Chng1. S dng cc trnh n (Menu)Chng ny gii thiu tng quan v chc nng ca cc trnh n ca STATGRAPHICS Plus (SG Plus), gip cho bn c th hiu c cu trc ca chng, cch s dng v cu trc cc cu lnh, thanh cng c (Toolbars), thanh tc v (Taskbar) v nhiu loi ca s, hp thoi khc nhau.I. S dng cc trnh n1. Trnh n File

Trnh n File cha cc lnh m, ng, lu, in tp tin v thot khi chng trnh. C th nh sau: M, ng, lu tp tin nh dng StatGraphics hay/v StatFolio, StatGallery, StatReporter. c thm Chng 7 hiu hn v StatFolios, StatGallery v StatReporter. S dng StatLink ly d liu t cc ngun d liu a dng nh l cc bng s liu, cc c s d liu, thit b o lng hay my o vi m k thut s thng qua cc phn mm ca chng. c thm Chng 7 c thm chi tit. In v chnh sa trang in. Lu th (Save Graph) nh dng metafile. T hp nh dng StatFolio vi/hay cc nh dng tp d liu khc. Gi th c nh km (attach) tp tin ca StatGraphic thng qua mt trnh gi th in t trn my (nh l Outlook). Thot khi chng trnh SG Plus.

2. Trnh n Edit

Trnh n ny cha cc lnh chnh sa thng dng nh l: Copy, Cut, Paste, Paste Link v Undo. Thit lp chnh sa h thng - Preferences (ging nh Settings hay Options ca cc phn mm khc). Thay i phng ch, lp li php phn tch. Chn thm hay xo b mt ct s liu. Thay i mt ct trong tp d liu; a ra gi tr ca d liu thng qua mt ton t; chuyn nh dng d liu sang nh dng ca SG Plus; sp xp d liu.3. Trnh n Plot

Gip ngi s dng c th s dng cc php phn tch c bn bng cc loi th thng dng. Scatterplots ( th phn tn): cha cc loi th phn tn thng dng cho thy phn tn ca tp s liu. Exploratory Plots ( th kho st): cha cc loi th c tnh kho st, rt hu dng trong nghin cu tnh i xng, kim tra gi thit phn b, pht hin s liu sai (outlier). Business Charts ... (Biu ): cha cc loi biu dng trong cng vic kinh doanh, hu dng trong vic gii thiu v tng kt s lng ln s liu. Probability Distributions (Phn b xc sut): cha 24 dng th phn b rt hu dng trong vic phn tch, tnh ton xc sut nh l hm phn b Students, Bernouli... Response Surfaces Plots(....): cho php a s liu vo cc hm s do ngi dng t thit lp. Custom Charts (Biu ty bin):4. Trnh n Describe

Cha cc phng php phn tch dng trong vic kho st v tng kt s liu. Numeric Data: cha cc php phn tch dng m t v tng kt cc tp d liu. Categorical Data: cha cc php phn tch s dng vi d liu cha cc s liu ri rc. Distributions: cha cc cng c cho php phn tch, kim tra xc sut phn b, gi thit v phn b ca mt tp s liu. Life Data: Hypothesis Test (Describe): tin hnh cc php th kim nh gi thit v cc tham s lin quan nhiu n phn tch mt nhn t. Sample-Size Determination (Describe): 5. Trnh n Compare

Two Samples Multiple Samples Analysis of Variance6. Trnh n Relate

Cha cc php phn tch mi tng quan gia cc bin c lp v bin ph thuc. Simple Regression (Hi quy n gin): Polinomial Regression (Hi quy tuyn tnh): Box-Cox Transformations: Multiple Regression: Phn tch mi quan h gia mt bin ph thuc v mt hay nhiu bin c lp.7. Trnh n Special

Cha cc phng php phn tch nng cao. Quanlity Control Analyses: cc php phn tch nh kim tra cc mt nh hng ti qu trnh v cht lng, tim nng ca qu trnh, c tnh ca mt s loi d liu cos cha bin ngu nhin.... Experimental Design Analyses: cha cc cng c nng cao dng m hnh ha thc nghim. Time-Series Analyses: cha y tp hp cc php phn tch dng xy dng cc m hnh. Multivariate Methods: cha cng c sp xp, nhm d liu, kim tra mi quan h, cu trc v kim tra gi thit. Advanced Regression Analyses: cc cng c nng cao dng kho st ton b d liu bng cc cng thc phc tp, hi quy a thc, t chn ra m hnh ti u.

8. Trnh n SnapStats!

Trnh n ny cha cc cng c phn tch t hp nhanh chng v thun tin. C th k ra y nh l: One Salmple Analysis: Two Sample Analysis: Paired Sample Comparison: Multiple Sample Comparison: Curve Fitting: Capability Assessment (Individuals): Capability Assessment (Grouped Data): Gage R&R: Automatic Forecasting:9. Cc trnh n View, Windows v Help.Cc trnh n ny c tc dng nh trong cc phn mm khc quen thuc nh MS Word, MS Exel,...

Chng 2. Lm vic vi cc th v cc trnh n ho

ng dn, cch m v save cc th

Sau khi m chng trnh STATGRAPHICS Plus, m file s liu cn s l, khi chn lnh phn tch t cc menu trn trnh n ng dng.

ng dn v ccH m mt th

Mc d c nhiu cch m mt file ho, nhng cc bc sau l cc bc c bn nht cho qu trnh m mt file ho. m mt file ho:0. chn phng php phn tch s liu m bn mun tin hnh t cc menu nh: Plot, Describe, Compare, Relate, Special hoc SnapStat khi n s hin ln hp thoi tng ng vi cc phng php phn tch bn dng. Hon thnh cc thng s cn nh dng c mt trong hp thoi, sau n OK gi cc hp thoi cha cc kt qu hoc cc th tng ng vi bng s liu bn a vo trn ca s ng dng.0. Cch save th. Cc bc cn thit tin hnh save mt th:0. kch p chut vo th phng i th ln ton b ca s lm vic.0. chn FileSave Graph t trnh n Menu (hoc n F3) hin ln hp thoi Save Graph (nh trong hnh 5-1) hoc kch chut phi ln th gi menu pop-up v chn Save Graph.0. hon thnh cc thng s trn hp thoi nh t tn ri n Save save th

Thay i hoc b xung cc thng tin trong thSau khi c mt th kt qu, bn c th mun thay i nn, nhn c c mt th hon ho hn. Khi c mt s trnh n cng c c th gip bn tin hnh cc thao tc ny.

S dng cc trnh n ho trong cc ca s ng dng1. Vic s dng Fill Tab Page2. Nu bn mun c mt th c mu a ra trong bo co hoc bn mun tin hnh in mu cho bi bo co thm thuyt phc, bn c th kt hp mu ca ng k khung vi mu nn ca th. Nu bn ch mun quan st mu khung v nn c mu en v trng bn cng c th s dng trnh n ny tin hnh. S dng trnh n Fill Tab Page trong trnh n ho thay i kiu v mu ca nn c hnh th phn bit vi cc thanh k, cc hp text, hoc cc vng nn khc trn th. thay i kiu v mu ca cc mu nn chng ta tin hnh cc bc c bn sau:1. kch p chut phng i th2. t chut ln trn vng cn t mu trn th3. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s xut hin mt pop-up menu, khi bn phi tri ca cc trnh n ho s hin ln mt hp thoi Graphics Options nh trong hnh 5-3.4. Trong phn Fill options ca hp thoi, kch chut ln s vng m bn mun thay i mu sc.5. Chn mt trong 9 kiu Fill: Empty (trong vng nh du khng c hiu ng ca Fill), Solid: t m c vng nh du, Horizontal lines: cc ng k ngang, Vertical Lines cc ng k dc6. Trong phn chn mu: Color option, kch vo Fill (chn cho c vng) hoc Outline (chn cho ng khung) ch ra l bn mun t mu cho vng no cho c vng la chn hay ch p dng i vi cc ng vin khung7. kch chut vo Color hin ln ca s Color8. chn mu m bn mun t ln vng nh du hoc cc vin khung9. kch vo Apply, sau kch vo nt OK kt thc qu trnh

vic s dng Grid Tab Page thay i chiu, ku cng nh mu ca cc ng chia trong cc thang o trong th chng ta tin hnh theo cc bc sau:1. kch p chut phng i th2. t chut ln trn vng trng bn trong khung th3. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s xut hin mt pop-up menu, khi bn phi tri ca cc trnh n ho s hin ln mt hp thoi Graphics Options nh trong hnh 5-3. khi n vo trnh n Grid4. chn mt trong bn chiu: nm ngang Horizontal, thng ng Vertical, c hai kiu trn Both v khng chn kiu no trong hai kiu trn.5. kch chut vo Color hin ln ca s Color6. chn mu7. t chut ln thanh trt chn chiu dy cc ng bng cch di chuyn chut trong khong t dy nht ti mng nht thay i khong cc gia cc ng.8. kch vo apply, sau kch vo nt OK kt thc qu trnh

vic s dng ca s ng dng ghi nhn cho th Label Tab Page thay i tn nhn chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:1. kch p chut phng i th2. t chut ln trn nhn th m chng ta mun i tn3. kch chut tri la chn tn ca nhn4. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s xut hin mt pop-up menu, khi bn phi tri ca cc trnh n ho s hin ln mt hp thoi Graphics Options nh trong hnh 5-3. khi n vo trnh n Label tab page5. trong hp thoi Label, chn tn mi, sao n Ok thc hin lnh.6. Tip tc in thm tn cho n khi hon thnh tn7. Chn cc nt Font hin ra trn ca s Font8. Chn font, kiu font, c ch, mu... sau n OK9. kch vo apply, sau kch vo nt OK kt thc qu trnhs dng Layout Tab Page1. thay i cc Tickmarka. kch p chut phng i thb. t chut ln trn vng trng bn trong khung thc. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s xut hin mt pop-up menu, khi bn phi tri ca cc trnh n ho s hin ln mt hp thoi Graphics Options nh trong hnh 5-3. khi n vo trnh n Layout tab page (hnh 5-6)d. kch vo cc trnh n tng ng vi trc m tickmark m bn mun thay ie. chn cc kiu tickmark: No tickmark, tickmark inside hoc tickmark outsidef. chn hiu ng 3D nu bn mun s dngg. kch chut vo Color hin ln ca s Colorh. chn mui. kch vo Apply, sau kch vo nt OK kt thc qu trnh

