ICT-HEDSPI2014-4s.pdf

ICT-HEDSPI 2014 Sep2014

Nguyn Kim Khnh - HBKHN 1

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

Hanoi University of Science and Technology

Nhp mn CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

TS. Nguyn Kim Khnh B mn K thut my tnh Vin Cng ngh thng tin v Truyn thng Department of Computer Engineering (DCE) School of Information and Communication Technology (SoICT) Version: ICT-HEDSPI2014

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Thng tin lin h

n Office: B1-P502 n Cellphone: 091-358-5533 n E-mail: [email protected]

[email protected]

Sep2014 Nhp mn CNTT&TT 2

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Ti liu hc tp

Bi ging Sch tham kho: 1. Timothy J. OLeary, Linda J. OLeary -

Computing Essentials - 2012

2. Brian K. Williams, Stacey C. Sawyer - Using Information Technology 2011

a ch download ti liu hc tp:

ftp://dce.hust.edu.vn/khanhnk/ICT/


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Ni dung

Bi 1. Gii thiu chung Bi 2. D liu trong my tnh Bi 3. Phn cng my tnh Bi 4. Phn mm my tnh Bi 5. Mng my tnh v Internet Bi 6. Lp trnh v ngn ng lp trnh Bi 7. C s d liu Bi 8. H thng thng tin




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Nhp mn CNTT&TT

Bi 1 Gii thiu chung

TS. Nguyn Kim Khnh Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni


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Ni dung

1. Cc khi nim c bn 2. Phn loi my tnh hin i 3. H thng thng tin


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n Tin hc (Informatics) hay Khoa hc my tnh (Computer Science / Computing) l ngnh khoa hc nghin cu v my tnh v x l thng tin trn my tnh.

n Cng ngh Thng tin (Information Technology - IT), hay Cng ngh Thng tin v Truyn thng (Information and Communication Technology - ICT): nghin cu hoc s dng my tnh v h thng vin thng lu tr, tm kim, truyn v x l thng tin.

n Cng ngh thng tin l s kt hp ca Cng ngh my tnh v Cng ngh truyn thng.

1. Cc khi nim c bn


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n My tnh (Computers) l thit b thc hin theo chng trnh nhn d liu, x l d liu v to ra thng tin.

n Chng trnh (Program) l dy cc lnh c lu trong b nh iu khin my tnh thc hin theo.

My tnh v Chng trnh




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M hnh c bn ca my tnh


Cc thit b vo

Input Devices

B nh chnhMain Memory

Cc thit b raOutput Devices

B x l Processor

Cc thit b lu trStorage Devices

Cc thit b truyn thngCommunication Devices

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n My tnh ENIAC n My tnh in t a nng u

tin n Hon thnh nm 1946

n My tnh IAS n Do John von Neumann thit k

v xy dng theo tng chng trnh c lu tr

n Hon thnh nm 1952 n Kin trc my tnh von Neumann

tr thnh kin trc c bn ca my tnh

Nhng my tnh u tin


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n Siu my tnh (Supercomputers) n My tnh ln (Mainframe computers) n My tnh tm trung (Midrange Computers, Servers) n My tnh c nhn (Personal Computers) n My tnh nhng (Embedded Computers)

2. Phn loi my tnh hin i


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n My tnh qui m ln n Hiu nng tnh ton rt cao n Gii cc bi ton/vn phc tp vi s lng

php ton khng l n V d:

n IBM Blue Gene, Titan (USA) n K-Computer (Japan)

n Gi thnh: hng triu n hng trm triu USD.

Siu my tnh - Supercomputers




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My tnh ln - Mainframe

n Hiu nng tnh ton cao n Gii cc bi ton/vn phc tp n Gi thnh: hng trm nghn USD


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n Thc cht l my phc v n Cung cp cc dch v cho ngi

dng n Dng trong mng theo m hnh

Client/Server (Khch hng/Ngi phc v) n Hiu nng tnh ton cao n Gi thnh: hng nghn n hng

trm nghn USD.

My ch - Servers


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n My tnh bn (Desktops) n My tnh xch tay (Laptops, Notebooks) n My tnh bng (Tablets) n Thit b di ng (Mobile Devices, Smartphones)

My tnh c nhn Personal Computers


Username: alghamdi, mohammedBook: Computing Essentials 2014 Complete, Custom EBook for SEU Saudi, Middle East Edition, 24th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law.

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n c t n trong thit b khc iu khin thit b lm vic

n c thit k chuyn dng n V d:

n B iu khin trong robot n B iu khin trong cc thit b gia dng n Cc b iu khin trong xe -t n My rt tin t ng (ATM)

n Gi thnh: vi USD n hng nghn USD.

My tnh nhng - Embedded Computers




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3. H thng thng tin

n H thng thng tin (Information Systems) da trn my tnh gm c 6 phn: n Con ngi (People, end users) n Cc qui trnh (Procedures) n Phn mm (Software) n Phn cng (Hardware) n D liu (Data) n Kt ni mng (Connectivity)

n CNTT bao gm: phn cng, phn mm, d liu v kt ni mng


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Cc thnh phn ca h thng thng tin


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Con ngi

n L thnh phn quan trng nht ca h thng thng tin

n L ngi dng my tnh v h thng thng tin (end users) nng cao hiu qu cng vic ca h

n Yu cu: n C k nng s dng my tnh n C kin thc c bn v cng ngh thng tin


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Qui trnh

n L cc qui tc hay hng dn cho ngi dng vn hnh v s dng my tnh v cc phn mm

n Do cc chuyn gia my tnh ca hng sn xut ra cc sn phm phn cng v phn mm vit thnh ti liu

n Cc ti liu c cung cp di dng ti liu in hoc ti liu in t




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Phn mm my tnh

n Phn mm l cc chng trnh my tnh n Chng trnh l dy cc lnh yu cu my

tnh x l d liu to ra thng tin v dng ngi dng mong mun.

n Ngi lp trnh (Programmers) s dng cc ngn ng lp trnh to ra chng trnh.

n Cc loi phn mm: n Phn mm h thng n Phn mm ng dng


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Phn mm h thng

n Phn mm h thng cho php cc phn mm ng dng tng tc vi phn cng my tnh.

n Phn mm h thng l phn mm nn tng gip my tnh qun l cc ti nguyn bn trong ca n.

n Cc loi phn mm h thng: n H iu hnh (Operating System) n Cc phn mm tin ch (Utilties) n Cc trnh iu khin thit b (Device Drivers) n Cc chng trnh dch (Translators, Compilers)


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Phn mm ng dng

n Phn mm ng dng l cc phn mm c ngi dng s dng thc hin cc cng vic c th.

n Cc loi: n Cc phn mm ng dng c bn n Cc phn mm ng dng chuyn bit n Cc phn mm ng dng trn thit b di ng


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Phn cng my tnh n Bao gm ton b cc trang thit b ca my tnh n Phn cng c iu khin bi phn mm n Phn cng my tnh c nhn:

n n v h thng (System Unit) n Thit b vo/ra (Input/Output devices) n Thit b lu tr (Storage) n Thit b truyn thng (Communication devices)


Rev.Confirming Pages

14 CHAPTER 1

Figure 1-12 System unit

Memory

Microprocessor

Figure 1-13 MonitorFigure 1-14 Optical disc

less power. It saves data and information electronically similar to RAM except that it is not volatile. Three types are solid-state drives (SSDs) that are used much the same way as an internal hard disk, flash memory cards that are widely used in portable devices, and USB drives that are a widely used compact storage medium for transporting data and informa-tion between computers and a variety of specialty devices. Optical discs uselaser technology and have the greatest capacity. (See Figure 1-14 .) Three types of optical discs are compact discs (CDs) , digital versatile (or video ) discs (DVDs) , and high-definition (hidef) discs .

ExplorationsTo learn more about one of the leaders in the development of DVD technology, visit our Web site at www.computing-2012.com and enter the keyword dvd.

ole16805_ch01_002-027.indd 14ole16805_ch01_002-027.indd 14 11/9/10 7:51 PM11/9/10 7:51 PM



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D liu v Thng tin

n D liu (Data) l cc yu t th, cha c x l, bao gm: vn bn, s liu, k hiu, hnh nh, m thanh, ...

n Thng tin (Information) l d liu c x l p ng yu cu ca ngi dng.

n Mi d liu a vo my tnh u phi c m ha thnh s nh phn (bit).

n D liu c ct gi trong cc thit b lu tr di dng cc tp (file).


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Kt ni mng n Kt ni mng (Connectivity) l kh nng ca my tnh

ca ngi dng chia s thng tin vi cc my tnh khc v kt ni vi Internet.

n Truyn thng khng dy (Wireless communication): l kiu kt ni mng c s dng rng ri nht hin nay.

n Mng my tnh (Computer network): Cc my tnh c kt ni vi nhau chia s d liu v ti nguyn.

n Internet: Mng my tnh ton cu n Web: l dch v cung cp giao din a phng tin n

ti nguyn c trn Internet. n in ton m my (Cloud computing): dch v s

dng Internet v Web dch chuyn nhiu hot ng tnh ton t my tnh ca ngi dng ln cc my tnh trn Internet.


