ßsfms° Ah-Im -i -s∏ -Sp -
tºmƒØs∂ Bkq-{X-W-°Ωo-js‚
2004˛se IW°p{]Imcw C¥y-bnse Zcn-
{Z-cpsS FÆw 30 tImSn-bn-te-sd-bmWv. 2005
se temI-_m-¶ns‚ IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw
temIØv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Zcn-{Z-cp≈ cmPy-
amWv C¥y.
Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw 7.1)
{i≤n°q.
(Nn{Xw 7.1)
Cu Nn{X-Øn¬ \n∂v \n߃°v F¥mWv
a\- n-em-bXv?
CXpw \ΩpsS Hcp h¿Øam\Ime
-bm-Ym¿∞y-am-Wv. kmº-ØnIhf¿®-bn¬
ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-tºmgpw Zmcn-{Zyw Hcp henb
{]iv\-ambn C¥y-bn¬ Ct∏mgpw XpS-cp-∂p.
CXv ImWn-°p-∂Xv Hcp hiØv kºØpw
Pohn-X-ku-I-cy-ßfpw h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ adp-
h-iØv Zmcn{Zyw hen-b-tXm-Xn¬ \ne-
-
A[ymbw ˛ 7
Zmcn{Zyhpw ̀ £y-kp-c-£bpw 95
\n¬°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. Cu sshcp-≤y-amWv
C¥y C∂pt\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-I-fn¬ H∂v.
imkv{Xhpwkmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw hf¿∂
Xns‚ ^e-ambn `t£ymev]m-Z-\hpw ASn-
ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßfpw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈
kml-Ncyw C∂p-≠v. F∂n´pw C{X-b-
[nIwt]¿ Zcn-{Z-cm-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Hcp henb
kmaqlnI{]iv\w Xs∂-.
C-¥y-bn¬ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw kmaq-lnIkmº-
ØnI Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ Hcp-t]m-se-b-√. Nne¿
hfsc sa®-s∏´Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ Ign-bp-
tºmƒ `qcn-]£wt]cpsSbpw kml-N-cy-
߃ tamiam-Wv. F∂m¬ ASn-ÿm\ Bh-
iy-߃ \nd-th-t‰-≠-Xv F√m-h-cp-sSbpw Bh-
iy-hp-am-Wv.
Hcp IpSp-_-Øns‚ ASnÿm\ Bh-iy-߃
Fs¥-√m-amWv?
$ hkv{Xw
$ ]m¿∏nSw
$ `£Ww
$
$
$
\n߃ Is≠-Ønb ASn-ÿm-\ Bh-
iy߃ ap≥K-W-\ A\p-k-cn®v {Iao-I-cn-°p-
a-t√m.
\n߃ Is≠-Øn-b-Xp-t]mse `£-Ww,
hkv{Xw, ]m¿∏n-Sw, ip≤-P-ew, Btcm-Ky-]-
cn-]me\w, hnZym-`ymkw XpS-ßn-bh F√m
a\p-jycpsSbpw ASn-ÿm\ Bh-iy-ß-
fmWv.
F¥mWv Zmcn{Zyw? hni-Zo-I-
cn-°m≥ {ian-°q. \nß-fpsS
Is≠-ج Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ hni-
Zo-I-c-W-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøq.
P\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\ Bh-iy-ß-ƒ \nd-
th-‰m≥ Ign-bmØ Ah-ÿ-bmWv Zmcn{Zyw
F∂-Xp-sIm≠v s]mXp-hn¬ A¿∞-am-°p-
∂Xv.
Hcp IpSpw-_-Øns‚ PohnX
kuI-cy-߃ sh®p-sIm≠v
B IpSpw_w Zmcn{Zyw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p≠v
F∂p ]d-bm-\m-Iptam? N¿® sNøp-I.
¢mkv {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ̀ mK-ambn Hcp Ip´n
Xøm-dm-°nb Zmcn{ZysØ°p-dn-®p≈ Nm¿´v
Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.
Zmcn{Zyw Hcp _lp-X-e-kv]¿in-bmb
Ahÿ
Zmcn{Zyw F∂m¬ ................
hni∏v A\p-`hn-°p∂
th≠{X hkv{X-߃ C√mØ
hoSn√mØ
ip≤-Pew e`n°m-Ø
NnIn’ e`n-°mØ
hnZym-`ymkw e`n-°mØ
sXmgn¬ e`n-°mØ
Ah-k-c-߃ \ntj-[n-°s∏Sp∂
kzmX{¥yw \ntj-[n-°s∏Sp∂ Ah-
ÿ-bmWv
Nm¿´n\v \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Xe-s°´v
F{X-tØmfw tbmPn-®-XmWv? IqSp-X¬
tbmPn® Xe-s° v́ \n߃°v \¬Im≥
Ign-bptam?
Zmcn{Zyw F∂Xv H‰-hm-°n¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-
°m≥ Ign-bmØ Hcp Bi-b-am-Wv.
F¥p-sIm≠v?
Nm¿´nse D≈-S-°-tØmSv \n߃
tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m? Fs¥-¶nepw Iq´n-
t®¿t°-≠-Xpt≠m? F¥p-sIm≠v?
-
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
96
Zmcn-{Zyw˛ ]´n-Wn-˛-£maw
ASn-ÿm-\ Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰phm≥
Ign -bmØ Ah-ÿ-bmWv Zmcn - {Zyw.
aXnbmb Af-hn¬ Bfp-Iƒ°v `£Ww
e`n-°mØ Ah-ÿ-bmWv ]´n-Wn. Hcp P\-
hn-`m-K-Øn\p apgp-h-\mtbm AXnse `qcn-
]£w t]¿t°m `£Ww In´msX hcn-
Ibpw hen-b- tXm-Xn¬ Bfp-Iƒ acn-°p-
Ibpw sNøp∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv £maw.
Ign™ \q‰m-≠n¬ C¥y-bn-ep-≠mb
G‰hpw henb £ma-w 1943 se _wKmƒ
£maamWv. A∂v 30 e£tØmfw t]¿
£maw-sIm≠v acn-®-Xmbn IW-°m-°p-∂p.
a\p-jys‚ ASn-ÿm\ Bh-
iy-߃ \nd-th-‰m≥ hcp-
am\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. F∂m¬ F√m IpSpw-
_-߃°pw e`n-°p∂ hcp-am\w Hcp-t]m-
se-b-√. Nne¿°v hfsc°qSp-X¬ hcp-am\w
e`n-°p-tºmƒ a‰p Nne¿°v hcpam\w Xosc
Ipd-hmWv. CXv Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-\n-S-bm-°p-∂p.
Cu Bibw C¥y-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ F{X-
tØmfw {]k-‡-am-Wv? N¿® sNøp-I.
0.8
3.28
1.26
43.36
23.0228.28
k_v klm-d≥B{^n°
sX°≥ Gjy
%Ing-°≥ Gjy &]k-̂ nIv
bqtdm∏v &a[y Gjy
%
%
%
%
%
hnI-kzccmjv{S-߃°n-S-bnse Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ hnX-cWw (2005 )
(Hcp Znhkw 1.25 Ata-cn-°≥ tUmf-dn¬ Xmsg hcp-am-\-ap-≈-h¿ )
(Nn{Xw ˛ 7.2)
Ah-ew_w: World Bank 2009, Global Economic prospects,Commodities at the cross roads
em‰n-\-ta-cn° &Ico-_n-b≥
a[y-]q¿thjym &hSt° B{^n°
Zmcn{Zyw Xn -́s∏-Sp-ج
A¥¿tZ-iob Xe-Øn¬
2005 se hne-\nehm-c-a-\p-k-cn®v Hcp Znhkw
1.25 Atacn-°≥ tUmf-dn¬ Xmsg hcp-am-\-
ap≈ hy‡n-Isf temI-_m¶v Zcn-{Z-cmbn
IW-°m-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp tUmf-
dn\v 48 cq] hne IW-°m-°n-bm¬ Ahiy
hkvXp-°ƒ hmßphm≥ Hcp Znhkw 60 cq]
C√m-Ø-h-sc-bmWv Zcn-{Z-cmbn°mWp-∂-Xv.
CX-\p-k-cn®v 2005 ¬ temIØnse 140 tImSn
P\-߃ Zcn-{Z-cm-Wv. CXn¬ 137.35 tImSn
Zcn-{Zcpw hnI-kzccmjv{S-ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p.
C¥y, ssN\, ]mIn-ÿm≥, {_ko¬, CdmJv
XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-ƒ hnI-kzccmjv{S-ß-
fn¬s∏Spw. Cu cmPy-ß-fnse Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚
hnX-cWw ImWn-°p∂ Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-cn-
°p∂ Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw 7.2) ImWp-I.
-
A[ymbw ˛ 7
Zmcn{Zyhpw ̀ £y-kp-c-£bpw 97
k_vk-lm-d≥ B{^n°
klmdm acp-̀ q-an°v sX°v ÿnXn sNøp∂
B^n-°≥ cmPy-ß-fmb Im-a-dq¨, sI\n-
b, FtXym-]y, Z£nWm-{^n-°, kmwºnb,
ss\Po-cn-b, audo-jykv, sk\-K¬, skmam-
enb XpS-ßnb cmPy-ßfmWv k_v klm-
d≥ B{^n-°≥ cmPy-߃.
sX°≥ Gjy
Gjymh≥I-cbpsS sX°v ̀ mKØv ÿnXn
sNøp∂ C¥y, ]mIn-ÿm≥, {ioe-¶,
t\∏mƒ, _w•m-tZiv apX-emb cmPy-ß-ƒ
a[y-]q¿thjym ˛ hSt° B{^n°
CuPn]v‰v, Cdm≥, Cdm-Jv, tPm¿Zm≥, kuZn
Atd-_ym, sba≥, samtdm-t°m, AƒPo-
cnb XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-ƒ
em‰n\ta-cn-° ˛ Ico-_nb≥
{_ko¬, A¿P‚o-\, Pssa°, s_mfo-
hn-b, sImfw-_n-b, Iyq_ apX-emb cmPy-
߃.
bqtdm∏v ˛ at≤yjy
_ƒtK-dnb, lwK-dn, t]mf-≠v, djy, S¿°n,
dpta-\n-b XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-ƒ
Ing-°≥ Gjy ˛ ]k-̂ nIv
ssN\, sImdnb, Iwt_m-Un-b, Ct¥m-t\-
jym, -a-tejym, ̂ nen-ss∏≥kv, knwK-∏q¿,
hnb‰v\mw apX-emb cmPy-߃.
2005 ¬ temI-Ønse GsXms° hnI-
kzccmPy-ß-fn-emWv Zcn-{Z¿ IqSp-X-ep-
≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv?
Zcn-{Z¿ IqSp-X-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂
h nI -k z cc mP yßf ps S
ÿm\w temI `q]-S-Øn¬ Is≠-Øp-I.
2005 ¬ hnI-kzccmPy-ß-fnse Zcn-{Z-cn¬ 43.36
iX-am-\hpw C¥y, ]mIn-ÿm≥ XpS-ßnb
cmPy-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ sX°-t\-jy≥ cmPy-
ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. hnI-kzccmPy-ß-fnse Zcn-
{Z-cn¬ aq∂n-sem-∂pw C¥y-bn-em-Wv.
Zmcn{Zyw Xn -́s∏-Sp-ج C¥y-bn¬
ASn-ÿm\mh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn\v
th≠nhcp∂ sNe-hns\ am\-Z-fi-am-°n-
bmWv Zcn-{Zsc Is≠-Øp-∂-Xv. AXn-\p-
th≠ Ipd™XpI \n›-bn -°p -Ibpw
AXn¬ Xmsghcp-am-\-ap-≈-hsc Zmcn-{Zy-tc-
Jbv°pXmsgbp≈-h-cmbn Icp-Xp-Ibpw
sNøp∂p.
Zcn-{Zsc Xn -́s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ BZy-L´w Zmcn-
{Zy-tcJ \n¿Æ-bn-°-em-Wv. AXv Hcp km¶-
ev]nI tcJ-bmWv. PohnXmh-iy-߃ \nd-
th-‰p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-ap≈ imco-cntIm¿÷-
Øns‚ Afhv IW-°m-°-emWv BZy-L-´w.
ItemdnbpsS Af-hn -emWv imco -cn -
tIm¿÷sØ Xn -́s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv. C¥y-bn¬
{Kma-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Hcphy‡n°v Hcp
Znhkw Ipd-™Xv 2400 Itemdn Du¿÷hpw
\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ 2100 Itemdn Du¿÷hpw
Bh-iy-am-sW∂v IW-°m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
A{Xbpw Du¿÷w e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠
`£-Whpw a‰v AXym-h-iy-Im-cy-ßfpw Xn´-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. XpS¿∂v Ah hmßp-∂Xn\m-
h-iy-amb sNehv IW°m°p-∂p. Cu
XpIsb am\-Z-fi-am-°n- Zmcn-{Zy-tcJ \n¿Æ-
bn-°-emWv C¥y-bn¬ s]mXpsh \S-∏p-≈-
coXn. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 2004 ˛ 05
se hne-\n-e-hm-c-a-\p-k-cn®v {Kmaßfn¬
{]Xn-amkw Hcp hy‡n°v 356.30 cq]bpw \K-
c-ß-fn¬ 538.60 cq]bpw Zmcn-{Zy-tc-J-bmbn
\n¿Æ-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. CXn¬ Xmsg hcp-am-
\-ap-≈-h-sc-bmWv Zcn-{Z-cmbn IW-°m-°p-
∂Xv.
Zcn{ZcpsS FÆsØ BsI P\-kw-Jy-
sIm≠v lcn®v Zmcn{Zym\p-]mXw Is≠-
Øp∂p.
-
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
98
Zmcn-{Zym-\p-]mXw =
Zmcn{ZytcJbv°v Xmsg-bp-≈-h-cpsS FÆw
BsI P\-kwJy ×100
BsI P\kwJy-bn¬ F{X iX-am\w t]¿
Zmcn-{Zy-tcJ°v Xmsg-bm-sW-∂mWv Zmcn-
{Zym\p-]mXw ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn
2004 ˛ ¬ C¥y-bpsS Zmcn{Zym\p-]mXw 27.5
BWv. CXv ImWn-°p-∂Xv 2004˛¬ C¥y-
bpsS BsI P\-kw-JybpsS 27.5 iX-am\w
Zmcn{ZytcJ°v Xmsg-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv.
Zmcn{Zyw C¥y-bn¬
C¥y-bnse Zmcn-{ZysØ imkv{Xo-b-ambn
Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ BZy-ambn {ian-®Xv
C¥y-≥ tZ-iob {]ÿm-\-Ønse {]ap-J
t\-Xm-°-fn¬ Hcm-fmb ZmZm-`mbn\h-tdm-Pn-
bmWv. kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥cw Zmcn{Zy\n¿Æ-b-
Øn\v ]e {ia-ßfpw \S-∂n-´p-≠v.
]´n-I˛7.1 Dw XpS¿∂v \evIn-bn-cn-°p∂
Nn{Xßfpw (7.3 F & 7.3 _n) ]cn-tim[n-
°p-a-t√m.
Zmcn{Zyw C¥y-bn¬ 1973 ˛ 2004
h¿jwZmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°v
Xmsg-bp-≈-h-¿
iX-am\w FÆw˛tImSn
1973 54.88 32.13
1983 44.48 32.29
1993 35.97 32.04
2004 27.5 30.17
Ahew_w : Govt. of India (2008), PressInformation Bureau, PovertyEstimates for 2004 - 05
(]´n-I˛7.1)
hyXykvX Ime-L-́ -ß-fn¬ C¥y-bnse
Zcn-{Z-cpsSFÆØn¬ h∂ Ipdhpw iX-
am-\-Øn¬ h∂Ipdhpw Hcp t]mse-
bmtWm? Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.
