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Jairo Giraldo-GalloJairo Giraldo-Gallo
BRAINQUANTA &COMPLEXI
TY
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Jairo Giraldo-GalloJairo Giraldo-Gallo 08 26 201308 26 2013
BRAINQUANTA &COMPLEXI
TY
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CEREBRO, FÍSICA CUÁNTICA Y COMPLEJIDAD
COMPLEJIDAD y EDUCACIÓN
UNA SEGUNDA OPORTUNIDAD
PARA COLOMBIA
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CEREBRO, FÍSICA CUÁNTICA Y COMPLEJIDAD
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En todas las épocas ha habido En todas las épocas ha habido físicos que se han preocupado físicos que se han preocupado
por el cerebro y su por el cerebro y su funcionamientofuncionamiento
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En todas las épocas ha habido En todas las épocas ha habido físicos que se han preocupado físicos que se han preocupado
por el cerebro y su por el cerebro y su funcionamientofuncionamiento
• Hipócrates fue físico, como lo fueron Demócrito y Leucipo.• Leonardo no solo hizo los primeros dibujos elaborados.• René Descartes introdujo el dualismo “como físico”.• Con Luigi Galvani empieza la experimentación física en el
sistema nervioso, (Volta le acompaña).• Hermann von Helmholtz estudio su conductividad eléctrica.• Sanford Palay incorporó el microscopio electrónico (1953) para
estudiar la sinápsis y la transmisión de los impulsos nerviosos.• A fines del siglo XX y en lo que va del XXI, modelos teóricos:
Stuart Hammeroff y Roger Penrose (origen de la conciencia) llaman la atención sobre los microtúbulos (nanoneurociencia).
• Paul Alivisatos es uno de los líderes del Brain Activity Mapping.
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Hoy el cerebro se mira como Hoy el cerebro se mira como un órgano físico, aunque un órgano físico, aunque muchos sigan matriculados en muchos sigan matriculados en la escuela de Descartes. Otros la escuela de Descartes. Otros buscan la unidad propuesta buscan la unidad propuesta por Spinoza.por Spinoza.
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Hoy el cerebro se mira como Hoy el cerebro se mira como un órgano físico, aunque un órgano físico, aunque muchos sigan matriculados en muchos sigan matriculados en la escuela de Descartes. Otros la escuela de Descartes. Otros buscan la unidad propuesta buscan la unidad propuesta por Spinoza.por Spinoza.
“La mente es uno de los muchos estados generados por la sociedad de neuronas que llamamos cerebro.”
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Hoy el cerebro se mira como Hoy el cerebro se mira como un órgano físico, aunque un órgano físico, aunque muchos sigan matriculados en muchos sigan matriculados en la escuela de Descartes. Otros la escuela de Descartes. Otros buscan la unidad propuesta buscan la unidad propuesta por Spinoza.por Spinoza.
“La mente es uno de los muchos estados generados por la sociedad de neuronas que llamamos cerebro.”
As a physicist, I prefer to talk about Brain Dynamics and
(perhaps mental) states.
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(La firma Revalesio, de Takoma, está detrás de la investigación.)
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““Neuroscientists have made impressive Neuroscientists have made impressive advances in understanding the advances in understanding the microscale function of microscale function of single neuronssingle neurons and the and the macroscalemacroscale activity of the activity of the human brain. One can probe molecular human brain. One can probe molecular and biophysical aspects of individual and biophysical aspects of individual neurons and also neurons and also view the human brain view the human brain in actionin action with magnetic resonance with magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magneto- and electro-imaging (fMRI), magneto- and electro-encephalo-graphy (MEG & EEG) or encephalo-graphy (MEG & EEG) or proton emmission tomography (PET).” proton emmission tomography (PET).”
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““However, the mechanisms of However, the mechanisms of perception, cognition, and action perception, cognition, and action remain mysterious because they remain mysterious because they emerge from the real-time emerge from the real-time interactions of large sets of neurons interactions of large sets of neurons in densely interconnected, in densely interconnected, widespread neural circuits.” widespread neural circuits.”
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ARTIFICIALARTIFICIALLIFE AND BRAINLIFE AND BRAIN
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ARTIFICIALARTIFICIALLIFE AND BRAINLIFE AND BRAIN
Somos 80 % agua, también dentro del cerebro.