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Ht bi 1


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Nhp mn CNTT&TT

Bi 2 D liu trong my tnh





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1. Cc h m c bn v n v thng tin 2. Biu din s nguyn 3. Php ton s hc vi s nguyn 4. Biu din s thc 5. M ha k t 6. M ha tn hiu vt l

Ni dung


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1. Cc h m c bn v n v thng tin

n H thp phn (Decimal System) con ngi s dng

n H m c s bt k tng qut v phng din ton hc n H nh phn (Binary System)

my tnh s dng n H mi su (Hexadecimal System)

dng vit gn cho s nh phn


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H thp phn

n C s 10 n 10 ch s: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 n Dng n ch s thp phn c th biu din c 10n gi tr khc nhau: n 00...000 = 0 n 99...999 = 10n - 1


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Dng tng qut ca s thp phn

Gi tr ca A c hiu nh sau:

A = anan1...a1a0,a1...am

mm

nn

nn a...aaa...aaA

+++++++= 101010101010

11

00

11

11

in

miiaA 10

=

=


Dng tng qut ca s thp phn A:



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V d s thp phn

472.38 = 4x102 + 7x101 + 2x100 + 3x10-1 + 8x10-2

n Cc ch s ca phn nguyn: n 472 : 10 = 47 d 2 n 47 : 10 = 4 d 7 n 4 : 10 = 0 d 4

n Cc ch s ca phn l: n 0.38 x 10 = 3.8 phn nguyn = 3 n 0.8 x 10 = 8.0 phn nguyn = 8


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H m c s bt k

n C s r n r ch s n Dng tng qut ca mt s:

n Gi tr ca A: mnn a...aaa...aaA = 1011 ,

mm

nn

nn ra...rarara...raraA

+++++++=

11

00

11

11

in

miiraA

=

=


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H nh phn n C s 2 n 2 ch s nh phn: 0 v 1 n Ch s nh phn gi l bit (binary digit) n bit l n v thng tin nh nht n Dng n bit c th biu din c 2n

gi tr khc nhau: n 00...000 = 0 n 11...111 = 2n - 1

n Cc lnh ca chng trnh v d liu trong my tnh u c m ha bng s nh phn


Thp phn Nh phn

0 0000

1 0001

2 0010

3 0011

4 0100

5 0101

6 0110

7 0111

8 1000

9 1001

10 1010

11 1011

12 1100

13 1101

14 1110

15 1111

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Chuyn i s nh phn thnh thp phn

Gi tr ca A c tnh nh sau:

mnn a...aaa...aaA = 1011 ,

mm

nn

nn a...aaa...aaA

+++++++= 222222

11

00

11

11

in

miiaA 2

=

=

S nh phn A c dng tng qut:




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V d

1101001.1011(2) = 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4

= 26 + 25 + 23 + 20 + 2-1 + 2-3 + 2-4

= 64 + 32 + 8 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = 105.6875(10)


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Chuyn i s nguyn thp phn sang nh phn

n Phng php 1: chia dn cho 2 ri ly phn d

n Phng php 2: Phn tch thnh tng ca cc s 2i nhanh hn


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Phng php chia dn cho 2

n V d: chuyn i 105(10) n 105 : 2 = 52 d 1 n 52 : 2 = 26 d 0 n 26 : 2 = 13 d 0 n 13 : 2 = 6 d 1 n 6 : 2 = 3 d 0 n 3 : 2 = 1 d 1 n 1 : 2 = 0 d 1

n Kt qu: 105(10) = 1101001(2)


vit cc s d theo chiu

mi tn

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Phng php phn tch thnh tng ca cc 2i

n Kt qu: 105(10) = 0110 1001(2)

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

n V d 1: chuyn i 105(10) n 105 = 64 + 32 + 8 +1 = 26 + 25 + 23 + 20

n V d 2: 17000(10) = 16384 + 512 + 64 + 32 + 8 = 214 + 29 + 26 + 25 + 23

17000(10) = 0100 0010 0110 1000(2) 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0




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Chuyn i s l thp phn sang nh phn

n V d 1: chuyn i s 0.6875(10) thnh s nh phn n 0.6875 x 2 = 1.375 phn nguyn = 1 n 0.375 x 2 = 0.75 phn nguyn = 0 n 0.75 x 2 = 1.5 phn nguyn = 1 n 0.5 x 2 = 1.0 phn nguyn = 1

n Kt qu : 0.6875(10)= 0.1011(2)


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Chuyn i s l thp phn sang nh phn (tip)

n V d 2: chuyn i 0.81(10) thnh s nh phn n 0.81 x 2 = 1.62 phn nguyn = 1 n 0.62 x 2 = 1.24 phn nguyn = 1 n 0.24 x 2 = 0.48 phn nguyn = 0 n 0.48 x 2 = 0.96 phn nguyn = 0 n 0.96 x 2 = 1.92 phn nguyn = 1 n 0.92 x 2 = 1.84 phn nguyn = 1 n 0.84 x 2 = 1.68 phn nguyn = 1

n 0.81(10) 0.1100111(2)


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H mi su (Hexa)

n C s 16 n 16 ch s: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A,B,C,D,E,F n Dng vit gn cho s nh phn: c mt

nhm 4-bit s c thay bng mt ch s Hexa


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Quan h gia s nh phn v s Hexa 4-bit Ch s Hexa

0000 0

0001 1

0010 2

0011 3

0100 4

0101 5

0110 6

0111 7

1000 8

1001 9

1010 A

1011 B

1100 C

1101 D

1110 E

1111 F

V d chuyn i s nh phn s Hexa: n 1011 0011(2) = B3(16) n 0000 0000(2) = 00(16) n 0010 1101 1001 1010(2) = 2D9A(16) n 1111 1111 1111 1111(2) = FFFF(16)




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n v d liu v thng tin trong my tnh

n bit ch s nh phn (binary digit): l n v thng tin nh nht, cho php nhn mt trong hai gi tr: 0 hoc 1.

n byte l mt t hp 8 bit: c th biu din c 256 gi tr (28)

n KB (Kilobyte) = 210 bytes = 1024 bytes n MB (Megabyte) = 210 KB = 220bytes (~106) n GB (Gigabyte) = 210 MB = 230bytes (~109) n TB (Terabyte) = 210 GB = 240bytes (~1012) n PB (Petabyte) = 210 TB = 250bytes n EB (Exabyte) = 210 PB = 260bytes


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2. Biu din s nguyn

Gi tr ca A: in

iiaA 2

1

0

=

=

S nguyn khng du n Nguyn tc tng qut: Dng n bit biu din s

nguyn khng du A:

01221 aaa...aa nn

Di biu din ca A: [0, 2n 1]


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V d 1

n Biu din cc s nguyn khng du sau y bng 8-bit: A = 41 ; B = 150

Gii: A = 41 = 32 + 8 + 1 = 25 + 23 + 20 A = 0010 1001

B = 150 = 128 + 16 + 4 + 2 = 27 + 24 + 22 + 21 B = 1001 0110


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V d 2

n Cho cc s nguyn khng du M, N c biu din bng 8-bit nh sau: n M = 0001 0010 n N = 1011 1001

Xc nh gi tr ca M, N theo thp phn ? Gii:

n M = 0001 0010 = 24 + 21 = 16 +2 = 18 n N = 1011 1001 = 27 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 20

= 128 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 1 = 185




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Vi n = 8 bit

0000 0000 = 0 0000 0001 = 1 0000 0010 = 2 0000 0011 = 3

... 1111 1111 = 255

Biu din c cc gi tr t 0 n 255

Ch : 1111 1111 + 0000 0001 1 0000 0000 255+1 = 0 ?

nu b qua bit nh ra ngoi (Cout)

kt qu sai do c trn nh ra ngoi (carry out)


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Trc s hc vi n = 8 bit

Trc s hc:

Trc s hc my tnh:

0 21 3 255

02

1

3

255254


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Vi n = 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit

n n= 16 bit: di biu din t 0 n 65535 (216 1) n 0000 0000 0000 0000 = 0 n ... n 0000 0000 1111 1111 = 255 n 0000 0001 0000 0000 = 256 n ... n 1111 1111 1111 1111 = 65535

n n= 32 bit: di biu din t 0 n 232 - 1 n n= 64 bit: di biu din t 0 n 264 - 1


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S nguyn c du

n nh ngha: Cho mt s nh phn A c biu din bng n bit, ta c: n S b mt ca A = (2n-1) A n S b hai ca A = 2n A

n S b hai ca A = (S b mt ca A) +1

Khi nim S b mt v S b hai




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V d Vi n = 8 bit, cho A = 0010 0101 n S b mt ca A c tnh nh sau:

1111 1111 (28-1) - 0010 0101 (A)

1101 1010 o cc bit ca A

n S b hai ca A c tnh nh sau: 1 0000 0000 (28) - 0010 0101 (A)

1101 1011


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54

Quy tc tm S b mt v S b hai

n S b mt ca A = o gi tr cc bit ca A n (S b hai ca A) = (S b mt ca A) + 1 n V d:

n Cho A = 0010 0101 n S b mt = 1101 1010

+ 1 n S b hai = 1101 1011

n Nhn xt: A = 0010 0101 S b hai = + 1101 1011 1 0000 0000 = 0 (b qua bit nh ra ngoi) S b hai ca A = -A


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Biu din s nguyn c du theo m b hai

n Nu A l s dng: bit an-1 = 0, cc bit cn li biu din ln

n Nu A l s m: c biu din bng s b hai ca s dng tng ng, khi bit an-1 = 1

Nguyn tc tng qut: Dng n bit biu din s nguyn c du A theo m b hai nh sau:


an1an2 ...a2a1a0

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V d n Biu din cc s nguyn c du sau y theo

m b hai vi 8-bit: A = +58 ; B = -80

Gii: A = +58 = 0011 1010

B = -80

Ta c: + 80 = 0101 0000 S b mt = 1010 1111 + 1 S b hai = 1011 0000

Vy: B = - 80 = 1011 0000




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Xc nh gi tr ca s dng

0an2 ...a2a1a0

A = aii=0

n2

2in Gi tr ca s dng A:

n Dng tng qut ca s dng A:

n Di biu din cho s dng: [0, +(2n-1-1)]


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Xc nh gi tr ca s m

0122n aaa...a1

n Dng tng qut ca s m A:

in

ii

n aA 222

0

1

=

+=

n Gi tr ca s m A:

n Di biu din cho s m: [-1, -2n-1]


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Cng thc tng qut

01221 aaa...aa nn n Dng tng qut ca s nguyn c du A:

in

ii

nn aaA 22

2

0

11

=

+=

n Gi tr ca A c tnh nh sau:

n Di biu din: [ -(2n-1), +(2n-1-1) ]


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V d

n Xc nh gi tr thp phn ca cc s nguyn c du c biu din theo m b hai vi 8-bit nh di y: n P = 0110 0010 n Q = 1101 1011