2. thay i Background v/ hoc Border ca mt th, chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:a. kch p chut phng i thb. t chut ln trn vng trng bn trong khung thc. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s xut hin mt pop-up menu, khi bn phi tri ca cc trnh n ho s hin ln mt hp thoi Graphics Options nh trong hnh 5-3. khi n vo trnh n Layout tab page (hnh 5-6)d. chn c trnh n Background v boder e. chn hiu ng 3D nu bn mun s dngj. kch chut vo Color hin ln ca s Colork. chn mul. kch vo apply, sau kch vo nt OK kt thc qu trnh3. Thay i hnh dng ca th: tin hnh cc thay i v th chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:a. kch p chut phng i thb. t chut ln trn vng trng bn trong khung thc. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s xut hin mt pop-up menu, khi bn phi tri ca cc trnh n ho s hin ln mt hp thoi Graphics Options nh trong hnh 5-3. khi n vo trnh n Layout tab page (hnh 5-6)d. Chn mt trong hai kiu hnh dng: L-shaped hoc Squaree. Kch vo apply sau n vo Ok trn trang Layout tab thc hin lnh

s dng Legend Tab Page

S dng Line tab Page thay i hnh dng ca cc ng thng c trong th, chng ta s dng Line tab Page trn hp thoi Graphics Options nh dng kiu dng cng nh mu sc ca cc ng thng. thay i kiu ng, chiu dy ca cc ng v mu sc ca cc ng chng ta tin hnh theo cc bc sau:1. kch chut kp vo th phng i th2. t chut ln trn ng thng bn mun thay i.3. kch chut trI ln trn th, bn pha phI s hin ra menu pop-up, khi nhn ln bn trI ca ca s Graphics Options s hin ln mt hp thoi Graphics Options chn Line tab Page (xem trong hnh 5-8)4. trong phn Line options ca hp thoi, kch chut chn s ng bn mun thay i5. chn mt trong nm kiu ng: Solid, Dashed, Dotte, Dash-Dot hoc Dask-Dot-Dot6. nu bn chn Solid line, t ch chut ln thanh trt chn m ca ng thng bng cch di chut chy t thinnest ti Thickest thay i m nht ca ng o.7. kch chut chn Color gi ca s Color lm vic8. chn mu bn mun s dng ri n Ok9. kch chut vo nt Apply sau n Ok thc hin lnh

Vic s dng Point Tab Page

Khi bn mun to th c dng chm cc im trong khng gian hai hoc ba chiu hoc l cc dng th tng t, th vic thay i hnh dng, kch thc v mu sc ca cc im n l rt cn thit. thay i hnh dng kch thc v mu sc ca cc im chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:1. kch chut kp vo th phng i th2. t chut ln trn im bn mun thay i.3. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s hin ra menu pop-up, khi nhn ln bn tri ca ca s Graphics Options s hin ln mt hp thoi Graphics Options chn Points tab Page (xem trong hnh 5-9)4. trong phn Points options ca hp thoi, kch chut chn s im bn mun thay i5. chn mt trong chn kiu im: Square, Plus, X, Star, Blank, iamon, Up Arrowhead, Down Arrowhead hoc Circle.6. kch chut ln hp thoi Fill Point hoc trng nu bn mun cc im c t mu ton b.7. t ch chut ln thanh trt chn cho cc im bng cch di chut chy t Smallest ti Largest thay i m nht ca ng o.8. t ch chut ln thanh trt chn m ca im bng cch di chut chy t thinnest ti Thickest thay i m nht ca ng o.9. kch chut chn Color gi ca s Color lm vic10. chn mu bn mun s dng ri n Ok11. kch chut vo nt Apply sau n Ok thc hin lnh

Vic s dng Profile Tab Page

Khi bn mun to th v save cc th bn c th s dng hp thoi Profile Tab Page. Bn c th tin hnh ci tin hoc to lp mt lc 12 file. Khi tin hnh bn cn s dng ng tn hoc cc c im nhn dng to tn. to lp mt User Profile chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:1. m hp thoi cha cc trnh n ho2. chn cc th u tin bng cch s dng cc tab trn hp thoi 3. quay tr li Profile Tab Page, s dng Load, Save, hoc Save as.4. kch vo trnh n User # u tin.5. kch vo Save as hin th hp thoi Save Profile6. trong hp thoi, kiu Scatterplot c save cho cc du hiu ring ca Scatterplot. kch vo OK hin th chng trnh cc ng th c save. Sau kch vo Ok kt thc lnh7. lp li bc 4, bc 5 v bc 6, s dng Plots 3D nh l tn ca User # . Khi bn n nt Ok, cc tn s hin ln trn Profile Tab Page nh l tn ca hai trnh n User (nh trong hnh 5-11)8. kch chut vo cc nt trnh n thc hin cc lnh nh bn mong mun9. kch vo Make Default, sau n Load.

S dng Right Axis Tab Page

Trong mt s loi th, v d nh trong cc th ba trc to X-Y-Z c cha mt trc nm bn phI Right Axis Tab Page cho php bn thay i thang o trn trc cho ph hp vi khong gi tr. thay i thang o cho cc trc to bn phI chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:1. kch chut kp vo th phng i th2. t chut ln trn mt trong cc gi tr ca trc bn phI m bn mun thay i.3. kch chut trI la chn trc, nh du s c mt ca trc ti cc gc ca trc4. kch chut trI ln trn th, bn pha phI s hin ra menu pop-up, khi nhn ln bn trI ca ca s Graphics Options s hin ln mt hp thoi Graphics Options chn Right tab Page (xem trong hnh 5-12)5. trong hp thoi From, nh vo mt s m chng ta xc nh chnh l gi tr cc tiu ca trc6. trong hp thoi To chng ta nh vo mt gi tr m chng ta xc nh chnh l gi tr cc i ca trc7. trong hp thoi By, nh vo mt gi tr m gi tr ny s xc nh khong cch gia cc thang chia8. trong hp thoi Skip, chng ta nh vo mt gi tr ca thang chia m c th b qua khi to thnh trc trn th9. kch vo Tickmark Fonts hin th hp thoi Font, khi chn kiu font ch bn mun dng trong th, n Ok thc hin lnh.10. kch chut vo nt Apply sau n Ok thc hin lnh

S dng Spinning Tab Page

Trong mt s loi th, bn c th quan st cc th khng gian ba chiu theo cc gc cnh khc nhau bng cch s dng cc quay cc th thay i v tr quan st. thc hin qu trnh quay ny bn s dng Spinning Tab Page trong hp thoi Graphics Options (hnh 5-13). thay i gc quan st hay quay th chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:1. kch chut kp vo th khng gian ba chiu phng i th2. kch chut ln nt Smooth/ Rotate trn thanh cng c analysis hin th thanh trt lin kt vi thanh cng c cho php bn thc hin qu trnh quay th (hnh 5-14)3. quay th theo phng nm ngang Horizontal: kch chut ln nt Horizontal bt u qu trnh quay th. quay th theo phng thng ng Vertically: kch chut ln nt Vertically bt u qu trnh quay th4. kch chut ln nt ln hai hoc kch chut ln trn th kt thc lnh5. kch chut phI, sau kch chut trI vo Reset Scaling / Viewpoint quay tr li th.

