Hydro Tanks
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Transcript of Hydro Tanks
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PRESENTATION
ON
HYDROPNEUMATIC TANKSBY
JAMES E. PANDOLPH, P.E.
TEAM
ANKNGINEERING
NDANAGEMENT
CONSULTANTS, INC.
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WATER STORAGE TANKS
ARE CRITICAL TO THE EFFICIENT OPERATION OF ANY WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
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PURPOSE OF STORAGE
VOLUME
PRESSURE
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TYPES OF STORAGE
PROVIDE LARGE VOLUMES OF WATER, USUALLY FOR LARGER WATER SYSTEMS
GROUND STORAGE TANKS OR RESERVOIRS
DO NOT PROVIDE PRESSURE TO THE SYSTEM UNLESS:
1. BUILT ON A HILL
2. PUMPED TO AN ELEVATED TANK.3. USE OF HIGH SERVICE PUMPS TO PROVIDE
PRESSURE TO THE SYSTEM
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INSERT A GROUND STORAGE TANK HERE ST. PETE OBERLY
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TYPES OF STORAGE
ESSENTIALLY A GROUND STORAGE TANK WHOSE HEIGHT WILL PROVIDE ADEQUATE SYSTEM PRESSURE.
STAND PIPES
ONLY UPPER VOLUMES ARE AVAILABLE TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE PRESSURE
1. CAREFULL CIRCULATION IS REQUIRED TO PREVENT STAGNATION, STRATIFICATION & OTHER PROBLEMS.
2. PROPER SOIL BEARING IS MANDATORY.
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ELEVATED STORAGE TANKS
HEAD RANGE (HR)
HT. TO LCL
HT. TO HCL
HCL ESTABLISHES MAX PRESSURE
HR CONTROLS Pressure variation
LCL ESTABLISHES MIN PRESSURE
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ELEVATED STORAGE TANKS
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ELEVATED STORAGE TANKS
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HYDROPNEUMATIC TANKS
Hydropneumatic tanks (or pressure tanks) are very common in small water systems that use wells to supply drinking water. The hydropneumatic system combines the energy from a pump (usually the well pump) with the principle of air pressure to force water into the distribution system. These tanks are installed between the well pump and distribution system and are intended to:
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Maintain an adequate and relatively even pressure in the distribution system
Reduce the number of times the well pump turns on and off
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Hydropneumatic tanks are usually not large enough to provide sufficient water storage for fire fighting. Availability of alternate water sources must be considered when selecting a hydropneumatic system for a municipal supply.
Because the volume of stored water is minimal, operational failures that occur with hydropneumatic tank systems can result in the water system customers being completely out of water within a matter of minutes. It is therefore important for all operators of these systems to be familiar with basic troubleshooting steps to identify andcorrect problems with the water system.
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Types of Hydropneumatic Tanks While the number and size of hydropneumatic tanks
may vary widely from system to system, there are four basic styles of tanks. Depending on the type and size, these tanks can be installed vertically or horizontally. The general differences between the four styles (shown below) involve the method of separating the air and the water inside the tank. Operators should be familiar with the type of tank(s) in their system.
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TYPICAL HYDROPNEUMATIC TANKConventional tank WITH AIR COMPRESSOR
The air cushion is in direct contact with the water. Because air can dissolve in the water, an air volume controller is necessary as well as an air compressor system
WATER
AIR
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MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A HYDROPNEUMATIC TANK SYSTEM
PURPOSECOMPONENTThe Well and pump. Includes Check Valve, Air relief & Meter.
Water Source1
Supports the tank and insures that the tank will not tip over and break a main water supply line.
Tank Foundation
3
Regulates air volume in tank (controls compressor)
Air Volume Controller
4
Stores water and air. Pressurized vessel. Florida requires periodic cleaning & Inspection.
Steel Tank2
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MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A HYDROPNEUMATIC TANK SYSTEM
PURPOSECOMPONENTSupplies air to the tank to maintain air cushion. Unit should be oil free type or be fitted with filters to prevent oil from entering the water.
Air Compressor5
Prevents excessively high pressure in the tank. Generally 100 psi maximum.
Pressure Relief Valve
6
Allows flow of water in and out of tank. Both should be fitted with gate valves and inlet pipe should be fitted with a check valve.
Inlet/Outlet Piping
7
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MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A HYDROPNEUMATIC TANK SYSTEM
PURPOSECOMPONENTAllows direct observation of air-to-water ratio. Generally the ratio should be 1 to 2, i.e.: 1/3 air to 2/3 water.
Sight Glass (Tube)
8
For monitoring pressure inside the tank and on the distribution system.
Pressure Gauges
9
Controls cut-in (start) and cut-out (stop) cycles of the well pump.
Pump/Motor Controls
10
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MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A HYDROPNEUMATIC TANK SYSTEM
PURPOSECOMPONENTRegulates the pump/motor controls based on pre-set cut-in and cut-out points. These are adjustable but adjustments should be performed only by qualified personnel. The settings should generally provide a minimum of 40 psi and a maximum of 70 psi throughout the distribution system. The pressure should never be allowed to drop to below 20 psi. Alarms should be provided to notify the operator in the event of a system failure (low water pressure)
High/Low Pressure Controls
11
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MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A HYDROPNEUMATIC TANK SYSTEM
PURPOSECOMPONENTRegulates water level in the tank.High/Low Water
Level Controls12
Measures quantity of water pumped.