(Nn{Xw 7.3 _n)
Zmcn-{Z
y-tc-J
bv°
vX
msg-b
p-≈-h
-cps
S F
Æw
(tI
mSn)
h¿jw
C¥y-bnse Zcn{ZcpsS FÆw (tImSn)
h¿jw
C¥y-bnse Zmcn{Zym\p-]mXw
(Nn{Xw 7.3 F)
Zmcn-{Z
y-tc-J
bv°
v
Xms
g-b
p-≈-h
-cps
S i
X-am\
w
-
A[ymbw ˛ 7
Zmcn{Zyhpw ̀ £y-kp-c-£bpw 99
1973 \pw 2004 \pw CS-bn¬ C¥y-bnse
Zcn{ZcpsS iX-am\w ]Ip -Xn -bmbn
Ipds™¶nepw Ch-cpsS FÆ-Øn¬ henb
Ipdhv D≠m-bn-´n√.
F¥mWv Zmcn{Zym\p-]mXw F∂v a\- n-em-
°n-b-t√m. C¥y-bnse {][m\ kwÿm-\-
ß-fnse Zmcn{Zym\p-]mXw ImWn-°p-∂
Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw 7.4) t\m°q.
C¥y-bnse F√mkwÿm-\-ß-fn-sebpw
Zmcn-{Zy-m-\p-]mXw Hcpt]mse-bmtWm?
C¥y-bpsS Zmcn-{Zym-\p-]m-X-
sØ-°mƒ (27.5) Db¿∂
Zmcn-{Zy-m-\p-]m-X-ap≈ kwÿm-\-ß-fpw
Xmgv∂ Zmcn-{Zym-\p-]m-X-ap≈ kwÿm-\-ß-
fpw hyXykvX \nd-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v C¥y-
bpsS `q]-S-Øn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
`qc-ln-X-cmb I¿jIsØmgn-
em-fn-Iƒ, ]c-º-cm-KXa’y-
sØm-gn -em -fn -Iƒ, ]c -º-cm -KXhyh-
kmbsØmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ,
]´nIPmXn ]´n-I-h¿§hn`m-K-߃ F∂o
hn`m-K-°m-cn-emWv Zmcn{Zyw IqSp-X-embn
ImW-p-∂-Xv. CXn-\p≈ Imc-W-߃ N¿®
sNøq.
tIc-f-Ønse Zmcn{Zyw
am\-hhnI-k-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ t\´-
߃ temI{]i-kvX-am-Wv. Ipd™ {]Xn-
io¿j-h-cp -am -\ -ap -≈-t∏mƒØs∂ B
cwKØv tIcfw C¥ybn¬ H∂mw-ÿm-\-
Øm-Wv. Ipd™ inip-a-c-W-\n-c°pw P\-\-
a-c-W-\n-c-°p-Ifpw Db¿∂ Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw,
km£-c-X, XpS-ßn-b-hbpw tIc-f-Øns‚
{]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. Cu cwK-ß-fn¬ tIcfw
henb ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw
Zmcn{Zyw kwÿm-\-Øp-\n∂v hn´p-am-dn-bn-́ n√.
Bkq-{XW°Ωo-js‚ IW-°-\p-k-cn®v 2004
˛ 05 ¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ 15 iX-am\w t]¿ Zcn-{Z-
cm-Wv. \Kc-ß-fn¬ 20.6 iX-am\wt]¿ Zcn-{Z-
cm -Wv . {Kma{]tZ -isØ Zmcn{Zyw
I¿jIsØmgn-em-fn-I-fnepw ssIsØm-gn¬
05
101520253035404550
Hdo
m
_ol
m¿
OØ
o-kvKU
v
Qm¿
Jfi
v
DØ
cm-J
fiv
a≤
y-{]
-tZi
v
DØ
¿{]
-tZi
v
al
m-cmj
v{S
C¥
y
I¿Æ
m-SI
]›
n-a-_
w-Kmƒ
Xan-g
v\mS
v
cmP
-ÿm≥
KpP
-dmØ
v
B{‘
m-{]
-tZi
v
tIcfw
lcn-b
m\
]©
m_v
PΩ
p & I
mivao¿
46.441.4 40.9 40.3 39.6 38.3
32.8 30.727.5
25 24.722.5 22.1
16.8 15.8 15 14
8.45.4
C¥y-bnse Nne kwÿm-\-ß-fnse Zmcn-{Zym-\p-]mXw (2004 ˛ 05)Zm
cn-{Z
y-tc-J
bv°
v Xms
g-b
p-≈-h
-cps
S i
X-am\
w
kwÿm-\-߃
Ahew_w : Govt of India, 2008, Poverty Estimates for 2004 - 05(Nn{Xw 7.4)
-
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
100
sNøp-∂-h-cnepw tI{µo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ \K-c-
Ønse Zmcn{Zyw Akw-L-SnX sXmgn-em-fn-
I-fn-emWv {][m-\-ambpw I≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv.
]´nI˛ 7.2 {i≤n-°q
Zmcn{ZytcJbv°v Xmsg-bp≈ IpSpw-_-ß-
fpsS iX-am\w ˛ hnhn[ hn`m-K-߃
Xncn®v
hn`mKwZmcn{ZytcJbv°v BsI P\-
Xmsg-bp-≈-h-cpsS kw-JybpsS-
iX-am\w iX-am\w
]´n-I 19 9.81
PmXn
]´nI 3 1.14
h¿§w
a‰p-≈-h¿ 78 89.05
BsI 100 100
Ah-ew_w: tIcf tÉv πm\nwKv t_m¿Uv
(2009), kmº-ØnI Ah-tem-I\w
2008
(]´nI ˛ 7.2)
]´n-I-bn¬ (]´nI 7.2) \n∂v
Fs¥√mw Is≠-Øm-sa∂v
N¿® sNøp-I.
$ tIc-f-Ønse samØw P\-kw-Jy-bpsS
9.81 iX-am\w am{X-amWv ]´n-I-PmXn hn`m-
K-Øn¬s∏-́ -h-sc-¶nepw Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°v
Xmsg-bp≈ BsI P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 19
iX-am\w ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cm-Wv.
$
Zmcn-{Zy-Øn\nS-bm-°p∂ Imc-W-߃
2004˛se IW-°-\p-k-cn®v C¥y-bn¬ 30
tImSn-bne[nIwt]¿ Zcn-{Z-cm-sW∂v \n߃
a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠t√m. C{X-b-[nIw t]¿
Zcn - {Z -cmbncn -°p -∂-Xns‚ Imc-W-߃
\n߃ Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m?.
C¥y-bnse Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚
Imc-W-߃ N¿® sNbvXv
Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
$ sXmgn-en-√mbva
$ NqjWw
$ kmº-ØnI Ak-aXzw
$
$
v̂tfmNm¿ v́ ̨ 7.1 ]cn-tim-[n®v sXmgn-en-√mbva
Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-te°v Fßs\ \bn°pw F∂v
Is≠-Ømw.
sXmgn-en-√mbva Zmcn-{Zy-Øn\v
Imc-W-am-Ip-∂Xv Fß-s\-
sb∂v \n߃ I≠p-h-t√m. CXp-t]mse \nc-
£c-X Fßs\ Zmcn{Zyw krjvSn-°p-∂p-
sh∂v Is≠-Øn Nm¿´v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ Imc-W-߃
]cn-l-cn-®p-sIm≠v am{Xta
Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿P-\-Øn¬ apt∂-dm≥ Ign-bq.
N¿® sNøp-I.
kmº-ØnIAk-aXzw Zmcn-
{ZyØnte°v \bn-°p-sa∂v
\n߃ a\- n -em -°n -b-t√m. Zmcn - {Zy -
\n¿Ωm¿P-\-Øn\v Cu {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-t°-
≠-Xp-≠v. C¥y≥ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Cu
{]iv\w Fßs\ ]cn-l-cn°mw? N¿®
sNøp-I.
Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\w
Zmcn{Zyw AX-\p-`-hn-°p∂ hy‡n-bpsS
am{Xw {]iv\-a-√. hy‡n Dƒs∏-Sp∂ kaq-
l-Øns‚ {]iv\w IqSn-bm-Wv. AXn-\m¬
Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\-Øn¬ k¿°m-cn\v
henb ]¶p hln-°m\p≠v. AtXm-sSm∏w
kmaq-ly-C-S-s]-Sepw Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-
Øn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.
-
A[ymbw ˛ 7
Zmcn{Zyhpw ̀ £y-kp-c-£bpw 101
Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn\v Zmcn-{Zy-
\n¿Ωm¿÷\w AXym-hiyam-Wv. \ΩpsS
Bkq-{X-W-Øns‚ {][m\e£y-ß-fn-sem-
∂mbn Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿am¿÷-\sØ \n›-bn-®n-
´p-≠v.
Fßs\-bmWv Hcp k¿°m-
cn\v Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿P-\-
Øn¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ Ign-bp-I? N¿® sNøpI.
$ sXmgn¬\¬Ins°m≠v
$ hnZym-̀ ymkkuIcyw e`y-am-°n-s°m≠v
$ ip≤Pew e`y-am-°n-s°m≠v
$
$
$
hne-°b-‰w, {]IrXnt£m`-߃, tcmKm-Xp-
cX, aen-\o-I-cWw XpS-ßnb {]iv\-ß-fpsS
Xn‡^e-߃ IqSp-X¬ A\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-
h -cpI Zcn{Z -cm -Wv . DZm -l-c -W-ambn
\ntXym]tbm-K-km-[-\-ß-fpsS hne-°-b‰w
Zcn{ZcpsS hm߬tijn Ipdbv-°p-Ibpw
Ahsc IqSp-X¬ Zcn-{Z-cm°n-Øo¿°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p. temI-`-£y-kw-L-S-\-bpsS IW-
°p-Iƒ {]Imcw, 2007˛¬ temI-Ønse Zcn-
{Z-cpsS FÆ-Øn¬ 7.5 tImSn-bpsS h¿≤\-
hmWv D≠m-b-Xv. `£y-h-kvXp-°-fpsS hne-
°-b-‰ -amWnXn -\p≈ {][m\Imc -Ww.
CXn¬\n∂v hne-°-b‰w XpS-ßnb {]iv\-
߃ Zcn-{Z-sc-bmWv IqSp-X¬ _m[n-°p∂Xv
F∂v \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. apI-fn¬
kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≈ {]iv\-ß-fn¬\n∂v Zcn-{Zsc
kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Zmcn{ZyeLq-I-c-W-
Øn\pw Fs¥√mw sNøm≥ km[n-°p-sa∂v
\ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
$ s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-irw-Je i‡n-s∏-Sp-
ØpI.
$ tdmUv, Pe-tk-N-\w, hnZym-`ymkkuI-
cy-߃, NnIn’mku-I-cy-߃ XpS-
ßnb ASnÿm\kuI-cy-߃ Zcn-
{Z¿°v e`y-am-°p-I. DZm-l-c-W-ambn,
tdmUp\n¿ΩmWw Fßs\ Zmcn-{Zy-
\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn\v CS-bm°pw F∂v
]cn-tim-[n-°mw. KXm-K-X-ku-I-cy-߃
sa®-s∏-Sp-∂Xv sXmgn¬ Ah-k-c-߃
sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw Zcn-{Z-cpsS Dev]-∂-
߃°v hn]Wn Is≠-Øp-hm\pw
klm-bn-°p-∂p. Ch IqSp-X¬ hcp-am\w
t\Sp-hm\pw AXp-hgn Zmcn-{Zy-e-Lq-I-c-
W-Øn-te°pw \bn-°p∂XmWv.
$ `qan, hoSv XpS-ßnb BkvXn-Iƒ Zcn-
{Z¿°v e`y-am-°p-I.
→→ →Ipd™ hm߬tijn
Ipd™ hnZym-̀ ymk
Ah-k-c-߃
Ipd™ D]-t`mKw→
tcmKm-hÿ
t]mj-Im-
lmc°pdhv
→
→
→
→
Ipd-™-h-cp-am\w
sX
mgn-e
n-√mb
va
Ipd™
A≤zm-\-tijn
Zmc
n{Zyw
→
→
→
→
→(^vtfmNm¿´v˛ 7.1)
-
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
102
`q]-cn-jvI-c-Whpw
Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷-\hpw
Zcn-{Z-cn¬ `qcn-]£wt]cpw kz¥-ambn
`qantbm ]m¿∏n-Stam C√m-Ø-h-cmWv. ̀ q]-
cn-jv°-c-W-Øns‚ ̂ e-ambn ̀ qc-ln-X¿°v
kz¥ambn `qan- e-`n-°p-∂p. `qan-bpsS DS-
a-ÿm-h-Imiw, sXmgn¬, ]m¿∏nSw, hnZym-
`ymkw XpS-ßn-bh t\Sp-hm≥ Zcn-{Zsc
{]m]vX-cm-°p-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ `q]-cn-jv°-
cWw ̂ e-{]-Z-ambn \S-∏n-em-°nb kwÿm-
\-amWv tIc-fw.
hntI-{µo-IrX Bkq-{XWw
hntI-{µo-IrX Bkq-{X-W-Øns‚ ̀ mK-ambn
IqSp-X¬ A[n-Im-chpw, Npa-X-e-I-fpw, hn -̀
h-ßfpw {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v (]-
©m-b-Øv, ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n/ tIm¿∏-td-j≥)
e`n-°p-∂p. Ah¿ P\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS
{]mtZ-inIhnI-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-
{XWw sNbvXv \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw hne-bn-
cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hntI-{µo-IrX
Bkq-{X-W-Øn¬ Bkq-{X-Ww, \n¿hl-
Ww, ta¬t\m´w F∂n-h-bn¬ ]mh-s∏-´-
h¿°v IqSp-X¬ ]¶m-fn-Øhpw Ah-cpsS
{]iv\-߃°v IqSp-X¬ ]cn-K-W\bpw e`n-
°p-∂p. CXv Zcn -{Z -cpsS BkvXn-Iƒ
h¿≤n∏n-°p-I-bpw Ahsc im‡o-I-cn-°p-
Ibpw Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\ {]h¿Ø-\-
ßsf i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
hntI-{µo--IrXmkq-{XWw {]iw-k-\o-b-amb
coXn-bn¬ \S-∏n-em-°nb kwÿm-\-amWv
tIc-fw.
$ {]mtZ-inIkzbw`cW-ÿm-]-\-ßsf
i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
$ km¿∆-{Xn-Ihpw kuP-\y-hp-amb hnZym-
`ymkw \¬Ip-I.
^vtfmNm¿´v˛7.2 ]cn-tim-[n®v hnZym-`ymkw
Fßs\ Zmcn-{Zy-eLq-I-c-W-Øn\n-S-bm-
°p∂p F∂v Is≠-Ømw.
Hcp Ip´n \∂mbn ]Tn-°p-
∂Xv B IpSpw-_-Øns‚
Zmcn{Zyw eLqIcn°p∂Xn\v kml-b-I-
amIpw F∂p \n߃ Icp-Xp-∂pt≠m? N¿®
sNøp-I.
kqN-I-߃
$ hnZym-`ym-khpw sXmgnepw
$ hnZym-̀ ym-khpw Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-Whpw
$ hnZym-`ym-khpw kmaq-ly]Zhnbpw
$ sa®-s∏´ Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw
$
$
`£ykpc-£bpw Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\hpw
`£ykpc£ Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Ønte-
°p≈ BZy NphSp shbv]mWv. KpW\ne-
hm-c-ap≈ `£Ww F√m-h¿°pw Ft∏mgpw
e`y-amIp∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv `£ykpc-£.
`£ykpc-£bv°v aq∂v LS-I-߃ D≠v.
$ Bh-iy-amb`£Ww F√m-h¿°pw e`y-
amIp∂ Ah-ÿ.