S dng Text Tab Page

Trong mt s loi th, nu bn mun thm li bnh cho th, th Text Tab Page cho php bn thay i ni dung, tin hnh thm Miscellanous Text cho mt th chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:1. kch chut kp vo th phng i th2. t chut ln phn trng trong khung ca th3. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s hin ra menu pop-up, khi nhn ln bn tri ca ca s Graphics Options s hin ln mt hp thoi Graphics Options chn Points tab Page (xem trong hnh 5-15)4. trong hp thoi Text, nh thm on text m bn mun thm vo trong th5. kch vo mt trong cc trnh n chn cch trnh by on text, hoc l dng nm ngang hoc l dng thng ng.6. kch chut chn Font, nu bn mun thay i kiu font ch hoc cch trnh by7. n OK thc hin lnh

S dng Top title Tab Page

Top Title l tiu th hin trn u th. Bn c th thay i ton b tn ca tiu hoc thm vo mt s thng tin hoc b bt mt s thng tin. tin hnh thay i Top title cho mt th chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:1. kch chut kp vo th phng i th2. t chut ln tiu ca th m bn mun thay i tn3. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phi s hin ra menu pop-up, khi nhn ln bn tri ca ca s Graphics Options s hin ln mt hp thoi Graphics Options chn Top Title tab Page (xem trong hnh 5-16)4. trong hp thoi Title u tin, nh thm on text m bn mun thm vo tiu ca th hoc mt tn mi cho tiu 5. kch vo mt trong cc trnh n chn cch trnh by on text, hoc l dng nm ngang hoc l dng thng ng.6. kch chut chn Font trong Line 1 Font, nu bn mun thay i kiu font ch hoc cch trnh by cho on text trong line 17. kch chut chn Font trong Line 2 Font, nu bn mun thay i kiu font ch hoc cch trnh by cho on text trong line 28. kch Change Font cho All Title nu bn mun thay i tt c cc kiu ch trong title thnh mt kiu thng nht9. n apply v OK thc hin lnh

S dng X-Axis, Y-Axis v Z-Axis Tab PagesCc thang o i vi mt th c gi l cc trc to . H trc to X-Y-Z c mc nh theo mt ch c sn. Tuy nhin bn hon ton c th thay i thang o trn cc h trc ny bin din th khoa hc hn. thay i thang o trn cc trc to chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:1. kch chut kp vo th phng i th2. t chut ln trn mt trong cc gi tr ca trc m bn mun thay i.3. kch chut tri la chn trc, nh du s c mt ca trc ti cc gc ca trc4. kch chut tri ln trn th, bn pha phI s hin ra menu pop-up, khi nhn ln bn trI ca ca s Graphics Options s hin ln mt hp thoi Graphics Options chn n Axis tab page (n tng ng vi s trc c la chn) (xem trong hnh 5-17) cho thy X-Axis tab page.5. nh tn tiu cho trc trong hp thoi Title text.6. nh dng xem tiu hin ln thao chiu nm ngang hay chiu thng ng7. trong hp thoi From, nh vo mt s m chng ta xc nh chnh l gi tr cc tiu ca trc8. trong hp thoi To chng ta nh vo mt gi tr m chng ta xc nh chnh l gi tr cc i ca trc9. trong hp thoi By, nh vo mt gi tr m gi tr ny s xc nh khong cch gia cc thang chia10. trong hp thoi Skip, chng ta nh vo mt gi tr ca thang chia m c th b qua khi to thnh trc trn th11. trong hp thoi No power, nh dng nu nh thang o trn trc c tnh theo c s 1012. trong hp thoi Log power, nh dng nu nh thang o trn trc c tnh theo c s log13. trong hp thoi Hold check, nh dng cc ng o c gi nguyn ngay c khi bn thay i s liu trong Analysis box.14. kch vo Title Fonts hin th hp thoi Font, khi chn kiu font ch bn mun dng cho tiu th15. kch vo Tickmark Fonts hin th hp thoi Font, khi chn kiu font ch bn mun dng trong th.16. kch chut vo nt Apply sau n Ok thc hin lnh

S dng cc phm chc nng hoCng vi vic s dng cc trnh n ho thay i hoc tng cng tnh nng cho th, bn c th s dng cc phm chc nng ho t trn thanh cng c nh: Add Text, Jittering, Brushing, Smooth/Rotate, Set Points Labels, Locate Row, v Include/ Exclude. Vic s dng cc phm Add text khi m bn phng i th ln ton b ca s lm vic. Khi bn n phm chc nng ny mt hp thoi Text Options hin ra. in thm vo cc on Text khc nhau m bn mun thm vo v c thm phn nh dng hin th trn th (xem trong hnh 5-18). S dng Text tab page trong Graphics Options thay i hoc chnh sa on text.

S dng Jittering ButtonVic s dng cc phm Jittering Button khi m bn phng i th ln ton b ca s lm vic. Khi m bn v th ca mt b s liu m cc s liu trng nhau l rt nhiu, n cng tng t nh l cc im cng xut hin trn cng mt v tr trn h trc to . iu ny khin cho trong qu trnh v th cc im s b chng cht ln nhau v do trong qu trnh tnh ton chng ta rt kh phn bit cc im vi nhau. Jittering ngn chn hin tng ny v cho php bn nhn ra cc im trng nhau ti cc v tr khc nhau trn th. Jittering thm vo mt lng nh mt cch ngu nhin ti mi im. Bn c th iu khin lng thm vo theo chiu ngang hay chiu thng ng nh hng ln mi im . S dng hp thoi Jittering thit lp cc phn ph thm vo .

Jitter Points1. kch p chut ln th phng i th2. kch chut ln nt Jittering trn thanh cng c Analysis hin th ca s Jittering3. kch v di chuyn thanh trt iu khin theo chiu nm ngang hoc theo chiu thng ng cho n khi bn tip cn ti mt im nm trn thanh c trng cho phn thm vo m bn mun s dng cho cc im cn chn. Nh chut ra khi thanh trt4. n vo lnh OK a ra th c cc im c jitter

S dng cc phm Brushingphm tt Brushing tr nn hu hiu khi m bn mun phng i th c cc im phn tn ln ton b ca s. Kch chut vo phm chc nng gi ca s Brushing lm vic, ca s ca hp thoi ny cho php bn la chn nhiu bin nh bng cc im. Brushing cho thy nh hng ca ca vic thm bin vo b s liu hoc ln khong s liu, cc s liu thm vo c nh du bng mu . Cc im mu ny c sp xp theo th t cc s bn phI ln hn cc s bn tri. nh bng mt im chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:1. kch p chut ln th phng i th2. kch chut ln nt Brushing trn thanh cng c Analysis hin th ca s Brushing (xem trong hnh 5-20)3. chn hoc nh vo tn ca cc bin m chng ta s s dng chng Brushing.4. nhp chut vo nt OK gi li th vi cc gi tr bin thm vo cho trn th c nh du bng cc k hiu mu .5. di chuyn cc thanh trt iu khin hoc nh vo cc gi tr trong hp thoi text cho kch thc nh nht hoc ln nht ca lng Brushing.cc gi tr ln nht v nh nht xut hin trong hp thoi gn cc thanh trt. Khi bn di chuyn cc thanh trt, cc gi tr ca bin Brushing tng hoc gim.

S dng cc nt Smooth/ Rotate

Cc phm chc nng tt ny cho php bn tin hnh lm trn cc cc im trn mt th hoc quay mt th dng khng gian ba chiu; iu ny ch tin hnh c khi m bn phng i th khng gian hai hoc ba chiu ca bn ln trn ton b ca s lm vic. Smooth cc im, bn phi tin hnh cc bc theo trnh t sau: 1. kch p chut ln th phng i th2. kch chut ln nt Smooth/ Rotate trn thanh cng c Analysis hin th ca s Scatterplot Smoothing option (xem trong hnh 5-22)3. chn mt trong cc phng php Smooth: none, running Means, Running Lines, locally eighted Regression hoc Robust Lowess.4. nh mt s vo trong hp thoi Smooth Fraction, gi tr s ny s s dng trong vic xc nh kch thc ca ca s smooth.5. kch chut vo phm OK tin hnh qu trnh Smooth v hin ra th sau khi c smooth.

S dng phm Set Point LabelsCc phm chc nng tt ny cho php bn tin hnh c khi m bn phng i th ca bn ln trn ton b ca s lm vic. Kch chut gi ca s Point Identification nI m bn mun s dng nhp vo tn ca mt bin no m tn ny s dng nhn dng bin. nhn dng cc im bng Its label, bn phi tin hnh cc bc theo trnh t sau:1. kch p chut ln th phng i th2. kch chut vo phm Set Point Labels trn thanh cng c gi hp thoi Point Identification (xem trong hnh 5-23)3. nhp vo hoc chn mt tn cho bin m c cha nhn cho im 4. kch chut vo nt Ok thc hin lnh v gi li th5. nhp tn ca nhn trong Label: trong hp thoi text trn thanh cng c. Bn cn nh chnh xc tn nh tn n xut hin trong cc bin.6. kch chut vo Locate Label trn thanh cng c, mu v hnh dng ca cc im c mt trn nhn m tn ca nhn c thay i

Gi mt nhn bng im tng ng ca n.1. kch p chut ln th phng i th2. kch chut vo phm Set Point Labels trn thanh cng c gi hp thoi Point Identification (xem trong hnh 5-23)3. nhp vo tn ca bin c cha nhan cho im 4. kch chut vo phm OK hin li th5. kch chut vo im m nhn ca n tng ng vi nhn m bn mun gi im , khi nhn ca im s xut hin trong Label text box.

