HiperyayınAraştırma- İnceleme (Kongre Özet Kitabı)

Editörler /YazarıKürşat Çapraz-Dr. Irina Raluca Badea

Genel Yayın EditörüHatice Bahtiyar

MizanpajMeral Gök

Kapak TasarımEylül Grafik

Yayıncı Sertifika No: 16680

e-ISBN: 978-605-281-147-4

1.Baskı: İstanbul, Kasım 2018

Copyright© Tüm hakları saklıdır. Bu kitabın telif hakları, 5846 sayılı yasanın hükmüne göre, kitabı yayımlayan Hiperlink Eğitim İletişim Yay. San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti ve Kürşat Çapraz-Dr. Irina Raluca Badea’e aittir. Yayımcının ve/veya editör/lerin izni olmaksızın elektronik ve mekanik herhangi bir kayıt sistemi veya fotokopi ile çoğaltılamaz, kopyalanamaz. Ancak kaynak gösterilerek kısa alıntı yapılabilir.

InTraders Uluslararası Ticaret Kongresi = InTraders international conference on international trade (I. : 2018: Sakarya)

First InTraders International Conference on International Trade Abstract Book/ editörler Kürşat Çapraz Irina Raluca Badea

İstanbul: Hiperlink Yayınları, 2018.

136 s. ; 24 sm. -- (Hiperyayın;)

e-ISBN: 978-605-281-147-4 Uluslararası ticaret -- Kongreler Çapraz, Kürşat II. Irina Raluca Badea III. Eser Adı IV. Dizi

HF 1372/.I58 2018 382 INT 2018

Genel Satış Pazarlama ve YayıneviHiperlink Eğitim İletişim Yayıncılık San. Paz. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.Tozkoparan Mah. Haldun Taner Sok. Alparslan İş MerkeziNo: 27 Kat: 6 D: 21 Merter- Güngören / İstanbulTelefon: 0212 293 07 05-06 Faks: 0212 293 56 58www.hiperlink.com.tr/ info@hiperlink.com.tr

I. InTradersUluslararası Ticaret Kongresi

Özet Kitabı

First InTradersInternational Conference on International

Trade Abstract Book

EDİTÖRLER

Kürşat ÇaprazDr. Irina Raluca Badea

Kongre Özet KitabıAbstract Book

5

Onur Kurulu

Prof. Dr.  İsmail KOCAYUSUFOGLU International Balkan University Rector Makedonya

Prof. PhD.  Shyqeri KABASHI Kolegji Biznesi Kosova

Düzenleme Kurulu / Regulatory BoardAssoc.Prof.Phd. İrfan HAŞLAK Sakarya University Turkey

PhD. Faculty Member Mustafa YILMAZ Sakarya University Turkey

Kürşat ÇAPRAZ Sakarya University Turkey

Ass. Prof. Phd. Dilşad TÜRKMENOĞLU KÖSE Sakarya University Turkey

PhD. Faculty Member  Nurcan SÜKLÜM HititUniversity Turkey

PhD. Faculty Member Ebru KANYILMAZ POLAT Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Turkey

PhD. Faculty Member  Seçil ÖZTÜRK Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Turkey

PhD. Faculty Member Natalija SHIKOVA International Balkan University Macedonia

PhD. Faculty Member  Joanna HERNIK West Pomeranian University of Technology Poland

Lect. Phd. Ilir REXHEPI Kosovo Management Institute Kosova

Assoc.Prof.Phd. Vatuiu TEODORA Titu Maiorescu University Romania

PhD Faculty Member Jana ILIEVA  The University of Tourism and Management in Skopje Macedonia

Danışma Kurulu / Advisory BoardProf. Phd. ADEM UĞUR Sakarya University, Turkey

Prof. Phd. AHMET VECDİ CAN Sakarya University, Turkey

Prof. Phd. ERMAN COŞKUN Sakarya University, Turkey

Prof. Phd. MAHMUT BİLEN Sakarya University, Turkey

Assoc.Prof.Phd. İRFAN HAŞLAK Sakarya University, Turkey

Assoc.Prof.Phd. NEVRAN KARACA Sakarya University, Turkey

PhD Faculty Member ADEM AKBIYIK Sakarya University, Turkey

PhD Faculty Member KAMİL TAŞKIN Sakarya University, Turkey

PhD. Faculty Member MUSTAFA YILMAZ Sakarya University, Turkey

6

PhD. Faculty Member KADİR ÜÇAY Sakarya University, Turkey

PhD. Faculty Member ASENA BOZTAŞ Sakarya University, Turkey

PhD. Faculty Member DİLŞAD TÜRKMENOĞLU KÖSE Sakarya University, Turkey

PhD. Faculty Member NURCAN SÜKLÜM Hitit University, Turkey

PhD. Faculty Member GAMZE EBRU ÇİFTÇİ Hitit University, Turkey

Prof. Phd. ÇETİN KANTAR Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey

PhD. Faculty Member SEÇİL ÖZTÜRK Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey

PhD. Faculty Member CAN KÖSE Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey

PhD. Faculty Member EBRU KANYILMAZ POLAT Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey

PhD. Faculty Member ÜNZÜLE KURT Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey

PhD. Faculty Member TAHİR BENLİ Kastamonu University, Turkey

Assoc.Prof.Phd. TEODORA VATUIU Titu Maiorescu University Bucharest, Romania

Lect. Phd DINUCA ELENA CLAUDIA Titu Maiorescu University Bucharest, Romania

PhD Faculty Member NATALIJA SHIKOVA International Balkan University, Macedonia

PhD Faculty Member SHENER BILALLI International Balkan University, Macedonia

Assoc.Prof.Phd. ALEKSANDRA PORJAZOSKA KUJUNDZISKI

International Balkan University, Macedonia

PhD Faculty Member ARKADIUSZ MALKOWSKI West Pomeranian University of Technology, Poland

PhD Faculty Member DAWID DAWIDOWICZ West Pomeranian University of Technology, Poland

PhD Faculty Member ELŻEBIETA JAWORSKA West Pomeranian University of Technology, Poland

PhD Faculty Member JOANNA HERNIK West Pomeranian University of Technology, Poland

Prof. Phd. SASHO KOZUHAROVThe University of Tourism and Management in Skopje, Macedonia

Prof. Phd. DALIBORKA BLAZESKAThe University of Tourism and Management in Skopje, Macedonia

7

Prof. Phd. ALEKSANDRA STOILKOVSKAThe University of Tourism and Management in Skopje, Macedonia

Prof. Phd. SASKO GRAMATNIKOVSKIThe University of Tourism and Management in Skopje, Macedonia

PhD Faculty Member NATASHA RISTOVSKAThe University of Tourism and Management in Skopje, Macedonia

Prof. Phd. ZORAN IVANOVSKIThe University of Tourism and Management in Skopje, Macedonia

PhD Faculty Member JANA ILIEVAThe University of Tourism and Management in Skopje, Macedonia

Lect. Phd ILIR REXHEPI AAB College, Kosova

Lect. Phd NAIM ISMAJLI AAB College, Kosova

Assoc.Prof.Phd. ARBI AGALLIU European University of Tirana (UET), Albania

Assoc.Prof.Phd. ERMIRA QOSJA European University of Tirana (UET), Albania

Lect. Phd BESARTA VLADI European University of Tirana (UET), Albania

8

Kongre Sekretaryası / Conference SecretariatGen. Sect. Kürşat ÇAPRAZ  Sakarya University Turkey

Assoc.Prof.Phd. Vatuiu TEODORA Universitatea Titu Maiorescu Romania

Ass.Prof. Phd.Asena Boztaş Sakarya University Turkey

Münevver KEÇELİ Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Türkiye

Muhammed Shahzeb Khan Yousufzai Mohammad Ali Jinnah University Pakistan

Zuura ASHIMOVA Manas University Kyrgyzstan

Fani MATESKA Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Macedonia

Mamoona RASHEED University of Central Punjab Lahore Pakistan

Lect. Taleh HALILOV Nakhchivan State University Azerbaijan

Irina Raluca BADEA University of Craiova Romania

Quratulain Ezam Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi Pakistan

Celal ALPDOĞAN Sakarya University Turkey

Romina CHERAGHALIZADEH Eastern Mediterranean University TRNC

Öğrenci Takımı / Student Teamİlayda Nur Varsak Sakarya University

Hanife BABACAN Sakarya University

Türkan KARAKAŞ Sakarya University

Gülizar PAT Sakarya University

Mukhitzhan RAKHMANOV Sakarya University

Nilgün DIVARCI Sakarya University

Kübra SABANCI Sakarya University

Bilim Kurulu / Scientific BoardProf.PhD. Abdullah Soysal Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University

Prof.PhD. Adem Uğur Sakarya University

Prof.PhD. Ahmet Ağca Dumlupınar University

Prof.PhD. Alptekin Erkollar Sakarya University

Prof.PhD. Burcu Demirel Akdeniz University

Prof.PhD. Canan Madran Dokuz Eylül University

Prof.PhD. Erdoğan Gavcar Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University

Prof.PhD. Daniel Lacalle IE Business School, Instituto de Empresa, UK

9

Prof.PhD. Ergin Uzgören Dumlupınar University

Prof.PhD. Fikret Çankaya Karadeniz Teknik University

Prof.PhD. Georgeta Soava University Of Craiova, Romania

Prof.PhD. Hakan Çetintaş Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas University

Prof.PhD. Hakan Er Akdeniz University

Prof.PhD. Hasan Tutar Sakarya University

Prof.PhD. Hatem El-Gohary Birmingham City University, UK

Prof.PhD. Ionel Barbu Aurel Vlaicu University, Romania

Prof.PhD. İrfan Kalaycı İnönü University

Prof.PhD. İzzet Kılınç Düzce University

Prof.PhD. Levent Gökdemir İnönü University

Prof.PhD. Lidija Pulevska Ivanovska University “Ss. Cyril And Methodius”, Macedonia

Prof.PhD. Lutfiye Ödemir İnönü University

Prof.PhD. Mahmut Bilen Sakarya University

Prof.PhD. Mahmut Masca Afyon Kocatepe University

Prof.PhD. Mahmut Yardımcıoğlu Iğdır University

Prof.PhD. Mehmet Emin Karaaslan Işık University

Prof.PhD. Mehmet Erkan İstanbul University

Prof.PhD. Mehmet Marangoz Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University

Prof.PhD. Mehmet Sadık Öncül Cumhuriyet University

Prof.PhD. Murat Çetin Namık Kemal University

Prof.PhD. Müslüme Narin Gazi University

Prof.PhD. Ömür Neczan T. Özmen Dokuz Eylül University

Prof.PhD. Pece Nedanovski Ss. Cyril And Methodius University İn Skopje, Macedonia

Prof.PhD. Rahmi Yamak Karadeniz Teknik University

Prof.PhD. Rasim Yılmaz Namık Kemal University

Prof.PhD. Recep Gunes İnönü University

Prof.PhD. Remzi Altunışık Sakarya University

Prof.PhD. Ruziye Cop Abant İzzet Baysal University

Prof.PhD. Selçuk Akçay Afyon Kocatepe University

Prof.PhD. Selçuk Perçin Karadeniz Teknik University

Prof.PhD. Seyit Köse Abant İzzet Baysal University

Prof.PhD. Sima Nart Sakarya University

Prof.PhD. Songül Kakilli Acaravcı Mustafa Kemal University

10

Prof.PhD. V. J. Byra Reddy University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, India

Prof.PhD. A.Varadaraj Meası Institute Of Management, India

Prof.PhD. Zoran Ivanovski The University Of Tourism And Management in Skopje, Macedonia

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Adem Göleç Erciyes University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Ali Rıza Sandalcılar Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Ali Şahin Örnek Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Arsena Gjipali University Of Tirana, Albania

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Bayram Topal Sakarya University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Bernard/Dosti University Of Tirana, Albania

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Birgit Oberer Sakarya Universitesi

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Burhanettin Zengin Sakarya Universitesi

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Cavadxan Qasımov Azerbaycan Milli Elmler Akademisi Naxçıvan

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Celile Özçiçek Dölekoğlu Adana Bilim ve Teknoloji University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Clipa Otilia Stefan Cel Mare From Suceava, Romania

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Daliborka Blazeska The University Of Tourism And Management in Skopje, Macedonia

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Doriana Dervishi University Of Tirana, Albania

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Duygu Kızıldağ Afyon Kocatepe University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Erdoğan Öztürk Karabük University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Fahri Erenel İstinye University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Fatih Konur Abant İzzet Baysal University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Gadaf Rexhepi South East European University, Macedonia

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Güzin Özdağoğlu Dokuz Eylül University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Hakan Çelik Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Harun Yakışık Çankırı Karatekin University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Hasan Ayyıldız Karadeniz Teknik University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Ivana Dražić Lutilsky University Of Zagreb, Croatia

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Jeton Mazllami South East European University, Macedonia

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Joanna Hernik West Pomeranian University Of Technology İn Szczecin, Poland

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Kahraman Kalyoncu Aksaray University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Kıvanç Halil Arıç Cumhuriyet University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Lidiia Pashchuk Taras Shevchenko National University Of Kyiv, Ukrania

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Ljubisa Stefanoski International Balkan University, Macedonia

11

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Ljupco Eftimov Ss. Cyril And Methodius University, Macedonia

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Mahmut Akbolat Sakarya University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Mehmet  Mustafa İnönü University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Mehmet Çolak Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Mehmet Nurullah Kurutkan Düzce University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Mücahit Çelik Adıyaman Universitesi

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Naiana Tarca University of Oradea, Romania

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Necati Çiftçi Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Niyazi Kurnaz Dumlupınar University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Oğuz Türkay Sakarya University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Öznur Bozkurt Düzce University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Rifat Yılmaz Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Savo Ashtalkoski University Fon, Macedonia

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Serkan Dilek Kastamonu University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Seyfettin Artan Karadeniz Teknik University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Sibel Mehter Aykın Akdeniz University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Stefan Toma University of Pitesti, Romania

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Tadeja Jere Jakulin University Of Primorska, Slovenia

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Teodora Vatuiu Titu Maiorescu University Bucharest, Romania

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Tuncay Yılmaz Sakarya University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Tülay İlhan Nas Karadeniz Teknik University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Veli Sırım Namık Kemal University

Assoc.Prof.PhD. Yusuf Karaca Afyon Kocatepe University

PhD. Faculty Member A. Cansu Gök Kısa Hitit University

PhD. Faculty Member Abdul/Waheed University Of Central Punjab, Pakistan

PhD. Faculty Member Abdulkadir Atar Karabük University

PhD. Faculty Member Abdullah Naci Doğrul Dumlupınar University

PhD. Faculty Member Abid Rashid The Islamia University Of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

PhD. Faculty Member Adem Akbıyık Sakarya University

PhD. Faculty Member Ali Antepli Bayburt University

PhD. Faculty Member Alp Polat Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University

PhD. Faculty Member Alper Bozkurt Adana Bilim ve Teknoloji University

PhD. Faculty Member Arif Güngör Düzce University

PhD. Faculty Member Asena Boztaş Sakarya University

12

PhD. Faculty Member Atıl Taşer Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University

PhD. Faculty Member Ayhan Nuri Yılmaz Düzce University

PhD. Faculty Member Aytekin Fırat Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University

PhD. Faculty Member Ayten Yılmaz Yalçıner Sakarya University

PhD. Faculty Member Bahar Aşcı Karabük University

PhD. Faculty Member Baran Arslan Harran University

PhD. Faculty Member Berat Çiçek Muş Alparslan University

PhD. Faculty Member Berfu İlter Afyon Kocatepe University

PhD. Faculty Member Beşir Koç Bingöl University

PhD. Faculty Member Beyza Sümer Dokuz Eylül University

PhD. Faculty Member Bilal Bağış Bingöl Üniv. / İstanbul 29 Mayıs Üniv.