Gii: n P = 0110 0010 = 64+32+2 = +98 n Q = 1101 1011 = -128+64+16+8+2+1 = - 37




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Vi n = 8 bit

0000 0000 = 0 0000 0001 = +1 0000 0010 = +2 0000 0011 = +3

... 0111 1111 = +127 1000 0000 = - 128 1000 0001 = - 127 ... 1111 1110 = -2 1111 1111 = -1

Biu din c cc gi tr t -128 n +127

Ch : +127 + 1 = -128 -128 - 1 = +127 do trn xy ra (overflow)


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Trc s hc s nguyn c du vi n = 8 bit

n Trc s hc:

n Trc s hc my tnh:

0 21-1 +127-128 -2

0+2

+1

+3

-1-2

+127-128

-3


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Vi n = 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit

n Vi n=16bit: biu din t -32768 n +32767 n 0000 0000 0000 0000 = 0 n 0000 0000 0000 0001 = +1 n ... n 0111 1111 1111 1111 = +32767 n 1000 0000 0000 0000 = -32768 n ... n 1111 1111 1111 1111 = -1

n Vi n=32bit: biu din t -231 n 231-1 n Vi n=64bit: biu din t -263 n 263-1


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3. Php ton s hc vi s nguyn

Cng s nguyn khng du Khi cng hai s nguyn khng du n-bit, kt qu

nhn c l n-bit: n Nu khng c nh ra ngoi bit cao nht (Cout = 0) kt qu ng

n Nu c nh ra ngoi bit cao nht (Cout = 1) kt qu sai, hin tng ny c gi l trn nh ra ngoi (Carry out)

n Trn nh ra ngoi xy ra khi: tng > (2n 1)




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V d cng s nguyn khng du

n 57 = 0011 1001 + 34 = + 0010 0010 91 0101 1011 = 64+16+8+2+1=91 ng

n 209 = 1101 0001 + 73 = + 0100 1001 282 1 0001 1010 0001 1010 = 16+8+2=26 sai c trn nh ra ngoi (Cout=1)

c kt qu ng ta biu din v cng theo 16-bit:

209 = 0000 0000 1101 0001 + 73 = + 0000 0000 0100 1001

0000 0001 0001 1010 = 256+16+8+2 = 282


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Php o du

n Ta c: + 37 = 0010 0101 b mt = 1101 1010 + 1 b hai = 1101 1011 = -37

n Ly b hai ca s m:

- 37 = 1101 1011 b mt = 0010 0100 + 1 b hai = 0010 0101 = +37

n Kt lun: Php o du trong my tnh thc cht l ly b hai


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Cng s nguyn c du

Khi cng hai s nguyn c du n-bit, kt qu nhn c l n-bit v khng cn quan tm n bit nh ra ngoi (Cout)

n Cng hai s khc du: kt qu lun lun ng. n Cng hai s cng du:

n nu du kt qu cng du vi cc s hng th kt qu l ng.

n nu kt qu c du ngc li, khi c hin tng trn xy ra (Overflow) v kt qu b sai.

n Hin tng trn (overflow) xy ra khi tng nm ngoi di biu din: [ -(2n-1),+(2n-1-1)]


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V d cng s nguyn c du khng trn n ( + 70) = 0100 0110

+ ( + 42) = 0010 1010 + 112 0111 0000 = +112

n (+ 97) = 0110 0001 + (- 52) = 1100 1100 (+52=0011 0100)

+ 45 1 0010 1101 = +45

n ( - 90) = 1010 0110 (+90=0101 1010) + ( +36) = 0010 0100 - 54 1100 1010 = - 54

n ( - 74) = 1011 0110 (+74=0100 1010) +( - 30) = 1110 0010 (+30=0001 1110) -104 1 1001 1000 = -104




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V d cng s nguyn c du b trn n ( + 75) = 0100 1011 +( + 82) = 0101 0010

+157 1001 1101 = - 128+16+8+4+1= -99 sai

n ( - 104) = 1001 1000 (+104=0110 1000) + ( - 43) = 1101 0101 (+ 43 =0010 1011) - 147 1 0110 1101

= 64+32+8+4+1= +109 sai n Hai php ton trn u b trn v tng nm

ngoi di biu din [-128, +127] Sep2014 Nhp mn CNTT&TT 69

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Php tr

n Php tr hai s nguyn: X-Y = X+(-Y) n Nguyn tc: Ly b hai ca Y c -Y,

ri cng vi X


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Php nhn

1011 S b nhn (11)

x 1101 S nhn (13) 1011 0000 Cc tch ring phn 1011

1011 10001111 Tch (143)


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Php nhn (tip)

n Cc tch ring phn c xc nh nh sau: n Nu bit ca s nhn bng 0 tch ring phn bng 0. n Nu bit ca s nhn bng 1 tch ring phn bng s

b nhn. n Tch ring phn tip theo c dch tri mt bit so vi

tch ring phn trc . n Tch bng tng cc tch ring phn Php nhn c thc hin bng php dch bit v php cng n Nhn hai s nguyn n bit, tch c di 2n bit

(khng bao gi trn).




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Php chia

S b chia 10010011 1011 S chia - 1011 00001101 Thng

001110 -1011

001111 -1011 100 Phn d

Php chia c thc hin thng qua php dch bit v php tr (php cng)


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4. Biu din s thc

n Trong my tnh s thc c biu din theo S du phy ng (Floating Point Number)

n Dng tng qut ca s du phy ng: X = M * RE

n M: phn nh tr (Mantissa) n R: c s (Radix) n E: phn m (Exponent)


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Chun IEEE754-2008

n C s R = 2 n Cc dng:

n Dng 32-bit: 10-38 10+38

n Dng 64-bit

10-308 10+308

n Dng 128-bit

10-4932 10+4932

346 CHAPTER 10 / COMPUTER ARITHMETIC

is implementation dependent, but the standard places certain constraints on the length of the exponent and significand. These formats are arithmetic format types but not interchange format types. The extended formats are to be used for inter-mediate calculations. With their greater precision, the extended formats lessen the

Table 10.3 IEEE 754 Format Parameters

ParameterFormat

Binary32 Binary64 Binary128

Storage width (bits) 32 64 128

Exponent width (bits) 8 11 15

Exponent bias 127 1023 16383

Maximum exponent 127 1023 16383

Minimum exponent -126 -1022 -16382Approx normal number range (base 10)

10-38, 10+38 10-308, 10+308 10-4932, 10+4932

Trailing significand width (bits)* 23 52 112

Number of exponents 254 2046 32766

Number of fractions 223 252 2112

Number of values 1.98 * 231 1.99 * 263 1.99 * 2128

Smallest positive normal number 2-126 2-1022 2-16362

Largest positive normal number 2128 - 2104 21024 - 2971 216384 - 216271

Smallest subnormal magnitude 2-149 2-1074 2-16494

Note: *not including implied bit and not including sign bit

Trailing significand field

(c) Binary128 format

Biasedexponent

Trailing significand field

(b) Binary64 format

8 bits

Signbit

Trailingsignificand field

(a) Binary32 format

Biasedexponent

23 bits

11 bits 52 bits

15 bits 112 bits

Signbit

Biasedexponent

Signbit

Figure 10.21 IEEE 754 Formats


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Dng 32-bit

n S l bit du: n S = 0 s dng n S = 1 s m

n e (8 bit) l gi tr dch chuyn ca phn m E: n e = E + 127 phn m E = e - 127

n m (23 bit) l phn l ca phn nh tr M: n M = 1.m

n Cng thc xc nh gi tr ca s thc: X = (-1)S*1.m * 2e-127


S me

1 bit 23 bit8 bit



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V d 1

Xc nh gi tr thp phn ca s thc c biu din theo s du phy ng dng 32-bit nh sau:

X = 1100 0001 0101 0110 0000 0000 0000 0000 n S = 1 s m

n e = 1000 0010(2) = 13010) E = 130-127=3

Vy ta c:

X = -1.10101100(2) * 23 = -1101.011(2) = -13.375(10)


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V d 2

Biu din s thc X= 83.75(10) v dng s du phy ng 32-bit.

Gii: n X = 83.75(10) = 1010011.11(2) = 1.01001111(2) x 26 n Ta c:

n S = 0 v y l s dng n E = e-127 = 6 e = 127 + 6 = 133(10) = 1000 0101(2)

n Vy: X = 0100 0010 1010 0111 1000 0000 0000 0000


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Cc qui c c bit

n Cc bit ca e bng 0, cc bit ca m bng 0, th X = 0 x000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 X = 0

n Cc bit ca e bng 1, cc bit ca m bng 0, th X = x111 1111 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 X =

n Cc bit ca e bng 1, cn m c t nht mt bit bng 1, th

n khng biu din cho s no c (NaN - not a number)


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Di gi tr biu din

n 2-127 n 2+127 n 10-38 n 10+38

0-2+127 +2+127+2-127-2-127




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5. M ha k t (characters)

n Cc k t c m ha thnh s nh phn theo b m chun

n Mt s b m k t thng dng: n B m ASCII (American Standard Code for

Information Interchange) n B m Unicode n B m UTF-8


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B m ASCII

n Do ANSI (American National Standard Institute) thit k

n B m 8-bit c th m ha c 28 k t, c m t: 0016 FF16 , trong : n 128 k t chun c m t 0016 7F16 n 128 k t m rng c m t 8016 FF16


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Cc k t chun

n Cc k t hin th chun c m t 20(16) 7E(16) n Cc ch ci Latin n Cc ch s thp phn n cc du cu: . , : ; ... n cc du php ton: + - * / % ... n mt s k hiu thng dng: &, $,@, # n du cch

n Cc m iu khin c m t 00(16) 1F(16) v 7F(16) n Cc m iu khin nh dng vn bn n Cc m iu khin truyn s liu n Cc m iu khin phn tch thng tin n Cc m iu khin khc


