Horticulture 2 poinsettias

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Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Poinse9as* * But were afraid to ask…

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poinsettia lecture

Transcript of Horticulture 2 poinsettias

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Everything  You  Always  Wanted  to  Know  about  Poinse9as*  

*  But  were  afraid  to  ask…  

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What  you  NEED  TO  KNOW  about  poinse5a  flowering:    

•  Poinse9as  ini?ate  flowers  when  days  become  shorter  than  nights.  In  the  Northern  Hemisphere,  this  day  length  condi?on  naturally  occurs  during  mid  to  late  September.    

•  Once  short  days  begin,  it  is  important  that  nights  con?nue  to  get  longer  for  bracts  to  form  color.  During  this  development  stage  of  the  poinse9a,  if  nights  get  shorter  rather  than  longer  the  flowering  will  be  disrupted  and  plants  will  fail  to  flower.  

•  The  phase  of  growth  prior  to  flower  ini?a?on  is  referred  to  as  vegeta?ve  growth,  while  the  flowering  stage  is  known  as  the  reproduc?ve  phase.    

•  The  flowering  response  ?me  is  the  ?me,  usually  in  weeks,  required  for  the  plant  to  develop  to  a  mature,  salable  flowering  plant  from  the  date  of  flower  ini?a?on.  This  assumes  all  growing  condi?ons  are  “normal”  for  the  crop.    

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Poinse9a  Crop  Scheduling  

•  Schedule  flowering  response  ?me  for  op?mum  development.    

 •   Start  with  the  desired  flower  maturity  date  (we’re  using  Dec.  1)  and  work  backwards  using  the  flowering  response  ?me  (for  these  cul?vars,  8  and  8.5  weeks)  to  determine  when  the  crop  needs  to  ini?ate  flower  in  order  to  be  ready  for  sale  at  the  appropriate  ?me.    

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Vegeta?ve  Growth  Requirements  

Vegeta?ve  Growth  Requirements:  Calculate  vegeta?ve  growth  requirements  based  on  the  finished  height  and  flower  ini?a?on  dates.  In  order  to  calculate  vegeta?ve  growth  requirements  the  grower  must  be  aware  of  when  a  cul?var  ini?ates  flowers  so  that  pinching  can  be  scheduled  accordingly.        A  properly  scheduled  pinch  assures  plants  will  have  enough  ?me  between  pinch  and  flower  ini?a?on  to  form  enough  leaves  to  achieve  the  desired  finished  height.  Reduced  ?me  between  pinch  and  flower  ini?a?on  will  result  in  shorter  plants.      

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Pinching  •  The  ?me  needed  for  vegeta?ve  growth  

is  based  on  desired  size,  geographic  loca?on,  and  vigor  of  each  cul?var.    

•  Each  cul?var  has  a  different  natural  growth  poten?al  so  more  or  less  ?me  between  pinch  and  flower  ini?a?on  is  required  based  on  natural  vigor.    

•  Plants  in  larger  pots  require  more  ?me  between  pinch  and  flower  ini?a?on.  

   

Geographic  loca?on  is  also  important  because  naturally  higher  light  and  warmer  temperatures  will  result  in  more  vegeta?ve  growth.        Growers  in  southern  climates  will  find  that  less  ?me  is  necessary  between  pinch  and  flower  ini?a?on  to  achieve  adequate  size  while  growers  in  northern  climates  will  find  that  more  ?me  is  required.  The  charts  provided  (Table  2)  suggest  the  produc?on  ?me  for  various  forms  based  on  loca?on.      

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How  to  Pinch  Poinse9as  A  school  video  that  shows  you  how  to  pinch  at  least  5  nodes  up  and  ½”  down  from  the  ?p.  

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Last  Word  on  the  Pinch  •  We  will  pinch  about  Sept.  22  to  give  the  plant  plenty  of  ?me  between  the  pinch  and  flower  ini?a?on  ?me.  The  pinch  will  increase  branching  so  the  plants  begin  to  fill  out.  Leave  about  7  nodes.  