$ Bh-iy-amb`£Ww F√m-h¿°pw
hmßp-hm≥ Ign-hp≈ Ahÿ.
→hnZ
ym-`ym
kw
sa®-s∏´ BtcmKy]cn-c£
sa®-s∏´
sXmgn¬
IqSp-X¬
hm߬ tijn sa®
-s∏
´ P
ohnX
\ne
-hmc
w
Zmc
n{Zy\
n¿Ω
m¿P
\w
→→
→
→
→ →IqSp-X¬hcp-am\w
→
(^vtfmNm¿´v ̨ 7.2)
-
A[ymbw ˛ 7
Zmcn{Zyhpw ̀ £y-kp-c-£bpw 103
$ KpW-\n -e-hm-c -ap≈`£Ww F√m-
h¿°pw e`y-am-Ip∂ Ah-ÿ.
Zmcn-{Zy-Øn¬\n∂pw t]mj-Im-lm-c-°p-d-hn¬
\n∂pw P\-߃°v tamN\w \¬IpI F∂-
XmWv `£y-kp-c-£-bpsS e£yw. `£y-[m-
\y-ß-fpsS Dev]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-
sSm∏w Ah-bpsS sa®-s∏´ hnX-c-W-Øn-
eqsS Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ tXmXv Ipd-bv°m-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv. `t£ymev]m-Z\w h¿≤n-°p-tºmgpw
]´n-Wn-bp≠m-Im-sa∂v {]kn-≤-km-º-ØnI
imkv{X-⁄\pw t\m_¬ kΩm-\-tP-Xm-hp-
amb Aa¿Xym-sk≥ ÿm]n-®n-´p-≠v. AXn-
\m¬ IqSp-X¬ ka-Xz-]q¿Æ-amb ̀ £yhnX-
c-W-Øn-\v Zmcn -{Zy -\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn¬
{]tXyI{]k‡n D≠v. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
s]mXp -hn -X -cWk{º-Zmbw i‡n-s∏-
SpØns°m≠p-am-{Xta ̀ £y-kp-c£ ssIh-
cn°m≥ Ign-bq.
B[p-\nI temIØv ]e BtcmKy{]iv\-
ßfpw D≠m-Ip-∂Xv Aan-X-`-£WØn¬
\n∂m-Wv. F∂p am{X-a√ Hcp hn`mKw P\-
߃ ̀ £-W-Øn-\mbn Dg-ep-tºmƒ as‰mcp
hn`mKw Xß-fpsS ico-c-Ønse Item-dn-
bpsS IW-s°-Sp-°p-Ibpw saen-bm-\p≈
am¿§-߃ At\z-jn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\]≤-Xn-Iƒ
C¥y-bnse BZysØ aq∂v ]©-h’c]≤-
Xn-Iƒ kmº-ØnIhf¿® t\Sp∂XneqsS
Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\-Øn-\mbn {ian-®p.
F∂m¬, Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS BZyw kmº-
ØnIhf¿®-bn-eqsS am{Xw Zmcn{Zyw Ipd-
bv°p-hm≥ Ign-bn√ F∂v t_m[y-s∏-´p.
AXn-\m¬ Zmcn-{ZysØ t\cn´v Iog-S-°pI
F∂ X{¥w Bhn-jv°-cn-®p. CXns‚ `mK-
ambn Zmcn - {Zy -\n¿Ωm¿÷\Øn\mbn
{]tXyI]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°n. 11˛mw ]©-
h¬k-c-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ (2007-2012) hnI-k-\-Øns‚ {]tbm-P\w F√m-h-cnepw, {]tXy-
In®v, ]mh-s∏-´-h-cn¬ FØWw F∂
Bibw apt∂m´p hbv°p-Ibpw AXp-
hscbp≠m-bn-cp∂ Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-]-
≤-Xn-Isf ]cn-jv°-cn®v ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
tI{µ-Kh¨sa‚ v \S-∏n-em-°p∂ {][m\
Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ.
$ tZiob sXmgn-ep-d∏v ]≤Xn (NREGS)
$ Cµncm Bhmkv tbmP\ (IAY)
$ kz¿ÆPb¥n {Kma -kz -tdm -kvKm¿
tbmP\ (SGSY)
$ kz¿ÆP-b¥n jlmcn tdmkvKm¿
tbmP\ (SJSRY)
$ kwtbm-PnX]m¿∏n-S-˛-tNcnhnI-k\]cn-
]mSn (IHSDP)
$ kºq¿ÆipNnXzb⁄w
tZiob sXmgn-ep-d∏v ]≤Xn (NREGS)
2005 sk]v‰-_¿ amkw tZiob sXmgn-ep-
d∏p\nbaw ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]m m-°n. Cu \nb-
a-{]-Imcw {KmaoWtaJ-e-bnse Hmtcm
-Ip-Spw-_-Øn\pw Hcp h¿jw 100 sXmgn¬
Zn\-߃ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. Imbn-I-amb
sXmgn¬ sNøm≥ Xøm-dp-≈-h¿°mWv Cu
]≤Xn {]Imcw sXmgn¬ e`n-°p-I. Cu
]≤-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bn¬
sNdp-InS Pe-tk-N\kuI-cy-߃, tdmUv
XpS-ßnb \n¿ΩmW{]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-
Øp∂p. alm-flm-Km‘n tZiob sXmgn-ep-
d∏v ]≤-Xn-sb-∂mWv Ct∏mƒ Cu ]≤Xn
Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu ]≤Xn Fß-s\-bmWv
Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-∂-
sX∂v ^vtfmNm¿´v 7.3 ¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
""C¥y-bnse {][m\ Zmcn-{Zy-
\n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ
Hcp hne-bn-cp-ج'' -F∂ hnj-b-sØ-°p-
dn®v Hcp skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.
-
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
104
→→→
→
tZi
ob sX
mgn-e
p-d∏
v ]
≤X
n
hcp-am\w
sNe-h-gn-°p∂pIpd
™X
v 100
sX
mgn¬
Zn\
-߃
Dd∏
v hcp-Ø
p∂p
Pe-tk-N\
kuI-cy-߃
XpS-ßnb ÿncw
BkvXn-Iƒ
krjvSn-°p∂p
sXmgn¬
krjvSn-°p∂p
hcp-am\w
krjvSn-°p∂p
IqSp-X¬
hcp-am\w
{KmaoW
kºZv LS-\-
bpsS hnImkw
IqSp-X¬
sXmgn¬
Zmc
n-{Zy-\
n¿Ω
m¿P
\w
→
→
→
→
→
(^vtfmNm¿´v ̨ 7.3)
C¥y-bnse s]mXp-hn-X-cWkwhn[m\w
C¥y-bn¬ tdj≥ kwhn[m\w c≠mw temI-
bp-≤-Im-e-ØmWv Bcw-`n-®-Xv. 1960 Ifn-¬
`£y-£maw t\cn-´-t∏mƒ tdj≥kwhn-
[m\w i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw IqSp-X¬ {]tZ-
i-ß-fn-te°v hym]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
F∂m¬ kmº-ØnI]cn-jv°m-c-ß-fpsS
`mK-ambn tdj≥ Zcn{ZIpSpw-_-߃°p-am-{X-
ambn ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. CXns‚ `mK-ambn
1997˛¬ ""e£ym[njvTnXs]mXp-hn-XcW-kw-
hn-[m\w'' (Sm¿P-‰Uv ]_vfn°v Unkv{Sn-_yq-
j≥ knÃw) C¥y-bn¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂p. CX-
\p-k-cn®v Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°v apI-fn-ep-≈- IpSpw-
_-߃°pw (F.]n.-F¬) Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°v
Xmsg-bp-≈-IpSpw-_-߃°pw (_n.]n.-F¬)
{]tXyI Xc-Øn-ep≈ tdj≥Im¿Up-Iƒ
\¬Ip-Ibpw hyXykvX hnebv°v `£y-[m-
\y-߃ hnX-cWw sNøp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\w tIc-f-Øn¬
Zmcn{Zyw eLq-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw sXmgn¬
km≤y-X-Iƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn \nc-
h[n Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw ASn-
ÿm\kuI-cy-hn-I-k\]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw tIc-
f-Øn¬ \S-∏n-em°n hcp-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse
F√m {]tZ-iß-fnepw "IpSpw-_{io' \ne-
hn¬ h∂n-´p-≠v. IpSpw-_-{io-sb-°p-dn®v
\n߃ ap≥ ¢m p-I-fn¬ ]Tn-®n´p-≠-t√m.
AK-Xn-I-fpsS ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp-
≠m-°nb ka{KhnI-k\]≤-Xn -bmWv
B{ib. kmaq-lyt£ahIp-∏n\p Iogn¬
aln-fm -a -µn -cw, B^v‰¿ sIb¿tlmw,
sdkvIyq tlmw XpS-ßnb t£a-ÿm-]-\-
߃ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. kaq -l-Ønse
Zp¿_ehn`m-K-߃°p-th≠n I¿j-I-sØm-
gn-emfn s]≥j≥, hn[hm s]≥j≥ XpS-
ßnb 40 ¬ A[nIw s]≥j≥ ]≤-Xn-I-
fmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ D≈-Xv. Akw-L-SnXtaJ-
e-bn¬ ]Wn-sbSp-°p∂ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS
t£a-Øn-\mbn tIc-f-Øn¬ 24 t£a-\n-[n-
t_m¿Up-Iƒ D≠v. IqSmsX ]´n-IPmXn ]´n-
I-h¿§-hn-̀ m-K-Øn¬s∏-́ -h¿°mbn {]tXyI
]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em°nhcp-∂p.
tIc-f -Øn¬ \S-∏n -ep≈
s]≥j≥]≤-Xn-I-fpsS Hcp
]´nI Xøm-dm-°n AXn¬ Hcp s]≥j≥
]≤-Xn- Xnc-s™-SpØv AXv Fßs\ Zmcn-
{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\hpw kmaq-ly-kp-c-£bpw
Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p-sh∂v N¿® sNøp-I.
s]mXphnX-cWkwhn[m\w
tIc-f-Øn¬
tIc-f-Øn¬ km¿h{Xn-I-amb tdj≥ kwhn-
[m\w 1966 ¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂p. C¥y-bn¬
Imcy-£-ahpw ka-{K-hp-amb tdj-\nwKvv k{º-
Zmbw \S -∏n -em -°nb kwÿm-\-amWv
tIc-fw. `£y-[m-\y-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬
75 iX-am-\-Øn-tesd IΩn-bp≈ tIc-f-Øn¬
-
A[ymbw ˛ 7
Zmcn{Zyhpw ̀ £y-kp-c-£bpw 105
s]mXp-hn-X-cWkwhn-[m-\-Øn\v {]tXyI
{]k‡n D≠v. tIc-f-Ønse s]mXphnX-
cWkwhn-[m-\-Øn\v 3 Xe-ß-fp-≠v.
$ tdj≥IS-hgn s]mXp-P-\-߃°p≈
`£y-[m-\y-ßfpsS hnX-c-Ww.
$ kvIqƒ hnZym¿Yn -Iƒ°p≈ D®-` -
£WhnX-cWw
$ A¶Whm-Sn-Iƒ hgn 5 hb- p-≈-h-sc-
bp≈ Ip´n-Iƒ°pw K¿`n-Wn-I-fmb
kv{XoIƒ°p-ap≈ t]mj-I-Kp-W-ap≈
`£y[m\y-ßfpsS hnX-c-Ww.
\nß-fpsS hoSn\p kao-]-
ap≈ Hcp tdj≥IS
kµ¿in®v hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v tdj≥
kwhn[m-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-at√m. Xmsg
\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-
°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
$ s]mXp-hn-]-Wn-bnse hne-\n-e-hmcw ]nSn-
®p-\n¿Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
$ `£y-kp-c£ Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.
$ Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\sØ klm-bn-
°p∂p.
$ tdj≥kwhn-[m\w D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂
IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS FÆw.
$ hnX-cWw sNøp∂ ̀ £y-[m-\y-ß-fpsS
Xq°w, KpWn-\n-e-hm-cw, aXn-bmb Af-
hn¬ e`n-°¬ XpS-ßn-b-h.
$ _n.]n.-F¬, F.]n.-F¬ hne-hy-Xymkw.
$ tdj≥IS-bpsS {]h¿Ø\ka-bhpw
sXmgn¬ ka-bhpw XΩn -ep≈
s]mcpØw.
tIcfm tÉv knhn¬ kssπkv
tIm¿∏-td-j≥
1974 emWv tIcfm tÉv knhn¬ kssπkv
tIm¿∏-td-j≥ ÿm]n-®-Xv. kwÿm-\-Øm-
I-am\w hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂ hnev]\ime-Iƒ
hgn Ipd™ hnebv°v AXym-hiykm[-\-
߃ hnX-cWw sNøp∂p. D¬khIme-ß-
fn¬ HmW-®¥ XpS-ßnb t]cp-I-fn¬ IqSp-
X¬ hnev]\ime-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv
s]mXphn]-Wn-bnse hne ]nSn®p \n¿Øp-
hm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p. \ntXym-]-tbmKkm[-
\-ß-fpsS hnX-c-W-cw-KØv kl-I-c-W-ta-J-
e-bpw kPo-h-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
C¥y-bnse Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\
]≤-Xn-Iƒ˛Hcp hne-bn-cp-ج
C¥y-bnse Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\]≤-Xn-
Iƒ°v t\´-߃ D≠m-°p-hm≥ km[n-®n-´p-
≠v. s]mXphnX-cW kwhn[m\w \S-∏n-em-
°¬, {KmaoWtaJ-e-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ hcp-am-
\hpw sXmgnepw krjvSn -°¬, ASn -
ÿm\kuI-cy-ßfmb tdmUp-Iƒ, sI´n-S-
߃ F∂n-h-bpsS \n¿ΩmWw XpS-ßn-b-h
Cu ]≤n-X-I-fpsS {]m[m\t\´-ß-fm-bn
IW-°m-°mw. F∂m¬ Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm-
¿÷\]≤-Xn-IfpsS \S-Øn-∏ns\-Xnsc Nne
hna¿i-\-ßfpw D∂-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.
{][m\ hna¿i-\-߃:
$ F√m-h¿°pw ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS {]tbm-P\w
Hcp-t]m-se-b√ e`n-°p-∂-X.v
$ Zcn-{Z-c-√m-Ø-h¿°pw CXns‚ {]tbm-
P\w e`n-°p∂p.
$ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°mbn \o°n-sh-®n-cn-°p∂
XpI A]-cym-]vX-am-Wv.
$ ]≤Xn\S-Øn-∏n¬ Agn-a-Xnbpw Imcy-
£-a-X-bn-√mbvabpw \ne-\n¬°p∂p.
$ {]mtZ-inIkml-N-cy-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-
∂n-√.
C¥y≥ `cWLS\ ka-Xzw, t£aw XpS-
ßnb e£y-߃ Db¿Øn-∏nSn -°p-∂p.
Ct∏mgpw henbsbmcp hn`mKw P\-߃ Zcn-
{Z-cm-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Cu e£y߃ t\Sm≥
\ap-°n-\nbpw Ign-™n-´n√ F∂mWv ImWn-
°p-∂-Xv. kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥cIme-L-´-Øn¬
Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ A\p-]mXw Ipdbv-°p-hm≥
-
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
106
Ign-™n-´p-≠v. F¶nepw Zmcn{Zyw C∂pw
C¥y-t\-cn-Sp∂ {][m\ sh√p-hn-fn-X-s∂-bm-
Wv. Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øns‚ Zni-bn¬
C\nbpw \Ωƒ Gsd Zqcw apt∂m-´p-t]m-
tI≠Xp-≠v.