PhD. Faculty Member Bilge Aksay Adana Bilim ve Teknoloji University

PhD. Faculty Member Bilgehan Tekin Çankırı Karatekin University

PhD. Faculty Member Burcu Oralhan Nuh Naci Yazgan University

PhD. Faculty Member Bülent Altay Afyon Kocatepe University

PhD. Faculty Member Büşra Tosunoğlu Gümüşhane Universitesi

PhD. Faculty Member Can Köse Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

PhD. Faculty Member Cumhur Şahin Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University

PhD. Faculty Member Çağatay Karaköy Cumhuriyet University

PhD. Faculty Member Darko Lazarov University Goce Delchev, Macedonia

PhD. Faculty Member Dawid Dawidowicz West Pomeranian University Of Technology in Szczecin, Poland

PhD. Faculty Member Dejan Zdraveski University “St. Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola, Macedonia

PhD. Faculty Member Deniz Akgül Ahi Evran University

PhD. Faculty Member Dilşad Türkmenoğlu Köse Sakarya University

PhD. Faculty Member Ebru Kanyılmaz Polat Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

PhD. Faculty Member Edgardo Sica University Of Foggia, Italy

PhD. Faculty Member Elif Tuba Beydilli Dumlupınar University

PhD. Faculty Member Emine Şener Ahi Evran University

PhD. Faculty Member Emrah Tokgöz Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

PhD. Faculty Member Ercan Yaşar Dumlupınar University

PhD. Faculty Member Eymen Gürel Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University

PhD. Faculty Member Faisal Rana Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

PhD. Faculty Member Fatih Ayhan On Yedi Eylül University

13

PhD. Faculty Member Fatma Temelli Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University

PhD. Faculty Member Feriyal Aslam Pakistan Institute Of Development Economics

PhD. Faculty Member Fikret Birdişli Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University

PhD. Faculty Member Fikret Yaman Afyon Kocatepe University

PhD. Faculty Member Füsun Çelebi Boz Bayburt University

PhD. Faculty Member Gökhan Baral Sakarya University

PhD. Faculty Member Gökhan Karhan Batman University

PhD. Faculty Member Gökmen Kılıçoğlu Düzce University

PhD. Faculty Member H.Özlem Yalaz Akdeniz University

PhD. Faculty Member Halim Tatlı Bingöl University

PhD. Faculty Member Hatice Sarıaltın Sakarya University

PhD. Faculty Member Hülya Çınar Dumlupınar University

PhD. Faculty Member Hülya Öcal Afyon Kocatepe University

PhD. Faculty Member Irena Ashtalkoska Fon University Skopje, Macedonia

PhD. Faculty Member İbrahim Alkara Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University

PhD. Faculty Member İbrahim Çütcü Hasan Kalyoncu University

PhD. Faculty Member İbrahim Taha Dursun Sakarya University

PhD. Faculty Member İsmail Elagöz Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

PhD. Faculty Member İsmail Seki Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

PhD. Faculty Member Jana Ilieva The University Of Tourism And Management in Skopje, Macedonia

PhD. Faculty Member Kenan Göçer Sakarya University

PhD. Faculty Member Kumru Uyar Nuh Naci Yazgan University

PhD. Faculty Member Levent Şahin Çankırı Karatekin University

PhD. Faculty Member Leyla İçerli Aksaray University

PhD. Faculty Member Ljubisa Stefanoski International Balkan University, Macedonia

PhD. Faculty Member Mehmet Zeki Ak Sakarya University

PhD. Faculty Member Mihriban Cindiloğlu Hitit University

PhD. Faculty Member Monika Angeloska-Dichovska University St. Kliment Ohridski Bitola, Macedonia

PhD. Faculty Member Mustafa Koçancı Akdeniz University

PhD. Faculty Member Mustafa Yılmaz Sakarya University

PhD. Faculty Member Müslüm Polat Bingöl University

PhD. Faculty Member Nadeem Talib National University Of Modern Languages Islamabad, Pakistan

14

PhD. Faculty Member Natalija Shikova International Balkan University, Macedonia

PhD. Faculty Member Natasha Ristovska The University Of Tourism And Management in Skopje, Macedonia

PhD. Faculty Member Nevzat Tetik İnönü University

PhD. Faculty Member Niilay Köleoğlu Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

PhD. Faculty Member Noyan Aydın Dumlupınar University

PhD. Faculty Member Nurcan Süklüm Hitit University

PhD. Faculty Member Nürettin Akçakale Abant İzzet Baysal University

PhD. Faculty Member Oğuz Kara Düzce University

PhD. Faculty Member Oktay Kızılkaya Ahi Evran University

PhD. Faculty Member Omar Khalid Bhatti Iqra University, Pakistan

PhD. Faculty Member Onur Şaylan Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

PhD. Faculty Member Özer Özçelik Dumlupınar University

PhD. Faculty Member Özgür Topkaya Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

PhD. Faculty Member Özlem Balaban Sakarya University

PhD. Faculty Member Resül Yazıcı Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University

PhD. Faculty Member Rüya Ataklı Yavuz Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

PhD. Faculty Member Satyanarayan Kothe University Of Mumbai, India

PhD. Faculty Member Seçil Öztürk Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

PhD. Faculty Member Sedat Durmuşkaya Sakarya University

PhD. Faculty Member Selim Gündüz Adana Bilim ve Teknoloji University

PhD. Faculty Member Serdar Orhan Sakarya University

PhD. Faculty Member Serdar Orhan Sakarya University

PhD. Faculty Member Sevim Akgül Bayburt University

PhD. Faculty Member Sonyel Oflazoğlu Mustafa Kemal University

PhD. Faculty Member Suhail/Ghouse Dhofar University

PhD. Faculty Member Süleyman Emre Özcan Dumlupınar University

PhD. Faculty Member Süreyya Karsu Abant İzzet Baysal University

PhD. Faculty Member Şaduman Yıldız Bayburt University

PhD. Faculty Member Şerife Önder Dumlupınar University

PhD. Faculty Member Şükrü Cicioğlu Sakarya University

PhD. Faculty Member Şükrü İnan İnönü University

PhD. Faculty Member Tahir Benli Kastamonu University

PhD. Faculty Member Tarık Semiz Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University

PhD. Faculty Member Umar Hayat University Of Swat

15

PhD. Faculty Member Umut Sanem Çitçi Sakarya University

PhD. Faculty Member Unzule Kurt Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Universitesi

PhD. Faculty Member Vesna Stanković Pejnović Institute for Political Studies, Belgrade, Serbia

PhD. Faculty Member Volkan Işık Aksaray University

PhD. Faculty Member Yıldırım Turan Sakarya University

PhD. Faculty Member Yıldırım Yıldırım Düzce University

PhD. Faculty Member Yunus Emre Birol Cumhuriyet University

PhD. Faculty Member Zehra Doğan Çalışkan Abant İzzet Baysal University

Lect. Phd Aktolkin Abubakirova Ahmet Yesevi Universitesi

Lect. Phd Ali Çağrı Buran Dumlupınar University

Assoc.Pfof. DR. Biljana Chavkoska International Balkan University, Macedonia

Lect. Phd Denisa Mamillo European University Of Tirana, Albania

Lect. Phd Dinuca Elena Claudia Titu Maiorescu University Bucharest, Romania

Lect. Phd Emine Balcı Sakarya  University

Lect. Phd Ertila Druga European University Of Tirana, Albania

Lect. Phd Fatma Uzunses Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University

Lect. Phd Gökhan Kerse Aksaray University

Lect. Phd Ilir Rexhepi Kosovo Management Institute, Kosova

Lect. Phd Ledina Hoxha Europian University Of Tirana, Albania

Lect. Phd Madalina-Teodora Andrei Spiru Haret University, Bucharest, Romania

Lect. Phd Mükerrem Oral Akdeniz University

Lect. Phd Rukiye Sönmez Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

Lect. Phd Safiye Süreyya Bengül Dumlupınar University

Lect. Phd Vildan Saba Aktop Afyon Kocatepe University

Yazıların hukuki ve bilimsel sorumluğu yazarlara aittir. / The legal and scientific responsibility of the manuscripts belongs to the authors.

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu “Uluslararası Kongre” krite-rini sağlamaktadır. I. InTraders Uluslararası Ticaret Kongresi’ne 10-11-12 Mayıs 2018’de 10 farklı ülkeden (Polonya, Yunanistan, Romanya, Makedonya, Kosova, Kırgizistan, Kazakistan, Pakistan, Endonezya ve Kongo Cumhuriyeti) katılım sağlanmıştır.

16

17

Appreciation

I am gratified to have the honor to put forward the vote of thanks to all the Congressional Coordinators, Congressional Committees, Writers and Authors who provided the intensive work performnace for the Congress under the academic presidency of Sakarya University, Kaynarca School of Applied Sciences, Turkey.

First of all, i would like to convey my special thanks to the honorable Director of School, Chairman of Conference Assoc. Prof. Dr. İrfan Haşlak, International Trade and Logistics Department and the Director, Co-Chairman of Conference Ph.D. Faculty Member Mustafa Yılmaz for their great support and presidency.

In 2016, the preparations for the InTraders Academic Platform begans. Firstly, the trademark registration process was completed, then established International and Scientific Board in which about 50 foreigners and 180 locals were taken on board. In this process, several universities and academicians from Macedonia, Kosovo, and Romania visited in October 2017, Turkey. On March 19-23, 2018, the Romania universities were visited and the partnership was signed with the University of Craiova for the The Second InTraders International Conference on International Trade which will be held on 4-5-6 October 2018. The UCP Business School with many universities along with academicians from the city of Lahore, Pakistan visited our University during the time period from March 24 to April 2, 2018.

On March 27, 2018, UCP organized a Student Presentation Contest on be-half of InTraders, that was the first activity performed by Scientific Broad. It was proud to organize a Contest on behalf of the Congress. I would like to thank the UCP Business School Directors and Students for this successful Contest. I want to conevy my special thanks to Dr. Salman Iqbal, Dr. Huma Khan, Researcher Mamoona Rasheed and UCP Business School students.

I express heartfelt thanks to the Conference Partner from Intrenational Balkan University, Macedonia for their participation in the congress, Dear Pro-Rector Ass. Prof. Dr. Şener Bilalli who honored us by his prestigious presence, and the Treasure Academicians for their participation. On behalf of the Second Congress Partner West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dear Rector Supervisor Ass. Prof. Dr. Joanna HERNIK and treasure academicians for their participation.

18

The Congress is scheduled for 3 days in which first two days allocated for presentations and the third day planned for Picnic and Gala. The followed day after gala night; Istanbul program is planned. Istanbul special program is planned for 2-3 nights in which some places priorly planned to visit like bosphorus touri Taksim, İstikla street, Old İstanbul, Miniaturk, Galata Tower. On the May-2018 conference, Istanbul Program was celebrated with 8 people and 4 people join but little late. Almost 12 people got the chance to see a bit of Istanbul’s beauty. Furthermore, the same Istanbul special program is planned to follow with the same pattern for 2-3 nights after the Conference.

According to the criteria of Conference Board, only English papers got the chance for Best Paper Awards. In our first conference, we celebtrated the best papers winners; from Macedonia, International Balkan University, Ph.D. Liza Alili SULEJMANI, from Romania, University of Craiova Ph.D. Irina Raluca BADEA, from Pakistan, Lahore College for Women University, Lect. Sobia Sultana, Lect. ShaistaJabeen and from Pakistan, UCP Business School Research Ass. Mamoona Rasheed, Ass.Prof.Dr. Salman Iqbal, Muhammad Abdullah. We wish the celeb-ration of this award gives you a pleasant and unforgetable memory in your life.

In addition, especially in the process of Congress formation, the Secretariat and the Student Team did unforgettable effort which is really hard to fade out. Thank you for your great work dear friends. Last but not the least, my little motivators Emre and Yunus ÇAPRAZ, you are great….

In upcoming October Conference, 4-5-6 October 2018 almost 60% articles will be presented by International Institutes and Universities. A beautiful congress which carries more than international congress criteria is waiting for all of you.

