KINGDOM FUNGI FULL
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Transcript of KINGDOM FUNGI FULL
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BAB VIJAMUR
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Bentuk Jamur
Uniseluler, misalnya Saccharomyces
Multiseluler, misalnyaLepiota
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Hifa Jamur
a. Hifa tidak berseptab. Hifa bersepta
Coenositik
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• Beberapa fungi mempunyai hifa yang terspesialisasi HAUSTORIA berfungsi untuk penetrasi jaringan inangnya
• Misalnya :
• 1) pada jamur yang bersifat parasit
• 2) pada mikoriza
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Figure 31.4a
(a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey
NematodeHyphae
25 m
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Figure 31.4b
(b) Haustoria
Fungal hypha Plantcellwall
Plant cell
Plant cellplasmamembraneHaustorium
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• Fungi biasanya bersifat haploid (n)• Pada reproduksi seksual, hifa yang berbeda jenis (hifa
+ dan hifa -) akan saling berkomunikasi dengan sinyal feromon
• Sitoplasma kedua hifa akan bergabung PLASMOGAMY
• Kemudian masuk ke tahap heterokayon dimana pada satu hifa terdapat 2 inti,
• Selama beberapa waktu (bahkan ada yang sampai tahunan), kedua inti bergabung membentuk DIKARION
• Tahap dikarion (2 inti) akan berakhir ketika inti melebur membentuk individu diploid (2n) yang biasanya berumur pendek karena setelah itu akan meiosis membentuk spora.
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Figure 31.5-3
PLASMOGAMY
Key
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic
Diploid (2n)
Spores
Spore-producingstructures
ASEXUALREPRODUCTION
SEXUALREPRODUCTION
GERMINATIONGERMINATION MEIOSIS
Spores
Zygote
Heterokaryoticstage
KARYOGAMY
Mycelium
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Bentuk Tubuh Buah Jamur
Berbentuk payung Berbentuk kuping (telinga)
Berbentuk bulat
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Cara Hidup Jamur
Saprofit, misalnya Gymnophilus
• Fungsi berperan sebagai DEKOMPOSER materi organik meliputi selulosa dan lignin
• Fungi berperan dalam recycle unsur kimia
• Digunakan dalam proyek bioremediasi
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Fungi parasit
Parasit, misalnya Ustilago
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Figure 31.25
(a) Corn smut on corn
(c) Ergots on rye
(b) Tar spotfunguson mapleleaves
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Fungi Simbiotik
• Mikoriza membantu tanaman menyerap air dan hara dan meningkatkan pertahanan terhadap patogen
• Fungi membantu pencernaan selulosa pada lambung sapi dan bersimbiosis dengan semut untuk dimanfaatkan kemampuan digestinya
Mutual, misalnya mikoriza
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Berbagai Macam Spora Jamur
Zigospora Basidiospora
Askospora
2nn
2n
n
n
Basidium
Ascus
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Contoh Struktur Tubuh Jamur
Struktur tubuh buah jamur Rhizopus
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Reproduksi Jamur
Reproduksi Zygomycota
Sporangia
Hifa (-)Zigospora (2n) di dalamzigosporangium
Spora menyebar
Sporangium
Reproduksi aseksual
Perkecambahan zigospora
Reproduksi seksual
Terjadi meiosis
Zigosporangium (2n)
Gametangia (n)
Hifa (+)
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Contoh-contoh Jamur
Zygomycota
Rhizopus stolonifer (pada roti basi)
Rhizopus nigricans(pada tomat)
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Rhizopus stolonifer
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Ascomycota
Morchella esculenta Sarcoscypa coccinea Venturia inaequalis
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Alat reproduksi aseksual pada Ascomycota
Konidia
Konidiofor
Hifa
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Alat reproduksi seksual pada Ascomycota
Askospora(spora seksual)
Askus(kantung spora)
Askokarp
Hifa yang mendukung sporadi dalam askokarp
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Reproduksi seksual pada Ascomycota multiseluler
Askus dengan8 askospora Jenis jantan
Jenis betina
AskogoniumTrikogin
Anteredium
Inti haploid jantanBerpindah ke dalamaskogonium
Hifa dikariotik(n + n) berkembangdari askogonium
Askokarp terdiri dari hifa dikariotik(n + n) dan hifa steril (n)
Nukleusdiploid (2n)
Askus muda
Meiosis
Tiap inti haploidmembelah sekalidengan mitosis
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Basidiomycota
• Multiseluler (mempunyai basidiokarp/tubuh buah)
• Basidiokarp berbentuk seperti payung atau lembaran berlekuk
• Pada bawah tudung lembaran2 tempat terbentuknya basidium
• Ujung miselium menggelembung membentuk basidium yang akan menghasilkan 4 basidiospora
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Basidiomycota
Volvariella volvaceae(jamur merang)
Lentinula edodes (jamur shitake)
Amanita muscaria
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Reproduksi seksual pada Basidiomycota
Basidiospora
Hifa bermiselia
BasidiosporaHifa -
Hifa +
Miselium dikariotik
Basidiokarp muda
Tudung
Bilah
Basidiokarp(tubuh buah)
Bilah-bilahdengan basidia
Perkembanganbasidia
Sterigma
Basidium
Basidium
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Figure 31.18 Shelf fungi
Puffballs emittingspores
Maiden veil fungus(Dictyphora)
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Beberapa spesies Basidiomycetes bisa membentuk “fairy rings”
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Peran Jamur dalam Kehidupan
Kecap
Kombucha
Berbagai masakan menggunakan jamur
Antibiotik
Tempe
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Penicillium sebagai penghasil antibiotik
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• Merupakan simbiosis mutualisme jamur (Ascomycota atau Basidiomycota) dengan mikroorganisme fotosintetik (Cyanobacteria) maupun Chlorophyta.
• Bagian algae/ganggang disebut : Phicobiont• Bagian jamur disebut : Mycobion• Jika jamur dan algae tidak saling bertemu masing2
masih dapat hidup sendiri• Jamur akan membentuk miselium yang melindungi algae,
mempertahankan kelembaban lingkungan yang dibutuhkan algae, dan menghasilkan enzim selulase dan enzim hidrolitik lain untuk mendapatkan mineral
• Algae berfungsi sebagai penghasil materi organik (proses fotosintesis)
Lumut Kerak/Lichenes/liken
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Figure 31.23
A fruticose (shrublike) lichen
A foliose(leaflike) lichen
Crustose(encrusting) lichens
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Figure 31.24
Ascocarp of fungus
50
m
Fungalhyphae Algal
layer
Soredia
Fungal hyphaeAlgal cell
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Reproduksi lichen
• Seksual
• Aseksual• Dengan fragmentasi atau membentuk soredia
(sel alga yang diselubungi oleh hifa/miselium jamur) soredia melepaskan diri dari talus dan membentuk butir2 seperti tepung yang akan disebarkan angin dan tumbuh menjadi lichen muda ditempat yang sesuai.
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Lichen adalah
• Tumbuhan perintis
• Sensitif terhadap polusi udara kematian lichen menandakan kualitas udara menurun/jelek