XpS¿ {]h¿Ø-\-߃
1. Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn-\mbn ]mh-s∏-
´-h¿°v˛
tdj≥ IS-hgn Ipd™ hnebv°v Acn
\¬Ip-∂p.
tZiob sXmgn-ep-d∏v ]≤Xn-bpsS `mK-
ambn sXmgn¬ \¬Ip-∂p.
Ip´n-Iƒ°v hnZym-`ym-khpw kmt¶-XnI
]cn-io-e-\hpw \¬Ip-∂p.
$ apI-fn¬ kqNn -∏n -® -h-bn¬ Zmcn{Zy
\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn\v GXv am¿K-amWv
IqSp-X¬ A\p-tbmPyw? F¥p-sIm≠v?
$ Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn\v ta¬kq-Nn-
∏n® F√m am¿K-ßfpw Bh-iy-amtWm?
Bh-iy-am-sW-¶n¬ F¥p-sIm≠v?
N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.
kqN-I-߃
$ Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn-\p≈ {lkz-
Ime]cn-]mSn-Iƒ.
$ Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn-\p≈ Zo¿L-
Ime ]cn-]mSn-Iƒ.
2. Hcp hnZym¿∞n F∂ \ne-bn¬ Zmcn-{Zy-
\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn¬ \n߃°p≈ ]¶v
F¥mWv? N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-
°p-I.
N¿®mkqN-I-߃
$ hnZym-̀ ym-khpw Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\hpw
$ Zmcn - {ZysØ Hcp kmaq -ly - {] -i v\ -
ambn°mW¬
$ kl-]m-Tn-Isf klm-bn-°¬
$ kmaqlyamb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ
$
$
-
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
86
\ΩpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw Fs¥-
√m-am-Wv? ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq.
$ `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ
$ hkv{X-߃
$ hml-\-߃
$ Sn.hn
$ hnZym-`ymkw
$
$
$
Ch H∂p-an-√mØ Hcp temIw k¶-ev]n®p
t\m°p. ̀ £y-h-kvXp-°-ƒ C√, hml-\-߃
C√, Bip-]-{Xn-I-fn√! F¥m-bn-cn°pw
Ahÿ? Ch-bpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ \ap°v
Pohn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bptam?
km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw D]-t`mKw
sNbvXp-sIm-≠p-am{Xta a\p-jy\v \ne-
\n¬°m≥ km[n-°q. F∂m¬ Ch D]-
t`mKw sNø-W-sa-¶n¬ Ah Dev]m-Zn-∏n-t°-
≠-Xp-≠v. km[-\-ß-fpsSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-
sSbpw Dev]m-Z\w a\p-jy-s‚ \ne-\n-¬∏n\v
AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amWt√m.
\ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I¿ ImbvI-\n-Iƒ tiJ-cn-®pw
arK-ßsf th´-bm-Snbpw h\m-¥-c-ß-fnse
Kpl-Ifn¬ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xns‚ Ncn{Xw a\-
n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠-t√m. {]Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂v
tiJ-cn-®mWv `£-Wm-h-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰n-
bn-cp-∂-Xv. ChnsS c≠v LS-I-ßtfbp≈p ̨
a\p-jy\pw {]Ir-Xn-bpw. ]m¿∏nSw F∂ Bh-
iyhpw {]Ir-Xn-X-s∂-bmWv \nd-th-‰n-b-Xv.
sam´p-kq-Nn -ap-X¬ Ir{Xna D]-{Klw hsc
FÆn-bm¬ HSp-ßmØ{X km[-\-߃ \mw
C∂v Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. A≤ym-]-I¿, \gvkv,
F©n-\n-b¿, imkv{X-⁄¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS
hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb tkh-\-߃ C∂v e`y-
am-Wv. Cu t\´-߃ a\p-jy¿ D≠m-°n-bXv
Fß-s\-bm-sW∂v \n߃ Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw
Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m? ]pXnb D]-I-c-W-߃
D≠m-°nbpw \ho-I-cn®pw A[zm-\-tijn
A\p-{I-a-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-®p-amWv CXv km[y-
am-°n-b-Xv. {]Ir-Xnbpw a\p-jym-[zm-\hpw a\p-
jy-\n¿Ωn-X-amb D]-I-c-W-ßfpw HØp-
tN¿∂-t∏m-gm-Wv C∂v ImWp∂ Dev]-∂-
ssh-hn-[y-ß-fn-te°pw kpJ-ku-I-cy-ß-fn-
te°pw am\-h-cm-in°v apt∂-dm≥ Ign-™Xv.
Dev]m-Z-\w
Bh-i-y-ßsf ]q¿Øn-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff a\p-
j-y-cpsS kwL-SnX{ia-ß-fnse \mgn-I-
°√mWv Irjn. \ΩpsS ]c-º-cm -KX
Im¿jnIhnf-I-fn¬ H∂m-Wt√m s\√v. sNfn-
\n-d-™p InS-°p∂ ]mSw \ap°v A∂w
\¬Ip∂ s\√-d-bmbn amdp-∂-sX-ß-s\-
sb∂v Nn¥n-®n-´p-t≠m?
-
A[ymbw ˛ 6
Dev]m-Z-\hpw Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-ßfpw 87
Nn{Xw 6.1 \nco-£n-°p-I.
B[p-\nI s\¬°rjnbn¬
\new Dgp-∂-Xp-ap-X¬ hnf-sh-
Sp-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ Im¿jnI{]h¿Ø-\-
߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
$ {SmIvS¿ sIm≠v \new Dgp-Xp-a-dn-°p∂p
$
$
$
$
$ sImbvØv b{¥-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v s\√v
sImøp-∂p.
\ne-ap-gp--hpI, hc-sºmcp-°pI, hnØn-SpI, If-
]-dn-°p-I, sImbvsXSp°pI XpSßnb Dev]m-
Z-\-{]-{In-bbv°v ]n∂n¬ F{Xtbm Bfp-I-
fpsS A[zm-\w th≠n hcp-s∂∂v a\- n-em-
bt√m. asÆm-cp°n hnØn-Sp-tºmƒ AXv
ap-f-bv°m\pw hf-cm\pw th≠ kml-N-cy-
߃˛ ag, shbn¬, Im‰v, eh-W-߃
F∂nh {]Ir-Xn \¬Ip-∂p.
]e a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnXhkvXp-°fpw Irjn°v
Bh-iy-ap-≠v. Ah GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v
t\m°mw.
1. hf-w
2. {SmIvS-dp-Iƒ
3.
4.
5.
a\p-jycpw {]Ir-Xnbpw a\pjy\n¿ΩnX
hkvXp-°fpw HØptN¿∂Xns‚ ^e-am-
bmWv s\¬°r-jnbneqsS Acn-bp-≠m-°m≥
km[n-°p∂-sX∂v \mw Is≠-Øn-b-t√m.
a\p-jy-cpsS hnhn[ Bh-iy-߃ Xr]vXn-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-
ßfpw e`yam°p-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv Dev]m-Z\w
(Production) F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Hcp tUmIvS-dpsS tkh-\hpw Dev]m-Z-\-amWv. tkh-\-
߃ \ap°v ImWm≥ Ign-bn-√.
Nn{Xw 6.1
-
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
88
Dev]m-Z\LS-I-ß-ƒ
Hcp hkvXp-hns‚ Dev]mZ-\-Øn-\mbn
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ A[zm-\w, {]Ir-Xn-
hn-`-h-߃, a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-h-kvXp-
°ƒ F∂n-hsb Dev]mm-Z\ LS-I-
߃ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.
Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-ßsf \membn Xcw
Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
1. `qan ˛ {]Ir-Xn-ZØ
hkvXp-°ƒ
2. A[zm\w ˛ ImbnIhpw
am\knIhpamb
a\pjym[zm\w
3. aqe-[\w ˛ a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnX
hkvXp-°ƒ
4. kwLmS\w ˛ a‰v Dev]mZ\
LSIßfpsS
GtIm]\w
Dev]m-Z\LS-I-߃ Dev]-∂-ß-fmbn amdp∂
{]{In-b-bmWv Dev]m-Z-\w.
`qan (Land)
G‰hpw auen-I-amb Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-amWv
`qan. A[zm-\hpw a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnXhkvXp-
°fpw Hgn -®p -≈-h -sb√mw `qan F∂
Dev]m-Z\LS-I-Øn-epƒs∏-Sp-∂p. `qan-bpsS
D]-cn-X-e-Øn-epw ̀ uam-¥-co-£-Ønepw ̀ uam-
¥¿`m-KØpw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-h-
kvXp-°-sf√mw CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
`qan-imkv{X]mT-߃ D]-
tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Xmsg-s°m-
SpØncn-°p∂ ]´nI 6.1 ]qcn-∏n-®v ̀ qan F∂
Dev]mZ\LSIØn¬ Dƒs°m≈p∂h
Is≠Øpat√m.
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
$ `qan-bpsS samØw e`yX ÿnc-am-Wv. Hcp
{]tXyI Bh-iy-Øn-\m-bp≈ `qan-bpsS
D]-tbmKw Iq´m-sa-¶n¬t∏mepw BsI
Afhv h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bn-√.
$ `qan°v Ne-\-ti-jn-bn-√. "`qan kqcys\
Np‰p∂p' F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ AXn\v Ne-
\-tijn D≠v. F∂m¬ IqSp-X¬ {]Xn-
^ew In´p-∂n-S-tØ°v `qan°v t]mIm≥
Ign-bn√ F∂ A¿∞-Øn-emWv `qan°v
Ne-\-ti-jn -bn√ F∂v ]d-bp -∂-Xv.
lnamebsØ IS¬ØoctØ°v
sIm≠pt]mIphm≥ Ignbn√t√m.
$ ^e-`q -bn -jvT -X -bpsS Imcy -Øn¬
hyXykvXX ]pe¿Øp-∂p. Pe-tk-N-\-
Øn-eqsS ^e-`q-bn-jvTX h¿≤n-∏n-°mw.
F∂m¬ AanXcmk-h-f-{]-tbm-Khpw
Ip∂p-Iƒ CSn-®p-\n-c-Øp-∂Xpw ]mSw
aÆn´p \nI-Øp-∂-Xp-sa√mw `qan F∂
Dev]m -Z\LS-IsØ \in -∏n -°p∂
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv.
`utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ `uam-¥-co-£Øn¬ `uam-¥¿`m-KØv
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂h ImW-s∏-Sp-∂h -ImWs∏-Sp-∂h
aÆv hmbp [mXp-°ƒ
a™p-a-e-Iƒ
h\y-ar-K-߃
IS¬
˛
˛
˛
(]´nI ˛ 6.1)
-
A[ymbw ˛ 6
Dev]m-Z-\hpw Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-ßfpw 89
$ {]Ir-Xn-ZØhkvXp-°sf kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
`qan ag-bm-Wv, aÆmWv F∂v th¿Xn-cn®p
]d-bp-tºmƒ Xs∂ Chsb√mw ]c-
kv]c_‘n-XamsW∂v Hm¿°Ww.
H∂ns‚ \ne-\n¬∏vv as‰m-∂ns\ B{i-
bn®mWncn-°p-∂-Xv.
Dev]m-Z-\-L-SIw F∂ \ne-bn¬ `qan°v
e`n-°p∂ {]Xn-^-e-amWv ]m´w (Rent).Dev]m-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ klm-bn-°p∂ ̀ qan-
bpsS DS-a-ÿ\p e`n-°p∂ {]Xn-^-e-am-
Wn-Xv. ]m´-°rjn ]≠v hym]-I-am-bn-cp-
∂p. Ct∏mgpw \ΩpsS \m´n¬ ]m -́°rjn
\ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v.
\m´n-ep≈ {]mb-am-b-h-tcmSv
tNmZn®v Ah-cpsS Ip´n-°m-
e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]m´k{º-Zm-b-sØ-°p-
dn®v Ipdn∏v Xømdm-°pI
Im¿jnImh -iy -߃°-
√msX Im¿jn-tI-Xc Bh-
iy-߃°v `qan D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns‚
tXmXv \ΩpsS {]tZ-iØv ASpØ ImeØv
IqSn-bn-´p-≠-t√m. GsX√mw Im¿jn-tI-Xc
Bh-iy-߃°mWv \nß-fpsS \m´n¬ ̀ qan
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv? Im¿jn-tI-Xc Bh-iy-
߃°v `qan D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Imc-
W-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.
`qan -bpsS k¥p-en -Xm -h -
ÿbv°v tIm´w X´p∂ a\p-
jy-CSs]SepIƒ \nß-fpsS ]cn-k-cØv \S-
°p-∂p-t≠m-sb∂v At\z-jn-°p-I.
A[zm\w(Labour)Dev]m -Z -\ -Øn¬ G‰hpw kPo-h-ambn
{]h¿Øn-°p∂ -L-S-I-amWv A[zm-\w. A[zm-
\-Øns‚ t{kmX v P\-ßfm-Wv. {]Xn-
^ew {]Xo£n®vv sNøp∂ ImbnIhpw am\-
kn-I-hp-amb F√m {]hrØn-Ifpw A[zm-\-
am-Wv. Npa-´p-Im-cs‚ {]hrØn Imbn-I
A-[zm-\-am-Wv. F∂m¬ A[ym-]-Is‚
{]hrØn am\-kn-I A-[zm-\-am-Wv.
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
$ A[zm-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb {]tXy-
IX AXv \evIp-∂-Xv a\p-jy¿ Xs∂-bm-
Wv F∂-XmWv.
$ A[zm\sØ sXmgn -em -fn -bn¬\n∂v
th¿s]-Sp-Øm-\m-hn-√. Dev]m-Z\{]h¿Ø-
\-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp∂ sXmgn-emfn sXmgn-ep-
S-abv°v hn¬°p-∂Xv tPmen sNøm-\p≈
Xs‚ tijn (Labour power) am{X-amWv.
$ A[zm-\-tijn `mhn-bn-te°v IcpXn
hbv°m-\m-hn-√. C∂v D]-tbm-Kn-°msX
]mgm-bn-t∏m-Ip∂ a\p-jym-[zm\w F∂-
tØ-°p-ambn \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. sXmgn-en-
√mbva h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ a\p-jym-[zm-\-
Øns‚ ]mgm-bn-t∏m-I-en-\n-S-h-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ Dev]m-Z-\-L-SIw F∂ \ne-bn¬ a\p-
jy¿°v Ne-\-ti-jn-bp-≠v. F∂m¬ Hcp
{]tZ-iØv \n∂v as‰mcp {]tZ-i-tØ-t°m,
Hcp cmPy-Øp-\n∂v as‰mcp cmPy-tØt°m
k©-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v sXmgn-em-fn°v \nb-a-
]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb XS- -߃
]et∏mgpw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ A[zm-\-tijn hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eq-sS-bpw
]cn-io-e-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-
e-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-
XmWv.
A[zm-\-Øns‚ {]Xn-̂ ew Iqen As√-¶n¬
thX\w F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
A[zm -\sØ Imbn -I -
sa∂pw am\-kn-I-sa∂pw
th¿Xn-cn®v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
\nß-fpsS \m´nse hnhn[
sXmgn-epI-fpsS Iqen-\n-c°v
]´n-I 6.2 ¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
-
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
90
tPmenØcw Znh-k-°q-en-\n-c°v (cq])
kv{Xo ]pcp-j≥
I¿jIsØm
gn-emfn
\n¿ΩmWsØm
gn-emfn
$
$
]´nI ̨ 6.2
tPmen-bpsS Xc-a-\p-k-cn®v Iqen-bn¬
hyXym-k-apt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ F¥p-
sIm≠v?
Iqen-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ kv{Xo]p-cpj
hyXym-k-apt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ F¥p-
sIms≠∂v hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.
sXmgn¬ hn -̀P\w (Division oflabour)BZnaa\p-jy≥ Iq´-tØmsS Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-
Ibpw D]-t`mKw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
{ItaW Bbp-[-ßfpw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw sshZ-
Kv[yhpw sa®-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Blmckºm-Z-\-
Øn\v F√m-hcpw t]mtI-≠-Xn√ F∂
kml-Ncyw D≠m-bn. Blm-c-k-ºm-Z-\-
Øn¬ Ipd-®p-t]¿ G¿s∏-´-t∏mƒ a‰v Nne¿
thsd tPmen-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn.