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M ca cc k t hin th chun

SEC. 2.4 INPUT/OUTPUT 139

Hex Name Meaning Hex Name Meaning0 NUL Null 10 DLE Data Link Escape1 SOH Start Of Heading 11 DC1 Device Control 12 STX Start Of TeXt 12 DC2 Device Control 23 ETX End Of TeXt 13 DC3 Device Control 34 EOT End Of Transmission 14 DC4 Device Control 45 ENQ Enquiry 15 NAK Negative AcKnowledgement6 ACK ACKnowledgement 16 SYN SYNchronous idle7 BEL BELl 17 ETB End of Transmission Block8 BS BackSpace 18 CAN CANcel9 HT Horizontal Tab 19 EM End of MediumA LF Line Feed 1A SUB SUBstituteB VT Vertical Tab 1B ESC ESCapeC FF Form Feed 1C FS File SeparatorD CR Carriage Return 1D GS Group SeparatorE SO Shift Out 1E RS Record SeparatorF SI Shift In 1F US Unit Separator

Hex Char Hex Char Hex Char Hex Char Hex Char Hex Char20 (Space) 30 0 40 @ 50 P 60 70 p21 ! 31 1 41 A 51 Q 61 a 71 q22 " 32 2 42 B 52 R 62 b 72 r23 # 33 3 43 C 53 S 63 c 73 s24 $ 34 4 44 D 54 T 64 d 74 t25 % 35 5 45 E 55 U 65 e 75 u26 & 36 6 46 F 56 V 66 f 76 v27 37 7 47 G 57 W 67 g 77 w28 ( 38 8 48 H 58 X 68 h 78 x29 ) 39 9 49 I 59 Y 69 i 79 y2A * 3A : 4A J 5A Z 6A j 7A z2B + 3B ; 4B K 5B [ 6B k 7B {2C , 3C < 4C L 5C \ 6C l 7C |2D - 3D = 4D M 5D ] 6D m 7D }2E . 3E > 4E N 5E 6E n 7E ~2F / 3F ? 4F O 5F 6F o 7F DEL

Figure 2-44. The ASCII character set.

The idea behind Unicode is to assign every character and symbol a unique16-bit value, called a code point. No multibyte characters or escape sequences areused. Having every symbol be 16 bits makes writing software simpler.

With 16-bit symbols, Unicode has 65,536 code points. Since the worlds lan-guages collectively use about 200,000 symbols, code points are a scarce resourcethat must be allocated with great care. To speed the acceptance of Unicode, theconsortium cleverly used Latin-1 as code points 0 to 255, making conversion




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Cc m iu khin SEC. 2.4 INPUT/OUTPUT 139

Hex Name Meaning Hex Name Meaning0 NUL Null 10 DLE Data Link Escape1 SOH Start Of Heading 11 DC1 Device Control 12 STX Start Of TeXt 12 DC2 Device Control 23 ETX End Of TeXt 13 DC3 Device Control 34 EOT End Of Transmission 14 DC4 Device Control 45 ENQ Enquiry 15 NAK Negative AcKnowledgement6 ACK ACKnowledgement 16 SYN SYNchronous idle7 BEL BELl 17 ETB End of Transmission Block8 BS BackSpace 18 CAN CANcel9 HT Horizontal Tab 19 EM End of MediumA LF Line Feed 1A SUB SUBstituteB VT Vertical Tab 1B ESC ESCapeC FF Form Feed 1C FS File SeparatorD CR Carriage Return 1D GS Group SeparatorE SO Shift Out 1E RS Record SeparatorF SI Shift In 1F US Unit Separator

Hex Char Hex Char Hex Char Hex Char Hex Char Hex Char20 (Space) 30 0 40 @ 50 P 60 70 p21 ! 31 1 41 A 51 Q 61 a 71 q22 " 32 2 42 B 52 R 62 b 72 r23 # 33 3 43 C 53 S 63 c 73 s24 $ 34 4 44 D 54 T 64 d 74 t25 % 35 5 45 E 55 U 65 e 75 u26 & 36 6 46 F 56 V 66 f 76 v27 37 7 47 G 57 W 67 g 77 w28 ( 38 8 48 H 58 X 68 h 78 x29 ) 39 9 49 I 59 Y 69 i 79 y2A * 3A : 4A J 5A Z 6A j 7A z2B + 3B ; 4B K 5B [ 6B k 7B {2C , 3C < 4C L 5C \ 6C l 7C |2D - 3D = 4D M 5D ] 6D m 7D }2E . 3E > 4E N 5E 6E n 7E ~2F / 3F ? 4F O 5F 6F o 7F DEL

Figure 2-44. The ASCII character set.

The idea behind Unicode is to assign every character and symbol a unique16-bit value, called a code point. No multibyte characters or escape sequences areused. Having every symbol be 16 bits makes writing software simpler.

With 16-bit symbols, Unicode has 65,536 code points. Since the worlds lan-guages collectively use about 200,000 symbols, code points are a scarce resourcethat must be allocated with great care. To speed the acceptance of Unicode, theconsortium cleverly used Latin-1 as code points 0 to 255, making conversion


V d: n CR - m iu khin chuyn con tr v u dng n LF - m iu khin chuyn con tr xung dng tip theo n BS - m iu khin li tri con tr mt v tr n FF - m iu khin chuyn con tr sang u trang tip theo

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V d m ha text I love Vietnam

H 0100 1000

A 0100 0001

N 0100 1110

O 0100 1111

I 0100 1001

CR 0000 1101

LF 0000 1010

S 0101 0011

A 0100 0001

I 0100 1001

G 0100 0111

O 0100 1111

N 0100 1110

I 0100 1001

0010 0000

l 0110 1100

o 0110 1111

v 0111 0110

e 0110 0101

0010 0000

V 0101 0110

i 0110 1001

e 0110 0101

t 0111 0100

n 0110 1110

a 0110 0001

m 0110 1101

HANOI () SAIGON


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Cc k t m rng

n Cc k t m rng c nh ngha bi: n hng ch to my tnh n ngi pht trin phn mm

n V d: n B m k t m rng ca IBM IBM-PC n B m ting Vit TCVN3


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B m Unicode

n Do cc hng my tnh hng u thit k n B m 2 byte n B m a ngn ng n 128 k t u ging ASCII n C h tr cc k t ting Vit




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6. M ha tn hiu vt l

ADC - Analog to Digital Converter DAC Digital to Analog Converter Cc tn hiu vt l thng dng

n m thanh (Sound) n Hnh nh (Video)

B cm bin tn hiu(sensor)

B chuyn i tng t-s

(ADC)

Tn hiu vt lTn hiu in

lin tc Tn hiu s

My tnh

B ti to tn hiu

B chuyn i s-tng t

(DAC)

Tn hiu vt lTn hiu in

lin tc Tn hiu s


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Ht bi 2


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Nhp mn CNTT&TT

Bi 3 Phn cng my tnh



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1. Cu trc c bn ca my tnh 2. n v h thng 3. Cc thit b vo 4. Cc thit b ra 5. Cc thit b lu tr

Ni dung




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1. Cu trc c bn ca my tnh

CPU B nh chnh

Bus lin kt h thng

H thng vo-ra


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n B x l trung tm (Central Processing Unit): iu khin hot ng ca my tnh v x l d liu

n B nh chnh (Main Memory): Cha cc chng trnh v d liu ang c CPU thc hin

n H thng vo-ra (Input/Output System): Trao i thng tin gia my tnh vi bn ngoi

n Bus lin kt h thng: Kt ni v vn chuyn thng tin gia cc thnh phn vi nhau

Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh


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n Chc nng: n iu khin hot ng ca my tnh n x l d liu

n Nguyn tc hot ng c bn: n CPU hot ng theo chng trnh nm trong

b nh chnh n Chu trnh lnh:

n CPU nhn lnh t b nh chnh n Gii m v thc hin lnh

B x l trung tm (CPU)


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Cu trc c bn ca CPU

n viu khin

(CU)

n vs hc v

logic(ALU)

Tp cc thanh ghi

(RF)

n v ni ghp bus (BIU)

bus bn ngoi

bus bn trong




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n n v iu khin (Control Unit - CU): iu khin hot ng ca my tnh theo chng trnh nh sn

n n v s hc v logic (Arithmetic and Logic Unit - ALU): thc hin cc php ton s hc v php ton logic

n Tp thanh ghi (Register File - RF): lu gi cc thng tin tm thi phc v cho hot ng ca CPU

n n v ni ghp bus (Bus Interface Unit - BIU) kt ni v trao i thng tin gia bus bn trong (internal bus) v bus bn ngoi (external bus)

Cc thnh phn c bn ca CPU


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Tc ca b x l

T0: chu k xung nhp (clock cycle) Tc xung nhp (clock rate): f0 = 1/T0 , ch ra s chu

k xung nhp trong 1s (tnh bng Hz) Tc b x l c nh gi thng qua tc xung

nhp V d: B x l 2GHz Khi xung nhp c 2 t chu k trong 1s Chu k xung nhp = 1/(2 x 109) = 0,5 ns

T0

n Mi b x l hot ng theo mt xung nhp xc nh

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B nh my tnh

n Chc nng: cha chng trnh v d liu n Cc thao tc c bn vi b nh:

n Thao tc ghi (Write) n Thao tc c (Read)

n Cc thnh phn chnh: n B nh trong

n B nh chnh (Main memory): cha cc chng trnh ang thc hin

n B nh cache (Cache memory): m gia CPU v b nh chnh tng tc trao i

n S dng b nh bn dn n B nh ngoi:

n Cha ti nguyn phn mm v d liu n Chnh l thit b lu tr (Storage devices)


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Cc thnh phn ca b nh my tnh


CacheCPU

B nh chnh(Main

memory)

Cc thit b lu tr

(Storage devices)



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B nh chnh

n Cha cc lnh ca chng trnh ang chy v cc d liu ang c CPU x l

n T chc thnh cc ngn nh c nh a ch

n Ngn nh thng c t chc theo byte

n Ni dung ca ngn nh c th thay i, song a ch vt l ca ngn nh lun c nh.