Wish to meet you all in this new international corridor in form of Conferences…Kürşat ÇAPRAZDirector of Intraders Academic Platformwww.intraders.org

19

İÇİNDEKİLER / CONTENTS

İÇİNDEKİLER / CONTENTS ............................................................................. 19Nexus Between Trade Openness, FDI and Economic Growth in Republic of Macedonia: VECM Approach ......................................................................... 31

Liza Alili SULEJMANI, PhD ....................................................................... 31Afrim ALILI, PhD.......................................................................................... 31

Central Bank Independence and Its Impact On The Macroeconomic Performance. Evidence From Romania Before And After Crisis .................. 32

Irina – Raluca BADEA .................................................................................. 32Human Resource Practices and Organization Capability: Role of Knowledge Management ....................................................................................... 33

Mamoona Rasheed, Dr. Salman Iqbal ....................................................... 33BridgingThe Relationship Of Transformational Leadership And Turnover Intention With Mediating Effect Of Employee Engagement .......................... 34

Lect. Sobia Sultana ......................................................................................... 34Lect. Shaista Jabeen ........................................................................................ 34

Turkish Products On Polish Market – Determinants Of The Success ......... 35Joanna Hernik ................................................................................................. 35Ümit Hasan Gözkonan ................................................................................. 35

Happiness in Elderly Living in Nursing Home: a Single Case Study ............ 36Vitriyanti Sukarno Karyo ............................................................................. 36

Transfer Prices In The Context Of Globalization ............................................ 37PhD Candidate, Andreea- Lavinia Cazacu (Neamtu) ............................. 37

Peripheral Regions In The Global Economy On The Example Of The Northern Border Of Poland .................................................................................. 38

Arkadiusz Malkowski, Ph.D. ........................................................................ 38

20

Investigating the Relationship of Ethical Climate and Counterproductive Behavior with Moderating Effect of Top Management Support: Evidence from Textile Manufacturing Sector of Lahore, Pakistan ............... 39

Lecturer Shaista Jabeen ................................................................................. 39Lecturer Sobia Sultana................................................................................... 39

Capital Structure and Financial Crisis: Evidence from Turkey ..................... 40Mohamed Mohamud MAKARAN ............................................................. 40

Photography As A Key Element In Tracking Message To Targeted Customer Groups .................................................................................................... 41

Prof.Ass.Dr.Shaip Bytyçi ............................................................................... 41Ermira Bytyçi .................................................................................................. 41

The Relationship Between Brexit and Turkey: How Brexit Will Affect Turkey’s International Trade ................................................................................ 42

Gerardo Cárdenas Blanco ............................................................................. 42Assessment of Turkey’s entry into the European Union ................................. 43

Wiktor ADAMUS .......................................................................................... 43Impact of Logistics Outsourcing on Lead Time variability in Manufacturing Companies ............................................................................................................... 44

Lect. Muhammed Shahzeb Khan, Manoj Kumar, Dr. Shujaat Mubarak ...................................................................................... 44

Management and Managers Planning for Control Performance of the Organization ............................................................................................................ 45

Ahmed Hussein Radhi .................................................................................. 45Employee Motivation Is Critical To The Success Of An Organization A Case Of Standard Chartered Bank .................................................................. 46

Lect. Quratulain Ezam .................................................................................. 46Motivating Employees Intrinsically: A Quantitative Study In Light Of Intangible Rewards ................................................................................................. 47

Associate Professor. Dr. Omar Khalid Bhatti ........................................... 47Ms. Sehrash Sabir ........................................................................................... 47Associate Professor. Dr. İbrahim Sani MERT ........................................... 47

21

International Exchange As A Factor In The Development Of Border Regions ........................................................................................................ 48

Agnieszka Malkowska, Ph.D ........................................................................ 48Evaluating Kazakhstan’s Image as a Tourism Destination: Towards Building a Destination Brand .............................................................. 49

Researcher Almas Jaxilikov .......................................................................... 49Empirical Analysis of Causal Relationship Between FDI and Trade: Case of Republic of Macedonia ............................................................................ 50

Snezana BILIC, PhD ...................................................................................... 50Luljeta SADIKU, PhD ................................................................................... 50Liza Alili SULEJMANI, PhD ....................................................................... 50

Incentives In The Supply Chain:Coordinated Optimal Pricing In A Supply Chain ........................................................................................................... 51

With Two Or Three Stages ........................................................................... 51Michael Vidalis ............................................................................................... 51

Phases In The Decision Making Process Of Buying Cosmetics Products – A Case Study For Macedonian Cosmetic Brand Becutan And German Cosmetic Brand Nivea ........................................................................................... 52

Fani MATESKA .............................................................................................. 52Freedom of Movement of Goods in EU Internal Market with Special Reference on the Goods from Third Countries ................................................ 53

Asoc. Prof. Dr Biljana CHAVKOSKA ........................................................ 53Asst. Prof. Dr. Natalija SHIKOVA ............................................................... 53Asst. Prof. Dr. Nikola DACEV ..................................................................... 53

Using Different Versions of ERP for Company Business Needs .................... 54Lecturer Phd. Dinucă Elena CLAUDIA ..................................................... 54

The Information System to Assist the Decision on Economic Activity in the Context of the Use of Data Deposits ................................................................... 55

Associate Professor PhDVatuiu TEODORA ............................................. 55

22

The Impact of the Competitiveness on Export Performance of the Republic of Macedonia .......................................................................................... 56

Phd. Violeta MADZOVA .............................................................................. 56International Trade Rules and Standardization ................................................ 57

PhD. Faculty Member, Yurdagül Meral ..................................................... 57The Relationship Between Economy and Foreign Policy: The Case Of Iran (2011-2016) ............................................................................... 58

Sayyad Sadri Alibabalu ................................................................................. 58The Impact Of Innovative Payment Methods On The Performance Of Banking System Of Republic Of Macedonia: The Approach Of Causality And Co-Integration .............................................................................. 59

Afrim Alili, PhD ............................................................................................. 59ImërlijeAlili, PhD ........................................................................................... 59Industry 4.0, IoT and Future Prospects in Agriculture: Opportunities and Challenges ..................................................................... 60Res. Assist. Dr. İnanç KABASAKAL .......................................................... 60

Visual and Structural Manipulation Strategy in Financial and Non-financial Reporting Presented on the Websites of Chosen Companies in Poland in the Context of Impression Management ............... 61

Ass. Prof. PhD Elzbieta Jaworska ................................................................ 61The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): Trade Analysis ................ 62

Shiza Tahir ....................................................................................................... 62Faiqa Shahbaz ................................................................................................. 62Khadija Pervaiz ............................................................................................... 62

The Relationships between Culture and International Trade Negotiation .. 63PhD. Faculty Member, Nurten Polat Dede ................................................ 63

Strategic Management.Mergers & Acquisitions. Social Business ................... 64Roberto Acevedo, PhD .................................................................................. 64

World Bank Structural Adjustments: Chile as a Case of Study ..................... 65Roberto Acevedo PhD ................................................................................... 65

23

Analytical Approach of the Effects of Direct and Indirect Taxes on Economic Growth: Case of Republic of Kosovo ............................................... 66

Abdylmenaf BEXHETI.................................................................................. 66Donat REXHA ................................................................................................ 66

The Impact of Increased Entrepreneurial Capacities in Raising the Performance of SME-s in Transition Economies – Kosovo Case Study....... 67

Kosovare Ukshini, PhD................................................................................. 67Prof.Dr. Izet Zeqiri ......................................................................................... 67

Factors that Affected Collaborative Governance in Spatial Planning of Depok City .......................................................................................................... 68

David Saputra .................................................................................................. 68An Analysis of the Competitiveness of Turkish Textile Products on the Market of Kinshasa ................................................................................................ 69

Senior Lecturer, Jean Denis MIALA NDOMBELE ................................. 69Celine Marie de Fatima SANGU MATAYA .............................................. 69

Uluslararası Ticaret ve İşletmecilik Bölümü Öğrencilerinin Bölüm Seçmelerindeki Üniversite Faktörleri ve Kişisel Nedenler: Çan Uygulamalı Bilimler Yüksekokulu Örneği .............................................................................. 70

Dr.Öğretim Üyesi Emrah TOKGÖZ ........................................................... 70University Factors and Personal Causes in Program Selection of Students in the Department of International Trade and Business: Case of Çan Applied Science School .......................................................................................... 71

PhD. Faculty Member Emrah TOKGÖZ ................................................... 71Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği Ticari İlişkileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme ............ 72

Doç.Dr. Ali Rıza SANDALCILAR, Arş.Gör. Tunahan HACIİMAMOĞLU ...................................................... 72

An Evaluation on Trade Relations Between Turkey and the European Union ...................................................................................................... 73

Assoc.Prof.Dr. Ali Rıza SANDALCILAR, Resch.Asst. Tunahan HACIİMAMOĞLU ................................................. 73

24

Döviz Rezerv Yeterlilik Göstergelerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Kazakistan Örneği .................................................................................................. 74

Aziza Syzdykova ............................................................................................. 74

Aktolkin Abubakirova .................................................................................. 74

Evaluation of Foreign Exchange Reserve Proficiency Indicators:

The Case of Kazakhstan OECD’nin Matrah Aşindirma ve

Kar Aktarma Eylem Plani (BEPS) ....................................................................... 76

Öğr. Görv. Yunus KÖSE ................................................................................ 76

Oecd Base Erosion And Profit Shifting Action Plan (Beps) ........................... 77

Lect. Yunus KÖSE .......................................................................................... 77

Ağ ve Nedensellik Analizi Çerçevesinde Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan

Ülkelerde İhracata Yönelik Büyüme Hipotezi .................................................. 78

Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Reyhan CAFRI ............................................................. 78

Export – led Growth Hypothesis in Developed and Developing

Countries Based on Network and Causality Analysis ..................................... 79

PhD. Faculty Member Reyhan CAFRI ....................................................... 79

Büyük ve Orta Boy İşletmeler İçin Finansal Raporlama Standartları’ndan

Hasılat Standartı’nın; Türkiye ve Somali İncelemesi ....................................... 80

Dr. Öğr. Üyesi. Gökhan Baral, Ahmed M. Ali.................................................. 80

Financial Reporting Standards of Revenue for Large and Medium-sized

Enterprises; Review of Turkey and Somalia ..................................................... 81

Phd. Faculty Member Gökhan Baral, Ahmed M. Ali ............................. 81

Petrol Fiyatlarındaki Değişimlerin Petrol İhracatçısı ve İthalatçısı

Ülkelerin Enflasyonu Üzerindeki Etkileri: Panel Veri Analizi ...................... 82

Sabit BAİMAGANBETOV, Aktolkin ABUBAKİROVA .......................... 82The Effects Of Oil Prices On Inflation In Oil Importing And Oil-Exporting Countries: Panel Data Analysis ................................................. 83

Sabit BAİMAGANBETOV, Aktolkin ABUBAKİROVA .......................... 83

25

Çalışanların Yenilikçi Davranışlari Üzerinde İş Arkadaşları ve Yöneticinin Etkisinin Karşilaştirilmali Olarak İncelenmesi .......................... 84

Doç. Dr. Öznur BOZKURT.......................................................................... 84Armağan ERCAN .......................................................................................... 84

Comparative Investigation Of Effects Of The Colleague and The Manager On The Innovative Behavior Of The Employees ..................... 85

Assoc. Prof.Dr. Öznur BOZKURT ............................................................. 85Armağan ERCAN .......................................................................................... 85

Denizli Çardak Havaalanı Kargo Terminali Gerekliliği ................................. 86Prof. Dr. Aydin Sari ....................................................................................... 86Dr.Öğretim Üyesi Ertürk Alptekin ............................................................. 86Öğr. Gör. Hakan Demir ................................................................................ 86

Denizli Çardak Airport Cargo Terminal Requirement ................................... 87Prof. Dr. Aydın Sarı ....................................................................................... 87PhD Faculty Member Ertürk Alptekin ...................................................... 87Lect. PhD Hakan Demir ............................................................................... 87

Türkiye’nin Sağlık Politikaları ve Sağlık Harcamaları ile Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi ....................................................................................................... 88

Arş.Gör.Hilal Gündoğan ............................................................................... 88Celal Alpdoğan ............................................................................................... 88

Turkey’s Health Policy and Relation between Health Expenditures and Economic Growth Relation .................................................................................. 89

Resc.Asst. Hilal Gündoğan ........................................................................... 89Celal Alpdoğan ............................................................................................... 89

Tüketicilerin Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkilerin Tüketim ve Pazarlanmasına İlişkin Görüşlerini Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Alan Çalışması: Düzce Üniversitesi Örneği .................................................................................... 90

Dr. Ahmet ÜNAL ........................................................................................... 90Dr. Öğretim Üyesi, Yıldırım YILDIRIM ................................................... 90

26

Identifying the Views of Consumers’ Opinions on Consumption and Marketing of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: A Case Study at Düzce University .................................................................................................... 91

Dr. Ahmet ÜNAL ........................................................................................... 91PhD. Faculty Member Yıldırım YILDIRIM .............................................. 91

Ziyaretçilerin Demografik Özellikleri ve Alışveriş Merkezlerinden Bekledikleri Özellikler Onların Alışverişe Yönelik Tutum ve Davranışlarına Göre Değişiyor mu? Düzce İli Krem Park Örneği ............... 92

Dr.Öğretim Üyesi, Yıldırım YILDIRIM ..................................................... 92Doktora Öğrencisi Aziz YURTTAŞ ............................................................ 92

Demographics of Visitors and the Expected Features of the Shopping Centers: Are They Changing According to Their Attitudes Toward Shopping? Krem Park in Düzce City ................................................... 93

PhD Faculty Member Yıldırım YILDIRIM ............................................... 93PhD Student Aziz YURTTAŞ ...................................................................... 93

Küreselleşme Sürecinde Sağ Siyasi Partilerin Devletin Yeniden Yapılandırılması Sorununa Bakışı: AKP ve MHP Örnekleri ......................... 94

Dr. Öğretim Üyesi, Dilşad TÜRKMENOĞLU KÖSE ............................ 94Globalization and Political Parties in the Restructuring of the State ........... 95

PhD Faculty Member Dilşad TÜRKMENOĞLU KÖSE ......................... 95Konaklama İşletmelerinde Finansal Olmayan Raporlama Sistemi: Safranbolu Örneği .................................................................................................. 96

Prof.Dr.Abdullah KARAKAYA ................................................................... 96Öğr. Gör.İrfan YURT .................................................................................... 96

Non-Financial Reporting System In Accommodation Management: Case Of Safranbolu ................................................................................................ 97

Prof.Dr.Abdullah KARAKAYA ................................................................... 97Lect. İrfan YURT ........................................................................................... 97

Türkiye’de Yaş meyve ve Sebze İhracatının Gelişiminde Beklentiler ve Sorunlar: Finike Bölgesi Örneği .......................................................................... 98

Dr. Öğretim Üyesi, Hakan Tunç ................................................................. 98

27

Expectations and Problems in the Development of Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Exports In Turkey: Sample of Finike Region .................................. 99

PhD Faculty Member, Hakan Tunç ............................................................ 99Petrol Fiyatlarının Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Önemli Petrol İhracatçısı Ülkelerin Makroekonomik Dinamikler Üzerindeki Etkisi: Panel Veri Analizi ................................................................................................. 100

Sabit BAİMAGANBETOV, Alimkulova Elvira ....................................... 100The Impact Of Oil Price On Macroeconomic Dynamics In The Major Developed And Developing Oil-Exporting Countries: Panel Data Analysis 101

Sabit BAİMAGANBETOV, Alimkulova Elvira ....................................... 101Türkiye’de Finansal Raporlama Standartlarının Kilometre Taşları ........... 102

Doç. Dr. Bilge Leyli ELİTAŞ ...................................................................... 102Alp AY ............................................................................................................ 102

Milestones Of Financial Reporting Standarts In Turkey .............................. 103Assoct. Prof. Bilge Leyli ELİTAŞ .............................................................. 103Alp AY ............................................................................................................ 103

Uluslararasi Vergi Uyuşmazliklarinin Çözümünde Tahkimin Türkiye’deki Geleceği .......................................................................................... 104

Öğretim Görv. Yunus KÖSE ...................................................................... 104Future Of Arbitration In Turkey In The Solution Of International Tax Disputes .......................................................................................................... 105

Lect. Yunus Köse .......................................................................................... 105Ekonomide İtici Bir Güç Olarak E-Ticaret....................................................... 106

Doç. Dr. Sema AY ........................................................................................ 106Öğr. Gör. Dr. Hilal YILIDRIR KESER ..................................................... 106Öğr. Gör. Muhammed Fatih AYDEMİR ................................................. 106

E-Commerce as a Driving Force in the Economy .......................................... 107Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sema AY ........................................................................... 107Lecturer Dr. Hilal YILDIRIR KESER ....................................................... 107Lecturer Muhammed Fatih AYDEMİR ................................................... 107

28

Petrol Fiyatındaki Değişimlerin Seçilmiş Asya Ülkelerinin Borsalarına Etkileri .............................................................................................. 108

Cihan TANRIÖVEN.................................................................................... 108Aziza SYZDYKOVA ..................................................................................... 108