Nne¿ \mbm-́ n-\p- t]m-b-t∏mƒ Nne¿ ImbvI-
\n-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°m≥ t]mbn. Ime-{I-taW
Irjn, ]m{X\n¿ΩmWw, hkv{X\n¿am-Ww
apX-em-bh Bcw-`n -®p. Hmtcm-cp -Øcpw
hyXykvXtPmen-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xns\
efn-X-amb sXmgn¬hn`-P\w F∂phnfn-
°p∂p.
Hcpev]-∂-Øns‚ \n¿Ωm-WsØ hnhn[
L´-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-°p-∂p. Cu Hmtcm L´-
sØbpw ho≠pw D]-L-´-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-°p-
∂p. sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Hmtcm
D]-L-´-ß-fn¬ {i≤ tI{µo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp
hkvXp-hns‚ \n¿ΩmW{]h¿Ø-\-߃
]q¿W-ambpw Hcp hy‡n sNømsX AXnse
sNdnb Hcp `mKw am{Xw sNøp-∂p. a‰p
L´ß-fn¬ \S-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬
Abmƒ ]¶m -fn -bm -Ip -∂n -√. CXns\
k¶o¿ÆsXmgn¬hn`-P\w F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
B[p-\nI ^¿Wn-®¿ \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ Hcp
tai \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xv Hcn-°epw Hcp sXmgn-
emfn H‰-bv°m-hn-√. Hcmƒ XSn Af-h-\p-k-
cn®v apdn-°p-tºmƒ as‰m-cmƒ AXv sNØn
an\p-°p-∂p. thsdm-cmƒ Imep-≠m-°p-tºmƒ
as‰m-cmƒ ta¬∏-eI Xbm-dm-°p-∂p. C\n
as‰m-cmƒ Ch Iq´n-t®¿°p-tºmƒ thsdm-
cmƒ tai t]mfojv sNbvXv hrØn-bm-°p∂p.
sXmgn¬hn-̀ -P\w Dev]m-Z\h¿≤-\-hn\v Imc-
W-am-Ip-∂p.
sXmgn¬ hn`-P-\-Øns‚ t\´-߃
Fs¥√mw? Fs¥-¶nepw tIm´-߃
CXn-\pt≠m?
aqe-[\w (Capital)a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-amb Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-amWv
aqe-[-\w. GsX√mw a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnX hkvXp-
°-fmWv Dev]mZ-\-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-
sX∂v \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
$ sI´n-S-߃
$ b{¥-߃
$ Umap-Iƒ
$
$
Dev]m-Z-\--Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ImWm\pw
sXmSm\pw ]‰p∂ a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnXhkvXp-
°sf `uXnIaqe-[\w (Physical capital)F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. b{¥-߃, ^mIvS-dn-Iƒ
Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ XpS-ßnbh `uXnIaqe-[-\-
Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. Dev]m-Z-\-{]-
h¿Ø-\Øn¬ -XpS¿®-bmbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-
Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ `uXnIaqe-[-\sØ
ÿnc-aq-e-[\w (Fixed capital) F∂p hnfn-°p∂p. Ah D]-tbm-Kn®v ho≠pw ho≠pw
Dev]m-Z\w \S-Øm-≥ km[n-°pw. sshZypXn
-
A[ymbw ˛ 6
Dev]m-Z-\hpw Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-ßfpw 91
\ne-bw, temdn, sdbn¬ ]mf-߃ F∂nh
ÿncw aqe-[-\-Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.
Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-°ƒ, Dev]∂-ß-fpsS
tÃm°v XpS-ßnbh {]h¿Ø\aqe-[-\-am-Wv
(Working capital). sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v IqensImSp-°m\pw a‰v ssZ\w-Zn\ sNe-hp-
Iƒ°pap≈ ]Whpw {]h¿Ø\aqe-[-\-am-
Wv. D≠m-°nb Dev]∂w hn‰-gn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS
{]h¿Ø\ aqe-[\w DS-abv°v XncnsI e`n-
°p-∂p. aqe-[\hkvXp-°ƒ hmßp-∂-Xn-
\mbp≈ ]WsØ ]W-aq-e-[\w (Moneycapital) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
$ aqe-[\w a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-amb Dev]m-Z-\-
L-S-I-am-Wv. a\p-jym-≤zm-\-Øns‚ krjvSn-
bmWv aqe-[\w.
$ aqe-[\w A≤zm\sØ klmbn°p∂p.
A≤zm-\-Øn\p ]I-c-ambn {]h¿Øn-
°m≥ aqe-[-\-Øn\p Ign-bpw. b{¥-h¬°-
c-W-Øns‚ efn-X-cq-]-߃ \ap°v Np‰pw
ItÆm-Sn-®m¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
$ aqe-[\w sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS Dev]m-Z-\-
tijn h¿≤n∏n°p-∂p.
$ aqe-[-\-Øn\p tXbvam\w (Depreciation)kw`hn-°p-∂p. aqe-[\hkvXp-°ƒ Dev]m-
Z\{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏´v {ItaW
D]-tbmKiq\y-amIp-∂p.
aqe-[-\-Øns‚ {]Xn-^ew ]eni (Interest)BWv.
aqe-[-\-Øn\v {]m[m-\y-ap≈ Dev]m-Z-\-co-
Xnsb aqe-[\Xo{h (Capital intensive) Dev]m-Z-\-sa∂pw A[zm\Øn\vv {]m[m-\y-ap≈
Dev]m-Z-\-co-Xn-sb A[zm\Xo{h (Labourintensive) Dev]m-Z\w F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p.B[p-\nI b{¥-h¬°rXIrjn-coXn aqe-
[\Xo{h Dev]m -Z\Øn-\pw ]c -º-cm -
KXIrjn-co-Xn-Iƒ A[zm-\-Xo{hDev]m-Z-\-
Øn\pw DZm-l-c-W-ßfm-Wv.
\nß-fpsS Np‰p-ap≈ Dev]m-
Z-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nco-
£n®v A[zm\Xo{h- D-ev]m-Z-\hpw aqe-[-\-
Xo{h Dev]m-Z-\hpw ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
aqe-[\kzcq-]Ww (Capitalformation)`uXnIaqe-[-\-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ h¿≤-\-hn-s\-
bmWv aqe-[\kzcq-]Ww F∂p-hn-fn-°p-∂Xv.
]pXnb ̂ mIvS-dn-Iƒ, b{¥-߃, sshZyp-Xn-
\n-e-b-߃, tdmUp-Iƒ F∂nh ÿm]n-°p-
∂-Xns\ aqe-[\kzcq-]Ww F∂p hnfn-°p-
∂p. aqe-[\kzcq-]Ww cmPyØv e`y-amb
`uXnIaqe-[-\-Øns‚ Afhv h¿≤n-∏n-°p-
∂p. aqe -[\kzcq -]Ww cmPy -Øns‚
samØw Dev]m-Z-\-tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p.
CXv Db¿∂ Dev]m-Z-\-Øn\n-S-bm-°p-∂p.
aqe-[\kzcq-]Ww km[y-am-Ip-∂Xv kºm-
Zy-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. hy‡n-I-fpw ÿm]-\-ß-
fpw Kh¨sa‚pw Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\-Øn-
semcp `mKw sNe-h-gn-°msX `mhn-bnse
Bh-iy-߃°mbn am‰n hbv°p-∂p. Cßs\
am‰n hbv°p∂ ]WsØ kºmZyw F∂p-
hn-fn-°p-∂p. Cu kºm-ZysØ _m¶p-Ifpw
a‰p [\-Imcyÿm]-\-ßfpw kzoI-cn-°p-
Ibpw Dev]m-Z\{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ apX¬ apS-
°p-∂-h¿°v e`y-am-°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. Cu
]W-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v b{¥-߃, Umap-Iƒ apX-
em-b-h krjvSn°p-∂p.
Iº-\n-Iƒ°v Hml-cn-Iƒ hn‰v aqe-[\w kzcq-
]n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. Hml-cn-Iƒ hmßp-∂-
h¿ Hml-cn-bp-S-a-IfmWvv. henb Iº-\n-I-fn¬
At\-Im-bncw Hml-cn-bp-S-a-Iƒ D≠m-bn-
cn°pw.
kwLmS\w (Organisation)
`qan, aqe-[-\w, A≤zm\w Ch sht∆sd
\n∂m¬ Dev]m-Z\w \S-°p-I-bn-√. Chsb
th≠ coXn-bn¬ kwtbm-Pn-∏n-®m¬ am{Xta
Dev]m-Z\w \S-°p-I-bp-≈q. `qan, aqe-[-\w,
-
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
92
A[zm\w F∂o Dev]m-Z\LS-I-ßsf ]c-
kv]cw Iq́ n-bn-W°n Dev]m-Z\w km[y-am-°p∂
{]{Inbsb kwLmS\w F∂p ]dbp-∂p.
A≤zm-\-Øns‚ Hcp khn-tijcq]-amWv
kwLm-S -\w. CXp sNøp∂ Bsf
kwcw`I≥ F∂v hnfn°p∂p.
Dev]m-Z-\hpw a\p-jym-h-iy-ßfpw
`qan, A[zm-\w, aqe-[\w, kwLm-S\w F∂n-
h-bpsS kwtbm-P-\-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv Dev]m-
Z\w km[y-am-Ip-∂-sX∂v hy‡-am-bt√m?
^vtfmNm¿´v \nco-£n-°p-I.
`qan
A[zm\w
aqe-[\w
kwLm-S\w
De
v]m-Z
\w
a\
p-jym
-hm-i
y-߃
\nd
-th
-‰p∂
p
$ Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb ̀ qan, sXmgn-em-
fn-Iƒ, Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ, b{¥-
߃, ]Ww apX-em-bh Is≠Øp∂Xv
kwcw-`-I\mWv. Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ Imtem-
Nn-X-amb am‰-߃ hcp-Øp-I, ]pXnb
Dev]-∂-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-I, ]pXnb Itºm-
f-߃ Is≠-Øp-I, ]pXnb hn]-W\
X{¥-߃ Bhn-jv°-cn-°pI XpSßnb
\ho-I-cW {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øp-∂Xv
kwcw-`-I-\m-Wv.
$ kwLmSIs‚ {]Xn-^ew em`w BWv.
F∂m¬ Nne-t∏mƒ Abmƒ°v \jvShpw
D≠m-tb-°mw.
$ Dev]m-Z\{]h¿Ø\w hn]p-e-am-b-tXmsS
kwcw-`-I≥ sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp∂ ]e
Imcy-ßfpw ]cn-io-e\w kn≤n® amt\-
P¿am-cmWv C∂v sNøp-∂-Xv. Ah-cpsS
{]Xn-^ew thX-\-amWv; em`-a-√.
Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ BXy-¥n-I-amb e£yw
a\p-jym-h-iy-ß-fpsS \nd-th-‰-em-Wv. km[-
\-߃ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂Xpw a\p-jy¿ Xs∂-bm-Wv. Dev]m-Z-\-
Øns‚ e£yhpw am¿§hpw a\p-jy-cm-Wv.
cmPyØv At\Iw hkvXp-°fpw tkh-\-
ßfpw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. IqSp-X¬ Dev]m-
Zn∏n-°p-tºmƒ km[-\-ß-fpsSbpw tkh-\-
ß-fp-sSbpw e`yX h¿≤n-°p-∂p. Hcp h¿j-
Øn¬ Hcp cmPyØv Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ km[-
\-ß-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw BsI-
ØpI(]W-Øns‚ cq] -Øn¬)bmWv
tZiob hcp-am-\w. Dev]m-Z\w IqSp-tºmƒ
tZiob hcp-am\w IqSpw. tZiob hcp-am-\-
Øns‚ h¿≤-\-hn-s\-bmWv kmº-ØnI
hf¿®-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. IqSp-X¬ Dev]m-
Z\w kmº-ØnIhf¿®bv°v Imc-Wam-Ip-∂p.
-
A[ymbw ˛ 6
Dev]m-Z-\hpw Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-ßfpw 93
\ΩpsS Bh-iy-߃ \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. a\p-
jym-h-iy-ßsf Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Dev]m-
Z\w \S-°-Ww. F∂m¬ F√m P\-ß-fp-
sSbpw Bh-iy-ßsf \nd-th-‰p∂ coXn-bn-
em-hWw Dev]m-Z-\w \S-t°-≠-Xv. Dev]mZ-
\-Øn-\p≈ hn`-h-߃°v ]cn-an-Xn-bp-≠v.
AXp-sIm≠v hn`-h-߃ \oXn-bp-‡-ambn
D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. Cu Xe-ap-d-bp-sSbpw hcpw-
X-e-ap-d-I-fp-sSbpw Bh-iy-ßsf Xr]vXn-s∏-
Sp-Øp∂ coXn-bn-em-hWw hn`-h-ß-fpsS
hn\n-tbm-Kw.
XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-߃
1. \nß-fpsS \m´n -ep≈ Hcp {][m\
Im¿jnI hnfbpsS/hyh-kmbØns‚
Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-\p-th≠n hcp∂ hnhn[
hkvXp-°ƒ GsXm-s°-sb∂v Is≠-
ØpI.
Cu Dev]m-Z\ {]h¿Ø\w {]Ir-Xn-bn¬
F¥v Xc-Øn-ep≈ BLm-X-am-Wp-≠m-°p-
∂sX∂p N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn-∏p-Xbm-dm-
°p-I.
2. \m´n-ep≈ Hcp kwcw-`-I-\p-ambn A`n-
apJw \SØn Xmsg kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Imcy-
߃ Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°p-I.
$ ÿm]-\-Ønse Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-
°ƒ Fs¥√mw?
$ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ Fhn-sS-
\n∂p hmßp-∂p.
$ F{X sXmgn -em-fn -Iƒ tPmen -sN-
øp∂p?
$ aqe-[\w Fß-s\-bmWv Is≠-Øn-
bXv?
$ ÿnc-aq-e-[\w Fs¥-√m-amWv?
$ Dev]-∂-߃ Fhn-sS-bmWv hn¬°p-
∂Xv?
$ hm¿jnI em`w F{X -cq-]-bmWv?
-
`qan-bn¬ C∂p-Im-Wp∂ h≥I-c-Iƒ F√mwHcn-°¬ H∂m-bn-°n-S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw B¥-
cnI_e-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn Ah hnL-Sn®p
sX∂n-\oßn C∂sØ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Ggp
h≥I-c-I-fmbn amdnsb∂pw ap≥ A[ym-b-
Øn¬\n∂p \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
`qan -bn¬ C∂v ImWp∂ Nne h≥I-c-
Isf°pdn®v IqSp-X¬ hkvXp-X-Iƒ a\- n-
em-°mw.
kap-{Z-ß-fm¬ Np‰-s∏-´- hnkvXr-X-amb Ic-
`m-K-ß-fmWv h≥I-c-Iƒ.
h≥I-c-Iƒ ̀ qan-bn¬ Fß-s\-bmWv hn\y-kn-
°-s∏-́ n-́ p-≈Xv F∂v t•m_ns‚bpw Nn{X-Øn-
s‚bpw (Nn{Xw 5.1) klm-b-tØmsS ]cn-tim-
[n-°mw.
Z£n-Wm¿≤-tKm-f-Øn¬ am{Xw ÿnXn-
sN-øp∂ h≥Ic GXmWv ?