lin kt cc im bi cc hng v trc1. kch p chut ln th phng i th2. kch chut trI ln im cn la chn, khi bn thc hin lnh ny th mt hp thoi pop-up hin ra trong hp thoi ny c cha s Row khi chnh l v tr ca cc im trn cc trc

s dng cc phm tt Exclude/ Include

cc chc nng ho khct li v tr ca cc text trong thBn c th tin hnh qu trnh ny vi cc text mi hoc cc text bn thm vo trong th. tin hnh thao tc ny, chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:1. kch p chut ln th phng i th2. di chut ln on text m bn mun thay i v tr trn th3. kch chut trI la chn on text; nh du s c mt ti cc gc ni ca on text va c chn4. va kch va di on text ti v tr mi.5. nh chut v kch chut ln hai bn ngoi vng text v di chuyn kt thc lnh

nh dng li kch thc ca thBn c th tin hnh thay i chiu ngang chiu thng ng hoc chiu cn li ca th trong khng gian ba chiu nh dng li kch thc ca n cho ln hn hay nh hn. tin hnh nh dng li kch thc ca th chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:1. kch p chut ln th phng i th, sau kch chut vo th nh du, nh du s la chn th ti cc gc ca th.2. thay i th theo chiu nm ngang: t chut ln nh ca th hoc pha di ca th sau kch chut3. thay i kch thc th theo chiu thng ng, c chut ln pha bn trI hoc pha bn phI ca th, sau kch chut4. vi chiu cn li trong th khng gian ba chiu chng ta tin hnh tng t5. khi m hnh dng ca chut thay i thnh hnh mi tn hai chiu, chng ta va di chut va ko cho n khi t c kch thc mong mun khi nh chut kt thc lnh6. lp li qu trnh ny vi cc chiu cn li n khi t c kch thc th mong mun

s dng cc tnh nng phng to hoc thu nh th

s dng cc kha cnh lin kt nh

Chng 3. S dng cc th c bn

I. Gii thiu chungTrong chng ny chng ti s gii thiu v cc th c bn trong trnh n Plot. C su loi th c bn l: Scatterplots ( th phn tn), Exploratory Plots, Business Charts (biu kinh doanh), Probability Distributions, Response Surfaces Plots ( th mt p ng), v Custom Charts.1.1. ScatterplotsScatterplots rt hu hiu khi ta phi phn tch mi quan h gia cc bin v n cho php chng ta d dng quan st khong thay i ca d liu. C su loi Scatterplots: Univariate Plot ( th n bin), X-Y Plot, X-Y-Z Plot, Multiple X-Y Plot, Multiple X-Y-Z Plot, v Polar Coordinates Plot.1.2. Exploratory PlotsExploratory Plots c s dng hiu qu khi chng ta nghin cu tnh i xng, kim tra cc gi nh v phn b, v pht hin nhng mu nm ngoi. C tm loi Exploratory Plots: Box-and-Whisker Plot, Multiple Box-and-Whisker Plot, Probability Plot, Frequency Histogram, Dot Diagram, Multiple Dot Diagram, Bubble Chart, v Radar/Spider Plot.1.3. Business ChartsBusiness Charts thch hp cho vic th hin tng quan nh lng gia cc nhm hoc lp d liu. C nm loi Business Charts: Barchart, Multiple Barchart, Piechart, Component Line Chart, and High-Low-Close Plot. 1.4. Probability DistributionsBn c 24 la chn phn b to ra hoc lu li cc s ngu nhin, tnh ton cc gi tr ti hn v xem phn b xc xut theo cc th phn b khc nhau. Cc loi phn b c s dng l: Bernoulli, Binomial, Discrete Uniform, Geometric, Hypergeometric, Negative Binomial, Poisson, Beta, Cauchy, Chi-Square, Erlang, Exponential, Extreme Value, F (Variance Ratio),Gamma, Laplace, Logistic, Lognormal, Normal, Pareto, Students t, Triangular, Uniform, v Weibull.1.5. Response Surfaces PlotsC hai loi th loi ny l: Response Surface (mt p ng) v Contour (ng mc). C hai loi c s dng hiu qu trong vic xc nh nh hng ca cc nhn t trong vic xc nh vng ti u. th Surface v ln cc mt trong khng gian ba chiu cn th Contour v cc mt trong khng gian hai chiu vi cc ng th hin cao c trng ca mt p ng.II. th Scatterplots2.1. Univariate Plot th Univariate Plot cho php bn to mt th phn tn cho mt bin s. N c p dng cho phng php nhm d liu lin quan n mt c trng ca mt mu. Bn c th nhp thm point code a ra cc mc phn loi cc nhn t. tin hnh phn tch ny, t trnh n bn chn:PLOT... SCATTERPLOTS... UNIVARIATE PLOT...

2.2. X-Y Plot th X-Y Plot to ra mt th hai chiu th hin phn tn ca mt bin theo mt bin khc., t ta c th nghin cu c quan h ca chng. Bn c th to cc loi th khc nhau: th ng thng, th phn tn, th phn tn c lin kt, th phn tn c m ha, v th vi cc thanh sai s chun.1. th ng thng th hin ng ni gia cc im m khng v cc im. 2. th phn tn li ch v cc im. 3. th phn tn c lin kt v c cc im v cc ng ni. 4. Cn th phn tn c m ha s dng cc im m ha, do n cha nhiu thng tin hn cc loi th phn tn hai chiu khc. 5. Bn nn s dng th vi cc thanh sai s chun khi cc im th hin cc kt qu trung bnh. Bn cng c th thy hiu qu hn khi th hin khng chc chn xung quanh cc im . Cc thanh sai s chun l nhng on thng : gi tr trung bnh sai s chun. tin hnh phn tch, t trnh n bn chn:PLOT...SCATTERPLOTS... X-Y PLOT...

2.3. X-Y-Z Plot th X-Y-Z Plot v mi quan h ca ba bin trong khng gian ba chiu. Tng t nh th phn tn hai chiu, th phn tn ba chiu c cc la chn l: th ng thng, th phn tn, th phn tn c lin kt, th phn tn c m ha, v th vi cc thanh sai s chun. tin hnh phn tch, t trnh n bn chn:PLOT...SCATTERPLOTS... X-Y-Z PLOT...

2.4. Multiple X-Y PlotMultiple X-Y Plot l th phn tn vi mt bin th hin trn trc X cn mt hai nhiu bin khc th hin trn trc Y. Cc la chn cho loi th ny l: im, ng hoc c hai. tin hnh phn tch, t trnh n bn chnPLOT...SCATTERPLOTS...MULTIPLE X-Y PLOT...

2.5. Multiple X-Y-Z PlotMultiple X-Y-Z Plot v th phn tn ba chiu cho t ba bin tr ln. Trn trc X v trc Y th hin mt bin cn trn trc Z th hin mt hoc nhiu bin. tin hnh phn tch, t trnh n bn chnPLOT...SCATTERPLOTS...MULTIPLE X-Y-Z PLOT...

2.6. Polar Coordinates Plot Polar Coordinates Plot v cc th phn tn hai chiu hoc cc th on thng ni cp hai im c xc nh bng bn knh v gc. Ni cch khc n cung cp cc thng tin v v tr ca mt im trn th trong ta cc. Loi th ny thch hp khi th hin nhng im trong ta cc. tin hnh phn tch, t trnh n bn chnPLOT...SCATTERPLOTS... Polar Coordinates Plot...

Polar Coordinates PlotIII. Exploratory Plot3.1. Box-and-Whisker Plot Box-and-Whisker Plot l mt cch tng kt mt tp hp cc d liu n bin c o trong mt t l khong cch nht nh. N thng c s dng trong Exploratory Plot minh ha nhng c im chnh ca s phn b d liu v so snh gi tr trung bnh v khong d liu ri t ch ra nhng im ngoi v a ra dng phn b.D liu c chia thnh bn vng vi tn sut bng nhau. Mt hnh ch nht khoanh vng chim 50% gia, trong hnh ch nht ny gi tr trung v c th hin bng mt ng thng ng. Gi tr trung bnh c th hin bng mt im. tin hnh phn tch, t trnh n bn chnPLOT... EXPLORATORY PLOTS... BOX-AND-WHISKER PLOT...

3.2. Multiple Box-and-Whisker PlotMultiple Box-and-Whisker Plot n gin ch l s m rng ca th Box-and-Whisker. Nu bn c th chia nh d liu thnh cc nhm, dng Multiple Box-and-Whisker Plot bn c th to ra cc th Box-and-Whisker Plot ring bit trn cng mt th. iu ny gip ta c th so snh cc gi tr trung v, khong bin, v cc gi tr cc oan cho tng nhm mt cch d dng hn.M t th tng t nh th Box-and-Whisker Plot. tin hnh phn tch, t trnh n bn chnPLOT... EXPLORATORY PLOTS... MULTIPLE BOX-AND-WHISKER PLOT...

3.3. Normal Probability Plot Normal Probability Plot c s dng kim tra xem mt mu c phi c ly t mt tp hp theo phn b bnh thng. Mc tiu ca php th ny l to mt th v xc nh th ny c to thnh ng thng khng (nu cc im ca th theo mt ng thng). th cng a ra mt cch d dng xc nh cc im bt thng. Cc im c sp xp theo th t tng dn hoc gim dn. th c mt trc nm ngang c n v l cc s t nhin cn trc thng ng s c t l sao cho phn b ca cc im thh ng thng. Khi im bt thng s th hin on nt tht c chai. tin hnh phn tch, t trnh n bn chnPLOT... EXPLORATORY PLOTS... Normal Probability

Figure 8-31. The Frequency Histogram Analysis DialogBoxCc la chn haBiu tn sutMc chn la biu tn sut to ra mt biu cc gi tr ca bin (hnh 8-32). th ny c to ra vi cc lp trn trc nm ngang v tn s trn trc thng ng, trc nm dc biu th tn sut ca mi lp. Dng hp thoi Chn th tn sut nhp cc gi tr ca s lp trong nhng phn s liu c nhm, cng nh l mc thp cho lp u tin v mc cao cho lp cui cng (hnh 8-33) . Bn cng c th ch ra liu rng n v ca trc Y s l mang tnh tng quan hay chng cht, v liu s n v ha s gi li nu bn c s thay i trong hp thoi, liu bn mun to ra dng mt biu hay mt ng gp khc.