The Impact of Oil Price Changes on Stock Markets of Selected Asian Countries .................................................................................................... 109

Cihan TANRIÖVEN.................................................................................... 109Aziza SYZDYKOVA ..................................................................................... 109

Lojistik Sektöründe Farklı Bir Uygulama: Butik Lojistik ............................. 110Doç. Dr. Fahri ERENEL, Halit KAYA ..................................................... 110

A Different Application in the Logistics Sector: Boutique Logistics ............111Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fahri ERENEL, Halit KAYA .........................................111

Savunma Tedarik Projelerinde Program Yönetimi Yaklaşımının Uygulanabilirliği ................................................................................................... 112

Özhan EREN, Doç. Dr.Fahri ERENEL .................................................... 112The Applicability of Program Management Approach in the Defense Acquisition Projects ............................................................................................. 113

Özhan EREN, Assoc.Prof.Dr.Fahri ERENEL ......................................... 113Sürdürülebilir İşletme Başarisinda Muhasebe Denetiminin Rolü ...............114

Dr.Öğretim Üyesi Gökhan BARAL, Onur KAYA .................................114The Role of Accounting Auditing in Sustainable Business ........................... 115

PhD Faculty Member Gökhan BARAL, Onur KAYA ......................... 115Ekonomik Büyüme ve Tarimsal Büyüme Arasindaki Dinamik İlişki: Türkiye Ve Hollanda İçin Karşilaştirmali Bir Analiz .................................... 116

Doç. Dr. Mehmet ÇINAR, Öğrt. Görv. Eda PALYOŞ ........................... 116Dynamic Relationship Between Economic Growth And Agricultural Growth: A Comparative Analysis For Turkey And The Netherlands ........ 117

Assoc.Prof.Dr. Mehmet ÇINAR Lect. Eda PALYOŞ ........................................................................................ 117

29

Yalın Üretim ve Altı Sigma Stratejilerinin Sinerjisi ....................................... 118Öğr. Gör. Dr. Yeşim Kaygusuz ........................................................................... 118The Sinergy Of Lean Production and Six Sigma Strategies .......................... 119

Lecturer. Yeşim Kaygusuz .......................................................................... 119Dış Ticaret Programı Mezunları “Dış Ticaret Sorumlusu” Olarak İstihdama Ne Kadar Hazır? ................................................................................ 120

Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Hatice SARIALTIN .................................................. 120How Ready Graduates of Foreign Trade Program for Employment as “Foreign Trade Chief ............................................................................................ 121

PhD.Faculty Member Hatice SARIALTIN ............................................. 121Marka Yolculuğunda Kurumsal İletişimin Önemi (Sakarya Diş Ticacaret Rekortmeni Toyota Örneği) ................................................................................ 122Öğr. Gör. Zuhal EROL ......................................................................................... 122Importance Of Corporate Communication In The Brand Journey (Record-Holder Of Sakarya In Foreing Trade Toyota Sample) .................... 123

Lect. Zuhal EROL........................................................................................ 123Sakarya’nin Diş Ticaretinde 100 Yaşinda Bir Aktör Sakarya Ticaret ve Sanayi Odasi (SATSO) .................................................................................... 124

Öğr. Gör. Zuhal EROL ................................................................................ 124A 100-Year-Old Actor In Sakarya’s Foreign Trade (Sakarya Chamber Of Commerce And Industry) ............................................................................. 125

Lect. Zuhal EROL........................................................................................ 125Türkiye’nin Büyüme Oranının Klasik Ayriştirma YöntemiyleTahmin Edilmesi .................................................................................................. 126

Arş.Gör. Tunahan HACIİMAMOĞLU, Doç.Dr. Ali Rıza SANDALCILAR ............................................................ 126

Prediction Of Turkey’s Growth Rate By Classical Decomposition Method ................................................................................................................... 127

Resch.Asst. Tunahan HACIİMAMOĞLU, Assoc.Prof.Dr. Ali Rıza SANDALCILAR ................................................ 127

30

Faiz Oranlarindaki Değişimin Mevduat ve Krediler Üzerindeki Etkileri: Türkiye Açisindan Bir Değerlendirme ............................................................. 128

Dr.Öğr.Üyesi Şükrü CİCİOĞLU ................................................................ 128Mehmet Ali Bacaksız, Abdul Wasi Samadi ............................................. 128

The Effects Of Interest Rate Changes On Deposits And Credits: Evaluation For Turkey ......................................................................................... 129PhD. Faculty Member Şükrü CİCİOĞLU ........................................................ 129

Mehmet Ali Bacaksız ................................................................................... 129Abdul Wasi Samadi...................................................................................... 129

Hangi Reformlar Türkiye İç ve Dış Ticaretini Rahatlatır? ........................... 130Öğretim Görevlisi Burhan ÖZKAN ......................................................... 130

Which reforms are relieved Domestic and Foreign Trade of Turkey? ........ 131PhD Faculty Member Asena BOZTAŞ ..................................................... 131Lect. Burhan ÖZKAN ................................................................................. 131

Türkiye’nin Afrika Ticaret Politikaları ............................................................. 132Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Asena BOZTAŞ .......................................................... 132Öğretim Görevlisi Burhan ÖZKAN ......................................................... 132

Turkey’s Africa Trade Policy ............................................................................... 133PhD Faculty Member Asena BOZTAŞ ............................................................. 133Lect. Burhan ÖZKAN .......................................................................................... 133

31

Nexus Between Trade Openness, FDI and Economic Growth in Republic of Macedonia: VECM Approach

Liza Alili SULEJMANI, PhDInternational Balkan University, Faculty Of Business and Administrative

Sciencesliza.a.sulejmani@gmail.com

Afrim ALILI, PhDUniversity Of Tetovo, Faculty Of Economics

afrim.alili@unite.edu.mk

AbstractHaving into consideration therecent awareness of the significant role of trade

openness and Foreign Direct Investments on country’s economic growth, main objective of this paper is to analyze this nexus in the case of Republic of Ma-cedonia as a small open economy, covering time spin 2000q1 – 2016q4. Firstly, Augmented Dickey Fuller test is accomplished to test the time series stationarity, while Johansen test for co-integration is conducted for determining the existence of co-integration vector in the model. Finally, VECM it is employed in order to reveal the long-run relationship among FDI, Trade openness and economic growth in the case of Republic of Macedonia. In addition, empirical results of Johansen co-integration test and VECM suggest significant long-run relationship among these variables, thus revealing positive relationship between trade openness and economic growth, while negative among FDI and real GDP. Further, Granger cau-sality test results indicate bidirectional causal relationship between trade openness and real GDP, while in the case of FDI and real GDP is present a unidirectional causality, running from FDI to real GDP.

Keywords: Trade Openness, FDI, Co-Integration, VECM, Granger CausalityJEL Codes: F10, F21, F43

32

Central Bank Independence and Its Impact On The Macroeconomic Performance. Evidence From Romania Before

And After Crisis

Irina – Raluca BADEA PhD, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, University of Crai-

ova, Romaniabadea_irina_raluca@yahoo.com

AbstractThis paper aims to approach an overheated topic in the context of dynamic

economies and modern democracies, namely the central bank independence re-lated to the adopted monetary policy strategy, as well as their impact on the good functioning of the economy. The independence of the central bank (CBI) is a pillar for the effectiveness of the monetary policy, providing the premise of a credible and depolitised institution. To put it differently, a high level of CBI may be linked to a smaller level of corruption and political interference; therefore, the central bank has an appropriate margin of manoeuvre, which increases financial stability. The central bank independence has been measured under various forms after signing the Maast-richt Treaty in 1992, but the initiators are Cukierman and GMT, who provided the fundamental indices. Measuring the central bank autonomy both legally (de jure) and informally (de facto) represents a complex endeavour in a dynamic and volatile socio-economic context. This paper’s objective is to calculate CBI starting from the CUK and GMT indices, but also to empirically approach the relationship between CBI and macroeconomic performance, namely price stability and output (GDP). Hence, the study starts from the hypothesis of a correlation between the GDP and CBI, on the one hand, and between inflation and CBI, on the other hand. Numerous studies have shown an insignificant positive correlation between independence and GDP, and also the fact that a negative correlation between inflation and CBI is not generally valid. Accordingly, this paper aims to demonstrate whether CBI is a viable determinant of growth and inflation volatility. The analyzed time series encompass the 2007-2016 period of time and the subject of the research is the National Bank of Romania, whose credibility in the postcrisis era is high, due to the lack of bank failures and to the general stability and soundness of the banking system.

Keywords: Central Bank Independence, Economic Growth, Inflation JELCodes: E31;E52; E58;F43

33

Human Resource Practices and Organization Capability: Role of Knowledge Management

Mamoona Rasheed, Dr. Salman IqbalUniversity of Central Punjab Lahore, Pakistan

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between HR practices such as training

and development, incentives and employees participation, knowledge management and organization capability. Employees always play a vital role in every organi-zation by sharing their knowledge with their colleagues that help to achieve the organization’s capability. There is little research on these construct in developing countries like Pakistan. Pakistan has different HR culture as compare to develo-ped countries. The organizations provide the discussion about the impact of HR practices on knowledge management and organization capability. The quantitative study has conducted from individuals who are working in private banks situated in Lahore. This study focused on primary data collection through questionnaire. The sample size was 120 individual employees. Data analyzed using well-known statistical techniques as Structure Equation Modeling through statistical software AMOS. The results of this study indicate that training and development and incentives both are positively linked with knowledge management. On the other side, employee’s participation has not relationship with knowledge management. Moreover, there is a positive association between knowledge management and organization capability. The findings also suggest that knowledge management is very important for achieving organizational capability. Organizational capability may be improved when HR managers implemented the HR practices effectively. Study has key implications for knowledge management and innovation fields theoretically and practically.

Keywords: Employee’s Participation, Incentives, Training and Development, Organization Capability, Innovation Performance, Knowledge Management

JEL Code: M10*Corresponding author

34

Bridging The Relationship Of Transformational Leadership And Turnover Intention With Mediating Effect Of Employee Engagement

Lect. Sobia SultanaDepartment of Public Administration

Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan

Lect. Shaista JabeenDepartment of Management Sciences

Lahore College for Women University Lahore, Pakistan

AbstractToday in driving organizations, the crucial part in accomplishing the objecti-

ves of the organizations is through effectual leadership. Considering the ultimate goal to stimulate employees, managers and leaders adopts a transformational leadership style. If there is a gap between the supervisory staff and the employees of the organization, there is a greater risk of a higher rate of employee turnover. The employee turnover ratio in the organization depends on the behavior of su-pervisory personnel. Transformational leadership is also considered as a potential precursor of employee engagement. It improves employees’ sense of commitment and enthusiasm for work among employees. Based upon deep down concepts of transformational leadership and turnover intention, this study is employing me-diation analysis to investigate the causal relationship between transformational leadership, employee engagement and turnover intention among academic staff of business schools of Private Universities in Lahore, Pakistan. In this study, responses of 345 academic staff have been used based upon convenience sampling technique. Research findings of this study demonstrate the partial mediation between transformational leadership and turnover intentions through employee engagement. The study was cross-sectional in nature. Questionnaire was used to accumulate data from Business schools of 5 private sector universities through self-administered practice. The data was investigated by utilizing SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) 22.0. Pearson correlation, descriptive statistics and mediation (through Andrew F.Hayes) were used to analyze data. Outcome gene-rated revealed the significant negative relationship between dependent (turnover intention) and independent variables (transformational leadership) and employee engagement partially mediates the relationship between the variables.

Keywords: Transformational Leadership, Employee Engagement, Turnover IntentionJEL Code: M, M10

35

Turkish Products On Polish Market – Determinants Of The Success

Joanna HernikWest Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland

Faculty of Economics, Marketing Departmentjnik@herzut.edu.pl

Ümit Hasan GözkonanAbant Izzet Baysal University, Turkey

Faculty Of International And Administrative Sciencesumit.hasan.gozkonan@gmail.com

AbstractThe globalization has brought many things, in particular it allowed local

markets to be really opened to the world. The borders between countries are not a problem anymore, especially in case of international trade and marketing. Therefore a product, which has been produced in one country, easily can be seen abroad, in ordinary shops and supermarkets. Trade capacity between Turkey and Poland has been increasing regularly as from 2000. The main products which has been exported from Turkey to Poland are for example cars, LCD monitors, unshelled hazelnuts, and washing machines. Recently, some companies like an Atateks-Morera, Beko, DSD Foreing Trade, Evita Textile-BGN, and the others, have established firms (branches) in Poland and they are launching own brands. The purpose of this article is to determine which of the Turkish products are present in the stores in the West Pomeranian Voivodship in Poland. Then, by analyzing marketing activities, the basis of their success on the market will be determined. We are of the opinion (out thesis) that Turkish products are gaining clients because of their good quality on the one hand, and non-originating brand on the other. And our first results show that indeed the success depends on the strategy of separating from the country image, and of delivering good quality products. The methodology used in the work includes: analysis of secondary data (trade statistics), searching for Turkish brands being present in stores in Poland, and observation of marketing activities of selected companies on Polish market.

Keywords: Turkish Products, Polish Market, Turkey, PolandJEL Codes: F14, F23, M16

36

Happiness in Elderly Living in Nursing Home: a Single Case Study

Vitriyanti Sukarno KaryoUniversitas Indonesia, Faculty of Psychology, Indonesia

vitri.yanti85@gmail.com

AbstractStatistical data showed that there was 20.5 million elderly in Indonesia. Four

millions of them were homeless. To overcome this situation, Indonesian govern-ment provided free nursing home. Most of the residents were forcedly taken by officers from the streets and a small portion of them came to live in the nursing home by them self. High number of neglected elderly and lack of facilities owned by the nursing home could make the services and capacity was not optimal. This situation could lead to lack of happiness in some elderly which in turn impact to the situation in the nursing home. In this study, we used qualitative analysis with the deep interview. The sample of this study was TM, 75 years old woman who live in the nursing home. Since her arrival, the situation in the nursing home became less comfortable not only for the other members but also for the officer, which in turn influence the happiness of all stakeholder’s in the nursing home. The number of conflicts was escalated. The result showed that TM was cheerless so that she often initiate conflict toward her environment. TM also evaluated herself as the most beautiful and attractive woman in the nursing home and she was disturbed by her roommate that was more popular than her. She reportedly had a narcissistic, aggressive, and immature tendency. TM was diagnosed to have phase of life problems, especially problem associated with the nursing home. To explore deeper TM’s problems and reduce unpleasant situation in the nursing home, counselling to foster insight that TM couldn’t control everyone to love her and fulfil her needs and applying Acceptance and Commitment Therapy can be used as a preventive action.

