International Issues 1 問題印度的 IT 產業發達、人工便宜 …...

International IssuesInternational Issues 11

問題問題印度的印度的 ITIT 產業發達、人工便宜產業發達、人工便宜……

泰國自排機車無人問津泰國自排機車無人問津……

東南亞設廠便宜，然而人工素質較低東南亞設廠便宜，然而人工素質較低……

大和燒肉捲、板烤米香堡大和燒肉捲、板烤米香堡 ― ― 產品差異化與產品差異化與製程設計問題製程設計問題……

Wal-MartWal-Mart 的搬運設備與巴西的標準棧板不的搬運設備與巴西的標準棧板不相容相容……

跨國的關稅跨國的關稅、滙率、貿易保護、基礎建設、、滙率、貿易保護、基礎建設、文化文化……


Increasing GlobalizationIncreasing Globalization1/5 of output of US firms produced 1/5 of output of US firms produced abroadabroad

US Companies hold $500 Billion in US Companies hold $500 Billion in foreign asset stocks (7% annual growth)foreign asset stocks (7% annual growth)

1/4 of US imports between foreign 1/4 of US imports between foreign affiliates and US parent companiesaffiliates and US parent companies

Over half of US companies increased the Over half of US companies increased the number of countries in which they number of countries in which they operate (late 80’s to early 90’s)operate (late 80’s to early 90’s)


Taxonomy of International Supply ChainsTaxonomy of International Supply Chains

International distributionInternational distribution– 製造在本國，配銷與相關行銷活動在海外．製造在本國，配銷與相關行銷活動在海外．International suppliersInternational suppliers– 原料及零件的供應來自國外供應商，最後的裝原料及零件的供應來自國外供應商，最後的裝

配在本國進行．配在本國進行．Offshore manufacturingOffshore manufacturing– 產品在同一地區搜源與製造，最後運回國內的產品在同一地區搜源與製造，最後運回國內的

倉庫銷售及配銷．倉庫銷售及配銷．Fully integrated global supply chainFully integrated global supply chain


Forces Driving GlobalizationForces Driving Globalization (Dornier etc)(Dornier etc)

Global Global MarketMarket Forces Forces

TechnologicalTechnological Forces Forces

Global Global CostCost Forces Forces

Political and EconomicPolitical and Economic Forces Forces


People have “all become global citizens, and so must the companies that want to sell us things” (Kenichi Ohmae)


Global Market ForcesGlobal Market Forces

Foreign competitionForeign competition in local markets in local markets– 為了成功防衛本國市場，公司會發現必須要進入國外為了成功防衛本國市場，公司會發現必須要進入國外

市場市場……– AcerAcer 為歐洲為歐洲 NBNB 第一品牌第一品牌……

Growth in Growth in foreign demandforeign demandGlobal presence as a Global presence as a defensive tooldefensive tool– Nestle’s and Kellogg’sNestle’s and Kellogg’s

Presence in Presence in state-of-the-art marketsstate-of-the-art markets– Japan -- consumer electronicsJapan -- consumer electronics– Germany -- machine toolsGermany -- machine tools– US: softwareUS: software


Technological ForcesTechnological Forces

Diffusion of knowledgeDiffusion of knowledge– Many Many high techhigh tech componentscomponents developed developed

overseasoverseas– Need close relationships with foreign Need close relationships with foreign

supplierssuppliers

Technology sharing/collaborationsTechnology sharing/collaborations– Access to technology/marketsAccess to technology/markets

Global location of R&D facilitiesGlobal location of R&D facilities– Close to productionClose to production (as cycles get shorter) (as cycles get shorter)– Close to expertiseClose to expertise (Indian programmers?) (Indian programmers?)