Figure 8-32. Frequency Histogram

Figure 8-33. Frequency PlotOptions Dialog Box

3.4 Gin im (Dot diagram)Phn phn tch gin im l cch tnh tng cc s liu trong phn phn tch mt s liu thc nghim, ch ra hnh nh chnh ca s phn b cc s liu mt cch d dng. th cung cp mt dng khc ca s biu din ho vi s liu s, nhng phn rt hu ch cho vic ch ra mi tng quan ca s liu trong tp s liu, hoc l dng so snh hai hay nhiu tp s liu. th ny ging nh dng biu ct hoc biu , vi cc ct hoc cc gc vung c thay th bi dy cc im. Mi im biu din mt s c nh ca cc th nghim c th. vo phn phn tch vo thanh thc n chn: PLOT... EXPLORATORYPLOTS... DOT DIAGRAM... m t hp thoi Dot Diagram Analysis ( hnh 8-34)

Figure 8-34. The Dot Diagram Analysis Dialog Box

Chn dng bng biuKt lun s phn tchMc kt lun s phn tch to ra mt kt lun v s phn tch, phn bao gm tn ca bin s chn lc, s thc nghim ca cc bin, gi tr trung bnh, v lch tiu chun.

Chn dng biu Gin imMc gin im to ra mt biu rt hu ch dng ch ra v tr tng quan ca cc s liu trong dy s liu, n biu din mi bin trong ct s dng mt hnh vung nh ( Hnh 8-35).

Figure 8-35. Dot Diagram

Dng hp thoi Mc chn biu im cho thy liu s liu gin on hay khong lch (ri rc) s xut hin trong biu , v nhp s s gia trn trc X ( Hnh 8-36)

Figure 8-36. Dot Diagram Plot Options Dialog Box.

3.5. Phn tch gin a im (Multiple Dot Diagram) S dng mc Phn tch gin a im to ra mt gin ca s liu m c chia ra lm nhiu hn mt nhm. N m t kt lun thng k v khong tin cy cho mi nhm.Dng biu ny l mt cch tng kt s liu m thng c dng trogn phn phn tch s liu thc nghim minh ho nhng dng phn b s liu mt cch thun tin. Gin a im c th hu ch cho vic phat hin ra bt k mt thc nghim bt bnh thng no, hoc nhng s sai khc ln trong tp s liu. vo phn phn tch, vo thc n, chn PLOT... EXPLORATORYPLOTS... MULTIPLE DOT DIAGRAM... m t hp thoi Multiple DotDiagram Analysis (Hnh 8-37)

Figure 8-37. The Multiple Dot Diagram AnalysisDialog Box

Mc chn dng bng biuKt lun s phn tchMc chn kt lun phn tch to ra s kt lun bao gm tn ca cc bin s m c cha s liu v m cp . N cng biu th s mc v s thc nghim trong khi phn tch, cng nh gi tr chn lc ca gi tr mc trn hoc mc di. Vic s dng hp thoi Chn phn tch gin a im ch ra l ci no l loi gi tr trung bnh hoc trung v thng k, m xut hin trn th; v nhp gi tr trung bnh , trung v, lch tiu chun, hng s bin i; v ch ra xem ng thng c biu th Trung bnh Ln (Grand average) nn xut hin trn th; v nhp cc gi tr mc tin cy m c dng tnh ton khong lch ( interval) xung quanh gi tr trung bnh ca mi nhm. (hnh 8-38).

Figure 8-38. Multiple Dot Diagram Analysis OptionsDialog Box

Mc chn th Gin a imMc chn gin a im to ra mt gin m ch ra v tr cho mi mc trung bnh, cng nh khong tin cy cho cc gi tr trugn bnh ( Hnh 8-39). Trn trc X ch ra gi tr trung bnh v lch tiu chun cho mi mc.ng thng ng ch ra gi tr trung bnh ln ca ton b thc nghim. th cng ch ra gi tr trung bnh ln v lch tiu chun trn nh ca cc ng thng ng.Hnh 8-39.

Figure 8-39. Multiple Dot Diagram

3.6 S dng Mc phn tch biu bng (Bubble chart)S phn tch biu bng cho php chng ta to ra mt h th trc X-Y bao gm cc vng trn, l mt cch th ha 3 thng s trn 3 trc- 2 bin c biu din trn 2 trc ta X v Y ca cc im th, v bin th 3 c m t bng vng trn th hay gi l bong bng Kch thc ca bong bng ph thuc vo gi tr s ca bin th 3. Gi tr cng ln. bng cng to. ch n ny l mt cng c ha c s hu ch khi bn tm mt cch chnh xc quan st d liu theo nhiu chiu cao hn.V d, gi thit bn ang phn tch ch ng cnh tranh ca cc sn phm; iu c ngha l cc sn phm c tc cao nht v nhng sn phm tc thp hn. Mi sn phm trong nghin cu c biu din bng mt bng m s di chuyn c mi quan h vi v tr ca n trn th trng. Mi bng biu din mt im, cho php bn im nhanh cc ng quan trng trn th trng. th cng ch ra v tr ca X v Y cng nh tng quan ca n vi kch thc; kch thc ca mi bng da trn mi kch thc ca cc bin th ba. Bn c th dng cc mu khc nhau cho mi bng, nu bn mun t ci no, v nhp kch thc ln nht cho mi bng. to ra s phn tch, t danh mc ta chn: PLOT... EXPLORATORYPLOTS... BUBBLE CHART... biu di trong mc thoi Phn tch th bong bng.. (hnh 8-40).

Figure 8-40. The Bubble Chart AnalysisDialog BoxMc chn bng biuTng kt s phn tchMc chn s tng kt phn tch to ra s tng kt s phn tch, n biu din tn ca bin m cha kch thc bng. S thc nghim s c ch ra y.Mc chn haBiu bng

Mc biu bng to ra ng phn b X-Y (hnh 8-41). Kch thc bng ph thuc ln ca bin s th 3.

Hnh 8-41

Figure 8-41. Bubble Chart

S dng hp thoi Mc chn biu bng ch ra bng c t mu s dng, v nhp s xc nh l kch thc ln nht ca bng to nht.(hnh 8-42).

Figure 8-42. Bubble Chart Options Dialog Box

3.7 S dng s phn tch ng mng nhn ( raa)S phn tch ng mng nhn( raa) l mt k thut hnh ha n gin c dng theo yu cu ca s liu a dng do kh nng thch ng vng rng ln sinh ng ca s liu. K thut ny v ra nhiu phng php o trn vng bn knh trong khng gian cn bng c ni to ra dng nh hnh sao. Mng sng m rng t tm ca ng trn v to ra im nhn tng qut ca s thay i s liu qua tn mc.ng mng Raa, gi tr ca php o c biu din bng ng bnh knh k thng t tm ng trn.; tuy nhin mi bn knh da trn mi mc c thay th cho mi bin.Cc dim ca mi mu khc nhau biu din s tng ng vi cc bin khc nhau. Khi c qu nhiu bin v mc, mu s liu c n i. vo mc phn tch , t menu vo PLOT... EXPLORATORYPLOTS... RADAR/SPIDER PLOT... m t hp thoi S phn tch ng mng nhn( raa)Hnh 8-43

Figure 8-43. The Radar/Spider Chart AnalysisDialog Box

Mc chn bng biuTng kt s phn tchMc chn s tng kt phn tch to ra s tng kt s phn tch, n biu din tn ca s liu.S dng hp thoi phn tch ng mng nhn( raa) to ra s thay i vi s phn tch ( Hnh 8-44). Bn cng c th ch ra loi trc hay ng c s dng cho gin , nu cc ng bc thang c v ra v s dng cc ng gp khc .Hnh 8-44

Figure 8-44. Radar/Spider Plot Analysis Options Dialog Box

Mc chn haGin vnh khnMc chn gin vnh khn to ra mt gin ch ra s liu trn mi hang, vi kch thc ca mi bin c v theo mt bc thang ( hnh 8-45). Bn c th to th n 16 trng hp trn mi gin n, rt hu ch trong vic so snh cc trng hp t s a dng tng ng.