DØ-cm¿≤-tKm-f-Øn¬ am{Xw ÿnXn-sN-
øp∂ h≥IcIƒ GsXm-s°-bmWvv?
c≠v A¿≤-tKm-f-ß-fn-ep-ambn hym]n®p
InS-°p∂ h≥I-c-I-tf-sX√mw?
{[ph-{]-tZ-iØv am{Xw hym]n-®p-In-S-
°p∂ h≥I-c-bpt≠m?
GsXms° Xm]o-b-ta-J-e-I-fn-embmWv
Cu h≥Ic hym]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂Xv?
Cu h≥I-cbv°v Np‰pap≈ kap-{Z-߃
GsX-√m-amWv?
(Nn{Xw 5.1)
-
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
70(Nn{Xw 5.2)
Bkvt{X-enb
temI-Ønse G‰hpw sNdnb h≥I-c-bmWv
Bkvt{X-en-b. 1770 ¬ Pbnwkv Ip°v F∂
{_n´ojv \mhn-I≥ Bkvt{X-en-b-bpsS
Ings° XocØp I∏-en-dßn. XpS¿∂v {_n´-
\nse Ip‰-hm-fn-Isf \mSp-I-S-Øm-\p≈ Hcp
Xmh-f-ambn Bkvt{X-en-bsb D]-tbm-K-s∏-
Sp-Øn.
1850 Bbt∏mtg°pw Bkvt{X-en-b-bnse
h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ kz¿Æ\nt£-]-ßsf°pdn-
®p≈ hkvXp-X-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-h-∂p. AtXmsS
bqtdm]y-∑m-cpsS Cu h≥I-c-bn-te-°p≈
IpSn-tb-‰-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®p. Bkvt{X-
en-b-bnse `qan-imkv{Xkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v a\- n-em-°mw.
ÿm\w
Z£nW A£mwiw 10 Un{Kn°pw 44
Un{Kn°pw CS-bnepw ]q¿h-tc-Jmwiw 112
Un{Kn°pw 154 Un{Kn°pw CS-bn-embn
Bkvt{X-enb ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.
$ hnkvXrXn : 76,86,850 N.In.-ao-‰¿
$ Xe-ÿm\w: Im≥s_d
$ IS¬Øocw : 34,218 In.ao-‰¿
Bkvt{X-en-b-bneqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂
{][m\ A£mw-i-tcJ GXmWv ?
`q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-߃
s]mXpsh \nc∂ ̀ q{]-Ir-Xn-bp≈ Hcp h≥I-
c-bmWv Bkvt{X-enb. hfsc Db-c-ta-dnb
]¿∆-X-\n-c-I-sfm∂pw Xs∂ Bkvt{X-en-b-
bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. Chn-SsØ icm-icn
Dbcw kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂p 300 ao‰¿ BWv.
h≥I-c-bpsS BsI hnkvXr-Xn-bpsS 5 iX-
am\w {]tZiw am{Xta kap-{Z-\n-c∏n¬\n∂p
GXm≠v 600 ao‰¿ Db-c-Øn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-
∂p-≈p.
Bkvt{X-en -bsb aq∂v {][m\ `q{]-
IrXnhn`m-K-ß-fmbn Xcw-Xn-c-n°mw.
$ ]Sn -™m-d≥ ]oT -`qan (Westernplateau)
$ a[y\nav\-XSw (Central lowlands)
$ Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ (Eastern high-lands)
]Sn-™m-d≥ ]oT-̀ qan
kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂p icm-icn 365 ao‰¿
Dbcw Cu {]tZ-i-Øn\p≠v. ZrV-amb ine-
I-fm¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ G‰hpw ]g-°w-
Bkvt{X-enb
`q{]-Ir-Xn-hn-`m-K-߃
1. ]Sn-™m-d≥ ]oT-`qan 2. Ing°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ
3. a[y-\nav\XSw
1
2
2
3
-
A[ymbw ˛ 5
h≥I-c-Iƒ 71
apssd \Zn
(Nn{Xw 5.3)
sN∂ ̀ q{]-tZ-i-amWv CXv. Cu ]oT-̀ q-an-bpsS
GXm≠v a[y-`mKw tI{µo-I-cn®v GXm\pw
acp-`q-an-Ifpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. A‰vekv
t\m°n Ah GsXm -s°-bm -sW∂v
Is≠Øq.
a[y-\n-av\-XSw
Cu `q{]-IrXn hn`m-KsØ aq∂v D]-hn-`m-K-
ß-fmbn Xncn-®n´p≠v.
1. t{K‰v B¿´o-jy≥ XSw
2. Fdn XS-mI-ta-Je
3. apssd ˛ Um¿enMv taJe
temI-ØnseXs∂ G‰hpw henb
`qK¿`Pe-D-d-hn-S-amWv t{K‰v B¿´o-jy≥
taJ-e. Cu taJ-e-bnse `qK¿`-P-esØ
{]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn Im¿jn-I-ta-Je A`n-hr-
≤n-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
Fdn- X-Sm-I-ta-Je a[y\nav\X-S-Ønse
{it≤-b-amb Hcp {]tZ-i-am-Wv. Cu taJ-e-
bn-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂ \Zn-I-sf√mw IS-en-se-
ØmsX kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂v GXm≠v 100
ao‰¿ XmWp-In-S-°p∂ Fdn XSm-I-Øn-te-°v
Hgp-In-sb-Øp-∂p.
Ing-°≥ D∂-X-X-SØn¬\n∂p Hgp-In-sb-
Ø∂ c≠v {][m\ \Zn-I-fmWv apssd,
Um¿enMv F∂n-h. 2,574 In.ao-‰¿ ssZ¿Ly-
ap≈ apssd \Zn th\¬°m-eØv h‰n-t∏m-
Im-dn-√. Pe-k-ar-≤-am-b as‰mcp \Zn-bmWv
Um¿enMv. Bkvt{X-en-bm-bnse G‰hpw ̂ e-
]p-jvS-amb `q`m-K-amWv apssd-˛-Um¿enwMv
XSw.
Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ
Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ Iam\mIr-Xn-bn¬ 2000
In.ao-‰¿ \of-Øn¬ Ing-°≥ Xoc-Øn\p kam-
¥-c-ambn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p. Cu {]tZi-
Øns‚ icm-icn Dbcw 900 ao‰¿ BWv. Ing-
°≥ ae-\n-c-I-fpsS Ing-°p-`mKw IpØs\
Ncn™pw ]Sn-™m-dp-`mKw Xmc-X-tay\
Ncnhv Ipd™pw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. ªq
]¿∆X-\n-c, Bkvt{X-en-b≥ B¬∏vkv
F∂nh Chn-SsØ {][m\ ]¿∆-X-\n-c-I-fm-
Wv . apssd, Um¿enwMv F∂nh Cu
]¿∆X\nc-I-fn¬ \n∂p D¤-hn®v Hgp-Ip∂
\Zn-I-fm-Wv. Bkvt{X-en-b-bn¬ Pe-ssh-Zyp-
tXm-ev]m-Z-\-Øn\v Cu \Zn-Isf ^e-{^-Z-
ambn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Bkvt{Xen-b-bnse {][m\ \Zn-Iƒ
Bkvt{X-en-b-bnse G‰hpw \ofw-Iq-Snb \Zn-
bmWv apssd \Zn (Murray River). a‰p {][m\\Zn-I-fm-Wv, apdpw-_nUvPn \Zn (Murrum-bidgee River), Um¿enMv \Zn (Darling River),
-
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
72
]´n-Isb (]´nI 5.1) C¥y-
bnse EXp-°-fp-ambn Xmc-
Xayw sNøq. F¥p hyXym-k-amWv ImWp-
∂Xv? F¥p-sIm≠v? ¢mkn¬ N¿®-sN-øq.
Bkvt{X -en -b -°m¿ {InkvXp -akv
BtLm-jn-°p-∂Xv th\¬°m-e-Øm-
Wv. \nßtfm? F¥p-sIm≠v?
Bkvt{X-en-b-bnse Imem-h-ÿsb kzm[o-
\n°p∂ aq∂v {][m\ LS-I-ß-fmWv
$ A£mwiw
$ ]¿∆-X-ß-fpsS InS∏v
$ kap-{Z-km-ao]yw
Cu h≥I-c-bn¬ DjvW-ta-JemImem-h-
ÿbpw antXm-jvW-ta-JemImem-h-ÿbpw
BWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Ing-°≥ Xoc-
Øn\v kam-¥-c-ambn ImWp∂ ae-\n-c-Iƒ
Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv. Ch kap-{Z-Øn¬\n∂p hoip∂ \ocm-
hn-\n-d™ Im‰ns\ XS™v Ing-°p-`m-KØv
i‡-amb ag s]øn-°p∂p. Im‰n\p FXn¿h-
isØ ]¿∆-X-s®-cn-hv ag-\n-g¬{]tZiamWv
(Rain shadow region). th\¬°m-eØv ]Sn-™m-d≥ ]oT-̀ qan -{]-tZ-iØv Npg-en-°m-‰p-Iƒ
k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-am-Wv. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ cq]-
s∏-Sp∂ \yq\-a¿±-amWv a¨kq¨ Im‰ns\
Bkvt{X-en-b-bn-te°v BI¿jn-°p-∂Xv.
X∑qew hS°p`mK-ß-fn¬ \√ ag e`n-°p-
∂-Xn\v CS-bm-Ip-∂p.
Bkvt{X-en-b-bnse `q{]-Ir-Xnbnepw Imem-
h-ÿ-bnepw ImWp∂ sshPm-Xy-߃
sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ss\k¿§nIkky-Pm-e-ß-
fpsS cq]oI-cW-Øn\p Imc-W-am-bncn°p-∂p.
Imem-hÿmtaJ-eIfpw
ss\k¿§n-I-k-ky-Pm-eßfpw
a¨kq¨ taJe
Bkvt{X-en-b-bpsS hS-°p-`m-KsØ Xoc-{]-
tZ-i-ß-fn¬ a¨kq¨ Imem-hÿ A\p-`-
eNve≥ \Zn (Lachlan River), Iqs]¿ {IoIv\Zn (Cooper Creek River), ̂ vssf≥sU¿ \Zn(Flinders River), Ubm-am‚ n\ \Zn(Diamantina River). F∂nh.
Bkvt{X-en-b-bnse {][m\
\Zn-Iƒ Hgp-Ip∂ {]tZ-i-
߃ A‰ve-kn¬ \n∂pw Is≠-Øq.
t{K‰v _mcn-b¿ do^v
]hn-g-∏p-‰p-IƒsIm≠v \n¿Ωn-X-amb t{K‰v
_mcn -b¿ do^v Bkvt{Xen -b -bpsS
hS°pIng°p ̀ mK-Ømbn 2000 Intem-ao-‰-
dn-e-[nIw \of-Øn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p.
sshhn -[y -am¿∂ a’y-ß-fp -tSbpw
B¬KI-fp-tSbpw Bhm-k-hy-hÿ IqSn-
bmWv ChnSw. temI-Øn -seØs∂
G‰hpw {it≤-b-amb hnt\m-Z-k-©m-c-tI-
{µ-amWv t{K‰v _mcn-b¿ do^v.
Bkvt{X-en-b-bpsS Imem-h-ÿ-sb Cu ̀ q{]-
IrXn sshhn-[y-߃ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂pt≠m?
]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
Imem-hÿ
Bkvt{X-en-b-bn¬ EXp-°ƒ Hmtcm∂pw
GtX-Xp-am-k-ß-fn-em-sW∂v ]´n-I-bn¬
(]´nI 5.1) \n∂p a\- n-em-°q.
EXp-°ƒ amk-߃
th\¬°mew Unkw-_¿, P\p-h-cn,
(Summer) s^{_p-hcn
icXv Imew am¿®v, G{]n¬, sabv
(Autumn)
ssiXy-Imew Pq¨, Pqsse,
(Winter) BKkvXv
hk-¥-Imew sk]vXw-_¿,
(Spring) HIvtSm-_¿,\hw-_¿
(]´nI 5.1)
-
A[ymbw ˛ 5
h≥I-c-Iƒ 73
h-s∏-Sp-∂p. th\¬°m-eØv ChnsS i‡-
amb ag e`n°p∂p. Ime-h¿j°m‰p-Iƒ
h≥I-c-bpsS Dƒ`m-KsØØp-tºm-tg°pw
\ocmhn Ipd™v hc-≠-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.
ssiXy-Im-eØv AXm-bXv Pq¨, Pqsse,
BKÃv amk-ß-fn¬ Cu {]tZ-iØv ag
Xosc e`n-°p-∂n-√. DjvW-ta-Jemh\-{]-tZ-
i-ß-fmWv ChnsS ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Xoc-
tØm-Sp-tN¿∂p I≠¬°m-Sp-Iƒ ImW-s∏-
Sp-∂p. hc≠ Imem-hÿ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂
{]tZ-iß-fn¬ bq°men ac-߃ hf-cp-∂p.
sX°p-In-g°v hmWn-Py--hm-X-ta-Je
h≥I-c-bpsS Ing-°≥ Xoc-{]-tZ-iØv h¿jw
apgp-h≥ ag e`n-°p-∂p. kap-{Z-Øn¬\n∂p
sX°p-In-g°v Zni-bn¬ h¿jw apgp-h≥
hoip∂ Im‰mWv Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ag-s]-øn-
°p-∂-Xv. Z£n-Wm-b\tcJbv°v hS-°p-`m-K-
Ømbn DjvW-ta-Jemag-°m-Sp-Ifpw sX°p-
`m-K-Ømbn antXm-jvW-ta-Jemag-°m-Sp-Ifpw
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
DjvW-a-cp-`qan{]tZiw
Ing°v a[y-\n-av\-XSw apX¬ ]Sn-™mtd
Xocw hscbp≈ hnkvXr-X-amb taJe Hcp
DjvW-a-cp-`q-an-bm-Wv. t{K‰v Bkvt{X-en-b≥
acp-`qan F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂ Cu {]tZ-i-
sØ hm¿jnIh¿j-]mXw 25 sk‚o-ao-‰-dn¬
Xmsg-bm-Wv. Ip‰n-s®-Sn-Ifpw apƒs®-Sn-I-fp-
amWv Chn-SsØ {][m\ kky-Pm-e-߃.
]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ
h\-ta-J-ebv°pw acp-`q-an°pw CS-bn-embn
t{K‰v {Kmkvem‚ v ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. Z£n-
Wm-b\taJ-ebv°v hS-°p≈ ]p¬ta-Sp-Isf
kmh∂m (Savannah) F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂-Xv.sX°p-`m-KsØ ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ antXmjvW
]p¬taSp -I-fmWv. Chsb UuWp-Iƒ
(Downs) F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. ]p¬ta-Sp-I-fn¬ bq°m-en-]v‰kv, At°jym F∂o
ac-ßfpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Uu¨ taJ-e-
bnse P\-ß-fpsS {][m\sXmgn¬ tKmXºp
Irjn-bpw BSv hf¿Ø-ep-am-Wv.
saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ Imem-hÿm{]tZiw
Bkvt{X-en-b-bpsS sXt° A‰-Ømbn
saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ Imem-h-ÿ-bmWv A\p-̀ -h-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. s]¿Øv, AUn-sseUv F∂o
{]tZ-i-ß-fmWv Cu taJ-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-
Sp -∂-X v . ssiXy -Im -eØv hS -°p -] -Sn -
™mdp\n∂p hoip∂ Im‰v ChnsS \√ ag
\¬Ip-∂p. th\¬°mew hc-≠Xpw NqSp-≈-
Xp-am-Wv. Hmd-©v, ap¥ncn XpS-ßnb ]g-tØm-
´-ßfpw tKmXºv Irjnbpw ChnsS [mcm-f-
ambn ImWmw.