Global Cost ForcesGlobal Cost ForcesLow labor costLow labor cost– Diminishing importance (Costs underestimated, Diminishing importance (Costs underestimated,

benefits overestimated)benefits overestimated)

Other cost prioritiesOther cost priorities– Integrated supplier infrastructureIntegrated supplier infrastructure (as suppliers (as suppliers

become more involved in design)become more involved in design)– Skilled laborSkilled labor

Capital intensive facilitiesCapital intensive facilities– tax breakstax breaks– joint venturesjoint ventures– price breaksprice breaks– cost sharingcost sharing


Political and Economic ForcesPolitical and Economic Forces11

Exchange rateExchange rate fluctuations and fluctuations and operating flexibilityoperating flexibility

Regional trade agreementsRegional trade agreements (Europe, (Europe, North America, Pacific Rim)North America, Pacific Rim)– Value of being in a country in one of these Value of being in a country in one of these

regionsregions– Implications for supply network designImplications for supply network design– Reevaluation of foreign facilities Reevaluation of foreign facilities

(Production processes designed to avoid (Production processes designed to avoid tariffs)tariffs)


Political and Economic ForcesPolitical and Economic Forces22

Trade protection mechanismsTrade protection mechanisms– TariffsTariffs

全球最超值的汽車全球最超值的汽車―― Mini Cooper...Mini Cooper... 在台灣只能算有點超值在台灣只能算有點超值……

– QuotasQuotas– Voluntary export restrictionsVoluntary export restrictions

Japanese automakers in USJapanese automakers in US

– Local content requirementsLocal content requirementsTI/Intel factories in EuropeTI/Intel factories in Europe

Japanese automakers in the EUJapanese automakers in the EU

– Government procurement policiesGovernment procurement policiesUp to 50% advantage for American companies on US Up to 50% advantage for American companies on US Defense contractsDefense contracts


Risks of international supply chainsRisks of international supply chains

Exchange RatesExchange Rates– Operating ExposureOperating Exposure

Foreign companiesForeign companies can can enter domestic enter domestic marketsmarkets..


Exchange RatesExchange Rates

匯率匯率的波動會改變產品在某一特定國家中的波動會改變產品在某一特定國家中生產的生產的相對價值相對價值．．Operating ExposureOperating Exposure– Result of translating foreign financial Result of translating foreign financial

statements into the currency of the parent statements into the currency of the parent companycompany

Financial instruments used to hedge Financial instruments used to hedge thesethese


Operating ExposureOperating Exposure

Changes a firm’s competitive position Changes a firm’s competitive position and future cash flowsand future cash flows

In the In the short runshort run, changes in currency , changes in currency rates don’t necessarily reflect changes rates don’t necessarily reflect changes in inflation ratesin inflation rates

Regional operations become relatively Regional operations become relatively more or less expensivemore or less expensive


案例案例歐洲進口之商品年年調漲歐洲進口之商品年年調漲… … vs. vs. 美國進口美國進口商品商品……價格差異不大價格差異不大……


Effect Factors of Operating Effect Factors of Operating Exposure (Dornier et al)Exposure (Dornier et al)

Customer reactionsCustomer reactions

Competitor reactionsCompetitor reactions– market sharemarket share– profitprofit

Supplier reactionsSupplier reactions

Government reactionGovernment reaction


問題討論問題討論 mini cooper 2000mini cooper 2000 年售價：年售價： 9292 萬萬 20082008年售價：年售價： 136136 萬萬……

義大利進口磨豆機義大利進口磨豆機 20002000 年售價：年售價： 20000 20000 20082008 年售價：年售價： 2310023100

NBNB鍵盤鍵盤55月漲價月漲價10~15%…10~15%…


Operational StrategiesOperational StrategiesTo To Address These RisksAddress These Risks (Bruce Kogut) (Bruce Kogut)

Speculative StrategySpeculative Strategy– Bet on a Bet on a single scenariosingle scenario– Japanese auto manufacturing in JapanJapanese auto manufacturing in Japan

Hedged StrategyHedged Strategy– Losses in one area offset by gains in Losses in one area offset by gains in

anotheranother– VW in US, Brazil, Mexico, Germany, VW in US, Brazil, Mexico, Germany, ChinaChina

……

Flexible StrategyFlexible Strategy


Flexibility StrategiesFlexibility Strategies

Flexibility to take advantages of Flexibility to take advantages of operational exposureoperational exposure