Keywords: Happiness, Elderly, Nursing Home, Qualitative, Deep InterviewJEL Codes: I, I31

37

Transfer Prices In The Context Of Globalization

PhD Candidate, Andreea- Lavinia Cazacu (Neamtu)University of Craiova, Romania

Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Finance Departmentcazacu.andreea21@yahoo.ro

AbstractIt should be noted that tax differentials between states provide multinational

companies with a possibility of arbitration that allows them to minimize tax payments (Mooij et al., 2014). This study is about how multinational compa-nies opt for transfer pricing in the presence of differentiated corporate tax rates in the context of economic globalization. A transfer price is a value placed on goods and services traded between divisions of an organization. Statements on transfer pricing on tax avoidance by multinationals are common, but in practice economic evidence is insufficient. Globalization of the economy and the desire of companies to reduce their tax burden has led states to adopt measures to protect tax collections and measures to avoid, to a certain extent, the outsourcing of the taxable base of taxpayers to affiliated entities in order to obtain a tax regime more favorable. The current economic globalization can be assimilated to the reason for the existence of transfer prices and has brought not only advantages but also some disadvantages, such as the phenomenon of internationalization of economic criminality. But a practical approach will help to focus on solutions to these issues, solutions that will help developing countries address transfer pricing issues in a way that is robust and equitable to all parties involved.

Keywords: Transfer Pricing, Economic Globalization, Arm Length Principle, Affiliated Companies, Median Value.

JEL Code: F01, F23

38

Peripheral Regions In The Global Economy On The Example Of The Northern Border Of Poland

Arkadiusz Malkowski, Ph.D.West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Economics

al. Piastów 17, 70-310 Szczecin PolandArkadiusz.malkowski@zut.edu.pl

AbstractBorder regions are regarded as peripheral areas. In the European Union, cross-bor-

der cooperation has become an important tool used for overcoming peripherality and regional disparities. The border regions, for years treated as peripheral and declining, are currently becoming areas of a more and more robust economic growth. The article presents selected results of research conducted in the Polish northern border regions. International cross-border and interregional cooperation is an important factor in the development of regions divided by a border. It is an element which changes the perception of the border. It becomes a stimulus to enter into a social and economic cooperation. An important part of cross-border contacts is the increase in border traffic and the development of border trade. The aim of this article is to present se-lected issues connected with the development of border traffic as an important factor shaping the cross-border cooperation and the development of the cross-border region. The article presents selected results of research conducted in the borderland area.

Keywords: Peripheral Regions, Cross-Border and Interregional Cooperation, International Trade

JEL Code: Q17, O18

39

Investigating the Relationship of Ethical Climate and Counterproductive Behavior with Moderating Effect of Top

Management Support: Evidence from Textile Manufacturing Sector of Lahore, Pakistan

Lecturer Shaista JabeenLahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan

jabeen_pioneer@hotmail.com

Lecturer Sobia SultanaLahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan

sobiahassan129@gmail.com

AbstractGlobalization and increased industrial age promotes the complication of bu-

siness ethics in organizations. Moreover, the worldwide competition and global integration raised many ethical issues with an immense need to work on ethical climate. Ethical climate is most emerging aspects of organization at both national and international level. The current study examines the impact of ethical climate (egoistic, benevolent and principled) on counterproductive behavior and also inves-tigates the level of support of senior management to reduce the counterproductive behavior of employees in the manufacturing textile industry. The manufacturing sector of any country holds vital role and Pakistan focus largely on its textile exports. So the target audience was the employees of manufacturing sector of textile industry and data was collected from 210 employees. Results of regression analysis demonstrate a significant negative association between the ethical climate and counterproductive behavior. Moreover, Top management support moderates this relationship by minimizing the counterproductive behavior. This study will help out decision making authorities to reduce counterproductive behavior. As a result employees will be loyal towards the organization and ultimately organiza-tion’s ethical climate will be improved.

Keywords: Ethical Climate, Egoistic, Benevolent, Counterproductive BehaviorJEL Code: M, M10

40

Capital Structure and Financial Crisis: Evidence from Turkey

Mohamed Mohamud MAKARANKocaeli University, Institute of Social Sciences, Accounting and Finance

makaraan2005@hotmail.com

AbstractThe Financial crisis (FC) had a significant effect on the financial markets,

incredibly decreasing security issuance by companies. A standout amongst the outcome of the interruption of the capital furthermore lending markets created by financial crisis might have been enhancing the level of debt in firm capital structures. Therefore, this paper uses regression analysis in order to investigate the impact financial crisis on capital structure over a sample of 15 cement companies in Turkey which are listed on Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) for the period 2005-2015. Financial debt is utilized as evaluation of dependent variables (DV) while, Size, Growth, Tangibility and Profitability are used in assessment of independent variables (IV).

Keywords: Capital Structure, Financial Crisis, Financial debt and Istanbul Stock Exchange

JEL Codes: F65, G30, G01

41

Photography As A Key Element In Tracking Message To Targeted Customer Groups

Prof.Ass.Dr.Shaip BytyçiAABCollege, Prishtine, Kosoveshaip.bytyqi@universitetiaab.com

Ermira BytyçiUniversity of Prishtina, Kosove

AbstractPhotography is an integral part of our daily life. Every day, among other

things, we pass on numerous commercials that contain proper visualizations as part of different objectives. In marketing practice this requires the right design options. When it comes to the question of how information aspects of an adver-tisement are transmitted, for an understandable and memorable message, the image - text combination has proven the essential effects.Psychological studies support this finding, particularly the cognitive theory of multi-media information. However, the relevant external circumstances need to be carefully studied before designing media advertisements. Overloading the information and increasing the interchangeability of products and content from the saturated markets have a greater meaning. Therefore, successful contact by activating measures often appears more important than informational content.

Keywords: Marketing, Photography, Advertising, MessageJEL Code:M31

42

The Relationship Between Brexit and Turkey: How Brexit Will Affect Turkey’s International Trade

Gerardo Cárdenas BlancoUniversity of Sakarya

Institute Of Social Sciences, International trade Departmentgecar27@hotmail.com

AbstractUndoubtedly, Brexit has had a tremendous impact on both the European Union’s

structure as well as on the United Kingdom’s economy. While the United Kingdom’s political authorities claim the separation will bring an outstanding economic boost, the European Union’s representatives maintain the widely acknowledged saying “two heads are better than one” and cannot imagine the European Union (EU) without the United Kingdom (UK). The EU was reluctant to accept in a positive way the UK’s leaving from their Union, not only due to all changes the separation would forge but because it would negatively affect the overall economy. With UK’s leaving, brand-new trade partners and economic links should be developed with different countries in order to neutralize the possible commercial pitfall Brexit is likely to cause. However, the latter two are not the only implicated agents within the intricate separation pro-cess.Countries like Turkey are directly related to the EU as well as with the UK due to it has had an economic and political exchange with both, therefore, is likely to be considered as a possible replacement in a wide range of sectors when Brexit finally takes place, being international trade one of the fundamental pillars.The main aim of this study is to forecast how the Turkey’s overall economy and international trade are likely to look like when the UK permanently separates from the EU. By extensively reviewing secondary information sources, a qualitative research will deeply explain readers and the scientific community how Turkey’s international trade will benefit from the UK’s. Moreover, an analysis regarding where a commercial development is expected to be witnessed and where Turkey should focus its attention if it truly desires to get the best out of the dissolution measure will be presented.

Keywords: Brexit, The European Union, The United Kingdom, Turkey’s In-ternational Trade

JEL Codes: F10, F13, F15

43

Assessment of Turkey’s entry into the European Union

Wiktor ADAMUSJagiellonian University

Kraków, Poland

AbstractThe theme of this paper is evaluation of Turkey joining the European Union.

Analysis is based on compilation of stages of European integration of Turkey, starting with signing an association agreement, and ending with current prognosis as a result of the accession negotiations. The aim of this paper is a comparisons of the conditions in the context of the community in view of the prospects of Turkish membership. Interpretation is done through a case study using available literature and online sources. An important part of the paper is devoted to the explanation of an analytical hierarchical model (AHP) based on the subject of work. The study yielded answers to questions about the most important benefits and costs that the European Union could achieve by expanding the group of As-sociated States to Turkey. The study was conducted among lecturers and students of the Institute of Turkology at the Jagiellonian University. The work focused on the specific conditions affecting the diversified stages of cooperation. The text is a summary of the most frequently encountered difficulties in the accession process and Member States’ views on Turkish membership.

Keywords: Turkey, Joining, European Union, AHPJEL Code: F53

44

Impact of Logistics Outsourcing on Lead Time variability in Manufacturing Companies

Lect. Muhammed Shahzeb Khan, Manoj Kumar, Dr. Shujaat MubarakMohammad Ali Jinnah University, Pakistan

Management Science DepartmentShahzeb.khan@jinnah.edu

AbstractManufacturing Sector considered the backbone of economic development of the

country. It has been pragmatic from preceding studies that this sector is vulnerable to arrange appropriate productivity and growth in their operations due to several functions being involved, outsourcing factors and lots of variable expenses occurred impacting on this sector viz lead time, holding cost, inventory ordering cost, insu-rance and other cost, etc. Manufacturing companies are having strong inventory management and heavy amount of investments being made accordingly as per lead time variability. Realizing the importance of logistic outsourcing factors & lead time variability, this study has been initiated by taking Transportation & Knowledge Sharing as independent variables for identifying logistic factors while Lead Time variability has been defined as dependent variables respectively. The study mainly focuses the impact of Logistic Outsourcing Factors towards Lead Time Variability and positioned towards the sample size of 85 respondents via using Non-Probability Sampling Technique (Purposive Sampling) comprising of 15 large scale manufacturing companies. Results shows that Logistic factors like Transportation & Knowledge Sharing are having significant impact on the Lead time variability. Development & satisfying a manufacturing sector’s copy elects to growth chances with regard to accomplishing variety & mitigating lead time variability comparative to similar chains and can achieve efficiency. Companies need to concentrate on the aspects of Transportation and Knowledge Sharing.From the analysis of test results, it has been concluded that Logistic Factors has a significant impact on the Lead Time Variability as far as the Manufacturing Sector is concerned and as it is much apparent that the 2 core functions of Logistics i.e. Transportation & Knowledge Sharing have vital role in decision making process of companies and they can be termed as supports of mitigating those risks arising for Lead time variability and to manage it.

Keywords : Supply chain management; Logistics outsourcing; Competitive advantage; Lead time; Transportation

JEL Codes: L690, L290, L600, C120, L900

45

Management and Managers Planning for Control Performance of the Organization

Ahmed Hussein RadhiUniversity of Baghdadalradhi63@gmail.com

AbstractPerformance is a broad concept that expresses the method of economic unity

in investing its available resources according to the criteria and considerations related to its objectives in light of a range of internal and external variables that interact with the economic unit in its quest to achieve efficiency and effectiveness to ensure its survival.All economic units wish to achieve the greatest possible return by exploiting their available resources best exploitation, and this is only by operating their available production capacities to the maximum extent possible and to reduce their production costs to the lowest possible level as well as their interest in the quality of production and quality, On the largest market space for this production.The importance of developing continuous production elements to increase production capacity, especially human resources, modernization of machinery, machinery, equipment and other fixed assets, in line with productive management, use of efficient systems and information systems, and upgrading training, studies and research methods to enhance the capabilities of the unit and increase its operational, marketing and administrative capabilities.Access to the set of goals and objectives pursued by the economic unit requires the development of plans, policies and programs to draw a clear and accurate way to unity in how to manage their resources in a rational manner and follow up the results of their work through a system of control through which to identify the work performed and rates of implementation and difficulties and problems encountered and devi-ations Which have occurred and the ways to address them with a view to moving economic unity towards a better productive level in the future.

Keywords: Management, Managers, Control, Plans, Performance, Productivity.JEL Code: M19

46

Employee Motivation Is Critical To The Success Of An Organization A Case Of Standard Chartered Bank

Lect. Quratulain EzamMPhil Student, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan

std_18327@iobm.edu.pk

AbstractThe strategic potency of any organization is their employees, they put their in-

terminable determination for an organization resolutions to attaining organizational objective and goals. Eventually, the unsurprised dynamic resource of any organization is their motivated employees. In addition, the subject of employee’s motivation has turn out to be an obligatory measure for the strategy of human resource management of an organization. The employee motivation or demotivation level of the Standard Chartered Bank (SCB) of Pakistan is inquired in this survey. It illustrate the impor-tance of motivated employee with the factors influence based on motivation theories and organizational behavior. The questionnaire and interviews (structured) is uti-lized for this investigation, through convenience sampling technique. Whereas, the interviews was conducted with the middle and lower level of employees serving in SCB of Pakistan, as per employees availability. The attention grabbing finding of this investigation is inclined towards the productivity and motivation level of employees that is directly proportional with the organizational performance. It is acclaimed for the prosperous and extensive substantial advantage of the organization by taking care of all the relevant aspects of employees leading towards their organizational performance. In countries like Pakistan overall focus on employee development is inadequate. They do not believe in routine formalized employee’s motivation even let alone the employee at the time of need. The main implication of this investiga-tion is to give a clear approach to achieve strategic objectives of the organization and endure in highly competitive market by motivated employees, as they play an essential role towards achieving organizational performance. The limitations of this study is organization policy regarding confidentiality of data, appointment of concern or relevant personnel for detailed interview as per survey plan, and time constraint for completion of this investigation. The motivated employees are undeniably the utmost valuable strength for an organization, this desired distinctive consideration as ample as organizational objectives.

Keywords: Motivation, Performance, Leadership, Success, Competitive Advantage JEL Code: M12, L25, D23, D91, N30

47

Motivating Employees Intrinsically: A Quantitative Study In Light Of Intangible Rewards

Associate Professor. Dr. Omar Khalid BhattiCollege of Business,

Antalya Bilim University, Antalya - Turkey.Ms. Sehrash SabirPh.D. Candidate

Department of Business AdministrationIqra University, Islamabad – Pakistan.

Associate Professor. Dr. İbrahim Sani MERTCollege of Business,

Antalya Bilim University, Antalya - Turkey

AbstractIn today’s competitive business environment motivated workforce is extremely

vital for being efficacious and successful. Motivation is the drive to do work and perform consistently. Motivation can either be intrinsic or extrinsic. Interestingly, intrinsic motivation is psychological in nature and arises from innate emotional state of a person. Due to the soft nature of the main construct that is motivation the key focus of this research is on intrinsic motivation. As the present study aims to investigate the relationship between Intangible Rewards (IR) and intrinsic motivation (IM). Data were collected from 319 employees of all the 5 key private organizations operating in telecom industry of Pakistan. Structure equation mo-deling (SEM) was applied to test the hypotheses and the proposed framework was tested and assessed through model fit indices. The results revealed that Intangible rewards positively affect intrinsic motivation to know (IMK), intrinsic motivation to achieve (IMA) and intrinsic motivation to experience simulation (IMES). In addition the results have also enriched the current literature on IM and has im-proved the Herzberg’s two factor theory by adding new empirical support from a South East Asian perspective.

Keywords: Motivation, Intangible Rewards, Intrinsic Motivation, Employee Performance, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).