Ni dung a ch 1011 0010 0000 1110 0010 0001 0001 1111 0010 1010 1011 0011 0000 1000 0100 1111 1111 0101 0011 1100 0110 1000 1111 0111 1111 0001 1000 0011 1101 1001 1000 1111 1010 0011 0011 1011 1100 1101 1100 0101 1010 1101 1000 1101 1110 1111 0000 1111


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B nh cache

n B nh c tc nhanh c t m gia CPU v b nh chnh nhm tng tc CPU truy cp b nh

n Dung lng nh hn b nh chnh n Tc nhanh hn n Cache thng c chia thnh mt s mc: L1,

L2, L3 n Cache thng c tch hp trn chip vi x l n Cache c th c hoc khng


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H thng vo-ra

n Chc nng: Trao i thng tin gia my tnh vi th gii bn ngoi

n Cc thao tc c bn: n Vo d liu (Input) n Ra d liu (Output)

n Cc thnh phn chnh: n Cc thit b vo-ra (IO devices) n Cc m-un vo-ra (IO modules)


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Cu trc c bn ca h thng vo-ra


M-unvo-ra

M-unvo-ra

Cng vo-ra

Thit b vo-ra

Thit b vo-ra

Thit b vo-ra

CPU v

b nh chnh

Cng vo-ra

Cng vo-ra

Bus h

thng



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Cc thit b vo-ra

n Chc nng: chuyn i d liu gia bn trong v bn ngoi my tnh

n Cc loi thit b vo-ra c bn n Thit b vo: bn phm, chut, my qut, micro n Thit b ra: mn hnh, my in, my chiu, loa n Thit b lu tr: HDD, SSD, th nh, a quang n Thit b truyn thng: modem


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M-un vo-ra

n Chc nng: ni ghp cc thit b vo-ra vi my tnh

n Mi m-un vo-ra c mt hoc mt vi cng vo-ra (I/O Port)

n Mi cng vo-ra c nh mt a ch xc nh

n Cc thit b vo-ra c kt ni v trao i d liu vi my tnh thng qua cc cng vo-ra.


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n Bus lines: tp hp cc ng kt ni dng vn chuyn thng tin gia cc m-un ca my tnh vi nhau.

n Mi ng dn truyn c 1-bit ti mt thi im n Cc bus chc nng:

n Bus a ch: vn chuyn a ch n Bus d liu: vn chuyn lnh v d liu n Bus iu khin: cc tn hiu iu khin

n rng bus: l s ng dn ca bus c th truyn cc bit thng tin ng thi (ch dng cho bus a ch v bus d liu).

Cc ng bus trong my tnh


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S cu trc bus c bn

bus iu khin

bus a ch

bus d liu

CPU M-unnhM-unvo-ra

M-unnh

M-unvo-ra




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Bus a ch

n Chc nng: vn chuyn a ch xc nh ngn nh hay cng vo-ra

n rng bus a ch: cho bit s lng ngn nh ti a c nh a ch n N bit: AN-1, AN-2, ... A2, A1, A0

c th nh a ch ti a cho 2N ngn nh (khng gian a ch b nh) n V d:

n B x l c bus a ch 32 bit c kh nng nh a ch cho 232 bytes nh (4GBytes) (ngn nh t chc theo byte)


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Bus d liu

n Chc nng: n vn chuyn lnh t b nh n CPU n vn chuyn d liu gia CPU, m un nh, m un

vo-ra vi nhau n rng bus d liu: Xc nh s bit d liu c

th c trao i ng thi n M bit: DM-1, DM-2, ... D2, D1, D0 n M thng l 8, 16, 32, 64,128 bit.

n V d: n B x l c bus d liu 64 bit n c th trao i 8 bytes d liu ng thi


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Bus iu khin

n Chc nng: vn chuyn cc tn hiu iu khin

n Cc loi tn hiu iu khin: n Cc tn hiu pht ra t CPU iu khin

b nh v h thng vo-ra n Cc tn hiu t h thng vo-ra gi n yu

cu CPU


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n n v h thng cha hu ht cc thnh phn ca my tnh

n My tnh bn: n n v h thng cha cc bng mch, chip vi x l,

b nh RAM, cc thit b lu tr, b ngun. n Cc thit b vo-ra c kt ni bn ngoi thng qua

cc cng vo-ra. n My tnh xch tay: n v h thng cha cc

bng mch, chip vi x l, b nh RAM, cc thit b lu tr, pin v cc thit b vo-ra chnh.

n Smartphone, Tablet: ton b cc thnh phn nm trong n v h thng.

2. n v h thng (System Unit)




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n v h thng my tnh bn



14 CHAPTER 1

Figure 1-12 System unit

Memory

Microprocessor

Figure 1-13 MonitorFigure 1-14 Optical disc

less power. It saves data and information electronically similar to RAM except that it is not volatile. Three types are solid-state drives (SSDs) that are used much the same way as an internal hard disk, flash memory cards that are widely used in portable devices, and USB drives that are a widely used compact storage medium for transporting data and informa-tion between computers and a variety of specialty devices. Optical discs uselaser technology and have the greatest capacity. (See Figure 1-14 .) Three types of optical discs are compact discs (CDs) , digital versatile (or video ) discs (DVDs) , and high-definition (hidef) discs .

ExplorationsTo learn more about one of the leaders in the development of DVD technology, visit our Web site at www.computing-2012.com and enter the keyword dvd.


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n Bo mch h thng (System board, Mainboard, Motherboard) kt ni tt c cc thnh phn ca h thng, cho php cc thit b vo-ra truyn thng tin vi n v h thng.

n L bn mch bao gm cc thnh phn sau: n cm (Socket): kt ni vi chip vi x l n Cc vi mch (Integrated Circuits IC) n Cc khe cm (Slots): Kt ni vi cc bn mch khc

(module nh, cc card vo-ra) n Cc ng kt ni (bus lines) n Cc cng vo-ra: kt ni vi cc thit b vo-ra

Bo mch h thng


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Bo mch h thng Confirming Pages

The System Unit 163

Connecting lines called bus lines provide pathways that support commu-nication among the various electronic components that are either located on the system board or attached to the system board. (See Figure6-7. )

Notebook, tablet PC, and handheld system boards are smaller than desktop system boards. However, they perform the same functions as desktop system boards.

Figure 6-6 Chip mounted onto a carrier packageFigure 6-5 Chip

Socket

Bus Lines

Slot

Figure 6-4 System board


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Chip vi x l (Microprocessor chip)

n L chip cha CPU n Nng lc b vi x l:

n B x l 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit Kch thc t d liu (s bit) c x l ng thi n Tc xung nhp (clock rate): hin nay ~ GHz

n Chip a li (multicore chip) n Nhiu CPU trn mt chip n X l song song n Dng vi x l Core i7 c 4, 6, 8 cores

n B nh cache c tch hp trn chip vi x l




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Cc b x l c bit

n B ng x l (Coprocessors) n c thit k tng cng cc php ton tnh ton khoa hc n VD: B x l ha GPU (Graphic Processing Unit)

n Th thng minh (Smart cards) n Th vi chip nhng n c s dng rng ri

n Cc b x l chuyn dng n S dng trong h nhng n Chc nng iu khin chuyn bit

n Th RFID (Radio Frequence Identification) n Chip cha thng tin n c s dng xc nh v tr ca i tng c gn th

trong phm vi nh


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n Cha d liu v cc lnh ca chng trnh ang chy

n S dng cc chip nh bn dn n Cc loi b nh bn dn:

n RAM n ROM n Flash memory

B nh (Memory)


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n Random Access Memory n B nh c-ghi n Cha chng trnh ang chy v d liu m

CPU ang x l n L b nh tm thi: mt thng tin khi ngt ngun n Cc loi RAM:

n SRAM Static RAM: dng cho cache n DRAM Dynamic RAM: dng cho b nh chnh

n SDRAM Synchronous DRAM n DDR SDRAM Double Data Rate SDRAM

n Module nh cho b nh chnh n DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module)

RAM


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n Read Only Memory n Cha thng tin c nh n Khng b mt thng tin khi tt ngun n ROM BIOS:

n BIOS: Basic Input Output System n Cha cc chng trnh sau:

n Chng trnh chn on kim tra h thng khi bt ngun n Cc chng trnh iu khin vo-ra c bn n Chng trnh tm v np h iu hnh t a khi ng

vo RAM.

ROM




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B nh Flash

n Thng tin d dng thay i n Khng b mt thng tin khi tt ngun n C th s dng cho b nh trong

(memory) hoc b nh ngoi (storage)


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n Qun l thng tin trn mn hnh theo cc im nh (pixels)

n Hai kiu thit k: n Ly mt phn ca b nh chnh (RAM)

lm Video RAM n Video RAM tch ri vi b nh chnh

Video RAM


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Bus m rng

n Dng cm thm cc card m rng ty chn n PCI bus (Peripheral Component Interconnect):

bus ni ghp vi cc card vo-ra n PCI express bus (PCIe): Bus PCI tc nhanh n USB (Universal Serial Bus):

n Bus ni tip a nng n Cho php ni ghp thit b t bn ngoi

n SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment): kt ni vi cc a


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n Cm vo cc khe cm m rng, c th l:

n Cc b iu khin thit b (Device Controllers): card mn hnh,

n Card mng: NIC Network Interface Card

n PC Card dng trn notebooks

Cc card m rng




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n Cng VGA (Video Graphic Adapter): Cng ni ghp mn hnh

n Cng USB (Universal Serial Bus): Cng ni tip a nng, cho php ni ghp ti a 127 thit b nh cc USB Hub n USB chun, USB 2.0, USB 3.0

n Cng FireWire: Cng kt ni tc nhanh n Cng Ethernet: Cng kt ni mng LAN n Cng HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface): Cng

kt ni Video-Audio r nt cao n Cng Thunderbolt: cng kt ni tc nhanh

Mt s cng vo-ra chun


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Mt s cng vo-ra chun


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n H thp in p t li in cng nghip n Chuyn i t dng in xoay chiu (AC

Alternating Current) thnh dng in mt chiu (DC Direct Current)

n Power Supply dng trong my tnh bn n AC Adapters dng xc pin cho my tnh xch

tay, tablet, smartphone

B ngun in cung cp

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174 CHAPTER 6

IrDA ports from each device were directly aligned and infrared light waves were used to transmit data. One of the most common applications was to transfer data from either a handheld or notebook computer to a desktop computer. Game ports were used to connect video game

controllers and joysticks.