Requires a Requires a flexible supply chainflexible supply chain– multiple suppliersmultiple suppliers– flexible facilitiesflexible facilities– excess capacityexcess capacity– various distribution channelsvarious distribution channels


Problem of Flexibility StrategiesProblem of Flexibility Strategies ――Can be expensive to implementCan be expensive to implement

coordination mechanismscoordination mechanisms

capital investmentscapital investments

loss of economies of scaleloss of economies of scale


Approaches to Implement Approaches to Implement Flexible StrategiesFlexible Strategies effectively effectively

Production/sourcing shiftsProduction/sourcing shifts

Information sharingInformation sharing

global coordinationglobal coordination

political leveragepolitical leverage


global coordinationglobal coordination―― 案例案例當當 MichelinMichelin 計畫進入北美市場計畫進入北美市場時，時， GoodyearGoodyear 在歐洲調降其輪胎售價，在歐洲調降其輪胎售價，此行動迫使此行動迫使 MichelinMichelin 減緩其海外投資計減緩其海外投資計畫畫……


Requirements for global strategy Requirements for global strategy implementationimplementation ― ―

five basic functions of firmsfive basic functions of firms11

產品開發產品開發– Design products that can be Design products that can be modified easilymodified easily for for

major marketsmajor markets..– 例如例如，，可負載可負載 110~240 V110~240 V電壓的電熱爐電壓的電熱爐……

採購採購– Ensure that the Ensure that the qualityquality and and delivery delivery options from options from

various suppliers are compatiblevarious suppliers are compatible– Compare the Compare the pricing pricing of various suppliersof various suppliers– Sufficient suppliersSufficient suppliers in in different regionsdifferent regions are at are at

handhand




生產生產– Excess capacityExcess capacity and and plants in several plants in several

regionsregions → shifting production → shifting production– Effective communications systemsEffective communications systems– Centralized managementCentralized management → → centralized centralized

informationinformation




需求管理需求管理– Projected demandProjected demand and and available productavailable product → →

Marketing Marketing and and sales planssales plans– InformationInformation is best is best supplied by analysts supplied by analysts

located in each regionlocated in each region– CommunicationCommunication– 案例，亞洲獨賣的龍筆案例，亞洲獨賣的龍筆……

訂單履行訂單履行– Centralized systemCentralized system


Although world markets are becoming more open all the time, the world is far from becoming a giant free trade zone.


Issues In Global SCMIssues In Global SCM11

Regional vs. International ProductsRegional vs. International Products

– 具區域特性的產品具區域特性的產品：有些產品必須針對某些地區做一：有些產品必須針對某些地區做一些特殊的設計及製造。例如：些特殊的設計及製造。例如：汽車汽車的設計通常是具區的設計通常是具區域特性的。域特性的。利用共同的零件利用共同的零件不同的設計來組裝不同的設計來組裝

– 真正的全球性產品真正的全球性產品：這些產品是真正全球性的，意即：這些產品是真正全球性的，意即是不須為了全球的銷售而做任何的修正、是不須為了全球的銷售而做任何的修正、

Cars vs. Coca-colaCars vs. Coca-cola


The trap of pleasing no one well by pleasing everyone half way.



Local Autonomy vs. Central ControlLocal Autonomy vs. Central Control

Exchange rate fluctuationsExchange rate fluctuations

Harder to administer offshore facilitiesHarder to administer offshore facilities

Cheap labor may mask the treat of Cheap labor may mask the treat of reduced productivityreduced productivity



Expensive training may be requiredExpensive training may be required

Collaborators become competitorsCollaborators become competitors– ChinaChina– Toshiba copiers, Hitachi microprocessorsToshiba copiers, Hitachi microprocessors

Foreign governmentsForeign governments– tax ratestax rates– government controlgovernment control