JEL Code: J24

48

International Exchange As A Factor In The Development Of Border Regions

Agnieszka Malkowska, Ph.DUniversity of Szczecin / Poland

Faculty of Management and Economics of Servicesagnieszka.malkowska@wzieu.pl

AbstractCross-border cooperation is one of the forms of international cooperation,

and trade is one of its manifestations. Foreign trade, on its part, comprises two main categories of export and import. From the point of view of economic de-velopment, it is export that is treated as the chief driving force behind a region’s economy. The purpose of this paper was to assess the significance of export for the development of a border area, here the southern borderland of Poland. The article is a continuation of the author’s series of papers that discuss borderland development issues. Her previous research focused on Poland’s western and eastern borderland. Therefore, this study on the country’s southern borderland constitutes an important complement. The paper’s territorial scope of interest includes five border voivodeships, namely Dolnośląskie, Opolskie, Śląskie, Małopolskie and Podkarpackie. The area of the southern borderland accounts for 23.9% of Poland’s total area. In 2015, the region had a population of almost 14 million. The research spanned the period from 2010 to 2015. It mostly relied on the statistical data analysis method and the descriptive method. The research results were shown in tables and figures. The research confirmed that foreign trade was developing in the southern borderland voivodeships of Poland. Both their export and import grew. However, it must be noted that the particular voivodeships demonstrated highly varying levels of foreign trade activity. The significance of export for the development of the economies of the individual Polish southern borderland vo-ivodeships was varied, as well.

Keywords: Border Regions, Poland’s Southern Borderlands, International Trade, Regional Development

JEL Code:Q17, O18

49

Evaluating Kazakhstan’s Image as a Tourism Destination: Towards Building a Destination Brand

Researcher Almas Jaxilikov, Assistant Prof. Dr. Aktolkin ABUBAKIROVAAkhmed Yassawi University, Kazakhstan

almas_tktl@mail.ru, aktolkin.abubakirova@ayu.edu.kz

AbstractIn recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the topic of destination branding

and image from academics and governments. Furthermore, destination images and brand plays a crucial role in destination choice issues. Therefore, states uses destination branding to become more competitive in the tourism market by improving the image of place (Morgan, Pritchard, and Pride, 2004). The present study was designed to determine and examine the image of Ka-zakhstan in order to find out attributes for destination branding. To reach the goal, a group of objectives were established such as investigating foreign perception about Kazakhstan s image and examining stakeholders in Kazakhstan’s tourism industry about destination branding. A set of recommendations linked with the objectives are provided in the discussion chapter. The mentioned goals and objectives were accomplished through primary and secondary data collection and analysis. For the purpose of this research, interpretive philosophy and inductive approach were adopted. Data was gained qualitatively through semi-structured interviews of two different groups of participants. The first group of respondents were foreign visitors of Kazakhs-tan, whereas, the second group included employees of tourism industry in Kazakhstan such as government experts, different stakeholders and scholars. A total result showed 9 respondents by email and 10participants were interviewed by online software Skype due to limited time, cost and different geographical location. In order to analyse the data, interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and taking account research objectives, the themes were designed and categorized. In order to test the interview questions, pilot interviews were conducted and suggestions were taken into account. This research decided to use non-probability sampling, because it was the most suitable for answering the research aim and meeting the study objectives. Taking into account the specifics of this study, it was concluded that a mix of self-selection, snowball and purposive sampling were the most useful for this research. Overall, this study strengthens the idea that Kazakhstan is strongly associated with the movie “Borat” and the suffix “stan” leading to misleading perception of country. The research as also shown that most of the marketing tools used by Kazakhstan were ineffective and did not reach the attention of the potential tourists. All these factors reveals that Kazakhstan hugely needs a strong destination brand. Consequently, in order to improve the image of Kazakhstan, a set of recommendations were presented. The suggestions are: establishing Destination Management Organisation (DMO), implementing marketing strategies by taken account tourism trends, use internet and movies as marketing tools, hosting notable and unique events. A further study could assess the image of Kazakhstan within non-visitor and visitors of different countries. More broadly, research is also needed to determine the country s image by expanding the sample and using different methods such as focus groups, face to face interviews and questionnaires.

Keywords: Tourism, Development, Image, Concept, Analyze, Destination, Management

JEL Code:Z30

50

Empirical Analysis of Causal Relationship Between FDI and Trade: Case of Republic of Macedonia

Snezana BILIC, PhDInternational Balkan University, Faculty Of Business And Administrative

Sciences, Macedoniasnezana.bilic@yahoo.comLuljeta SADIKU, PhD

International Balkan University, Faculty Of Business And Administrative Sciences, Macedonia

luljeta.sadiku@yahoo.comLiza Alili SULEJMANI, PhD

International Balkan University, Faculty Of Business And Administrative Sciences, Macedonia

liza.a.sulejmani@gmail.com

AbstractFDI and Trade play a vital role on the course of globalization and economic

interaction between countries. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to deter-mine the causal relationship between Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) and trade openness in Republic of Macedonia, utilizing quarterly time series for time period 2000q1 – 2016q4. In addition, time series are tested for stationary, by employing Augmented Dickey Fuller and Phillips Perron test for unit root, as well as Johansen test for co-integration is used for finding the co-integration rank among variables. In addition, in order to find the causality among these variables, Granger causality test is used. The empirical results of the OLS fitted line reveal a positive relati-onship between initial FDI and subsequent trade openness. It suggests that a one percentage point increase of FDI is associated with a subsequent upward of trade openness by 0.06 percentage points. However, it wasn’t found a long run linkage between trade and FDI based on the results of Johansen co-integration test. Mo-reover, the causality test discloses only unidirectional relationship between them.

Keywords: FDI, trade, unit root, co-integration, Granger causalityJELCode:F10, F21

51

Incentives In The Supply Chain:Coordinated Optimal Pricing In A Supply Chain With Two Or Three Stages

Michael VidalisUniversity of the Aegean, Greece

Department of Business AdministrationAssociate Professor in Logistics, Operations Management

mvid@ba.aegean.gr

AbstractThis work investigates the effect of coordinated pricing of all stages-members

in a supply chain to maximize total revenue when the firms have market power. Our investigation highlights the observation that the supply chain profit is lower if each stage of the supply chain independently makes its pricing decisions with the objective of maximizing its own profit. We describe optimal pricing (percent of markup over marginal cost) for all stages in order to maximize supply chain profit under condition that the demand curve is price sensitive. Mathematical Analysis is used in order to answer the following questions:

What is the optimal price that maximizes total profit? Equivalent what are the optimal total percent of markup over marginal cost for every member in the supply chain?

What is the optimal combination for marginal profits that gives equal profit for each member in the supply chain?

Keywords: Revenue Management, Supply Chain Coordination, Supply Chain Pricing

JEL Codes: M-M10, C-C61

52

Phases In The Decision Making Process Of Buying Cosmetics Products – A Case Study For Macedonian Cosmetic Brand

Becutan And German Cosmetic Brand Nivea

Fani MATESKAPhD Student in Organizational Management,University: “Ss. Cyril and

Methodius“, Faculty of Economics, Skopje, Macedoniafanimateska@yahoo.com

AbstractConsumers decision making process is a complex process that is unique for

each consumer, although the phases it is consisted of, are the same. Factors that influence consumers decision making process of buying products are divided as internal factors such as: perception, learning and memory, motives, emotions, lifestyle and attitudes, and external factors such as: culture, political economic, social and technological factors. These factors influence the way consumers form their attitudes towards different products, since their attitudes are not stereotyped, they change all the time. This paper gives good explanation about the decision making process of purchasing products which is a complex process that is con-sisted of five phases such as: defining consumers ‘needs, doing research before deciding to purchase products, assessment of purchasing alternatives, behavior during purchase and assessment after purchasing products. Each phase will be explained separately in this paper through results gained from an on-line made survey about the use of cosmetic products (creams) from Becutan and Nivea brand in Republic of Macedonia. The goal of the research of this paper is to explore the actual behavior of the consumers during their decision making process to purchase cosmetic products.

Keywords: Decision Making Process, Phases, Consumers, Attitudes JEL Code: M31

53

Freedom of Movement of Goods in EU Internal Market with Special Reference on the Goods from Third Countries

Asoc. Prof. Dr Biljana CHAVKOSKAInternational Balkan University,Faculty of Law, Macedonia

bcavkoska@yahoo.comAsst. Prof. Dr. Natalija SHIKOVA

International Balkan University,Faculty of Law, Macedonianatalijashikova@hotmail.com

Asst. Prof. Dr. Nikola DACEVInternational Balkan University,Faculty of Law, Macedonia

dacevn@yahoo.com AbstractThis article aims to analyze the benefits of founding the European Union

Internal Market. The authors will argue that the EU Internal Market improved the EU economy in total, raising the GDP of the Union, increased the employment and job opportunities. The authors will give overview of the major freedoms of the EU Internal Market with special emphasis of the freedom of movement of goods and services. The European Union Directives and Regulations replaced a large number of complex and different national laws with a single framework, ensuring compliance for the business and smoothly functioning of the trade. This encompasses creating of the EU Custom Union. In the article the special reference will be given to the aspects of the freedom of movement of goods and services between EU Member States and the third countries. For that purpose EU rules and regulations towards goods coming from Republic Macedonia and Republic of Turkey, as EU candidate countries, will be analyzed in order to detect the possible obstacles of the movement of goods between EU and third countries such as, taxation issues, mutual assistance between control authorities, exchange of information, applicable law in a case of dispute etc. 

Keywords: EU Internal Market, Economy, Free Movement of Goods, Custom Union, Goods from Third Countries

JEL Codes: K33; K20; K29

54

Using Different Versions of ERP for Company Business NeedsLecturer Phd. Dinucă Elena CLAUDIA,

Titu Maiorescu” University of Bucharest, Economy and Sustainable Development Departmentclaudia.dinuca@yahoo.com

AbstractNowadays, it is well known that the intellectual capacity of a person is outweighed by the volume and complexity

of the information gathered over time, which is why information systems allow data storage for further analysis and provides methods of processing and filtering them to extract only relevant data. In such a way some companies use stand alone applications or ERPs. Some of the important and more used commercial ERP that can be found on the market place today are SAP and ORACLE. Both of them have modules for dealing with all entities of the organiza-tion. Starting from financial modules (GL-general ledger, AR, AP, AR), procurement (PO, INV) and human resource modules, this ERP covers all company needs. SAP stands for System Applications and Products. It is the name of both the online financial and administrative software and the company that developed it. SAP is made up of individual modules that perform various organizational system tasks. In different companies SAP is implemented and confi-gured in such a way to need the company requirements. In some companies it is also integrated with others systems.

The aim of the study: The aim of this research is to analyse and present the way that differents ERPs are implemented and how they help and improve the activities from companies. The main aim of the study is to present the way that different ERP systems are implemented for some companies, how different modules are used and their benefits for company business needs.

Methodology: The used methodology is research of the actuals ERP and to present the benefits of using them and also test and present by example the use of some ERP that can be find now on the market place, to present different ERP modules. Oracle ERP has modules like GL. The research consists of more phases. One phase is the literature review, including published journals and proceedings and case studies. Next phase is the ERP benefits categorisation, that is made based on business functions and decision paradigm. In the last step, the researcher explains the benefits of ERP for business need and a summarisation of benefits.

We will explain some of the financial modules, their functionality and benefits.• Oracle Payables (AP);• Oracle Receivales (AR),• Oracle Cash Management,• Oracle Assets (FA);• Oracle General Ledger (GL). So, the modules are interconnected in an ERP. For example, if we enter details about an invoice we have

also information with the procurement modules about the contract. After entering data in AP and AR modules, we’ll have the journals created in GL. There are also interconnection between human resource modules and AR and FA modules. For example, we can have enployees from the company defined as receivales. So, we can take informations about them from HR modules.

Available findings: Nowadays there are plenty of standalone applications that are used for differents business. The plus of value that is added by using an integrated application it is not only the design of an application that can be used by companies from different economic sectors, but the creation of a system allowing for comparative analyzes of the financial statements of economic agents and also that interconnecs more fields from the business facilitating data extraction and converting it also in information. Thus, the ERP system aims to integrate the accounting activity within the company.

Conclusions: Taking in consideration that an ERP is an integrated application, it facilitates the users work and makes easier information extraction from data. Having an integrated application, helps the business needs. Instead of inserting data in more applications, more time consuming is better to enter in some applications and also transfer automatically infomations in anothers. For example, the user enters the infomations about invoices linked to contracts, having the contract details that were inserted in PO module of thr ERP. So, infomations about invoices and payments that are done on an agreement can be easily extracted. The best companies realized that a good IT software implementation can help to be competitive on the market place.

Keywords: ERP Systems, Integrated Systems,Decision Support System, Data Warehouse, Data Mining, Data Retrieval, Data Analysis

JELCode: D8, M15, M41

55

The Information System to Assist the Decision on Economic Activity in the Context of the Use of Data Deposits

Associate Professor PhDVatuiu TEODORATitu Maiorescu University of Bucharest, Economy and Sustainable Development

Department, Romaniateodora.vatuiu@gmail.com

AbstractThe architectural design of data flow automation should take into account the constraints imposed

by large data collections. Attention is paid to implementation issues, hardware constraints, constraints related to processing time. The key to provocation is the delivery of interesting, actionable data mining data to the end user with a luggage of knowledge in marketing, sales, business development or commerce than in advanced mining data and analytics.The model of a computer system for assisting the decision for the economic activity in the context of the use of the data warehouses

The purpose of this study is to develop a model of a computer system for assisting the decision on the economic activity in the context of the use of data warehouses.Based on that and given the fact that Data Warehousing and Data Mining form a large part of Business Intelligence, we could indeed see DSS as the precursor of BI.Multidimensional modeling provides denormalization techniques for databases structures to develop appropriate models for assisting decision-making. Although the realization of a multidimensional model based on a relational scheme is not possible under the design of a generalizable system, since there is no homogeneity between the structures of the databases operated by the various financial accounting applications or ERP systems, we will continue to attempt to summarize a possible denormalization from a hypothetical model.

MethodologyIn carrying out this work we used qualitative research methods considering that qualitative research

is based more on textual interpretation, requiring proper definition of the concepts or their scientific substantiation, highlighting the importance of the theme addressed. I believe that qualitative research fits best the field of study to which I directed my view. I say this based on research tools and methods used.

Available findings The proposed system to be developed aims to provide a solid basis in assisting decision-making at

management level, starting from the data provided by the accounting information system, through its compo-nents, and eventually by taking over data from external sources.By the idea of creating a generalized system, it is not only the design of an application that can be used by companies from different economic sectors, but the creation of a system allowing for comparative analyzes of the financial statements of economic agents. The target users could be both enterprise-level decision-makers and firms conducting economic consulting and analysis activities, audit firms, state agencies, or non-governmental organizations conducting studies in the economic field.

ConclusionsIn the current economic and social context, it is obviously the role of IT systems in managing all

data, information and knowledge used by entities to achieve their business objectives, in line with their mission and strategies.