Smkvam-\nb
Bkvt{X-en-b-bpsS sX°p-`m-KØv ÿnXn
sNøp∂ Smkvam-\n-b Zzo]n¬ hS-°p-]-Sn-
™mdp Zni-bn¬\n∂p hoip∂ Im‰v h¿jw
apgp-h≥ ag \¬Ip-∂p. Cu taJ-e-bnse
Cu¿∏-ap≈ ]Sn-™m-d≥ ̀ mK-ß-fn¬ ss]≥,
]o®v F∂o hr£-ßfpw hc≠ Ing°p`m-
KØv ]e-Xcw bq°men ac-ßfpw hf-cp-∂p.
P\-Po-hnXw
Bkvt{X-en-b-bnse P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 88 iX-
am\hpw bqtdm-∏n¬\n∂p IpSn-tb-dn-b-h-cpsS
]n≥Km-an-I-fm-Wv. C∂v an° cmPyßfn¬
\n∂pw [mcmfw Bfp -Iƒ Chn -tS°p
IpSntb‰w \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Irjn, BSp-am-
Sp-h-f¿Ø¬, hyh-kmbw, a¬ky-_-‘\w
F∂n-h-bmWv P\-ß-fpsS apJy-sXm-gnepIƒ
Irjn
Bkvt{X-en-b-bpsS ̀ qcn-̀ mKhpw acp-̀ q-antbm
A¿≤-a-cp-`q-antbm BWv. CXn-\m¬ BsI
hnkvXr-Xn-bpsS 4% am{X-amWv Irjn-°mbn
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
Bkvt{X-en-b-bpsS sX°p-˛-In-g-°p-`m-K-
Øp≈ aqssd-˛-Um¿enMv taJ-e, sX°p-˛-]-
Sn-™m-dp-̀ mKw F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse ̂ e-]p-jvS-
am-b -aÆpw Pe-e-`y-Xbpw Cu taJ-esb
Irjn°v A\p-Iq -e -am -°n -bn -cn -°p -∂p.
`qK¿`Pe-amWv Pe-tk-N-\-Øn-\mbn ]cs°
D]-tbm-Kn-®p-t]m-cp-∂Xv. tKmXºv, s\√v,
-
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
74
Icn-ºv, tNmfw, _m¿en, ]pI-bne F∂n-h-
bmWv Chn-SsØ {][m\ hnf-Iƒ. t\{¥-
hm-g, ]∏m-b, ssIX-®-°, ap¥n-cn, Hmd-©v,
B∏nƒ F∂n-hbpw ChnsS Irjn-sN-bvXp-
hcp-∂p.
BSp-h-f¿Ø¬
Bkvt{X-en-bbn¬ hnkvXr-X-amb ]p¬ta-Sp-
I-fp≠v. ChnSsØ P\-ß-fpsS Hcp apJy
sXmgn¬ sNΩ-cn-bm-Sns\ hf¿Ø-em-Wv.
temI-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ sNΩ-cn-bm-Sp-
Iƒ D≈ cmPyhpw Bkvt{X-enb Xs∂.
sa®s∏´ Iºn-fn-tcmaw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-
Xnepw Ah Ib-‰p -a -Xn -sN-øp -∂Xnepw
Bkvt{X-enb apJyÿm\Øv \n¬°p-∂p.
sNΩ-cn-bm-Sn-s\-°p-SmsX Imen-h-f¿Øepw
Chn-SsØ Hcp {][m\sXmgn-em-Wv. amwk-
Øn\pw ]men\pw ]mepev]-∂-߃°p-ambn
Chsb {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Im¬Kq¿en kz¿Æ-J\n
(Nn{Xw 5.5)
[mcmfw sXmgn -e -h -kc߃ {]Zm\w
sNøp∂p. A\nb-{¥n-X-amb ao≥]n-SnØw
Chn-SsØ a’y-k-º-Øn\v `oj-Wn-bmbn
amdn-bn-´p-≠v.
[mXp-°ƒ
sshhn-[y-am¿∂ [mXp-hn-̀ -h-ß-fpsS Hcp Ie-
h-d-bmWv Bkvt{X-en-b. I¬°-cn, Ccp-º-
bn-cv, t_mIvssk‰v, kz¿Æw, s]t{Sm-fnbw
F∂n-h-bmWv Ah-bn¬ {]ap-J-ÿm-\-Øp-
\n¬°p-∂-h. Bkvt{X-en-b-bnse {]kn-≤-
amb kz¿ÆJ\n-I-fm-Wv Im¬-Kq¿enbpw
IqƒKm¿Un-bpw.
hyh-km-b-߃
(Nn{Xw 5.4)
a’y_-‘\w
temI-Ønse Hcp henb a’y-_-‘-\-taJ-
e-bmWv Bkvt{X-en-b. Um¿hn≥ lm¿_-
dmWv Chn-SsØ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ a’y-
_-‘\tI{µw. a’y-kw-kvI-c-Ww, kap-t{Zm-
ev]-∂\n¿ΩmWw F∂nh {Kmao-W-X-e-Øn¬
Irjn-sb B{i-bn-®p≈ hyh-km-b-ßfpw
[mXp°sf B{i-bn-®p≈ hyh-km-b-ßfpw
Cu taJ-e-bn¬ hf¿®-{]m-]n-®n-´p-≠v. ]cp-
Øn-Øp-Wn, Iºnfn hkv{Xw, ]©-km-c,
]m¬ Dev]-∂-߃, kwkv°-cn® `£y-h-
kvXp-°ƒ, XpI¬Dev]-∂-߃ F∂o hyh-
kmb߃v Im¿jnIAkw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp-
°sf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h-
bmWv.
Ccp-ºp-cp°v hyh-km-bw, Aeq-an-\nbw hyh-
km-bw, I∏¬ \n¿Ωm-Ww, FÆip≤o-I-c-
Ww, cmk-hkvXp \n¿ΩmWw F∂n-h-bmWv
Chn-SsØ {][m\ [mXpA-[n-jvTnX hyh-
km-b-߃.
-
A[ymbw ˛ 5
h≥I-c-Iƒ 75
Dƒ°-S-ep-Iƒ Zzo]p-Iƒ
t]cv ÿm\w t]cv ÿm\w
(kap-{Zw) (kap-{Zw)
(Nn{Xw 5.6)
hSt° Ata-cn°
`q]-S-Øn¬ (Nn{Xw 5.6) \ndw sImSpØ
h≥Ic {i≤n-°q. t•m_v, `q]Sw F∂n-h-
bpsS klm-b-tØmsS Xmsg \¬In-bn-́ p≈
tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-w Is≠-Øp-I.
hSt° Ata-cn° ÿnXn-sN-øp∂
A¿≤-tKmfw GXmWv ?
hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS Ing-°pw ]Sn-
™mdpw hS°pw ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ kap-
{Z-߃ GsXm-s°-bmWv?
Icbn-Sp°v (Isthumus)
c≠v h≥I-c-Isf XΩn¬ ]c-kv]cw _‘n-
∏n-®p-sIm≠v ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ sNdnb Ic-
`m-K-amWv Ic-bn-Sp°v (Isthumus). hSt°Ata-cn-°-tbbpw sXt° Ata-cn-°-
tbbpw ]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n®v ÿnXn-sN-
øp∂ Ic-bn-Sp-°v CkvXp-akv Hm^v ]\ma
F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS ̀ mK-
ambn \nc-h[n Dƒ°-S-ep-
Ifpw Zzo]p-Ifpw ImWm≥ Ignbpw. A‰ve-
kns‚ klm-b-tØmsS Ah GsXm-s°-bm-
sW∂v Is≠Øn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
hSt° Ata-cn-° h≥I-c-
bn¬ Dƒs∏´ cmPy-߃
GsX-√m-amWv ?A‰vekns‚ klm-b-
tØmsS Is≠-ØpI.
-
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
76
1. It\-Un-b≥ jo¬Uv
3. Ing-°≥ D∂-X-X-S-߃
2. a-[y-k-a-X-e-߃
4. ]›n-a-]¿∆-X-ta-Je
(Nn{Xw 5.7)
hnkvXr-Xn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ h≥I-c-I-fn¬
aq∂mw ÿm\-amWv hSt° Ata-cn-°-bv°p-
≈-Xv. 24 Zi-e£w NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰¿
hnkvXr -Xn -bp≈ Cu h≥Ic DØc
A£mwiw 7 Un{Kn°pw 84 Un{Kn°pw CS-
bnepw ]›n-a-tc-Jmwiw 53 Un{Kn°pw 180
Un{Kn°pw CS-bnepw BWv ÿnXn sNøp-
∂-Xv.
hSt° Ata-cn-°-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-
Ip∂ {][m\ A£mwi tcJ-Iƒ
GsXm-s°-bmWv?
C¥y-bn-te-°p≈ bm{X-bpsS `mK-ambn
1492 ¬ {InÃ-^¿ sImfw-_-kmWv hSt°
Ata-cn -°bpw sXt° Ata-cn -°bpw
Is≠-Øn-b-Xv. F∂m¬ C‰-en-°m-c-\mb
Ata-cntKm shkv]q®n sXt° Ata-cn-°-
bn¬ FØ-ns∏-´-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv hSt°
Ata-cn -°bv°v 1507 ¬ Cu t]cp
e`n-®-Xv.
hSt° Ata-cn° ˛ `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-߃
`q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-߃
hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS `q{]-Ir-Xnsb \mep
hn`m-K-ß-fmbn Xncn-®n-´p-≠v.
$ It\-Un-b≥ jo¬Uv
$ Ing-°≥ D∂-X-X-S-߃
$ a≤y-k-a-Xew
$ ]Sn-™m-d≥ ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ
`q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-ß-fpsS
ÿm\w `q]-S-Øn¬\n∂p
Is≠-Øq.
It\-Un-b≥ jo¬Uv
hfsc ]g°w sN∂Xpw ZrVhp-amb ine-
I-fm¬ \n¿Ωn-X-amb ̀ q{]-tZ-i-amWv Chn-Sw.
Nne sNdp\Zn-Iƒ ChnsS\n∂v D¤-hn®v
lUvk¨ Dƒ°-S-en¬ ]Xn-°p-∂p. A©v
{]kn≤ XSm-I-߃ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ÿnXn-
1
2 34
-
A[ymbw ˛ 5
h≥I-c-Iƒ 77
sN-øp-∂p. kq∏o-cn-b¿, an®n-K¨, lyqd≥,
Cdn, H≠m-dntbm F∂n-h-bmWv Ah. Ch
]©-a-lm-X-Sm-I-ß-sf-∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Cu {]tZ-i-ØpIqsS Hgp-Ip∂ sk‚ v
temd≥kv \Zn Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-K-Xm-K-XsØ
hf-sc-b-[nIw klm-bn-°p-∂p. \n°¬,
kz¿Æw, sh≈n, sNºv F∂o [mXp-°-fpsS
Ie-h-d-IqSn-bmWv It\-Un-b≥ jo¬Uv.
\bm{Km sh≈-®m´w
Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-Iƒ°pw Im\-
U°pw CS-bn-embn \bm{Km \ZnbnemWv
\bm{Km sh≈-®m´w ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv.
aq∂v hyXykvX sh≈-®m -´ -ß-fmb
tlmgvkv jq (Horse Shoe), Ata-cn-°≥,ss{_U¬ ho¬ (Bridel Weil) F∂nhDƒs∏-´ -XmWv \bm{Km sh≈-®m-´w.
hnkvXr-X-amb Cu \o¿°p-Øns‚ icm-
icn Dbcw 52 ao‰¿ BWv. temI-
ØnseXs∂ G‰hpw {]kn-≤-amb sh≈-
®m-´-am-Wn-Xv.
Ing-°≥ D∂-X-X-S-߃
A∏-te-®n-b≥ ]¿∆-X-\ncIƒ Ing-°≥
D∂X XS-߃ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]g°w
Gsd-bp≈ aS-°p-]¿∆-X-amWv A∏-te-®n-
b≥. Cu ]¿∆X taJ-ebpsS icm-icn
Dbcw kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂pw 900 ao‰dmWv.
Chn-SpsØ G‰hpw Dbcw IqSnb sImSp-
apSnbmWv au≠v an®¬ (Mount Mitchell).Dbcw 2037 ao‰¿.
a≤y-k-a-X-e-{]-tZiw
a≤y-k-a-X-e-{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ ÿm\w `q]-S-
Øn¬(Nn{Xw 5.7)\n∂p \n߃ a\-kn-em-°n-
bt√m? hSt° Ata-cn-°-bnse Im¿jn-I-ta-
J-e-bmWv Chn-Sw. sX°v-̨ -h-S°v 6000 Intem
ao‰¿ \of-Øn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Cu `q{]-
Ir-Xn-hn-̀ mKw sX°v saIvknt°m Dƒ°-S¬
apX¬ hSs° sa°≥kn \Zo-XSwhsc
hym]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu ka-X-e-`q-an-bpsS
sX°p-`m-Kw F°¬ kar-≤hpw Pe-k-ar-
≤hpam°p-∂-Xn¬ {][m\]¶p-h-ln-°p∂ \-
Zn-I-fmWv antkm-dnbpw an n- n-∏n-bpw.
]Sn-™m-d≥ ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ
At\Iw ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ tN¿∂ Hcp `q{]-
tZ-i-amWv Chn-Sw. Aemkv° apX¬
]\mamhsc \o≠p-In-S-°p∂ Cu ]¿∆X\nc-
Iƒ {]mbw Ipd™ aS°p ]¿∆X-ß-fm-Wv.
Cu taJ-e-bpsS ]c-am-h[n hoXn 1500 Intem-
ao-‰-dm-Wv. hS-t°m´pw sXt°m´pw t]mIp-
t¥mdpw Ch-bpsS hoXn Ipd-™p-h-cp-∂p.
]›n-a-]¿∆-X-ta-J-e-bn¬ Ing-°p-̀ m-K-Ømbn
tdm°okv ]¿∆Xw ÿnXn -sN-øp -∂p.
Imkvt°Uv \nc, skd \nhm-U (Sierra Ne-vada), skd am{UnUv (Sierra Madrid) F∂nhChn -SpsØ a‰p ]¿∆X\nc -I -fm -Wv .
Aemkv°m \nc -bn -epƒs∏´ au≠v
sa°≥en-bm-Wv hSt° Ata-cn-°-bnse
G‰hpw Dbcw IqSnb sImSp-apSn (6194 ao‰¿).
Cu taJ-e-bnse ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬
\nc-h[n ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.
Aemkv°m ]oT-̀ q-an, sImfw_nbm ]oT-̀ qan,
sImf-dmtUm ]oT-`q-an F∂n-h-bmWv Ah-
bn¬ Nne-Xv.
hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS ̀ q{]-Ir-Xnbnepw P\-
Po-hn-X-Ønepw apJy-]¶p hln-°p∂hbmWv
Chn-SpsØ \Zn-Iƒ. hSt° Ata-cn-°-bnse
G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ \Zn-bm-Wv ankn- n-∏n.
antkmdn, sa°≥kn, Hmln-tbm, dtbm-{Km-
t‚, sk‚ v temd≥kv, bqt°m¨ F∂nh
a‰p {][m\ \Zn-I-fm-Wv.
Imem-hÿ
DjvW-ta-J-e-aq-X¬ ssiXy-ta-Jehsc
hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂ hSt° Ata-cn-°bpsS
Imem-hÿ sshhn-[y-am¿∂-Xm-Wv.
hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS `qcn-`m-Khpw antXm-
jvW-ta-J-e-bnepw hfsc sNdnb {]tZiw
ssiXy-ta-J-e-bnepw DjvW-ta-J-e-bn-ep-ambn
hym]n®p InS-°p∂p.
hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS Imem-h-ÿsb
kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fmWv
$ kap-{Z-km-ao]yw
$ ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ
$ kap-{Z-P-e-{]-hm-l-߃
-
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
78
GsXms° Pe-{]-hm-l-ß-
fmWv hSt° Ata-cn -
°bpsS Imem -hÿsb kzm[o -\n -
°p∂sX∂v Is≠Øn Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°q.
