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Website

bit.ly/japanwest

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Japan and the West: 9Fine Arts

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'Western' Art?

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Japanese Art?

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?

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Shiba Kokan (1747-1818)

Worked mainly in Edo Translated and wrote

works on astronomy Produced maps

This portrait by Takahashi Yuichi.

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地球全図略説 Chikyu Zenzu Ryakusetsu

1793

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“Asukayama“ c.1800

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Landscape painting

Tenshō Shūbun 天章周文 mid-c15Landscape of the Four Seasons

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East(s) meets West

A meeting of China, Japan and the West

Late c.18

Shiba Kokan

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Materials and techniques

How and where you can make pictures depends (partly) on the materials you have to work with…

Ink, paper, silk brushes

Oil-paints, canvas, stiff brushes

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Materials and techniques

How and where you can make pictures depends (partly) on the materials you have to work with…

Ink, paper, silk brushes

require a flat surface, wind is a problem! Oil-paints, canvas, stiff brushes

after mid c19 (paint in tubes!), development of box easel, painting en plein air (outside) becomes easier (natural light!)

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Artists at work...

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Seeing & showing reality

Christ entering JerusalemLorenzetti, 1320

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Seeing & showing reality

Death of the Historical Buddha (Nehan), Kamakura period (1185–1333), 14th century

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Perspective!

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Perspective!Paolo Uccello: The Battle of San Romano, 1438-40

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Symbolic space

Nanban Ships c16.

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Practical 'art'

蛮 ( 蕃 ) 書調所 (1855 onwards) “Tokugawa Institute for Barbarian Learning” “The need to prepare fortifications

against foreign invasion brought the government to employ artists to sketch sites and trajectories. [TIBL] included instruction in painting as a utilitarian discipline, related to map-making and descriptive drawing”

Jansen, M. B. (2002). The making of modern Japan. Harvard University Press. p476-8

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Kōbu Daigakko (Technical College)

Founded 1871 by Yamao Yōzō after a 7-year stay overseas. Aided by Henry Dyer.

1878 technical art school founded:

Antonio Fontanesi – painting Vincenzo Ragusa – sculpture Giovanni Cappellati – architecture

Teachers and students influenced much western-style art & architecture during early Meiji period.

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Kōbu Daigakko (Technical College)

Founded 1871 by Yamao Yōzō after a 7-year stay overseas. Aided by Henry Dyer.

1878 technical art school founded:

Antonio Fontanesi – painting Vincenzo Ragusa – sculpture Giovanni Cappellati – architecture

Teachers and students influenced much western-style art & architecture during early Meiji period.

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After 1850s...

Increased exchanges of many sorts between Japan and 'the West' (US and Europe mainly)

Increasing awareness of 'national identity' in Japan Increased awareness of differences between Japan

and the 'the West' also, necessity of distinguishing between the two

Nihon-ga ↔ Yō-ga 日本画 ↔ 洋画

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New Schools & Trends

'Western-style' oil-painting quickly became popular Japanese artists began to travel abroad to study,

European artists came to Japan to teach Followed by a reaction in support of native artistic

styles

Formation of Ryuchi-kai in 1879, support from Fenollosa etc.

Creation of terms Yō-ga and Nihon-ga

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New Schools & Trends

Ernest Fenollosa (1853-1908)

1882: Five features of Nihon-ga

1. Does not try to photographic veracity 写真のような写実を追わない。

2. No use of chiaroscuro (no shadows) 陰影が無い。

3. Outlines 鉤勒（こうろく、輪郭線）がある。

4. Flat colours 色調が濃厚でない。

5. Concise expression 表現が簡潔である。

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Early Meiji Yō-ga

Kawakami Togai

(1827-81)

1870: Landscape 風景 Studied western art from

books of Dutch painting Had to make his own

brushes and 'canvas' from paper and cloth

Suicide after accusation of selling maps

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Early Meiji Yō-ga

Takahashi Yuichi

c1877: Salmon 鮭 Trained with Charles

Wirgman (Briton working for Illustrated London News)

Advocated establishment of Japan's first 'art museum'

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The end of “Early Meiji”Asai Chū

Spring Furrows

1888

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Meanwhile, in Europe...

View from the Window at Le Gras (1826 or 1827), Nicéphore Niépce

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Daguerreotype

c1850

Edgar Allan Poe, 1870

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Japan Exported

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Japan Exported

Paris: “La Porte Chinoise”

1863: E. de Soye, returning from Japan, opened a shop with his wife at 220 rue de Rivoli dealing in Oriental commodities.

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James McNeill Whistler

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La Princesse du pays de la porcelaine

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Variations in Flesh Colour and Green—The Balcony

1864-79

J.A.M. Whistler

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Japonisme!

Jeunes femmes regardant des objects japonais

1869

James Tissot

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Portrait of Emile Zola

1868

Edouard Manet

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Degas

Edgar Degas, 1879, Two Ballet Dancers

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1890s

Fontanesi

browns / yani

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1890s

Kuroda Seiki

purples / murasaki

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1894: Kamo River

Kume Keiichiro

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What was exchanged?

Subject matter Composition Materials/Techniques

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Subject Matter

What are 'appropriate' or 'correct' subject for art?

Everyday life ('realism'?) 'Nature'

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Composition

Different aesthetics regarding arrangments in space

Japanese and 'western' ideas of balance

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Materials/Techniques

Oil paints (variety of colour/depth) Canvas / paper Woodblock prints

Use of black outline Areas of flat colour Chiaroscuro

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Vincent van Gogh

Portraits of Pere (Julien) Tanguy, 1886-7

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Plum Trees

Hiroshige, 1857 – van Gogh, 1887

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Mary Cassat (1844-1926)Woman Bathing, 1890-1

Tea, 1880

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Henri Riviere

Thirty-Six Views of the Eiffel Tower, 1902. Influenced by Hiroshige, Hokusai.

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Pablo Picasso

Portrait of the Art Dealer Pedro Manach1901

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Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

1864-1901

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Tsuguharu Foujita (1886-1968)

Café, 1949

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アッツ島玉砕 Death on Attu, 1943

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Next week...Performing Arts