IV. Business Chart4.1 S dng s phn tch th thanh (Bar chart)S phn tch th thanh l cch tng kt tp d liu r rng, thng dng bng tn s. N c dng trong phn tch s liu thc nghim ch ra nhn t chnh ca s phn b s liu mt cch thun tin. N mt t s liu s dng m t s hnh ch nht chiu di ging nhau tng ng loi c th. Chiu di (din tch) mi hnh ch nht t l vi s trng hp ng vi loi n biu din. Hnh 8-45

Figure 8-45. Radar/Spider Plot

V d, bn c th dng th thanh m t mi quan h ca ng Cng ha ca nhiu thnh vin vi nhiu loi tn gio khc nhau: 31 % ngi theo o Tinh lnh thng bo mi lin h vi ng Cng ha, v c c 17% ngi theo o Thin cha cng vy. bn c th dng th thanh dng thng hoc ngang; chng bao gm dng thanh thng, ngang, cm, dng phn trm.S bin bn s dng nn cha trong tp s liu bng( m c) mt s m ca s thc nghim trong mi lp. Nu tp s liu cha hn 20 lp, th s m t s b li. vo mc phn tch, vo menu, chn: PLOT... BUSINESSCHARTS... BARCHART... biu din hp thoi Phn tch th thanh ( hnh 8-46)Mc chn la dng bng biuTng kt s phn tchMc Tng kt s phn tch to ra s tng kt s phn tch, bao gm tn ca bin chn lc, s gi tr ca bin, v tng gi tr.Hnh 8-46

Figure 8-46. The Barchart Analysis Dialog Box

Mc chn haMc chn th thanh to ra biu tng t cho mt gin bao gm cc thanh c tch ring ( hnh 8-47). Cc lp c biu din trn trc ngang, tn sut tng quan trn trc thng ng. Chiu cao ca thanh thng ng cn bng vi tn sut ca lp.Hnh 8-47

Figure 8-47. Barchart

S dng hp thoi chn nh dng thanh, ch ra liu bn mun v tn sut hoc phn trm; hay ch ra gin s m t dng thng ng hay ngang, ch ra liu dng tia hay ng thng (I-Beams-line) c s dng cho dng thanh; nhp gi tr bt u mi im trn thanh (hnh 8-48).Hnh 8-48

Figure 8-48. Barchart Options Dialog Box

4.2 S dng phn tch biu thanh phc tp (Multiple Barchart)S dng phn tch biu thanh phc tp to ra mt gin c 1 hay nhiu thanh tn sut cho mi nhn t phn loi-khc bit ( hng). S phn tch hu ch khi bn cn m t hnh nh ca nhn t bc hai so vi nhn t chnh. Cc bin bn s dng nn cha trong bng s liu( m c)- s m ca s thc nghim mi lp. Nu s liu cha hn 20 lp, gp li khi m t. vo phn phn tch, t menu, chn: BUSINESS CHARTS...MULTIPLE BARCHART... biu din trong hp thoi phn tch biu thanh phc tp ( hnh 8-49).hnh 8-49

Figure 8-49. The Multiple Barchart AnalysisDialog BoxMc chn dng bng biuTng kt s phn tch: v tn ca hng (nhn t phn loi-khc bit) v bin theo ct, s bin m bn chn v s thc nghim, s hng, ct.Mc chn haGin thanh phc tpTo ra mt gin c ct ca tng gi tr ca mi bin. ( hnh 8-50). Mi thanh n dng cho 1 hng ca ct.Dung hp thoi chn dnh dng cho thanh, cho thy dng th tn sut v phn trm ; cho thyHnh 8-50

Figure 8-50. The Multiple Barchart

Dng biu s c dng dng thng hay ngang; dng tia hay ng thng dng cho thanh, ; nhp gi tr cho vic v im cho thanh ( Hnh 8-51).Hnh 8-51

Figure 8-51. Multiple Barchart Options Dialog Box

4.3 S dng mc phn tch biu ming ( mnh)

L cch tng kt mt tp s liu a dng. Gin cha 1 ng trn chia ra lm nhiu mnh m t l vi s trng hp ca cc loi. Cc bin bn s dng nn cha trong bng s liu( m c)- s m ca s thc nghim mi lp. Nu s liu cha hn 20 lp, gp li khi m t.Biu ming biu th dng phn chia ca phn trm. V d, n dng ch ra nh my giy th thao n trm. h dng phn u mnh m t l vi s trng hp ca cc loi. ______________________________________________dnh tin h tr cho qung co la 6 triu $: 3 triu $ cho truyn hnh, 2 triu $ cho nh ti tr, 1 triu $ cho bo ch. vo phn phn tch, t menu, chn: PLOT... BUSINESSCHARTS... PIECHART.... biu din trong hp thoi mc phn tch biu ming(Hnh 8-52).Hnh 8-52

Figure 8-52. The Piechart AnalysisDialog Box

Mc chn dng bng biuTng kt s phn tch v tn ca bin chn lc v s thc nghim tng ng v tng cc gi tr.Mc chn haGin mingTo ra mt gin trn to ra t cc ming m bn knh tng ng vi tn sut ca mi hng trong bng tn sut( Hnh 8-53). Hnh 8-53

Figure 8-53. The Piechart

Trong hp thoi mc phn tch biu ming chn nhn cho ch thch v nhn; nhp kch thc cho mi vng; nhp s mnh c chia; dng ng thng t nhn n ming trn biu ming. ( hnh 8-54).Hnh 8-54

Figure 8-54. Piechart Options Dialog Box

4.4 S dng s phn tch th thng thnh phnRt hu ch cho vic biu th mt hay nhiu tp s liu thi gian, hu ch cho vic iu tra xu hng, mu hoc mt tnh cht khng c tnh ngu nhin; v d cho gi ca d tr.Bn c th to ra gin gi tr c th hoc tch ly. vo phn phn tch, t menu, chn: PLOT... BUSINESS CHARTS...COMPONENT LINE CHART... biu din trong hp thoi s phn tch th thng thnh phn (Hnh 8-55).

Figure 8-55. The Component Line Chart Analysis OptionsDialog Box

Chn dng bng biuTng kt s phn tch: v tn ca bin trong ct, danh mc ban u v khong ly mu. N cng ch ra s chu k ca d liu.Hp thoi s phn tch th thng thnh phn cho bit cc bin nn c v ra dng tch ly, l dng mc nh. ( Hnh 8-56).Nu bn chn mc Tch ly, mu cho bin xut hin dng chng cht theo chiu dc, ci trn nh l ca mu khc. Trn gin l s liu dng, gi tr them vo mi im thi gian. Trong th c cha s liu m, gi tr c ghi ph di gi tr ca cc bin trc.Nu bn chn mc nh ( loi phn kim tra im), mu ca mi bin xut hin dng vnh khn hay im cho mi bin m c th n i cc im.Hnh 8-56

Figure 8-56. Component Line Chart Analysis OptionsDialog Boxbin ca n c th v sau. gim thiu nht vn ny. u tin phi nhp bin nh nht; sau nhp bin th hai tip nh vy. Chng trnh v ra gi tr cui cng u tin, t th 2 n cui trn nh ca bin cui, tip tc cho n khi tt c cc bin xut hin.Chn dng bng biuS phn tch th thng thnh phn to ra cc ng gp khc c gi tr ngc vi thi gian( Hnh 8-57).Gi tr xut hin trn gin theo kiu bng d liu. Din tch mi lot mu theo thi gian c trng vi mt mu duy nht. Bn c th to ra s tch ly hoc ng khng tch ly.Hnh 8-57

Figure 8-57. Component Line Chart

4.4 S dng mc phn tch biu ln cn- thp - cao

Phn tch biu ln cn - thp cao c gi tr khi m t dng d tr, mt hng, s lu hnh, hay cc thng tin th trng khc hay dao ng theo tng gi, ngy, tun. ch ra s nhy trong tng thi k thay i trong khi cng quan st c s thay i theo thi gian di yu cu vi mi loi s liu ch ra vng gi tr. vo phn phn tch, t menu, chn: PLOT... PLOTS... BUSINESS CHARTS...HIGH-LOW-CLOSE PLOT... biu din trong hp thoi phn tch biu ln cn - thp - cao.Hnh 8-58

Figure 8-58. The High-Low-Close Plot Analysis Dialog Box

Chn dng bng biu

Tng kt s phn tchMc chn s tng kt v tn bin cho gia tr cao-thp v ln cn; v gi r cho mi danh mc u v khong ly mu.N cng cho bit s chu k cha s liu; gi tr mc cao ln nht; thp nh nht, ln cn trung bnh.

Chn dng haBiu ln cn - thp - cao

Mc chn biu ln cn - thp cao vi cc ng m rng cho mi mc thp tng ng vi cc mc cao ( hnh 8-59). ng nm ngang v cho mi gi tr ln cnhnh 8-59

hnh 8-59. Biu ln cn - thp - cao

V. S dng s phn tch s phn b xc sut S phn tch s phn b xc sut l hm cho php biu din c 3 s phn tch c bn cho 24 phn b xc sut khc nhau: Xc sut tnh ton. To ra biu xc sut v phn b tch ly. Pht sinh cc s ngu nhin.