Cables Cables are used to connect exterior devices to the system unit via the ports. One end of the cable is

attached to the device and the other end has a connector that is attached to a matching connector on the port. (See Figure6-19. )

Power Supply C omputers require direct current (DC) to power their electronic components and to represent data and instructions. DC power can be provided indirectly by converting alternating current (AC) from standard wall outlets or directly from batteries.

Desktop computers have a power supply unit located within the sys-tem unit. (See Figure6-20. ) This unit plugs into a standard wall outlet, converts AC to DC, and provides the power to drive all of the system unit components.

Notebook and tablet PCs use AC adapters that are typically located outside the system unit. (See Figure6-21. ) AC adapters plug into a standard wall outlet, convert AC to DC, provide power to drive the system unit compo-nents, and can recharge the batteries. These computers can be operated

Figure 6-21 AC adapterFigure 6-20 Power supply unit

USB DVI Fire Wire Ethernet Telephone

Figure 6-19 Cables



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3. Cc thit b vo/ra

n Chc nng ca cc thit b vo: chuyn i d liu t bn ngoi v dng m my tnh c th x l.

n Cc thit b vo thng dng: n Bn phm (Keyboard) n Cc thit b tr (Pointing Devices) n Cc thit b qut (Scanning Devices) n Cc thit b chp nh (Image Capturing Devices) n Cc thit b nhn m thanh (Audio-Input Devives)




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Bn phm

n Bn phm truyn thng n Bn phm khng dy n Bn phm in thoi n Bn phm o (Virtual Keyboards): trn

mn hnh cm ng


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Cc thit b tr

n Chut n Chut c n Chut quang n Chut khng dy

n Cc thit b tng t chut: n Trackball n Touch pad n Pointing stick

n Mn hnh cm ng (Touch screen)




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Cc thit b qut

n My qut quang n My c th

n My c th t n My c th sng v tuyn

n u c m vch

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194 CHAPTER 7

Portable scanner is typically a handheld device that slides across the image, making direct contact.

Optical scanners are powerful tools for a wide variety of end users, includ-ing graphics and advertising professionals who scan images and combine them with text. Lawyers and students use portable scanners as a valuable research tool to record information.

Card Readers Nearly everyone uses a credit card, debit card, access (parking or build-ing) card, and/or some type of identification card. These cards typically have the users name, some type of identification number, and signature embossed on the card. Additionally, encoded information is often stored on the card as well. Card readers interpret this encoded information. There are two basic types:

By far the most common is the magnetic card reader. The encoded infor-mation is stored on a thin magnetic strip located on the back of the card. When the card is swiped through the magnetic card reader, the informa-tion is read.

Figure 7-12 Three types of scanners

Flatbed scanner

Portable scanner

Document scanner


Confirming Pages

Input and Output 195

Radio frequency card readers are not as common but more convenient because they do not require the card to actually make contact with the reader. The card has a small RFID (radio frequency identification) microchip that contains the users encoded information. Whenever the card is passed within a few inches of the card reader, the users informa-tion is read. (See Figure7-13 .)

Bar Code Readers You are probably familiar with bar code readers or scanners from grocery stores. (See Figure 7-14 .) These devices are either handheld wand readers or platform scanners. They contain photoelectric cells that scan or read bar codes, or the vertical zebra-striped marks printed on product containers.

Almost all supermarkets use electronic cash registers and a bar code sys-tem called the Universal Product Code (UPC). At the checkout counter, elec-tronic cash registers use a bar code reader to scan each products UPC code. The codes are sent to the supermarkets computer, which has a description, the latest price, and an inventory level for each product. The computer processes this input to update the inventory level and to provide the electronic cash reg-ister with the description and price for each product. These devices are so easy to use that many supermarkets are offering customers self-checkout stations.

Character and Mark Recognition Devices Character and mark recognition devices are scanners that are able to recog-nize special characters and marks. They are specialty devices that are essential tools for certain applications. Three types are

Figure 7-13 Radio frequency card readerFigure 7-14 Bar code reader



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Cc thit b ra

n Chc nng: a d liu c x l (thng tin) v dng thng tin cn thit

n Cc dng thng tin a ra: n Vn bn n ha n m thanh n Hnh nh

n Cc loi thit b ra c bn: n Mn hnh n My in n My chiu n Loa




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Mn hnh (Monitor) n Cc c tnh:

n Kch thc mn hnh (inch): ng cho n phn gii: xc nh s im nh (pixel) trn

mn hnh. n 1024768, 1280 x 1024, 1600 x 1200,

n Dot pitch: khong cch gia hai pixel cnh nhau

n S mu c th hin th: n 16 bit 216 = 65536 mu n 32 bit 232 mu

n Tc lm ti mn hnh: 75Hz n T l 4:3 hoc 16:9


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200 CHAPTER 7

CONCEPT CHECKHow are digital cameras different from traditional cameras?

What is a WebCam? Describe the two basic designs.

Discuss voice recognition systems.

What Is Output? O utput is processed data or information. Output typically takes the form of text, graphics, photos, audio, and/or video. For example, when you create a presentation using a presentation graphics program, you typically input text and graphics. You also could include photographs and even add voice narra-tion. The output would be the completed presentation.

Output devices are any hardware used to provide or to create output. They translate information that has been processed by the system unit into a form that humans can understand. There are a wide range of output devices. The most widely used are monitors, printers, and audio-output devices.

Monitors T he most frequently used output device is the monitor. Also known as display screens, monitors present visual images of text and graphics. The output is often referred to as soft copy. Monitors vary in size, shape, and cost. Almost all, however, have some basic distinguishing features.

Features The most important characteristic of a monitor is its clarity. Clarity refers to the quality and sharpness of the displayed images. It is a function of several moni-

tor features, including resolution, dot pitch, refresh rate, size, and aspect ratio.

Resolution is one of the most important features. Images are formed on a monitor by a series of dots or pixels ( picture elements). (See Figure7-19 .) Resolution is expressed as a matrix of these dots or pixels. For example, many monitors today have a resolution of 1,600 pixel col-umns by 1,200 pixel rows for a total of 1,920,000 pixels. The higher a monitors resolution (the more pixels), the clearer the image produced. See Figure7-20 for the most common monitor resolutions.

Dot (pixel) pitch is the distance between each pixel. Most newer monitors have a dot pitch of .31 mm (31/100th of a millimeter) or less. The lower the dot pitch (the shorter the distance between pixels), the clearer the images produced. Figure 7-19 Monitor resolution

Pixel

Figure 7-18 Portable voice recognition system

record dictation. (See Figure7-18 .) These devices are able to record for several hours before connecting to a computer system to edit, store, and print the dic-tated information. Some systems are even able to translate dictation from one language to another, such as from English to Japanese.


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Cc chun mn hnh

n SVGA - Super Video Graphics Array: 800 x 600 n XGA - Extended Graphics Array: 1024 x 768 n SXGA - Super Extended Graphics Array: 1280 x 1024 n UXGA: Ultra Extended Graphics Array: 1600 x 1200 n QXGA: Quantum Extended Graphics Array: 2048 x 1536 n QXSGA: 2560 x 2048


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Cc loi mn hnh

n Mn hnh ng tia in t CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

n Mn hnh kh plasma n Mn hnh tinh th lng LCD (Liquid

Crystal Display) n Mn hnh OLED (Organic Light Emitting

Diode) i-t pht quang hu c


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My in (Printers)

n c trng: n phn gii: dpi dot per inch n en-trng hay mu n Tc : s trang/pht n B nh RAM n In mt mt hay hai mt n Kt ni/khng kt ni trc tip vi mng

n Cc loi my in: n My in kim n My in fun mc n My in laser




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4. Thit b lu tr (Storage)

n a cng HDD n a quang CD, DVD n nh bn dn: SSD, USB Flash, Flash

card n Cc h thng lu tr dung lng ln


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n HDD - Hard Disk Drive n ng trong hp kn, c nhiu tng a, nhiu u t

n Mi mt a chia thnh cc tracks n Mi track chia thnh cc sectors n C 2 loi a cng:

n a cng bn trong n a cng bn ngoi

a cng


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Secondary Storage 223

Some important characteristics of secondary storage include

Media are the actual physical material that holds the data and programs. (See Figure8-1 .)

Capacity measures how much a particular storage medium can hold.

Storage devices are hardware that reads data and programs from storage media. Most also write to storage media.

Access speed measures the amount of time required by the storage device to retrieve data and programs.

Most desktop microcomputer systems have hard and optical disk drives, as well as ports where additional storage devices can be connected.

Hard Disks H ard disks save files by altering the magnetic charges of the disks surface to represent 1s and 0s. Hard disks retrieve data and programs by reading these charges from the magnetic disk. Characters are represented by positive ( + ) and negative ( ) charges using the ASCII, EBCDIC, or Unicode binary codes. For example, the letter A would require a series of 8 charges. (See Figure8-2 .) Density refers to how tightly these charges can be packed next to one another on the disk.

Hard disks use rigid metallic platters that are stacked one on top of ano-ther. Hard disks store and organize files using tracks, sectors, and cylinders. Tracks are rings of concentric circles without visible grooves. Each track is divided into invisible wedge-shaped sections called sectors. (See Figure8-3 .) A cylinder runs through each track of a stack of platters. Cylinders are neces-sary to differentiate files stored on the same track and sector of different plat-ters. When a hard disk is formatted, tracks, sectors, and cylinders are assigned.

Hard disks are sensitive instruments. Their read/write heads ride on a cush-ion of air about 0.000001 inch thick. It is so thin that a smoke particle, finger-print, dust, or human hair could cause what is known as a head crash. (See Figure8-4 .)