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ARTIFICIALARTIFICIALLIFE AND BRAINLIFE AND BRAIN
Y en número de «pobladores», somos 90 % bacterias y virus
Quorum sensing
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"Enzymes and ribosomes can only work in water, and therefore cannot build anything that is chemically unstable in water. Biology is wonderous in the vast diversity of what it can build, but it can't make a crystal of silicon, or steel, or copper, or aluminum, or titanium, or virtually any of the key materials on which modern technology is built. ...
http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/water/popup/flash_molecules.htm
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The Brain Activity Map ProjectThe Brain Activity Map Project
The BAM project will focus both on dynamic voltage activity and on chemical neurotransmission… and more
White House, April 2nd 2013
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NANONANONEURONEUROCIENCIACIENCIA
una nueva imagen del cerebrouna nueva imagen del cerebro
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ContentsContents
• Basic concepts and• Trivial quantum effects• Brain design (applications)• Conclusions
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1,400 grams of 1,400 grams of gray mattergray matter does does not represent a brain TODAYnot represent a brain TODAY
http://ispocklogic.wordpress.com/2013/04/01/nano-neuroscience/
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It is notIt is not either a simple sum of either a simple sum of one billion neuronsone billion neurons and nerves and nerves (1011, similar to number of stars in a galaxy)
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Algunas cifras interesantes Algunas cifras interesantes en conexiones neuronalesen conexiones neuronales
• En el ser humano hay alrededor de 100 mil millones de neuronas (1011)
• El número de glias es 10 veces mayor• Cada neurona se puede conectar a unas 10
mil vecinas (hay millones de veces más conexiones sinápticas que neuronas)
• Los microtúbulos tienen 25 nm de D ext y 12 nm de D int, longitudes de nm a µm (forman parte del citoesesqueleto y la estructura de cilios y flagelos)
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Physics in Mind:Physics in Mind:A quantum View of the BrainA quantum View of the Brain
Werner R. Loewenstein2013
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La irreversibilidad del tiempo es realLa irreversibilidad del tiempo es real
Thermodynamics arrow of time
Cosmological arrow of time
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Las sensaciones son Las sensaciones son procesos físicos irreversiblesprocesos físicos irreversibles
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The goal of all of this is to lay the The goal of all of this is to lay the groundwork for the fundamental groundwork for the fundamental understanding that the neural understanding that the neural structures of the brain utilize structures of the brain utilize quantum physics for information quantum physics for information processing on a regular basis and, processing on a regular basis and, in fact, have been used in this way in fact, have been used in this way by evolution for quite some time.by evolution for quite some time.
Andrew Zimmerman Jones
(Comentarios al libro de Loewenstein.)
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¿Es la noción de masa ¿Es la noción de masa la explicación de la masa misma?la explicación de la masa misma?
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¿Es la noción de masa ¿Es la noción de masa la explicación de la masa misma?la explicación de la masa misma?
Evidentemente no. Quizá lo sea el bosón de higgs.
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Lo mismo vale para la fuerza Lo mismo vale para la fuerza gravitacional en la época de gravitacional en la época de
Newton.Newton.
p.634
Materia-energía e información: qué fue primero, no lo sabemos.Espacio-tiempo y masa y todo lo demás, fueron creaciones en la historia del universo que conocemos. Es más, dieronLUGAR a esta historia.
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https://www.simonsfoundation.org/quanta/20130730-in-pursuit-of-quantum-biology-with-birgitta-whaley/
QUANTUM BIOLOGY
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http://www.tendencias21.net/Nuestro-universo-es-solo-informacion-cuantica-segun-Vlatko-Vedral_a11593.html
QUANTUM INFORMATION
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Principle of coherence and Principle of coherence and synchronization in multi-level synchronization in multi-level brain information processingbrain information processing
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1 nm = 10 -9 m = 0,000000001 m
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““Proyecto Conectoma Humano” Proyecto Conectoma Humano” o MAPEO DEL CEREBROo MAPEO DEL CEREBRO
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En cada uno de los ingredientes de En cada uno de los ingredientes de la neurona hay nanocomponentesla neurona hay nanocomponentes
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ContentsContents
• Basic concepts• Trivial quantum effects• Brain design (applications)• Conclusions
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Brain-Computer InterfacesBrain-Computer Interfaces
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Published on July 23
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Journal ofJournal ofNanoNano
NeuroNeuroScienceScience
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Nanociencia:
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Nanotecnociencia
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Ahora el cerebro se puede ver por dentro con “clarity”. C
LARIDAD
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proteins they encode has revealed unanticipated proteins they encode has revealed unanticipated similarities between proteins in the nervous systems similarities between proteins in the nervous systems and those encountered elsewhere in the body.and those encountered elsewhere in the body.
Último desafío: entender la base biológica de la conciencia.
Eric R. Kandel, Premio Nobel en fisiología. Principles of neural sciences, 5th ed.2013.