Imem-hÿmtaJ-eIfpw
ss\k¿§nIkky-Pm-e-ßfpw
Xp{µm- ta-Je
lUvk¨ Dƒ°-S¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Cu `mKw
B¿´nIv hrØ-Øn\v (66 ½°N) hS-°p-`m-K-Øm-bmWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. sImSpw-X-Wp∏pw
ssZ¿Ly-ta-dnb ssiXy-Im-e-hp-amWv ChnsS
A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
ssSKm taJe
Ing°v \yq^u≠vem‚ v apX¬ ]Sn-™mdv
AemkvI hsc hym]n®p InS-°p∂ hnkvXr-
Xa-mb Cu taJ-e-bn¬ kqNn-Øe°mSp-I-
fmWv ImW-s∏-Sp -∂-X v . NqSp≈Xpw
ssZ¿Lyw Ipd-™-Xp-amb DjvW-Im-e-amWv
ChnsS A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp -∂-Xv. Chn-SsØ
{][m\ sXmgn¬ XSn-hy-h-km-bw, XpI¬
hyh-kmbw F∂nhbpambn _‘-s∏-´-h-
bmWv.
antXmjvW Ing-°≥ AXn¿Øn Imem-
hÿm hn`mKw
]©-a-lm-X-Sm-I-߃°pw A∏te-®n-b≥
]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ°pw Ing-°p≈ {]tZ-i-am-
WnXv. hS-°p-`m-KØv em{_tUm¿ ioX-P-e-
{]-hm-lØns‚ kmao]yw aqew ssiXy-
Imew XWp-t∏-dn-b-Xm-Wv. DjvW-Im-e-ØmWv
ChnsS ag e`n-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ sX°p-`m-
KØv Xmc-X-tay\ NqSp≈ DjvWImehpw
XWp-∏p-Ip-d™ ssiXy-Im-e-hp-amWv A\p-
`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu Xoc-tZitaJ-e-bn-emWv
lcn-s°-bn≥ (Hurricane), sSm¿WmtUm(Torrnado) F∂o Npg -en -°m -‰p -I -fpsSkzm[o\w IqSp-X-embn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
XWp-∏p≈ antXmjvW]›n-am-Xn¿Øn
Imem-hÿmtaJe
Imen -t^m¿Wn -bbv°v hS -°p -ap -X¬
AemkvI hsc-bmWv Cu taJe hym]n-®p-
In-S-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Xoc-Øp-IqSn Hgp-Ip∂
AemkvI DjvW-Pe{]hmlw NqSp≈
DjvW-Im-ehpw XWp-∏p -Ip-d™ ssiXy-Im-
ehpw {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. tdm°n ]¿∆-X-\n-
c-bpsS kmao]yw Cu taJ-e-bn¬ i‡-amb
agbv°v klm-b-I-am-Wv. kqNn-Øe°mSp-I-
fmWv Cu taJ-e-bn¬ IqSp-X-embn ImW-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
{]bdn ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ
]©alm-X-Sm-I-߃°pw tdm°n ]¿∆-X-\n-
cbv°pw at≤y D≈ ssSKm {]tZ-i-Øns‚
sX°p-`mKw apX¬ antkmdn ˛ an n- n∏n
taJe hsc Cu {]tZiw hym]n-®p- In-S-°p-
∂p. Dbcw Ipd™ ]p√p-I-fmWv Cu taJ-
e-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 100° ]Sn-™mdvtcJmw-i-Øn\v Ing°v ag IqSp-X¬ e`n-
°p∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ hym]-I-
ambn sh´n-sØ-fn®v tKmXºv, tNmfw,
]cpØn F∂nh Irjn sNøp-∂p. Cu
{]tZiw tKmX-ºns‚ Ie-hd F∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂p.
saUn‰td-\n-b≥ Imem-hÿmtaJe
hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS ]Sn-™m-d≥ Xoc-
Øp≈ a[y Imen-t^m¿Wn-b-bn-emWv Cu
Imem-hÿ A\p-̀ -h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 30°N apX¬40°N hscbp≈ {]tZ-i-ØmWv Cu Imem-hÿmtaJe ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. ssiXy-Im-
e-ØmWv ChnsS ag e`n-°p-∂-Xv. Hmd-©v,
ap¥ncn XpS-ßn-bhbp-sS tXm-´-߃ ChnsS
hym]-I-ambn ImWmw.
-
A[ymbw ˛ 5
h≥I-c-Iƒ 79
DjvWacp-{]-tZiw
hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS sX°p-]-Sn-™mdv
`mKØv tdm°n ]¿∆-X-\n-c-bpsS Ing-°m--Wv
Cu {]tZiw ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. ChnsS
DjvW-Im-eØv AXyp-jvWhpw ssiXy-Im-
eØv AXn-ssi-Xyhpw A\p-̀ -h-s∏-Sp-∂p. ag
hf-sc-°p-d®v am{Xta e`n-°p-∂p-≈q. apƒs®-
Sn-Ifpw hnhn-[-Xcw ]p√p-I-fp-amWv ChnSsØ
{][m-\ ss\k¿§nI kky-Pm-e-߃.
DjvW-ta-Jemag-°m-Sp-Iƒ
a[y Ata-cn-°-bnepw shÃn≥Uo-kn-ep-am-
bmWv DjvW-ta-Jemag-°m-Sp-Iƒ ImW-s∏-
Sp-∂Xv. Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X¬ Dujvamhpw
i‡-amb agbpw Chn-SsØ {]tXy-I-X-I-
fmWv.
P\-Po-hnXw
hSt° Ata-cn-°-bnse ̀ q{]-Ir-Xnbpw Imem-
h-ÿbpw Ahn-SsØ P\-Po -hn -XsØ
Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p∂p F∂v a\- n-em-
°mw. C¥y-bpsS icm-icn P\-km-{µX 1
NXpc{i Intem-ao-‰-dn\v 279 t]¿ BW-t√m.
F∂m¬ hSt° Ata-cn-°-bn¬ CXv NXp-
c{i Intem-ao-‰-dn\v Ccp-]-Xp-t]-cn¬ Xmsg-
bm-Wv.
Irjn
`qhn-kvXr-Xn-bpsS 10 iX-am\w am{X-amWv
hSt° Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Irjn°v D]-bp-‡-
am-°n-bn-́ p-≈-Xv. a[y-k-a-X-e-{]-tZ-i-amWv Cu
h≥I-c-bnse {][m\ Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e. ̂ e-
]p-jvSamb aÆv, Pe-e-`y-X, A\p-Iq-e-amb
Imem-h-ÿ, hnkvXr-X-amb Irjn-̀ q-an, b{¥-
h¬°-cWw F∂nh Cu taJ-e-bnse
Im¿jnI]ptcm-K-XnbpsS {][m\ LS-I-ß-
fm-Wv. tKmX-ºv, tNmfw, HmSvkv, _m¿en
F∂n-h-bmWv Chn-SsØ {][m\ [m\yhnf-
Iƒ. tKmXºv Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ temI-Ønse
apJyÿm\w hSt° Ata-cn-°bv-°m-Wv.
hSt° Ata-cn-°-bnse [m\y Dev]m-Z-\-
Øn¬ tKmXºv Ign-™m¬ ASpØÿm\w
tNmf-Øn-\m-Wv. NqSp-Im-em-h-ÿbpw CS-hn-
´p≈ agbpw tNmf-°r-jn°v A\p-IqeLS-
Ißfm-Wv. saIvkn -°≥ P\-X-bpsS
apJy`£y-[m-\yhpw CXp-X-s∂. F∂m¬
Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sv, Im\U F∂n-hn-S-
ß-fn¬ tNmfw A[n-Ihpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv
I∂p-Im-en-I-fpsS Xo‰bmbn-´m-Wv.
NqSpw Cu¿∏-hp-ap≈ A¥-co-£-ÿn-Xn-
bp≈ saIvknt°m Xoc-߃, shÃn≥Uokv
F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ s\¬°rjn sNbvXp-h-
cp∂p.
]cp-Øn, ]pI-bn-e, Icn-ºv, Im∏n, sImt°m
F∂n-h-bmWv Chn-SsØ {][m\ \mWy-hn-
f-Iƒ. Ch-sb-°q-SmsX ap¥n-cn, Hmd-©v,
B∏nƒ, B{]n-t°m-́ v, ]o®v F∂nh h≥tXm-
Xn¬ Imen-t^m¿Wn-b-bn¬ Irjn-sN-ø-s∏-
Sp-∂p.
Imen-h-f¿Ø¬
hSt° Ata-cn-°-bnse P\-ß-fpsS Hcp
apJy-sXm-gn-emWv Imen-h-f¿Ø¬. hnkvXr-
X-amb Chn-SpsØ ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ Imen-h-
f¿Ø-en\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb kml-Ncyw Hcp-
°p-∂p. Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sns‚ hS°p
Ing-°≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw AXn-t\mSp
tN¿∂p InS-°p∂ Im\-U-bpsS `mK-ß-
fnepw Imen-h-f¿Ø¬ kPo-h-am-Wv. Iºn-
fn°pw Cd-®n-°p-ambn tdm°n-]¿∆X-\n-c-
bpsS hc≠`mK-ß-fn¬ sNΩ-cn-bm-Sp-Isf
hf¿Øp-∂p. Cd-®n°v ]∂n-I-tfbpw Cd-
®n°pw ap -́bv°p-ambn tImgn-I-tfbpw hmWn-
Pym-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hf¿Øp-∂p.
a’y-_-‘\w
P\-ß-fpsS as‰mcp {][m\ sXmgn¬ta-J-e-
bmWv a’y-_-‘-\w. hSt° Ata-cn-°-
bpsS aq∂p ̀ mK-ßfpw kap-{Z-Øm¬ Np‰-s∏-
´n-cn-°p-∂p. ]k-̂ n-°n-t‚bpw A‰vem‚n-°n-
t‚bpw Bgw Ipd™ `mK-ß-fn¬ h≥tXm-
Xn¬ πh-I-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXv a’y-
e-̀ y-X°p≈ A\p-Iq-e-amb kml-Ncyw Hcp-
°p-∂p. \yq^u-≠vem‚ns‚ Ing-t°-`m-
KsØ {Km‚ v _m¶vkn-s\-°p-dn®v \n߃
-
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
80
(Nn{Xw 5.8)
tI´n-´p-≠t√m? A‰vem‚n-°nse a‰p a’y-
_-‘-\-tI-{µ-ß-fmWv sk‚ v ]ob¿ _m¶v,
km_nƒ sFe‚ v _m¶v, {_u¨kv _m¶v,
tPm¿Pkv _m¶v F∂n-h. at’ym¬∏m-Z-\-
Øn¬ hSt° Ata-cn-°bv°v temI-Øn¬
aq∂mw ÿm\-ap-≠v.
hyh-kmbw
h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ [mXp-hn-`-h-ß-fp-tSbpw
Du¿÷-hn-` -h-ß-fp -tSbpw \nt£-]hpw
Im¿jn-I-˛-h\ hn`-h-ß-fp-sS e`y-Xbpw
hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS hyh-kmbhnI-k-\-
Øn\v hfsc klm-b-I-am-bn-´p-≠v. P\-ß-
fpsS ITn-\m-[zm\at\m-`m-hhpw kwc-`-IXz
tijnbpw hymh-km-bn-I-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v Imc-
W-amb a‰p LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. hSt° Ata-cn-
°-bnse {][m\ hyh-km-b-ßfmWv Ccp-ºp-
cp°v, hml-\-\n¿ΩmWw, I∏¬ \n¿Ωm-Ww,
Im¿jn-I-b-{¥-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ, ]cp-Øn-ØpWn,
Iºn-fn-ØpWn, t]∏¿, cmk-hfw, s]bn‚ v,
Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬-˛-C-e-Ivt{Sm-WnIvkv, Iºyq-´¿
lm¿Uv shb¿˛tkm^v‰v shb¿ F∂n-h-.
hSt° Ata-cn -°-bnse
hymh-km-bnI-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v
klm-bn-®n-´p≈ `qan-imkv{XLS-I-߃
Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? N¿® sNøq.
hSt° Ata-cn-°bpsS XpS¿®-bmbn
ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ h≥Ic GXmWv?
sXt° Ata-cn°
Nn{Xw 5.8 {i≤n-°q.
DØcA£mwiw 12 Un{Kn°pw Z£nW
A£mwiw 55 Un{Kn°pw CS-bnepw ]›n-a-
tc-Jmwiw 35 Un{Kn°pw ]q¿h-tc-Jmwiw
81 Un{Kn°pw CS-bn-ep-amWv sXt° Ata-
cn° ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. hnkvXr-Xn-bpsS
Imcy-Øn¬ h≥I-c-I-fn¬ \memw ÿm\-
amWv sXt° Atacn°bv°p-≈-Xv. 17.8 Zi-
e£w NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰¿ hnkvXo¿Ww
Cu h≥I-c-bv°p≠v.
saIvkn-t°m, a≤y Ata-cn-°≥ cmPy-߃,
sXt° Ata-cn° F∂nh H∂msI em‰n≥
Ata-cn° F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
-
A[ymbw ˛ 5
h≥I-c-Iƒ 81
sXt° Ata-cn-°sbbpw hSt° Ata-
cn°sbbpw ]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n®p InS-
°p∂ Ic`m-KsØ F¥p-t]-cn-emWv
Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv?
]\m-am -I-\m-ens‚ ÿm\w Fhn-sS-
bmWv?
]\m-am- I-\m¬sIm≠v kap-{Z-k-©m-cn-
Iƒ°p≈ t\´w F¥mWv?
A‰vekv t\m°n sXt°
Ata-cn-°-bpsS sXt° A‰-
Øp≈ tlm¨ ap\ºv Is≠-Øq.
sXt° Ata-cn -°-bpsS GXp-`m -K-
ØmWv aK-√≥ IS-en-Sp°v ÿnXn-
sNøp∂Xv? CXv th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ Ic-`m-
K-߃ GsX-√m-amWv?
]\mam I\m¬
77 Intem-ao-‰¿ \of-Øn¬ A‰v-em‚nIv kap-
{Z-sØbpw ]k-^n°v kap-{Z-sØbpw
XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n® v \n¿Ωn -®n -´p≈
I\m-emWv ]\mam I\m¬. 1914 BKkv‰vv
15\v HutZym-Kn-I-ambn Xpd-°-s∏-´p. Bbn-
c -°-W-°n\v I∏-ep -I -fmWv Hmtcm
h¿jhpw ]\m-am-I-\m¬ apdn-®p-I-S∂v A‰v-
em‚n-°n-te°pw ]k-̂ n-°n-te°pw k©-
cn-°p-∂Xv.
A‰vekv \nco-£n®p sXt°
Ata-cn-°-bnse cmPy-߃
GsXms°-sb∂v Is≠-ØpI.
(Nn{Xw 5.9)
sXt° Ata-cn° ˛ `q{]IrXn hn`m-K-߃
Ba-tkm¨ XSw
a[y alm-k-a-Xew3 {_ko-en-b≥ D∂-X-XSw2
]m‰-tKm-Wnb
aK-e≥ IS-en-Sp°v
]k
--̂nI
v kap
{Zw
A‰ve
m‚nI
v kap
{Zw
B‚okv ]¿h-X-\nc
1. B‚okv ]¿∆-X-\nc 2. Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ
3. a≤y-a-lm-k-a-Xew
Kphm\ D∂-X-XSw
2
`q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-߃
-
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ II
¢mkv ˛ IX
82
sXt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS `q{]-IrXn Nn{Xo-I-
cn-°p∂ `q]-S-amWv (Nn