Keywords: decision Support System, Data Warehouse, Data Mining, Data Retrieval, Decision Support, Data Analysis

JELCode: D8, M15, M41

56

The Impact of the Competitiveness on Export Performance of the Republic of Macedonia

Phd. Violeta MADZOVAInternational Balkan University,Macedonia

Faculty Of Business And Administrative Sciencesv.madjova@ibu.edu.mk

AbstractThe benefits of the increased competitiveness are discussed in the context

of the superior national productivity, achieving higher GDP growth, but as well higher export with positive implications on the trade and current account balance. The Republic of Macedonia, as a small an open economy, continuously works on improving its national competitivenesswhich in parallel with the aspiration towards the EU accession process, became its strategic interest too. Although in the recent decade, there is a trend of improved competitiveness in Republic of Macedonia, the progress is much slower than in other EU countries with limited impact on its export performance. Therefore the aim of this paper is to analyze if the competitiveness made an impact on different aspect of export performance such as:export growth, export market size growth, as well as trade and current account balance.Using the trend and regression analysis, for the period 2005-2015, this paper presents that there is still positive correlation between competitiveness and the exports of goods and services but close to the critical level of t-value ( 2,05) and the statistical significance of 95%.However the exports share growth and other export performance indicators show some discrepancies from the basic l findings, which are in details presented in the paper.

Keywords: Competitiveness, Export Growth, Market Share Growth, Trade Balance

JEL Codes: F 31, F 41, F45

57

International Trade Rules and Standardization

PhD. Faculty Member, Yurdagül Meralİstanbul Medipol University, Turkey

AbstractInternational trade rules which are set by international organizations like ICC

(International Chamber of Commerce), WCS (World Customs Organisation) play a very important role in international trade. The main concern of the exporter is to receive the value of the goods in time as agreed, and the importer’s main concern is to receive the goods in time, in good condition as agreed upon in sales contract. The goods delivery terms are defined by INCOTERMS 2010 rules set by ICC and the payment terms are also defined by ICC rules which are standardized and accepted all over the world. International trade i.e. import- export is effected between two countries, through customs via cross borders. In this study the basic international trade rules for payment, incoterms and documentation will be de-fined to guide importers and exporters and give the reasons why importers and exporters must be aware of these rules and work with competent international trade specialists during import export process.

Keywords: International (foreign) Trade, International Trade Rules, ICC (In-ternational Chamber of Commerce), Incoterms, Payment Terms, UCP 600, Swift, Import, Export, Customs, Process

JEL Code: F1

58

The Relationship Between Economy and Foreign Policy: The Case Of Iran (2011-2016)

Sayyad Sadri AlibabaluPh. D. candidate in Middle East Studies at Sakarya Univversity

gizilbera@gmail.com

AbstractSince 2011, Iran has had two problems in its state-run and oil-dependent

economy. The first problem was a set of severe sanctions against Iran for its nuc-lear program. The second was the war in the Middle East after Arab uprisings in which Iran was engaged directly or indirectly. Along with other factors, especi-ally the corrupt management in the economy, Iran’s economy suffered structural bankruptcy. The statistics show the depth of the impact of these two factors. The comparison between the two periods of 2005-2010 and 2011-2016, shows that in the second period the Iranian economy has damaged sharply. In the first period, Iran’s average economic growth without oil was 5.6 percent, while in the second period it fell to -0.3 percent. Considering the unprecedented increase in oil re-venue and high rate of governmental investments in the first period, Iran’s GDP increased to $ 599 billion for the first time in the history. While after the effects of sanctions and Iran’s expenditures in the region’s wars, especially in Syria and Iraq, this figure fell to $ 354 billion in 2016. The effects of these problems are concretely seen in the Iranian economy. In these few years, 14,000 factories were closed, 22,000 factories operated with less than 50% capacity and 24,000 factories operated with 50-70%. Despite rising oil prices from 2011 to 2013, the fragile oil-dependent economy of Iran has experienced an unprecedented recession, which is still ongoing. After assignment of an agreement named The Joint Comprehen-sive Plan of Action in July 2015, some economic indicators are recovering. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between Iran’s economy and foreign policy, especially in the case of Syria and Iraq, which has been conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner. The results of the study indicate that Iran’s economy is strongly linked to foreign policy, and if the crisis continues in the Middle East, Iran’s economy will suffer more.

Keywords: Iran, Economy, Foreign Policy, Stagnancy, Crisis JEL code: F51

59

The Impact Of Innovative Payment Methods On The Performance Of Banking System Of Republic Of Macedonia:

The Approach Of Causality And Co-Integration

Afrim Alili, PhDUniversity Of Tetova, Faculty of economics, Tetova, Republic of Macedonia,

afrim.alili@unite.edu.mkImërlijeAlili, PhD

College Biznesi, Study program: Emergency management, Prishtina, Republic of Kosova, imrlije.alili@yahoo.com

AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is to examine the innovative payment methods

and the usage of electronic banking services by bank customers in Macedonia and to assess the causal relationship of e-banking and the performance of the Mace-donian banking system.In the direction of fulfilling such purpose, this research examines the effect of Automated Teller Machines (ATM), Point of Sales (POS) and other electronic payment instruments used in the payment system of Republic of Macedonia. Data for the time period January 2005 till March 2016, are collected by the National Bank of Republic of Macedonia (NBRM) and Statistical Bulletins of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Macedonia. For this purpose, was conducted the procedure for examining the causality among the variables, firstly by investigating whether the data are stationary, thus Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Peron(PP) tests were performed in this direction. In addition, Johanssen-Juselius test cleavages if there exist co-integration among the variables under consideration in this model and finally Granger Causality test and VAR model are used in order to test the causality and the effects of Innovative Payment methods on the performance of banking system in Republic of Macedonia.

Keywords:E-Banking, Automated Teller Machines, Point Of Sales, Deposit, Banking System

JEL Codes: E50, C32, G21

60

Industry 4.0, IoT and Future Prospects in Agriculture: Opportunities and Challenges

Res. Assist. Dr. İnanç KABASAKALEge University

AbstractIndustry 4.0 is a popular term, regarded as a disruptive transformation in

manufacturing. Recent developments in digital technologies involving Internet of Things (IoT), smart sensors, artificial intelligence, augmented/virtual reality provide new opportunities in various applications as well. Within the context of agricultural production, digital technologies might provide a basis to collect and analyze remote data and enable new business models. In this exploratory study, digitalization in agricultural production will be explored and discussed to provide foresight on upcoming business models. Initially, a literature review will be presented to remark the recent developments in agricultural production enabled by digital technologies. Subsequently, the opportunities and challenges in digitalization in agricultural production will be addressed referring to the literature review. Finally, new business models for agricultural production will be discussed relating to within the IoT and Industry 4.0 context.

Keywords: Industry 4.0, Internet of Things, AgricultureJEL Codes: M10, M11, Q16

61

Visual and Structural Manipulation Strategy in Financial and Non-financial Reporting Presented on the Websites of Chosen

Companies in Poland in the Context of Impression Management

Ass. Prof. PhD Elzbieta JaworskaWest Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland

Faculty of Economics, Department of Economics and Accountingejaworska@zut.edu.pl

AbstractTopic explanation: The company should be aware of its responsibility for the impact

it has on the environment. The effects of its activities can have a significant influence on the natural environment and society, and thus affect the conditions of future generations’ functioning. Obtaining a positive image as a company caring for the environment requires the use of different impression management strategies. One of the techniques of creating a positive impression is visual and structural manipulation. This strategy involves attracting the attention of stakeholders who are users of reports, to good news or to distract from bad information. This goal can be achieved by using a proper way of stressing the content of financial and non-financial reports and positioning information in the text.

Aim: The aim of the article is to examine the scale of application of the strategy of visual and structural manipulation by Polish companies in the chemical and mining industry in presenting financial reports and corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports on their websites. Thus, the paper is meant to answer the questions: (1) Do selected companies use accounting narratives in their financial and non-financial reports presented on the corpo-rates’ websites? (2) Are any differences between the way of use the impression management in financial and non-financial reports? (3) Do selected companies more often use visual manipulations then structural ones for impression management purposes?

Methodology: For the purpose of this study the selection of companies was based on purposive sampling. The analysis involved companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange and included both in the WIG-Chemistry and WIG-Mine and as well as in Respect Index. The research is conducted based on the annual reports and Corporate Responsibility reports for the reporting year of 2013-2016. The research involved analyses of the literature as well as annual reports and CSR reports of chosen companies.

Keywords: Financial Reporting, Non-Financial Reporting, Impression Management Strategies, Chemical And Mining Industries, Poland

JEL Codes: M41, Q56

62

The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): Trade Analysis

Shiza TahirStudent at National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore.

PakistanShiz-tahir@hotmail.com

Faiqa ShahbazStudent at National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore.

PakistanFaiqa.shahbaz9@gmail.com

Khadija PervaizStudent at National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore.

PakistanKprvz29@gmail.com

AbstractChina Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a journey towards economic re-

gionalization in the globalized world. The CPEC aims to interface Gwadar Port of Pakistan to China’s northwestern locale of Xinjiang, by means of roadways, pipelines and railways. China Pakistan Economic Corridor is a hope of the future with peace, advancement and development of economy.    This research fundamentally rotates around the idea of logistics’ delivery cost and travel time. China needs a short, pro-tected and economical exchanging course to European and Middle Eastern nations. The point of the examination is to check if CPEC is a practical answer for the need. Transport and infrastructure are called vital levers of exchange as they help in di-minishing the transportation expenses and travel time. The primary purpose is to think about the significance of CPEC and its effect on trade in terms of travel time and expenses. Moreover, this research compares existing route and proposed route. In spite of the fact that it’s hard to compute the correct future transportation cost, hence this investigation considers normal estimation of current street transportation cost. The research methodology utilized as a part of the investigation follows qualitative and descriptive approach. The outcomes demonstrate that transportation expenses will drop definitely if proposed route is utilized. 

Keywords: Trade, CPEC, Shipping Cost, Travel TimeJEL Codes: F18, F31, F40, N90, O10

63

The Relationships between Culture and International Trade Negotiation

PhD. Faculty Member, Nurten Polat Dedeİstanbul Medipol University, Turkey

AbstractAlthough Domestic and international trade negotiations share many simi-

larities, they have some important differences. The most distinctive feature of international trade negotiations is the culture’s impact on the negotiation proces-ses and outcomes. Each culture attributes different meanings to the negotiation processes or attaches different degrees of importance to the factors that influence the negotiation process. The aims of the parties, the means they use to reach these goals and the anticipations about the other party’s behavior are shaped by the influence of the negotiators’ own culture. In this study the way cultural differences influence the stages of negotiation processes, the concept of culture and negotiation are defined. Then dimensions of cultural differentiation, elements and stages of negotiation processes and different approaches to the subject are presented to guide the companies in determining negotiation strategies while they are doing business with different cultures.

Keywords: International Trade Negotiation; Negotiation Process; Culture; Cultural Differences; Negotiation Styles.

JEL codes: F16, M21

64

Strategic Management.Mergers & Acquisitions. Social Business

Roberto Acevedo, PhD; Bernardo Javalquinto, PhD,Chileroberto.acevedo.llanos@gmail.com, bjavalquinto@gmail.com

AbstractA Successful Merger and Acquisition (M&A) strategy seems to be the most

expected response to the globalization of the economy. Business transactions of this kind are being carried out all over the world, nevertheless in a recent issue of the HBS magazine, a rather interested view is put forwarded in one of the published article, entitled “The Big Idea: The New & A Playbook by Clayton M. Christensen, Richard Alton, Curtis Rising and Andrews Waldeck. It is known that every time a CEO wants to boost the corporate performance or jump-start long term growth, the idea about buying another company may become very attractive indeed. It is worth mentioning that Companies spend roughly $ 2 tril-lion on acquisitions every year. On a number of studies, it has been proved that the failure rate of processes with reference to both mergers and acquisitions lies in the range from 70% to 90%. It does seem extremely significant to work out a solid model, able to identify the reasons for both the successful and unsuccessful procedures-bearing in mind that about 10% of this kind of M&A transaction processes become successful. The expected outcome is not always as expected. These are the most likely results, though we fully understand that the chain “client-personnel-stakeholders” will not always win as it could be expected. We believe that the introduction of the fundamental basis, with reference to social business may become a rather significant key factor to overcome these difficulties.

Keywords: Social Business School, Poverty Solutions, Sustainable EconomyJEL Codes: E, Z

65

World Bank Structural Adjustments: Chile as a Case of Study

Roberto Acevedo PhD; Bernardo Javalquinto PhD, Chileroberto.acevedo.llanos@gmail.com, bjavalquinto@gmail.com

AbstractThe average citizen does not achieve a reasonable level of access and comp-

rehensive understanding of economic issues, which are essential for a country to evolve towards an organized society. There are numerous examples in the history of the nations of the world and in particular, in the Republic of Chile it is not prudent to not verbalize and make visible certain agreements adopted in the last decade of the 1980s. It is of little global knowledge in Chilean society, that in this period a confidential agreement was signed, in which the World Bank and the Ministry of Finance of the Government of Chile were involved. It is relevant to point out that the information with reference of this confidential agreement was of absolute secrecy and there was a strict protocol of confidentiality. This information after a long period was declassified, under which one of the authors (BJ) requested express authorization to conduct research and in principle, write a work on it. There is an extremely complex issue in our nation and it is directly related to the concentration in few economic groups and the increasingly unfair distribution of wealth, which is reflected in high rates of formal unemployment, decrease in real income (imbalance of income versus expenses), unsustainable increase in the debt of citizens (estimated at US $ 12,000 per inhabitant, conside-ring a pattern of citizens of the order of sixteen million inhabitants), among other negative factors. In this article, the role played by the School of the Chicago s Boys is examined in detail.

Keywords: World Bank, Structural AdjustmentsJEL Codes: E,G,Z

66

Analytical Approach of the Effects of Direct and Indirect Taxes on Economic Growth: Case of Republic of Kosovo

Abdylmenaf BEXHETIAcademic Prof. Dr., South East Europian University, Macedonia

a.bexheti@seeu.edu.mkDonat REXHA

PhD candidate, AAB University, Kosovodonat.rexha@universitetiaab.com

AbstractLately, the effects of direct and indirect taxes on the economic growth on

transitional countries have created a strong debate regarding their contradictory results. Indeed, since taxes represent vital factor of countries’ growth, core ob-jective of this paper is to investigate the effects of direct as well as indirect taxes on economic growth of Kosovo, covering monthly time series 2006m1 – 2016m9.

Additionally, the time series has been tested for unit root through the emp-loyment of Augmented Dickey Fuller test and Phillips Perron test, for determining if time series data are stationary or possess unit root. In addition, through the utilization of Johansen test for co-integration we find if models data contain at least one co-integrating vector, thus indicating significant long-term relationship among direct, indirect taxes and economic growth in Republic of Kosovo. Finally, in order to find the impact of direct and indirect taxes on economic growth of Kosovo, Vector Error Correction Model - VECM has been employed. Its results suggest positive and significant effects of indirect taxes on real GDP in Kosovo, for time spin 2006m1 – 2016m9. Having into consideration such results, beside of its contribution to the existing empirical evidence, further recommendation for Kosovo tax policymakers have been revealed, due to the positive effects of indirect taxes, contributed by the high dominance level of consumption taxes in comparison with direct taxes in Republic of Kosovo for the time period 2006 - 2016.