Figure 8-2 How charges on a disk surface store the letter A

Track

Sector

Figure 8-3 Tracks and sectors

Figure 8-1 Secondary storage media

Disk

Electromagnetic charges

Binary representation

A

1

0

1

10

2

1

2

0

2

0

2

0

2

0

2


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a quang

n CD-ROM (Compact Disc - Read Only Memory): n Thng tin ch c c

n CD-R (Recordable CD) n a trng sau c ghi n khng xa c

n CD-RW (Rewriteable CD) n C th xa ghi li

n Dung lng cc a CD: ~ 650MB n DVD Disc (Digital Versatile Disc - a a nng s)

n ~ 5 - 20GB

n a Blue-ray n ~ 25 - 100GB


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nh bn dn

n nh SSD (Solid State Drive)

n nh flash: kt ni qua cng USB

n Th nh n Dung lng tng nhanh n Gi thnh cao



USB Drives USB drives, or flash drives, are so compact that they can be transported on a key ring. (See Figure8-13 .) These drives conveniently connect directly to a computers USB port to transfer files and can have capacities ranging from 1 GB to 256 GB, with a broad price range to match. Due to their convenient size and large capacities, USB drives have become a very popular option for transporting data and information between computers, specialty devices, and the Internet. To learn more about using flash drives to transport data, see Making IT Work for You: Flash Camcorders, YouTube, and MySpace on pages 232 and 233.

Figure 8-12 Flash memory cardFigure 8-13 USB drive

CONCEPT CHECKWhat is solid-state storage?

Compare solid-state technology to that used in hard disks.

What are SSDs? What is flash memory? What are USB drives?

Cloud Storage Recently, many applications that would have required installation on your computer to run have moved to the Web. Numerous Web sites now exist to provide application services. As we have discussed, this is known as cloud computing, where the Internet acts as a cloud of servers that supply appli-cations as a service rather than a product. Additionally, these servers provide cloud storage, also known as online storage.

If you have used Google Apps to create a word processing document or a spreadsheet, used Mint.com to manage your financial information, or stored

Did you know that hard disk storage requires more energy than solid state storage? Unlike solid state storage which has no moving parts, hard disks have to be rotating in order to save or to retrieve data. Almost all large data centers have thousands of hard drives running 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. This means that hard drives are tremendous energy consumers. Solid state storage requires only a fraction of the energy requirements to provide com-parable storage capacity and access. For this reason, many data centers are switching from traditional hard disk to solid state storage. To see more envi-ronmental facts, visit our Web site at www.computing-2012.com.

environment





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Cc h thng lu tr dung lng ln

n H thng lu tr doanh nghip n File Servers n Network Attached Storage (NAS) n Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) n Tape Library


Confirming Pages


Network attached storage (NAS) similar to a file server except sim-pler and less expensive; widely used for home and small business storage needs.

RAID systems larger versions of the specialized devices discussed earlier in this chapter that enhance organizational security by constantly making backup copies of files moving across the organizations networks.

Tape library device that provides automatic access to data archived on a library of tapes.

Organizational cloud storage high-speed Internet connection to a dedicated remote organizational cloud storage server.

Storage Area Network A recent mass storage development is storage area network ( SAN ) systems. SAN is an architecture to link remote computer storage devices, such as enterprise storage systems, to computers such that the devices are as avail-able as locally attached drives. In a SAN system, the users computer pro-vides the file system for storing data, but the SAN provides the disk space for data.

Figure 8-16 Enterprise storage system

File server

RAID system

Tape library

Network attachedstorageOrganizational cloud storage

Organizational network


n SAN: Storage Area Network

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Ht bi 3


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Nhp mn CNTT&TT

Bi 4 Phn mm my tnh



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1. Khi nim v phn loi phn mm 2. Phn mm h thng 3. Phn mm ng dng

Ni dung




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1. Khi nim v phn loi phn mm

Phn mm bao gm cc chng trnh v d liu c s dng bi my tnh.

Chng trnh l dy cc lnh iu khin my tnh hot ng.

Phn mm ng dng: gm cc chng trnh c pht trin cho ngi dng thc hin cng vic c th.

Phn mm h thng: gm cc chng trnh vn hnh, iu khin phn cng my tnh v cung cp nn tng chy cc phn mm ng dng.


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Phn loi theo quyn s dng

n Phn mm thng mi (commercial software) hay l phn mm ng gi (packaged software): n c ng k bn quyn (copyrighted) n c sn xut bn cho ngi dng n Ngi dng (mua, hoc c h tr) cn nhn c

bn quyn s dng phn mm (license) t ch s hu. n Cc kiu cp bn quyn s dng phn mm:

n Site licenses: cho php phn mm c s dng trn tt c cc my tnh v tr xc nh

n Concurrent-user licenses: Cho php mt s bn copy cng c s dng ng thi

n Multiple-user license: xc nh s ngi c th s dng phn mm

n Single-user license: gii hn phn mm ch cho mt ngi dng Sep2014 Nhp mn CNTT&TT 146

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Phn loi theo quyn s dng (tip)

n Phn mm cng cng (public-domain software): n Khng c ng k bn quyn n C th sao chp min ph

n Phn mm t nguyn (shareware) n c ng k bn quyn (copyrighted) n Min ph, nhng bn nn tr mt l ph tip tc s

dng n. n Phn mm min ph (freeware)

n c ng k bn quyn (copyrighted) n Min ph

n Phn mm cho thu (rentalware) n c ng k bn quyn (copyrighted) n Ngi dng thu vi ph xc nh


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Phn mm ngun m

n Phn mm ngun m - PMNM (open-sourse software) l nhng phn mm c cung cp di dng m ngun

n Min ph v bn quyn n Ngi dng c quyn sa i, ci tin, pht trin, nng

cp theo mt s nguyn tc chung qui nh trong giy php PMNM

n Nh cung cp phn mm ngun m c quyn yu cu ngi dng tr mt s chi ph v cc dch v bo hnh, hun luyn, nng cp, t vn, vv...

n V d: n H iu hnh Linux n Trnh duyt Mozilla Firefox n Phn mm vn phng OpenOffice




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2. Phn mm h thng

n Phn mm h thng l phn mm nn cho php cc phn mm ng dng tng tc vi phn cng my tnh.

n Cc loi phn mm h thng: n H iu hnh (Operating System): qun l v phi hp cc

ti nguyn ca my tnh, cung cp giao din ngi-my v chy cc ng dng.

n Cc phn mm tin ch (Utilties): thc hin cc nhim v chuyn bit lin quan n qun l ti nguyn my tnh.

n Cc trnh iu khin thit b (Device Drivers): gm cc chng trnh chuyn dng cho php cc thit b vo-ra trao i vi bn trong my tnh.

Cc chng trnh dch (Translators, Compilers): chuyn chng trnh m ngun do con ngi vit bng ngn ng lp trnh thnh chng trnh m my my hiu c v thc hin


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Phn mm h thng Rev. Confirming Pages

Software

121

to interact with the computer and helps the computer manage its inter-nal and external resources. We interact mainly with the application soft-ware, which interacts with the system software, which controls the hardware.

New microcomputers are usually equipped not only with system software but also with some application software.

There are three basic components of system software that you need to know about. ( See Panel 3.1 .)

Operating systems: An operating system is the principal component of system software in any computing system.

Device drivers: Device drivers help the computer control peripheral devices. Utility programs: Utility programs are generally used to support,

enhance, or expand existing programs in a computer system.

A fourth type of system software, language translators, is covered elsewhere.

3.2 THE OPERATING SYSTEM: What It Does What are the principal functions of the operating system?

The operating system (OS), also called the software platform, consists of the low-level, master system of programs that manage the basic opera-tions of the computer. These programs provide resource management ser-vices of many kinds. In particular, they handle the control and use of hardware resources, including disk space, memory, CPU time allocation, and peripheral devices. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. The operating system allows you to concentrate on your own tasks or applications rather than on the complexities of managing the computer. Each application program is written to run on top of a particular operating system.

panel 3.1 Three components of system software System software is the interface between the user and the application software and the com-puter hardware.

Application Softwareword processing, spreadsheet, database, graphics, etc.

System SoftwareOperating system

Device drivers Utility programs

Hardware(computer plus

peripheral devices)

User

User

wiL16775_ch03_119-192.indd 121wiL16775_ch03_119-192.indd 121 1/8/10 4:31:42 PM1/8/10 4:31:42 PM


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H iu hnh (OS)

n OS l tp hp cc chng trnh iu khin cc hot ng c bn ca my tnh

n OS l phn mm quan trng nht ca my tnh.

n Cn c gi l nn tng phn mm (software platform)


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Cc nhm chc nng ca h iu hnh

n Qun l cc ti nguyn ca my tnh: n Qun l v iu phi b x l, b nh chnh, b nh ngoi, ... n Gim st hiu nng h thng n Cung cp kh nng an ton cho my tnh n Khi ng my tnh

n Cung cp giao din ngi dng: n Giao din dng lnh da trn k t ( cc OS c) n Giao din ha (Graphic User Interface GUI)

n Np v chy cc chng trnh ng dng: n Hu ht cc OS h tr a nhim (multitasking): cho php

chy nhiu ng dng ng thi n Qun l cc ng dng ang chy trn my tnh theo kiu nn

trc/nn sau




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Cc c trng chung ca h iu hnh

n Desktop: cung cp mn hnh giao din chnh truy cp ti nguyn my tnh

n Icons (Biu tng): biu din ha cho cc chng trnh, kiu file d liu

n Pointer (Con tr) n Windows (Ca s): hin th thng tin n Menu: cung cp danh sch cc la chn hoc cc lnh n Toolbars (Thanh cng c): gm cc nt bm nh (button) truy nhp nhanh cc lnh iu khin

n Dialog box (Hp thoi): cung cp thng tin hoc yu cu ngi dng nhp d liu.

n Help: cung cp tr gip hng dn s dng h iu hnh


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Cc loi h iu hnh

n H iu hnh trn my n (Stand-alone OS): n Dng trn my tnh bn hoc my xch tay n c ci t trn HDD hoc SSD

n H iu hnh nhng (Embedded OS): n Dng trn cc thit b di ng, my tnh nhng n c lu tr trong b nh ROM hoc flash

n H iu hnh mng (Network OS): n iu khin v phi hp cc my tnh ni mng n c ci t trn HDD ca my ch (Server)