24 s phn b l :r thp tong ng vi cc mc caoh cho mi danh mc u v khong ly mu__________________ BernoulliPhn b m gi tr kt qu ch c 2 kh nng: Thnh cng hay tht bi, v d, u hay ui, tt hay xu, ngn chn hay khng ngn chn.S liu ph hp vi phn b ny c gi tr l 0 hoc 1. BinomialMt phn b m ph hp vi s liu cho bi s phn b Binomial, cho xc sut ca s quan st s thnh cng vi mt s xc nh c lp hoc php th Bernoulli. Dng phn b ny phi chn s php th( th nghim). S liu ph hp cho phn b ny l sng nguyn >= 0. ng nht ri rcPhn b ch ra xc sut cn bng vi tt c cc s nguyn gia gi tr mc thp v mc cao. S liu ph hp l s nguyn. Hnh hc Phn b ny c trng cho s nhng tht bi din ra trc thnh cng u tin trong lot php th Bernoulli; trng hp c bit cho phn b Binomial m, khi k=1. S liu ph hp l s nguyn. Tng hnh hc(Hypergeometric)Phn b tng khi s chn ngu nhin thc hin gia cc i tng ca 2 loi khc nhau( thnh cng, tht bi). S ly mu din ra m khng c s thay th; l mi ,1 mc c v ra v nghin cu, khng b thay ngc li mt . Phn b cho bit xc sut cho s thnh cng. S liu ph hp l cc s nguyn dng. Negative Binomial (Binomial m)Phn b c trng cho s tht bi trc k th nghim thnh cng trong lot php th Bernoulli. Khi bn dng phn b ny thi phi cp bo s thnh cng. S liu ph hp l s nguyn >=0 PoissonPhn b ny nhn mnh xc sut tp trung s s kin trn mi n v thi gian, v d, s ln mt my tnh sn xut mi nm. S liu ph hp l s nguyn >= 0. BetaPhn b ny hu ch cho bin ngu nhin v buc phi c gi tr 0 v 1, c trng cho 2 thng s: Hnh dng 1 v 2. CauchyPhn b ny ph hp vi phn b Cauchy. Hm mt xc sut phn b khng c gi tr trung bnh v s khc bit v cng ln. N c trng cho 2 thng s: Mode( gi tr trung tm) v Scale (mc chia). S liu ph hp cho phn b l cc s liu lin tip vi Mode gia - v +, v Scale ( mc chia) ln hn 0. Chi-SquarePhn b dng cho bin ngu nhin c gi tr bt buc l 0 v 1; c trng cho 1 thng s: Bc t do. Phn b ny thng dng cho vic ly mu vi cc th nghim thng k a dng. ErlangPhn b hu ch vi cc bin ngu nhin, bt buc c g tr ln hn 0, nh s ln yu cu hon thnh nhim v, c trng cho 2 thng s: Hnh dng v mc chia. Phn b ny l c bit cho trng hp phn b Gamma, yu cu hnh dng ca thng s l s nguyn. Hm m(Exponential)Phn b ph hp vi s liu dy ca s ln, v d s ln n, vi s n c yu cu l tc khng i; hu ch cho bin ngu nhin, c gi tr bt buc >0. Phn b ny l trng hp c bit ca c Gamma v Weibull. Gi tr qu (Extreme Value)Hu ch cho bin ngu nhin, bt buc c gi tr >0, c trng cho 2 thng s: Mode ( gi tr trung tm) v Scale (mc chia) c bit nh phn b Gumbel. F-T l sai khc. (Variance Ratio)Phn b hu ch cho bin ngu nhin, c gi tr bt buc >0, c trng bi 2 thng s: T s bc t do v mu s ca bc t do. N thng dng nh phn b cho s liu thong k ca cc th nghim m c to ra nh l t s khc bit. GammaHu ch cho bin ngu nhin, bt buc c gi tr >0, c trng cho 2 thng s: Shape (dng) v Scale (mc chia). Phn b ny hay dng cho s liu mu m c lch dng, v d nh s ln hon thnh nhim v. LaplacePhn b hu ch cho bin ngu nhin t mt phn b m c nhiu nh hn so phn b thng thng, c trng bi 2 thng s: gi tr trung bnh v mc chia. Phn b ny thnh thong c gi l m i do n nhn ging nh phn b hm m vi hnh nh ging ht nhau. LogisticPhn b hu ch cho bin ngu nhin, khng bt buc >0, c trng bi 2 thng s: Gi tr trung bnh v lch chun. LognormalPhn b hu ch cho qu trnh m gi tr ca n l mt t l ngu nhin ca cc g tr trc, v d thu nhp c nhn hoc kch thc tiu phn t qu trnh gin on. S loga cu s liu m theo s phn b log thng l c phn b theo 1 kiu no . Phn b ny c lch dng v c th thc hin vi nhiu dng khc nhau. C gi tr >0, c trng cho 2 thng s : Gi tr trung bnh v lch chun. Thng-NormalPhn b hu ch cho v d khi bn v th tn sut ca s liu v cc thanh hnh thnh mt cch chung, ng cong dng chung. Mc chn ny l mc inh. ParetoPhn b vi s gim ca hm mt ,. Mt thng s, dng, l cn thit c trng cho phn b. S liu ph hp l cc gi tr >0. Students tPhn b ny hu dng khi hnh thnh khong tin cy khi s sai lch cha bit, kim tra xc nh nu gi tr trung bnh ca mu l khc bit r rng, hoc kim tra xc nh ngha ca h s trong phng trnh hi quy. S phn b ny ging nh dng ca phn b Thng. Gi tr trung bnh ca phan b t lun l 0, trong khi lch chun thng nh hn 1. Mt thng s, bc t do, l cn thit xc nh phn b ny. Tam gic Phn b hu ch vi cc bin ngu nhin, bt buc c gi gia 2 gii hn xc nh. Khng ging phn b ng nht, trong cc gi tr gia cc gii hn cn bng nh nhau, phn b tam gic c nh mt s gi tr gia 2 gii hn. Phn b c trng cho 3 thng s: Mc thp. gi tr trung tm ( Mode), v mc trn. WeibullPhn b hu ch vi cc bin ngu nhin, bt buc c g tr ln hn 0, c trng cho 2 thng s: Dng v mc chia. Do ng cong c tc tht bi c nhiu dng khc nhau nn, n l mt mu thch hp cho cc tht b sn phm. Phn b ny l pht sinh ca phn b hm m. Su S phn b thch hp cho cc s liu ri rc. c ngha l, s liu c th ly gi tr nguyn. Vi mi bin ri rc, xc sut l tn sut tng ng. S phn b khc l thch hp cho cc bin lin tc m c cc gi tr trong khong lin tc. vo phn phn tch, t menu, chn: PLOT... PROBABILITYDISTRIBUTIONS... biu din trong hp thoi phn tch phn b xc sut ( hnh 8-60).

Chn dng bng biuTng kt s phn tch to ra mt kt lun v s phn b m bn chn; ni dung ca mc ny khc nhau ph thuc vo s phn b. Kt lun cng lit k s thng s cho mi phn b, ch ra gi tr trung bnh, v lch tiu chun.Hnh 8-60

Figure 8-60. The Probability Distributions Analysis Dialog Box

Phn b tch ly Mc chn s Phn b tch ly to ra kt lun v s nh lng phn b tch ly m bn chn ( hnh 8-61). S tng kt bao gm din tch cui cho 5 gi tr ti hn. N cng biu din gi tr chiu cao ca hm mt xc sut ca cc gi tr cho. Dng hp thoi Phn b tch ly nhp gi tr cho cc bin ngu nhin.Nghch o CDFNghch o CDF l to ra s kt lun v cc gi tr ti hn cho phn b chn lc ( hnh 8-62). Kt lun bao gm din tch cui cng cho n 5 gi tr ti hn ca mi phn b.Dng hp thoi Inverse CDF Options nhp gi tr cho din tch cui cng.

Hnh 8-61

Figure 8-61. Cumulative Distribution for NormalDistributionHnh 8-62

Figure 8-62. Inverse CDF for Normal Distribution

S ngu nhin Mc chn s ngu nhin l to ra s kt lun v cc s ngu nhin t mt phn b ( Hnh 8-63). Bn cng c th lu nhng gi tr cho cc mu ngu nhin cho cc ln s dng sau.; v d, mi ln bn c th lu li cc kt qu dng vo hp thoi Save Results, chng trnh s to ra mt mu ngu nhin mi.

S ngu nhin Mc chn s ngu nhin l to ra s kt lun v cc s ngu nhin t mt phn b ( Hnh 8-63). Bn cng c th lu nhng gi tr cho cc mu ngu nhin cho cc ln s dng sau.; v d, mi ln bn c th lu li cc kt qu dng vo hp thoi Save Results, chng trnh s to ra mt mu ngu nhin mi.Hnh 8-63

Figure 8-63. Random Numbers for Normal Distribution

Chn haBiu hm mt / khi lngMc chn Biu hm mt / khi lng v ra gin hm mt xc sut cho phn b m bn nh lng ( hnh 8-64). Chiu cao ca hm ch ra xc sut ca gi tr khc nhau thu c t phn b m bn chn.ng CDFMc gin CDF to ra gin ca phn b tch ly cho phn bm bn nh lng. ( hnh 8-65).Gin hm tn ti ( c mt)Mc gin hm tn ti to ra gin hm xc sut tn ti cho phn b phn b m bn nh lng ( hnh 8-66). Hm ny ch ra xc sut ca gi tr ln hn thu c hoc bng vi nhng gi tr trn truc X.

Hnh 8-64

Figure 8-64. Density/Mass Function PlotHnh 8-65

Figure 8-65. CDF PlotBiu hm c mt LogMc chn Biu hm c mt Log to ra gin hm xc sut c mt ( Hnh 8-67). Hm ny ch ra xc sut ca gi tr ln hn thu c hoc cn bng vi gi tr trn trc X.Hnh 8-66

Figure 8-66. Survivor Function Plot

Hnh 8-67

Figure 8-67. Log Survivor Function Plot

th hm ri roMc th hm ri ro to ra th hm ri roc ho phn b bn nh lng ( Hnh 8-68). Hm ri ro bng vi hm mt xc sut b chia bi hm c mt. Khi bn to mu s liu lu di, hm ny biu hin tc tht bi tc thi.

Hnh 8-68

Figure 8-68. Hazard Function Plot

Lu kt quHp thoi Save Results Options cho php ban chn kt qu bn mun lu. y l mt chn la: S ngu nhin cho phn b 1(Random Numbers for Dist. 1). Bn cng c th dng Cc bin mc tiu trong hp text nhp tn ca bin m bn mun lu bin pht sinh trong qu trnh phn tch. Bn cng c th nhp tn mi hoc mc inh.