Added ComplexitiesAdded Complexities11

Substantial Substantial geographic distancesgeographic distances― ― more inventorymore inventoryAdded Added forecasting difficultiesforecasting difficultiesInfrastructural InadequaciesInfrastructural Inadequacies– Worker skill, performance expectationsWorker skill, performance expectations– Supplier availability, reliability, contractsSupplier availability, reliability, contracts– Lack of local technologiesLack of local technologies– Inadequacies in transportation, Inadequacies in transportation,

communications infrastructurecommunications infrastructure


Added ComplexitiesAdded Complexities22

Cultural differencesCultural differences– accepted partnerships, stylesaccepted partnerships, styles– value of punctualityvalue of punctuality– 例如，紅包文化、上酒家談生意例如，紅包文化、上酒家談生意……

Added competition “at home”Added competition “at home”


物流的區域性差異物流的區域性差異當制訂關於全球供應鏈中特殊國外連結的當制訂關於全球供應鏈中特殊國外連結的決策時，理所當然地，去瞭解區域之間的決策時，理所當然地，去瞭解區域之間的文化文化、、基礎設施基礎設施與與經濟經濟差異是很重要的。差異是很重要的。當經理人設計全球供應鏈時，有一些類型當經理人設計全球供應鏈時，有一些類型的差異必須要注意。的差異必須要注意。第一世界國家、新興第一世界國家、新興國家及第三世界國家國家及第三世界國家，這些國家之間的主，這些國家之間的主要差異要被標明。要差異要被標明。


文化的差異文化的差異文化差異可能是影響全球子公司詮釋管理文化差異可能是影響全球子公司詮釋管理階層的目標及看法的關鍵，諸如：信仰、階層的目標及看法的關鍵，諸如：信仰、價值觀、習俗以及語言，這些都在全球商價值觀、習俗以及語言，這些都在全球商業之中扮演一個很重要的角色，並且強烈業之中扮演一個很重要的角色，並且強烈的影響到協商及溝通。的影響到協商及溝通。語言語言信仰信仰風俗習慣風俗習慣


基礎設施基礎設施 11

第一世界國家第一世界國家– 製造及物流的製造及物流的基礎設施是高度開發基礎設施是高度開發的。高速公的。高速公路系統、港口、通訊及資訊系統以及先進的製路系統、港口、通訊及資訊系統以及先進的製造技術，允許了先進供應鏈的發展。造技術，允許了先進供應鏈的發展。

– 地理環境也會影響供應鏈的決策。地理環境也會影響供應鏈的決策。– 經濟情況也會影響物流和供應鏈構成要素的組經濟情況也會影響物流和供應鏈構成要素的組合。合。


基礎設施基礎設施 22

新興國家新興國家– 供應鏈的基礎設施通常並不充足。供應鏈的基礎設施通常並不充足。– 基礎設施發展的焦點基礎設施發展的焦點可能放在可能放在出口出口，而非建立，而非建立一個對出口及進口都合適的系統。一個對出口及進口都合適的系統。

第三世界第三世界– 其基礎設施一般而言是不足以支持先進的物流其基礎設施一般而言是不足以支持先進的物流

運作。運作。– 道路通常年久失修，倉儲設備也常常是無法使道路通常年久失修，倉儲設備也常常是無法使

用，配銷系統也可能不存在。用，配銷系統也可能不存在。


績效期望與評估績效期望與評估 11

第一世界國家第一世界國家– 存在著區域性的差異，但存在著區域性的差異，但營運標準往往是一致營運標準往往是一致且高且高的。的。

– 合約是合法的約束文件合約是合法的約束文件。環境的規定及限制通。環境的規定及限制通常存在，而且企業必須遵守。常存在，而且企業必須遵守。

– 然而區域之間，對於開發及強化關係的方法是然而區域之間，對於開發及強化關係的方法是互相不同的。互相不同的。

例如，歐洲美企業較常使用正式夥伴關係合約；日例如，歐洲美企業較常使用正式夥伴關係合約；日本企業則傾向偏好於非正式夥伴關係協議本企業則傾向偏好於非正式夥伴關係協議… …