Master Water Flow Meter
13
Records total hours of water supply pump operation.
Elapsed Time Meter
15
Records number of pump cycles. Should be limited to a maximum of 10-15 cycles per hour. Cycles can adjusted by high/low pressure controls.
Cycle Counter14
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2/3 water
1/3 air
Foundations
TYPICAL HYDROPNEUMATIC TANKWITH AIR COMPRESSOR
Air Compressor
Well Pump
Pressure ReleaseWater Level Site Gage
Check Valve
Air ReliefMaster Meter
HYDROPNEUMATIC TANK
WellOutletInlet
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Types of Hydropneumatic TanksFLOATING WAFER TYPE
There is a floating wafer (usually constructed of a ridged material, flexible rubber, or plastic) that separates the air and water. This wafer, however, does not completely separate the air and water, and therefore some dissolving of air is expected. These tanks require occasional recharging with air
wafer
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Types of Hydropneumatic Tanks
Tanks with Flexible Separator: These tanks provide a complete separation of the air and water. A separator is fastened around the inside of the tank (diaphragm type) or a bag is provided for containing the air (air bladder). These units may be charged with air at the factory, however most are fitted with an air valve (similar to a tire), which the operatorcan use to adjust the pressure inside the tank. Care must be taken when adding air to these tanks in order to avoid over-pressurization and a possible rupture of the separator. Manufacturers literature must be consulted before adding air to these tanks and the procedure should be performed only by qualified personnel
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WATER
AIR
BLADDER TYPE
WATER
AIR
DIAPHRAM TYPE
Types of Hydropneumatic Tanks
DIAPHRAMBLADDER
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DESIGN CODE ASME SECTION VIII
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CODE STAMPED VS. NON CODE STAMPED PRESSURE VESSELS
XXAuthorized Inspection
NOYESNOYES
ASMENo Stamp
CODE STAMPED
XXWeld Map XXHeat No. Transfer
XXReceiving ReportXXTraveler
XXDrawings XXDesign
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CODE STAMPED VS. NON CODE STAMPED PRESSURE VESSELS
XXHydro Test
NOYESNOYES
ASMENo Stamp
CODE STAMPED
XXStamping XXData Report
XXNDT XXWeld Visual Inspection XXWelder Qualifications XXWeld Procedures
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CODE STAMPED VS. NON CODE STAMPED PRESSURE VESSELS
XXP.O. Review by Q.C
NOYESNOYES
ASMENo Stamp
CODE STAMPED
XXOPTIONAL
National Board Registration
XXTraceability XXWeld Wire Certs XXMTR's XXFinal Inspection
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HYDROPNEUMATIC TANKCONSTRUCTION
WELDING
JOINT EFFECIENCYTYPES OF JOINTS
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BUTT WELDS
TYPES OF WELD JOINTS
LAP WELDS
E = 100% IF FULL X-RAY
E = 45% IF SINGLE LAP
E = 85% IF SPOT X-RAYE = 70% IF NO X-RAY
E = 55% IF DOUBLE LAP
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Lap Welded Construction
Lap Welds
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HYDRO PNEUMATIC TANK CONSTRUCTION
FOUNDATIONS
Tank saddles
Steel Concrete
GROUND SUPPORT
Water weighs 8.33 lbs/gallon a 30,000 gallon tank will weigh about 250,000 lbs or 125 Ton.
Soil bearing must allow for this load.
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HYDROPNEUMATIC TANK CONSTRUCTION
HEAD TYPES
HEMISPHERICALELLIPSOIDALTORISPHERICAL
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Tank Diameter (D)
ELLIPSOIDALr1 + R2 = K
HEMISPHERICALR= 1/2D
TORISPHERICAL
R usually =D
r r
ACCEPTBLE TANK HEAD TYPES
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FLAT HEAD
DOME
SHELL SHELL
SHELL SHELL
UNACCEPTABLE HEAD TYPES
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PRESSURE VESSEL INSPECTION CODE:MAINTENANCE INSPECTION, RATING,
REPAIR, AND ALTERATION
API 510
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NO SADDLE
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Unsealed saddle
Concrete pier
Note saddle overhang
SUPPORT PIER AND SADDLE
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Improper head Radius
Poor Weld
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Code Stamp
Sight Glass
Factory Installed Pressure MW
Air from Compressor
All Butt WeldedJoints
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This aftermarket 24 MH does not meet ASME Code and can be very dangerous
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Severe dent may affect tank integrity
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This tank blew its lid
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Lap welded HeadNot welded inside
Patch Plate
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Severe corrosion
No saddle
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CONCLUSIONHydropneumatic tanks are pressure vessels.
As such they should:
2. Be pressure rated on the stamp
3. Be Inspected by qualified Inspectors who know the pressure vessel code
4. Upgrades and repairs must be designed by engineers and work performed by qualified welders.
1. Be ASME Code Stamped Vessels.
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CONCLUSIONWater Storage tanks are necessary for every water
system.Although relatively smaller, hydropneumatic tanks must
be treated respectfully. They can cause considerable damage if improperly operated.
A system failure of a hydropneumatic tank could result in being completely out of water within a matter of minutes.
Proper maintenance is necessary for continued safe operation.
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www.tankteam.com