VI. S dng phn tch th b mt hng ngPhn tch th b mt hng ng to ra biu B mt v ng vin cho nhng hm m bn c trng. Bn phi vit hm cha X v Y, v d 10+2*X+3*Y-10*X*Y . th hu ch khi bn cn hnh dung ra dng ca b mt hng ng v khi bn chn v tr ti u. vo phn phn tch, t menu, chn: PLOT... RESPONSESURFACES...m t hp thoi th b mt hng ng, cho php bn nhp hm s ( Hnh 8-69).Hnh 8-69

Figure 8-69. The Response Surfaces

Chn bng biuTng kt s phn tch m t hm s v.Chn hang B mtMc ny to ra biu khng gian 3 chiu ca hm (hnh 8-70). Dng hp thoi nhp s dng ngang v dc s v trong biu , xc nh loi biu , nhp s gi tr mt s tnh, ch ra Biu ng vin s biu din di th B mt, xc nh gi tr cho cc thuc tnh ca ng vin, v xc nh ng no s ni vi im v vng no ca ng vin s c v ( hnh 8-71). Hnh 8-70

Figure 8-70. Surface Plot

Hnh 8-71

Figure 8-71. Surface Plot Options Dialog Box

Bn c th dng nt quay trn thanh cng c Analysis thay i gc t ch bn quan st th.

th ng vinTo ra mt th hai ciu ca hm ( hnh 8-72)

Figure 8-72. Contour Plot

Dng hp thoi Contour Plot Options nhp gi tr cho ng vin u tin v cui cng, nhp gi tr cho khong khng gia cc ng vin, ch ra ng thng hay vng v s c xut hin trn th, v nhp gi tr m t s gi tr mt s c tnh.Hnh 8-73

Figure 8-73. Contour Plot Options Dialog Box

VII. S dng mc Phn tch th ty bin Mc Custom Charts Analysis ny to ra biu c tiu khc hng, s chia, ng thng dc v ngang. Mc ch chnh ca n l cho bn to ra biu m bn c th dng ph ln th khc khi bn dng StatGallery. Biu iu khin ny l mt v d loi biu ty bin m bn ta ra. vo phn phn tch, t menu, chn: : PLOT... CUSTOMCHARTS...m t hp thoi Custom Chart Analysis, cho php bn nhp thng tin v biu m bn v. ( hnh 8-74)

Chn dng bng biuTng kt s Phn tch Phn Analysis Summary to ra mt ch dn cho s thch ng th.Hnh 8-74

Figure 8-74. Custom Chart AnalysisDialog Box

S dng hp thoi Custom Chart Analysis Options chn v tr v hng n ng th 8 cho mi th thch ng ( hnh 8-75)Hnh 8-75

Figure 8-75. The Custom ChartAnalysis Options Dialog Box

Chn dng haBiu thch ngTo ra biu thch ng cha tiu chn lc v vch chia trc ( hnh 8-76).

Figure 8-76. Custom Chart

Chng 4. Php phn tch hi quyI. Hi quy n gin (Simple Regression)Cc bng nh gi m hnh hi quy1. Analysis SummaryTnh: cc h s a (intercept), b (slope), t-test (nh gi tnh c ngha ca cc h s hi quy), F-test (nh gi tnh c ngha ca m hnh)2. Lack -of-Fit test nh gi m hnh ang dng c hon ton ph hp vi cc s liu hay khng (nh gi qua gi tr p-value). Ch cn phi lp li s quan st mt hay nhiu gi tr X3. ForecastsD on gi tr ca Y s dng m hnh ph hp. Bng ny cho bit cc gi tr gii hn d on v gii hn tin cy.4. Comparison of Alternative ModelsBng ny cho bit cc gi tr hng s tng quan v R-squared ca mt s m hnh (simple regression)ph hp vi cc s liu cho.5. Unusual ResidualsBng ny cho php loi cc gi tr bt thng (c gi tr tuyt i ca phn d ln hn 3) ca s liu quan st c.6. Influential PointsBng ny lit k tt c cc quan st c nhng gi tr n by (leverage) ln hn 3 ln gi tr im trung bnh nhmnh gi mc nh hng ca mt s liu n gi tr ca cc h s hi quy

V d: Ngi ta dng ba mc nhit gm 105,120,1350C kt hp vi ba khong thi gian l 15, 30 v 60 pht thc hin mt phn ng tng hp. Cc hiu sut ca phn ng (%) c trnh by trong bng sau:Thi gian (ph) X1Nhit (oC) X2Hiu sut (%) Y

151051.87

301052.02

601053.28

151203.05

301204.07

601205.54

151355.03

301356.45

601357.26

Hy cho bit yu t nhit v/hoc thi gian c lin quan tuyn tnh vi hiu sut ca phn ng tng hp? Nu c th nhit 1150C trong 50 pht th hiu sut phn ng l bao nhiu.

Cch lm1. Nhp s liu:

2. Chn Relate.Simple Regression n nh cc gi tr ca bin s Y v X

3.Nhn OK hin th bng Analysis Summary

+ Phng trnh hi quy hiu sut-thi gian: Y=2.73 + 0.044X1ta=2.1290.05)---> H s a khng c ngha (vi tin cy thng k 95%).tb=1.3800.05)---> H s b khng c ngha (vi tin cy thng k 95%).Vy phng trnh hi quy khng c ngha thng k. Yu t thi gian khng c lin quan tuyn tnh vi hiu sut phn ng.

+ Phng trnh hi quy hiu sut-thi gian: Y=-11.14 + 0.128X2ta=3.417>t0.05=2.365 (P2=0.011 H s a c ngha (vi tin cy thng k 95%).tb=4.757>t0.05=2.365 (P2=0.021 H s b c ngha (vi tin cy thng k 95%).F=22.63>F0.05=5.590Vy phng trnh hi quy c ngha thng k. Yu t nhit c lin quan tuyn tnh vi hiu sut phn ng.Trong mc ny ta cng c th kch chut phI vo mn hnh nn ca bng Analysis Summary hin bng Analysis Options cho php chn cc m hnh hi quy n gin khc.

4. Mt s nh gi khc

Kch chut vo nt Tabular Option hin th bng la chn mt s cc nh gi khc

+Lack of Fit Test:

Gi tr p-value ca Lack-of-fit Test l 0.9 >0.1, tc l m hnh ny hon ton ph hp vi cc s liu nhit v hiu sut quan st oc.+Forecast

Bng ny d on cc gi tr Y (hiu sut) nhng gi tr X2( nhit ) cho trc cng vi khong gii hn d on v khong gii hn tin cy. Nhp chut phI vo mn hnh nn ca bng Forecast, chn Panel Option hin th hp thoi cho php nhp cc gi tr X v tin cy tnh Y.

+Comparision of alternative model

Bng ny hin th kt qu ca mt s m hnh ph hp (fitted models) vi mi tng quan gia hiu sut (Y) v nhit (X2), nhm nh gi m hnh no m t tt nht mi tng quan ny. Ta thy gi tr R-squared ca m hnh tuyn tnh Square root-Y (Y=(a+b*X2)^1/2) c gi tr ln nht, nh vy m hnh ny ph hp hn m hnh tuyn tnh m t mi tng quan gia hiu sut v nhit . +Unusual Residual

Nu gi tr Studentized Residual >2 th cp s liu (X-Y) tng ng l bt thng, trong th nghim ny th khng c nhng gi tr bt thng ca cp s liu hiu sut-nhit .

+Influential Points

Gi tr leverage ca im trung bnh l 0.222 v trong th nghim ny khng quan st c cc im c gi tr leverage ln hn ba ln gi tr ny.5. Cc la chn hoNhn nt Graphic Options trn ca s Simple Regression hint th hp thoi cho php la chn cc kiu th

+Plot of Fitted model

Nhp chut phI vo mn hnh nn ca ca s ny, chn Panel Option hin th hp thoi cho php nhp cc gi tr tin cy v khong n v ca trc X

+Observed versus Predicted

Cch v ny cho bit v tr ca cc im thc nghim so vi ng ph hp, nu cc im ny nm cng gn ng ph hp th m hnh cng chnh xc.+Residuals Versus X

y l loi th m t phn b cc gi tr phn d theo bin X. Nu cc im ny phn b ngu nhin khng c quy lut chng t m hnh s dng m t ng mi quan h gia cc s liu quan st c. S dng th ny tm cc gi tr bt thng (cc im nm ngoI khong t -3 n +3), xem phng sai ca phn d c phI l hng s hay khng. + Residual versus Predicted

th ny m t s bin thin ca phn d theo bin ph thuc Y. Nu m hnh s dng l ph hp th cc im biu din gi tr ca phn d phn b ngu nhin quanh trc biu din Y.II. Hi quy a thc (Polinominal Regression)V d: S ph thuc ca nhn t Y vo nhn t X c cho trong bng sau

Cch lm1. Nhp s liu

2. Khi ng chng trnh RELATE.Polinominal Regression n nh cc gi tr Y v X

3. Nhn OK hin th hp thoi Polinominal Regression Analysis

Phng trnh lin h gia X v Y (hi quy a thc bc hai)Y=80.0751-0.978865*X + 0.00387125*X^2Cc gi tr P ng vi cc h s hi quy