El Premio Nobel en Medicina (o Fisiología) año 2000 fue adjudicado conjuntamente a Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard y Eric R. Kandel "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system". (transducción de señales en el sistema nervioso)
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Los avances en instrumentos Los avances en instrumentos que nos permiten observar y que nos permiten observar y manipular objetos a escala manipular objetos a escala
atómica y nanométrica atómica y nanométrica son espectaculares.son espectaculares.
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Researchers were able to record Researchers were able to record single-bond resolved images of an single-bond resolved images of an oligo-enediyneoligo-enediyne (a simple molecule (a simple molecule composed of three benzene rings composed of three benzene rings linked by carbon atoms) deposited linked by carbon atoms) deposited
on a flat silver surfaceon a flat silver surface. .
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Observando reacciones a escala subnanométrica.
NC-AFM aplicado a una molécula de oligo-enediyna
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They used a technique called They used a technique called non-non-contact Atomic Force Microscopycontact Atomic Force Microscopy (nc-AFM), based on an instrument (nc-AFM), based on an instrument
with an extraordinarily sensitive with an extraordinarily sensitive tactile probe. This AFM uses tactile probe. This AFM uses a very a very fine needlefine needle that can sense even the that can sense even the smallest atomic-scale bumps on a smallest atomic-scale bumps on a surface surface in much the same way that in much the same way that
you would use the tip of your fingers you would use the tip of your fingers to read/feel a word written in Brailleto read/feel a word written in Braille. .
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Esto excede por órdenes de magnitud a las técnicas utilizadas hace un siglo y difiere también con las de fines del siglo pasado.
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Zorzos, A. N.; Scholvin, J.; Boyden,E.S.; Fonstad, C.G. Three-DimensionalMultiwaveguide Probe Array forLight Delivery to Distributed BrainCircuits. Opt. Lett. 2012, 37, 4841–4843.
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Con el BAM se espera ir Con el BAM se espera ir en las dos direcciones:en las dos direcciones:
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Con el BAM se espera ir Con el BAM se espera ir en las dos direcciones:en las dos direcciones:
• Bottom-up• Top-down
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Con el BAM se espera ir Con el BAM se espera ir en las dos direcciones:en las dos direcciones:
• Top-down• Bottom-up
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• El C. elegans tiene tan solo 302 neuronas• La drosophyla alcanza a 100,000
El sistema se va complejizando cada vez más en reptiles y aves y sus cerebros ya no solo generan reacciones sino también una mente.En los mamíferos y algunas aves puede hablarse de conciencia.
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Componentes nanoescalares de las neuronas:
de las biomoléculas a los nanodispositivos
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El citoeskeleto como un procesador de información nanoescalar.
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Preface
Formas novedosas de computación neuronal: De Nanoalambres a la Mente
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http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/neurophilosophy/2013/apr/10/clarity-gives-a-clear-view-of-the-brain
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12107.html
https://www.dropbox.com/s/f0jkaylz7hth6ry/Video%20Claridad%20Espa%C3%B1ol.mov
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Contraste entre dos Contraste entre dos células esenciales en células esenciales en
la vida de los la vida de los mamíferosmamíferos
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Jungla de la mente.
(Santiago Ramón y Cajal y Camilo Golgi.) Kandel et al., 2013
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Esquema de lasEsquema de lasConexiones SinápticasConexiones Sinápticas
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Gap-junction channelsGap-junction channels
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Diversos tipos de glías
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Microtubules are non-covalent cytoskeletal polymers found in eukariotic cells
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Microtubule organization in developing axons.
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CONECTÓMICA DEL C. ELEGANS
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http://www.humanconnectomeproject.org/http://www.humanconnectomeproject.org/
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Es aquí donde puede darse laEs aquí donde puede darse laMODIFICABILIDADMODIFICABILIDAD
COGNITIVA ESTRUCTURALCOGNITIVA ESTRUCTURAL
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B R A I NB R A I NBrain Research through Advancing Innovative
Neurotechnologies
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B R A I NB R A I NBrain Research through Advancing Innovative
Neurotechnologies
NANO-NEURO-CIENCIANEURO-NANO-CIENCIA
¿Cuál es la diferencia?
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NEURO NANO
CIENCIA:
Estudio neuro a escala nano
con sus implicaciones
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NEURONANOCIENCIANEURONANOCIENCIAy EDUCACIÓNy EDUCACIÓN
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CONVERGING CONVERGING TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES
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CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
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Ask Mother NatureAsk Mother Nature
She has all the answers!She has all the answers!