新興國家新興國家– 營運標準通常差異很大。營運標準通常差異很大。– 一些公司可能擁有很高的期望並且也達到此一一些公司可能擁有很高的期望並且也達到此一期望，而且往往很重視合約及協議。。期望，而且往往很重視合約及協議。。

– 對於要能夠在新興國家中成功交易，對於要能夠在新興國家中成功交易，研究與協研究與協商商是最基本的工作。是最基本的工作。

– 政府政府往往在商業中扮演很重要的角色，因而國往往在商業中扮演很重要的角色，因而國外夥伴及公司必須時常準備好，以對政府改變外夥伴及公司必須時常準備好，以對政府改變中的想法做出反應。中的想法做出反應。



第三世界第三世界– 傳統的績效衡量是不具意義的。存貨不足是很傳統的績效衡量是不具意義的。存貨不足是很正常的現象。正常的現象。

– 不適合使用在西方國家的顧客服務方法（如：不適合使用在西方國家的顧客服務方法（如：存貨供應性、服務的速度及服務的一致性）由存貨供應性、服務的速度及服務的一致性）由於這種狀況，企業對於時效及存貨供應性的掌於這種狀況，企業對於時效及存貨供應性的掌握能力往往很低握能力往往很低。。


資訊系統的可用性資訊系統的可用性 11

第一世界國家第一世界國家：電腦科技的進步速度差異甚小。：電腦科技的進步速度差異甚小。 – 不同的系統中，當然可能存在著不相容性。另外，不同的系統中，當然可能存在著不相容性。另外，相關於資料保護及文件自動化的法定標準每個國家相關於資料保護及文件自動化的法定標準每個國家也都互異。也都互異。

新興國家新興國家：該支援系統，可能無法適當地執行有：該支援系統，可能無法適當地執行有效的資訊系統。效的資訊系統。– 通訊網路的完整性及可靠性也不足來支援資訊交通通訊網路的完整性及可靠性也不足來支援資訊交通量量


資訊系統的可用性資訊系統的可用性 22

第三世界國家第三世界國家：先進的資訊科技根本無法：先進的資訊科技根本無法取得。取得。– 如如 EDIEDI或是條碼系統在這種環境中無法獲得支或是條碼系統在這種環境中無法獲得支援。由於不足的通訊系統，所以即使是個人電援。由於不足的通訊系統，所以即使是個人電腦的價值也是有限。腦的價值也是有限。


人力資源人力資源 11

在大部分的第一世界國家中，擁有技術上及管理上良好能力的工作者。– 然而非技術性的勞工，在這些地區則相對地

較昂貴。

新興國家新興國家：經常不容易找到有能力的管理：經常不容易找到有能力的管理與技術專才，但有時候卻又不然。與技術專才，但有時候卻又不然。–技術性勞工在世界市場上通常較具競爭力。技術性勞工在世界市場上通常較具競爭力。


人力資源人力資源 11

第三世界國家第三世界國家：雖然去找到合適技術水準：雖然去找到合適技術水準的員工是可能的；但要尋獲熟悉現代管理的員工是可能的；但要尋獲熟悉現代管理技巧且受過訓練的專業物流人員與經理人，技巧且受過訓練的專業物流人員與經理人，往往是很困難的。因此在這種環境中，訓往往是很困難的。因此在這種環境中，訓練變得特別重要。練變得特別重要。


不同地區的主要差異不同地區的主要差異First WorldFirst World EmergingEmerging Third WorldThird World

InfrastructureInfrastructure Highly Highly developeddeveloped

Under Under developmentdevelopment

Insufficient to Insufficient to support support advanced advanced logisticslogistics

Supplier Supplier operating operating standardsstandards

High High Variable Variable Typically not Typically not consideredconsidered

Information Information system system availabilityavailability

Generally Generally availableavailable

Support Support system not system not availableavailable

Not availableNot available

Human Human resourcesresources

Available Available Available with Available with some some searchingsearching

Often difficult Often difficult to findto find

International Issues 1 問題印度的 IT 產業發達、人工便宜 …...

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