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Cc h iu hnh thng dng

n H iu hnh trn Desktop v Laptop: n Microsoft Windows n Apple Mac OS n Linux (m ngun m)

n H iu hnh mng: n Windows Servers n Unix / Solaris / BSD n Linux

n H iu hnh cho smartphone, tablet: n iOS n Android n Windows Phone Sep2014 Nhp mn CNTT&TT 155

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Ci t nhiu h iu hnh trn mt my tnh

n S dng cc phn vng trn HDD hoc SSD n Chia a thnh nhiu phn vng (partition) n Mi h iu hnh c ci t trn mt phn vng n Chuyn i gia cc h iu hnh: cn khi ng li my

tnh n S dng phn mm o ha

n Phn mm o ha (virtualization software) ci t trn h iu hnh th nht to ra my o (virtual machine)

n Ci t h iu hnh th hai trn my o n H iu hnh ch (Host operating system): ci t trn my

vt l n H iu hnh khch (Guest operating system): ci t trn

my o n Chuyn i gia cc h iu hnh d dng Sep2014 Nhp mn CNTT&TT 156



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Mt s hot ng chnh ca OS

n Khi ng n Qun l CPU n Qun l b nh n Qun l tp (file) n Qun l nhim v n Qun l an ton my tnh


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Khi ng (Booting)

n L qu trnh np h iu hnh vo b nh chnh ca my tnh: n Bt my tnh n Chng trnh chn on (diagnostic program) kim tra

CPU, b nh chnh v cc phn cng khc. n Cc chng trnh vo ra c bn (Basic input/output

system - BIOS) c copy t ROM BIOS vo b nh chnh (RAM).

n Chng trnh khi ng (Boot program) nhn OS (thng t b nh ngoi) np vo b nh chnh ca my.


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Qu trnh xy ra khi bt my


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Cold Boots v Warm Boots

n Cold boot: Bt ngun my tnh (turn on) n Warm boot: Khi ng li my tnh

(restart) n Boot disk:

n S dng a CD hoc flash cha tt cc file khi ng OS

n c s dng khi cng cha OS b hng.




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Qun l CPU

n Thnh phn trung tm ca OS l Supervisor (hay l kernel), l phn mm qun l CPU: n Nm trong b nh chnh khi my tnh hot ng

n Np v chy cc chng trnh khc khng nm thng tr trong b nh chnh thc hin nhim v h tr cc chng trnh ng dng.


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Qun l b nh

n Phn chia v qun l cc vng trong b nh chnh cha chng trnh v d liu

n Trao i gia b nh chnh v b nh ngoi n Cc cch qun l b nh:

n Phn vng (Patitioning): chia b nh thnh tng vng tch ri, mi vng c th cha chng trnh hoc d liu.

n Nn trc/nn sau (Foreground/Background): Chng trnh nm nn trc c mc u tin cao hn.

n Hng i (Queues): Cc chng trnh c i trn a cng trong hng i theo kiu FIFO (First-in First-out). Hng i l ni cha tm thi chng trnh hoc d liu.


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Qun l tp (File)

n Tp (File) l tp hp cc thng tin c lin quan vi nhau c t tn xc nh.

n Tp c th l chng trnh hoc d liu n Cc tp c lu tr trn b nh ngoi n H iu hnh qun l cc tp trn b nh

ngoi: lu tr, copy, xa, i tn, di chuyn. n Th mc (directory hoc folder): cha cc file

hoc cc th mc con.


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Qun l nhim v

n H iu hnh n nhim (Single-tasking): n Ch cho php chy mt chng trnh ng dng

mt thi im n Ngi dng phi ng ng dng ny trc khi

mun chy mt ng dng khc. n H iu hnh a nhim (Multitasking):

n Cho php thc hin ng thi hai hoc nhiu chng trnh trn mt my tnh

n Cc h iu hnh thng dng hin nay u l h iu hnh a nhim




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Qun l an ton my tnh

n Mt my tnh nhiu ngi dng n Qun l truy cp my tnh trn mng n Qun l User name (ID) v Password


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Cc chng trnh tin ch

n Gm cc chng trnh c thit k thc hin cc nhim v chuyn bit lin quan vi vic qun l ti nguyn ca my tnh

n C th c trong h iu hnh hoc c ci t thm

n Mt s tin ch thng dng: n Chng trnh x l s c hay chn on

(Troubleshooting or diagnostic programs) n Chng trnh chng virus (Antivirus programs) n Chng trnh g b ci t (Uninstall programs) n Chng trnh lu d phng (Backup programs) n Chng trnh nn tp (File compression programs)


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Cc trnh iu khin thit b

n L cc chng trnh phn mm chuyn dng cho php cc thit b vo-ra trao i c thng tin vi my tnh.

n C th c sn trong h iu hnh n Ci t thm khi mua thit b mi n V d: driver cho my in


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4. Phn mm ng dng

n Cc phn mm ng dng c bn n Phn mm son tho vn bn n Phn mm bng tnh n Phn mm trnh din n Phn mm h qun tr c s d liu n Trnh duyt

n Mt s phn mm ng dng chuyn bit n Cc phn mm ha n Cc phn mm Audio v Video n Cc phn mm Multimedia n Cc phn mm to Website n Cc phn mm tr tu nhn to

n Cc phn mm ng dng trn thit b di ng Sep2014 Nhp mn CNTT&TT 168



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Kho phn mm ng dng

n Apple App Store n Google Play Store n Microsoft Windows Store


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Ht bi 4


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Nhp mn CNTT&TT

Bi 5 Mng my tnh v Internet



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Ni dung

1. Khi nim c bn v truyn thng my tnh 2. Phng tin truyn dn 3. Cc thit b kt ni 4. Truyn dn d liu 5. Mng my tnh 6. Internet 7. Ti phm my tnh




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n Truyn thng my tnh (Computer communication) l qu trnh chia s d liu, chng trnh v thng tin gia hai hoc nhiu my tnh.

n H thng truyn thng: n Cc thit b gi v nhn d liu/thng tin: my

tnh, my in. n Knh truyn thng (phng tin truyn dn) n Cc thit b kt ni n Cc giao thc truyn thng

1. Khi nim c bn v truyn thng my tnh


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Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng truyn thng

Confirming Pages

Communications and Networks 251

and knowledgeable becomes a matter of knowing not only about connectivity through networks to microcomputers, but also about larger computer systems and their informa-tion resources.

The Wireless Revolution The single most dramatic change in connectivity and commu-nications in the past few years has been the widespread use of mobile telephones with wireless Internet connectivity. Stu-dents, parents, teachers, businesspeople, and others routinely talk and communicate with these devices. It is estimated that over 3 billion mobile telephones are in use worldwide. This wireless technology allows individuals to stay connected with one another from almost anywhere at any time.

So whats the revolution? While wireless technology was originally used primarily for voice communications, todays cell phones support e-mail, Web access, and a vari-ety of Internet applications. In addition, wireless technol-ogy allows a wide variety of nearby devices to communicate with one another without any physical connection. You can share a high-speed printer, share data files, and col-laborate on working documents with a nearby co-worker without having your computers connected by cables or telephonewireless communication. Highspeed Internet wireless technology allows individuals to connect to the Internet and share information from almost anywhere in the world. (See Figure 9-1 .) But is it a revolution? Most experts say yes and that the revolution is just beginning.

Communication Systems Communication systems are electronic systems that transmit data from one location to another. Whether wired or wireless, every communication system has four basic elements. (See Figure9-2 .)

Sending and receiving devices. These are often a computer or specialized communication device. They originate (send) as well as accept (receive) messages in the form of data, information, and/or instructions.

Communication channel. This is the actual connecting or transmission medium that carries the message. This medium can be a physical wire or cable, or it can be wireless.

Figure 9-1 Wireless revolution

Figure 9-2 Basic elements of a communication system

MessageConnectiondevice

Data transmission specificationscoordinate sending and receiving

devices

ReceivingdeviceMessage

Connectiondevice

Communicationchannel

Sendingdevice

Packets



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n Tn hiu l i lng vt l cha ng thng tin v c th truyn i.

n Tn hiu tng t (Analog signal): tn hiu lin tc v c thi gian v bin

n Tn hiu s (Digital signal): tn hiu ri rc c thi gian v bin

Cc kiu tn hiu

Rev. Confirming Pages

314

Ch

ap

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adjustments to the frequencythe number of cycles per second, or the number of times a wave repeats during a specific time interval (the fastness/ slowness). Or it can make adjustments to the analog signals amplitudethe height of the wave (the loudness/softness). Thus, in frequency, a slow wave might represent a 0 and a quick wave might represent a 1. In amplitude, a low wave might rep-resent a 0 and a high wave might represent a 1. ( See Panel 6.3. )

Modem is short for mo dulate/ dem odulate. A sending modem modu-lates digital signals into analog signals for transmission over phone lines. A receiving modem demodulates the analog signals back into digital sig-nals. The modem provides a means for computers to communicate with one another using the standard copper-wire telephone network, an analog system that was built to transmit the human voice but not computer signals.

Our concern, however, goes far beyond telephone transmission. How can the analog realities of the world be expressed in digital form? How can light, sounds, colors, temperatures, and other dynamic values be represented so that they can be manipulated by a computer? Let us consider this.

panel 6.2Analog versus digital signals, and the modemNote that an analog signal represents a con-tinuous electrical signal in the form of a wave. A digital signal is discon-tinuous, expressed as discrete bursts of on/off electrical pulses.

... is converted to digital form throughfrequency modulationthe frequencyof the cycle increases to represent a 1and stays the same to represent a 0.

... or is converted to digital form throughamplitude modulationthe height of thewave is increased to represent a 1 andstays the same to represent a 0.

The continuous, evencycle of an analog wave ...

Amplitude

Amplitude

Frequency

OR

0 01 1

0 01 1

panel 6.3How analog waves are modified to resemble digital pulses

Hi!

Analog signal

01 1

Digital signal

1 11 1100 00

Digital signal

1 11 1100 00

Modem: Modulate(converts digitalpulses to analogform)

Modem: Demodulate(converts analogsignals backto digital form)

Hi!

wiL16775_ch06_309-360.indd 314wiL16775_ch06_309-360.indd 314 1/8/10

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