•  We  will  be  doing  a  “so`  pinch”—that  is  a  pinching  off  of  the  main  stem  ?p  and  immature  leaves  only.  

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Understanding  Photoperiodic  Response  

Poinse5as  are  classified  as  short-­‐day  (long-­‐night)  plants  that  ini?ate  flowers  when  the  day  length  is  reduced  to  a  cri?cal  amount  of  ?me,  12  hours  and  20  minutes.  This  occurs  around  September  20  to  25,  during  the  fall  equinox.      (Right  now,  our  day  length,  which  is  ge5ng  shorter,  is  about  13.5  hours.  We  also  have  campus  lights  that  shine  more  than  2  fc  onto  our  plants,  which  means  that  they  would  interrupt  the  night  length.)    Photoperiod  Manipula?on  Requirements:  If  the  desired  cul?var’s  natural  finish  date  based  on  flower  ini?a?on  date  and  response  ?me  do  not  match  with  desired  finish  dates  then  photoperiod  manipula?on  must  be  used.      To  force  earlier  finish,  black  clothing  must  be  used  to  ini?ate  flowers  early.  Determine  black  cloth  start  ?me  by  subtrac?ng  response  in  weeks  from  the  desired  finish  date  (Dec.  1  –  about  8  weeks  for  our  cul?vars).    hcp://www.greenhousegrower.com/video/plant-­‐culture/v-­‐understanding-­‐photoperiodic-­‐response/    

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More  on  Ligh?ng  and  Photoperiod  Ligh?ng  and  Photoperiod:  Light  intensity  for  growing  quality  poinse9as  should  be  3,500  to  4,500  fc  for  cul?vars  with  dark  green  foliage  and  5,000  to  6,000  fc  for  cul?vars  with  medium  green  foliage.  We  will  likely  add  ligh?ng  from  about  Sept.  11  to  Sept.  30  if  light  levels  fall  below  5-­‐6,000  fc.    

Shade  cloth  is  generally  required  in  the  south  for  reducing  greenhouse  temperatures.  A  30-­‐40%  shade  cloth  can  be  used  un?l  October  1  without  affec?ng  plant  quality.  We  used  40%  shade  cloth  just  to  help  acclimate  our  rooted  cu9ngs,  but  will  be  removing  it  on  9/8.    

If  we  need  to,  we  will  reduce  light  intensity  to  2,000  fc  a`er  the  primary  bracts  are  fully  colored  and  the  secondary  bracts  almost  mature,  to  prevent  fading.    

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Ligh?ng  and  Black  Cloth  •  Some  cul?vars  ini?ate  flowering  prior  to  the  cri?cal  day  lengths  and  

should  be  lighted  with  night  ligh?ng.  (We  will  not  need  to  do  this.)  

•  If  the  schedule  for  a  cul?var  requires  the  start  of  short  days  before  those  naturally  occurring,  pull  black  cloth  over  the  plants  from  5  p.m.  to  8  a.m.  at  the  appropriate  ?me  of  year,  depending  on  the  cul?var  and  geographic  loca?on.  

•  14-­‐hour  nights  should  be  provided  using  black  cloth.  We  will  be  doing  this  from  about  Oct.  6  un?l  about  Nov.  5.  

•  For  later  finishing,  ligh?ng  to  extend  the  day  length  is  used  to  delay  flower  ini?a?on.    

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Our  Schedule  •  We  will  add  ligh?ng  from  about  Sept.  11  to  Sept.  30.  

•  14-­‐hour  nights  should  be  provided  using  black  cloth.  We  will  be  doing  this  from  about  Oct.  6  un?l  about  Nov.  5  or  so,  from  5:00  p.m.  to  8:30  a.m.  

 

Sept.  3  Sept.  22  

9/3:  Add  shade  cloth;  add  fer?lizer  when  watering.    Remove  shade  cloth  on  or  before  9/22.  Fungicide  9/3.  

Add  ligh?ng  9/11  to  9/30  if  less  than  5,000  fc  

Oct.  6-­‐Nov.11   Dec.  8  

Pinch   Black  cloth     Taper  off  fer?lizer  

Dec.  1  

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•  Add  shade  cloth  on  Sept.  3;  may  add  ligh?ng  from  about  9/11-­‐9/22  •  Add  15-­‐5-­‐15  fer?lizer  when  watering:  3.38  oz.  (98.52  g)  conc./gal.  water  for  1:16  Hozon  •  Pinch  on  Sept.  22  •  Black  cloth  starts  about  Oct.  6  un?l  Nov.  5  •  Be  vigilant!  Look  for  any  signs  of  stress,  pests  (whitefly),  and  diseases  •  Sale  date  around  Dec.  8  

Poinse5a  Schedule  -­‐  Es?mated  

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Growing  Guidelines  

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Vegeta?ve  Growth  Requirements  based  on  geographic  loca?on  

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Vegeta?ve  Growth  Adjustments  Based  on  Vigor  

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Establishing  Requirements  for  Various  Sizes  

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Poinse9a  Temperatures  

v November-­‐  Drop  night  temperatures  to  55-­‐  60°F  (12-­‐16°C).  Do  not  drop  temperatures  below  55°F  (12°C).  Flower  development  will  not  progress  below  50°F  (10°C)  and  chilling  injury  may  occur.    

v On  sunny  days  allow  the  greenhouse  to  warm  to  75-­‐80°F  (24-­‐26°C)  to  offset  cold  nights.  On  cloudy  days  maintain  75°F  (24°C).  The  goal  is  to  achieve  an  average  daily  temperature  of  65°F(18°C).  

v Mid  November  to  December-­‐  Plants  are  mature  and  ready  to  ship.    

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•  Media  for  growing  poinse9as  should  be  on  the  coarse  side  and  excep?onally  well-­‐drained.    

•  The  pH  should  be  5.8-­‐6.4.    •  Poinse9as  are  more  suscep?ble  to  

calcium  and  magnesium  deficiencies  than  many  plants;  therefore,  we  are  using  a  fer?lizer  with  5%  Mg  and  2%  Ca,  as  well  as  micronutrients,  added.  

 •  FAFARD  MIX  NO.  3-­‐B  is  an  excellent,  general  purpose  mix  containing  peat  moss,  perlite,  vermiculite  and  about  on-­‐e  fourth  processed  bark.  It  is  recommended  for  flowering  plants,  bedding  plants,  hanging  baskets,  foliage  plants  and  interiorscape  use.  This  is  the  preferred  Fafard  mix  for  flowering  plants.  

 

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A  dependable  source  of  high  quality  water  is  an  important  considera?on  in  growing  poinse9as.  The  alkalinity  of  the  water  should  not  be  so  high  as  to  drive  the  pH  of  the  medium  above  6.5  or  micronutrient  deficiencies  can  occur.  The  total  soluble  salts  and  presence  of  nutrients  or  toxins  should  also  be  known.  Poinse5as  can  be  watered  overhead  during  early  stages  of  produc?on  but  moisture  on  the  bracts  is  highly  undesirable.      

Water  

Therefore,  it  is  recommended  that  crops  be  placed  on  an  automa?c  watering  system  at  or  soon  a`er  spacing.      We,  however,  have  other  plants  with  different  fer?lizer  needs  on  that  system,  so  we  will  need  to  hand  water  and  use  the  Hozon  siphoner.  

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Fer?liza?on    •  Poinse9as  are  generally  heavy  feeders,  especially  during  early  produc?on.  

Fer?liza?on  should  begin  as  soon  ader  po5ng  as  possible  depending  on  how  much  starter  nutri?on  has  been  added  to  the  medium.    

•  Fer?lity  programs  vary  widely  and  may  include  liquid  fer?liza?on  or  liquid  in  combina?on  with  slow  release  fer?lizers.  However,  success  depends  on  raising  the  ini?al  fer?lity  quickly,  then  tapering-­‐off  toward  the  finish  of  the  crop.    

•  We  will  be  using  a  15-­‐5-­‐15  (N-­‐P-­‐K)  fer?lizer  at  300  ppm  (4.04  oz.  or  114.5  g/gallon  concentrate)  to  start.    

•  N-­‐P-­‐K  is  the  elemental  shorthand  for  the  three  major  nutrients  in  fer?lizers.  “N”  stands  for  Nitrogen,  “P”  stands  for  Phosphate  (P2O2)  and  “K”  stands  for  Potash  (K2O).  We  are  using  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  (N)  to  determine  the  amount  of  fer?lizer  to  use.  

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15-­‐5-­‐15    Cal-­‐Mag    Fer?lizer  

 High  nitrate  and  

low  phosphate  with  added  calcium  and  

magnesium  

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We’ve  started  with  300  ppm  (parts  per  million).  That’s  about    4.1  oz.    Cal-­‐Mag/gal.  of  concentrate  with  a  1:16  Hozon  siphoner.  

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Our  fer?lizer  program:  •  15-­‐5-­‐15  at  300  ppm  N  (4.1  oz/gal.  with  1:16  Hozon  

siphoner)  for  first  4-­‐5  waterings.  Drop  to  200-­‐250  ppm  N  (3  oz./gal.  concentrate)  a`er  5th  watering.  

•  Drop  to  100-­‐150  ppm  N  N  (1.7  oz/gal.  with  1:16  Hozon  siphoner)  in  November.  

•  Test  and  chart  pH  and  soluble  salts  at  least  every  two  weeks.  We  will  use  an  EC  meter  and  pH  kit  to  do  this.  

•  Reduce  nutri?on  in  the  last  few  weeks  of  the  crop.  In  November  and  December,  temperatures  and  light  intensity  are  dropping  and  the  needs  of  the  plant  decrease  as  flowers  develop.    

•  Many  growers  will  stop  fer?lizing  completely  in  late  November.  Shelf  life  of  poinse9as  is  increased  if  the  media  soluble  salts  is  close  to  zero  at  shipping  (or  sale)  ?me.  

 

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Spacing  Poinse9a  plants  are  o`en  maintained  on  benches,  pot-­‐to-­‐pot  a`er  po9ng  and  up  to  the  ?me  of  pinch  for  easy  maintenance  and  to  make  the  pinching  task  easier.      However,  they  should  be  placed  at  the  final  spacing  soon  a`er  pinching  and  before  plants  begin  to  crowd.  This  increases  the  light  intercep?on  by  the  plants  and  decreases  the  need  for  growth  retardant.  (We  are  not  using  growth  retardant.)    Final  Ideal  Spacing  for  Pinched  Plants    Pot  size    Cu9ngs/pot    Spacing  (")    Sq.`./pot              6                2        15  x  15      1.5            4                1            8  x  9                      .5  

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Write  in  Your  Greenhouse  Notebook  •  Poced  rooted  cu9ngs:  9/3/14  •  Added  shade  cloth:  9/3/14  •  Fer?lized  with  300  ppm  15-­‐5-­‐15  Cal-­‐Mag  fer?lizer.  (4.05  z.  or  114.8  g/gal.  conc.):  9/3/14  

•  Treated  with  BanRot  (recommended  for  poinse9as  is  6-­‐12  oz./100  gal.)  12  oz./100  gal=.12  oz/1  gal.  x  16  (for  the  1:16  propor?oner)  =  1.92  oz./gal.  conc.:  9/3/14  •  Fer?lized  and  treated  with  BanRot:  9/5/14  •  Removed  dead  leaves:  9/5/14  

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Pres?ge  Red  from  Rooted  Cu9ngs  

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Finished  Poinse5as