Keywords: Direct Taxes, Indirect Taxes, Growth, Co-Integration, VECMJEL Code: F43

67

The Impact of Increased Entrepreneurial Capacities in Raising the Performance of SME-s in Transition Economies – Kosovo

Case Study

Kosovare Ukshini, PhDAsst., Faculty of Economics and Management, AAB College, Republic of

Kosovokosovare.ukshini@universitetiaab.com

Prof.Dr. Izet ZeqiriSouth East European University- Republic of Macedonia

AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is to present the impact of increased rate

of training in enhancing the performance of companies, while giving evidence from models and various case studies. All authors agree that the creativity and innovation as the basis of entrepreneurship, do develop and that everyone can be creative and innovative. Within this, a factor that enables the implementation of a successful and effective combination of these elements, is motivation. Motivation as well is a factor that can be always developed and promoted by interfering in factors that cause motivation or de-motivation. Is it the weak performance of SMEs coming due to the absence of innovation and creative ideas, or is it just simply as a result of economic situation of the country where they operate which make them like that? Can entrepreneurial training help in the development of creative and innovative thinking? Which are the most suitable models for entrepreneurial training? What can be taken as concrete effects of them? How educational uni-versities and institutions affect in this regard? These and other terms related to the possibility of increasing the quality of entrepreneurship or entrepreneurship effect in enterprise performance which will be analyzed and discussed in this paper in order to make a contribution in the leading policies of enterprises but also in raising awareness to increase investment in entrepreneurial skill.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Ability, Transition Countries, SME-S, Kosovo

JEL Codes: L25

68

Factors that Affected Collaborative Governance in Spatial Planning of Depok City

David Saputra, Irfan Ridwan MaksumFaculty of Administrative Sciences, University of Indonesia

davidsaputrajbk@gmail.com

AbstractThe aims of the study areto analyse the factors that affected collaborative

governance and also efforts to build collaborative governance in spatial planning in the city of Depok. This research usedqualitative method with constructivist approach.The data collection method consists of: (1) Primary data, were collected through in-depth interviews with Public Works and Spatial Planning Departmentof Depok city; Development Planning Boardof Depok city; andstakeholders in De-pok related to the research problemsuch as housing developers and social society.(2) Secondarydata, were collected through the literature and documentation at thePublic Works and Spatial Planning Department in Depok city.

According to Indonesian laws and regulations Article 26 of 2007 on Spatial Planning, it requires that each city in Indonesia has a Green Open Space (GOC) of at least 30 percent of its territory. It is also purposed to increase cooperation of all elements forDepok’sspatial planning.

This research indicates that the implementation of collaborative governance in Depok’s spatial planning has not been effective becauseDepok only has 3227.26ha GOC less than 30 percent of 202.9 KM² city wide; the economic centralization in one particular region,should have beenintended for office or municipal services; and the role of government still dominant in cooperationwith stakeholdersin spatial planning and management through public discussion, public hearing, and public consultation. It is influenced by several factors:lack of networked struc-ture; lack ofdistributive accountability/responsibility; and lack of trust among the participants in spatial planning of Depok city.

Keywords: Collaborative Governance, Spatial Planning, Green Open SpaceJEL Code:D73

69

An Analysis of the Competitiveness of Turkish Textile Products on the Market of Kinshasa

Senior Lecturer, Jean Denis MIALA NDOMBELEUniversity of Kinshasa, Faculty of Economics and Management

Democratic Republic of Congoclub.entrepreneuriat16@yahoo.com, asmiala@yahoo.com, jdmiala23@gmail.com

Celine Marie de Fatima SANGU MATAYADeputy Attorney General, Ministry of Justice

General Prosecutor’s Office of GombeKinshasaDemocratic Republic of Congo

fatysangu@gmail.comAbstractMore and more businessmen from Kinshasa go to Istanbul (Turkey) to stock

up on manufactured products. These transactions are part of a wave that first amplified on the Kinshasa-Guangzhou (China) axis. But following the establis-hment of many Chinese traders in the DRC, this push has declined in intensity. Emerge then imports from Turkey.If in China the shopkeepers of Kinshasa buy interior decoration objects, household appliances and clothes, ... it is mainly textile products that would attract them to Turkey. Although prices are affordable, it must be recognized that these textile products of Turkish origin find some obstacles on the Congolese market. Obstacles related to the Western upscale and thrift stores very popular with the low-income population. But who buys these textiles of Turkish origin? how much do they really cost on the market of Kinshasa? what is the volume of transactions on this axis? and how much is this activity profi-table? These are our research questions. To do this, a survey will be conducted of customs services and 100 importers of Turkish textiles with shops around the big market and 5 roundabouts of Kinshasa. Using SPSS software, flat and cross sorting will be performed on the survey data. The results will be interpreted by deduction and induction. This study aims to evaluate the mobile imports of textile products, the analysis of the choice of international trade routes as well as the factors of attractiveness and competitiveness of Turkish textile products on the market of Kinshasa.

Keywords : Kinshasa, Turkish, Textiles, competitiveness, prices, qualityJEL Code:M31

70

Uluslararası Ticaret ve İşletmecilik Bölümü Öğrencilerinin Bölüm Seçmelerindeki Üniversite Faktörleri ve Kişisel Nedenler:

Çan Uygulamalı Bilimler Yüksekokulu Örneği

Dr.Öğretim Üyesi Emrah TOKGÖZÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Çan Uygulamalı Bilimler Yüksekokulu

Uluslararası Ticaret ve İşletmecilik Bölümüemrahtokgoz@comu.edu.tr

ÖzetAraştırmanın amacı, Çan Uygulamalı Bilimler Yüksekokulu, Uluslararası Ticaret ve

İşletmecilik Bölümü öğrencilerinin, bölüm seçmelerindeki üniversite faktörleri ve kişisel nedenlerinin önem sıralamasını belirleyerek; cinsiyetleri, mezun oldukları lisenin türü, anne ve babalarının eğitim seviyeleri, ailelerinin gelirleri ve geldikleri coğrafi bölge gibi demografik değişkenler açısından fark olup olmadığını ortaya koymaktır. Araştırma evrenini, 2017–2018 öğretim yılı güz döneminde, Çan Uygulamalı Bilimler Yüksekokulu, Uluslararası Ticaret ve İşletmecilik Bölümünü kazanarak kayıt yaptıran öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında hedef evrenin tümüne ulaşılması amaçlandığından, tam sayım örnekleme yön-temi tercih edilmiştir. Alan yazından yararlanarak, geçerliliği ve güvenirliği kanıtlanmış, altı boyutlu üniversite seçim ölçeği ve on altı farklı kişisel faktör kullanılarak oluşturulan anket yardımıyla, bölüme kayıt olan 44 öğrenciden veriler toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler tanımlayıcı istatistikler, güvenirlik ve faktör analizleri kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Öğrencilerin demografik değişkenleri yardımıyla, bölüm seçmelerindeki üniversite faktörleri ve kişisel nedenlerine ilişkin fark analizleri, bağımsız örneklem t testi, bağımsız örneklem tek yönlü varyans(ANOVA) ve Post Hoc testleriyle yapılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre, uluslararası ticaret ve işletmecilik bölümüne kayıt olan öğrencilerin, üniversite tercihinde en fazla dikkate aldıkları faktörler sırasıyla; (1) öğrencilere sunulan eğitim ve sosyal imkânlar, (2) akademik saygınlık, (3) üniversite hakkında bilgi edinme kaynakları, (4) ekonomik göstergeler, (5)coğrafi konum ve (6) kampüs olanakları şeklinde isimlendirilen altı faktörden oluşmaktadır. Üniversite faktörlerinin demografik açıdan oluşturduğu farklar ayrıca rapor edilmiştir. Öğrencilerin bölüm seçmelerinde etkili olan, on altı kişisel nedenin sıralamasına bakıldığında ilk üç sırada(1) iyi bir kazanç sağlayabileceğini düşünmek, (2) meslekte yükselme olanaklarının fazla olması ve (3)gelecekle ilgili amaçlarına uygun olması yer almaktadır.Kişisel nedenlerin demografik açıdan oluşturduğu farklar ayrıca rapor edilmiştir.Öğrencilerin üniversite seçi-mindeki faktörler ve kişisel nedenler arasındaki ilişki korelasyon analizi ile incelenmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, on altı kişisel nedenden on bir tanesinin üniversitenin akademik saygınlık faktörüyle anlamlı ve olumlu yönde ilişki içinde olduğu, diğer değişkenlerin sırayla; imkan, bilgi, konum, ekonomi ve kampüs şeklinde sıralandığı anlaşılmıştır.

Keywords: Üniversite Faktörleri, Bölüm Seçimi, Kişisel Nedenler, Uluslararası Ticaret ve İşletmecilik Bölümü.

JEL Codes: A22, I21

71

University Factors and Personal Causes in Program Selection of Students in the Department of International Trade and

Business: Case of Çan Applied Science School

PhD. Faculty Member Emrah TOKGÖZÇanakkale Onsekiz MartUniversity, Çan School of Applied Sciences

International Trade and Businessemrahtokgoz@comu.edu.tr

AbstractThe aim of the research is to determine the importance of the university factors and

personal causes in the department of Çan Applied Science College, International Trade and Business students and to reveal differences of demographic factors such as sex, type of high school, educational level of their parents, the income of their families and the geographical region they come from.The research universe is the students enrolled in the fall semester of 2017-2018, by winning the Department of International Trade and Business of the Çan School of Applied Science. Since it is aimed to reach the whole of the target universe within the scope of the research, full count sampling method is preferred. Using the literatüre, valid and reliable of six-dimensional university factors scale and sixteen different personal causes survey was implemented to 44 enrolled students. The data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, reliability and factor analysis.Using demographic variables of the students, variance analysisof university factors and personal causes were performed by independent sample t test, independent sample one-way variance (ANOVA) and Post Hoc tests. As a result of the study, it was determined that the factors mostly considered for university choice by students of Internationel Trade and Business are(1) educational and social facilities offered to students, (2) academic reputation, (3)sources that information is taken about university, (4) economic indicators, (5)geographical location of university and (6) campus facilities.Differences in demographic characteristics of university factors have also been reported. The first three ranks of the sixteen personal causes that are effective in the student’s program selection are (1) thinking of making a good income, (2) more opportunities for promotion in the profession and (3) fit for future purposes. Differences in personal causes have also been reported. The correlations between the university factors and the personal causes of the students were examined by a correlation analysis.According to the results, there are significant and positivecorrelationsbetween university academic reputation factor and eleven personal causes, and the other variables are facilities, information, location, economi and campus respectively.

Keywords: University Factors, Program Selection, Personal Causes, International Trade and Business Administration Department.

JEL Codes: A22, I21

72

Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği Ticari İlişkileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Doç.Dr. Ali Rıza SANDALCILAR, Arş.Gör. Tunahan HACIİMAMOĞLURecep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi

ÖzetTürkiye ile Avrupa Birliği (AB) arasında 01 Ocak 1996 tarihinde sanayi ürünleri ile

işlenmiş tarımsal ürünleri kapsayan gümrük birliği süreci başlamıştır. Zaman içerisinde, gümrük birliğinin Türkiye’nin ekonomik yapısı üzerinde olumlu ve olumsuz etkileri olmuştur ve olmaya da devam etmektedir. Türkiye ile AB arasında çok taraflı ilişkiler yürütülmektedir. Bu çalışmada gümrük birliğinin Türk dış ticaret yapısında ortaya çıkardığı etkiler analiz edilmeye çalışılacaktır. Analizlerde TUİK’ten elde edilen 1996-2017 yıllarını kapsayan dış ticaret verileri kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmada Armonize Sistem Kodu, SITC ve BEC mal sınıf-landırmalarından yararlanılarak analizler yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre elde edilen bulgular şunlardır:1996-2017 döneminde Türkiye’nin AB’ye ihracatı 12590 milyon ABD dolardan 73922 milyon ABD dolara yükselmiştir. Aynı dönemde ithalat ise 24349 milyon ABD dolardan, 85210 milyon ABD dolara yükselmiştir. İhracat 5,9 kat artarken ithalat 3,5 kat artış göstermiştir. Türkiye-AB arasındaki ticarette ihracatın ithalatı karşılama oranı 1996 yılında %51,7 iken 2017 yılında %86,8’e yükselmiştir. Bu verilerden gümrük birliği sonrası Türkiye’nin ihracat performansının ithalat performansından daha iyi gerçekleştiği sonucuna ulaşılabilir. Türkiye, genel anlamda dış ticaret açığı sorunu yaşayan bir ülkedir. 1996 yılında Türkiye’nin dış ticaret açığı 20402 milyon ABD dolar iken bu rakam 2017 yılında 76780 milyon ABD dolara yükselmiştir. AB kaynaklı dış ticaret açığın toplam dış ticaret açığı içerisindeki payı 1996 yılında %57,6 iken 2017 yılında %14,7 seviyelerine geri-lemiştir. Bu durum gümrük birliğinin olumlu sonuçları arasında gösterilebilir. Dış ticaret verilerinden elde edilebilen bir diğer sonuç ise, Türkiye’nin en fazla ihracat yaptığı (toplam ihracatın yaklaşık %69’u) 20 ülkenin 10’u AB ülkelerinde; en fazla ithalat yaptığı (toplam ithalatın yaklaşık %70’i) ülkelerin 9’u AB ülkelerinden oluşmaktadır. Günümüzde Türkiye, AB ülkelerine en fazla tüketim malı ihraç ederken, en fazla hammadde (aramal) ithalatı yapmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye- AB gümrük birliğinin oluşturulduğu tarihten günümüze kadar geçen 19 yıllık dönemde tarafların dış ticaret yapısında dengeli bir değişimin ortaya çıktığı görülmektedir. Alt sektörler bazında yapılacak detaylı analizlerde, taraflar arasında gümrük birliğinin olumlu ve/veya olumsuz etkilerin tespit edilmesi; zaman içerisinde hangi mal gruplarında karşılaştırmalı üstünlüklerin elde edildiği, hangilerinde karşılaştırmalı üstünlüklerin kaybedildiği daha ayrıntılı ortaya konulabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye, Avrupa Birliği, Gümrük Birliği, Dış TicaretJEL Kodları: F10, F11, F13, F15, F43

73

An Evaluation on Trade Relations Between Turkey and the European Union

Assoc.Prof.Dr. Ali Rıza SANDALCILAR, Resch.Asst. Tunahan HACIİMAMOĞLURecep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi

AbstractTurkey and the European Union (EU) customs union process, covering industrial

products and processed agricultural products, began on January 1, 1996. The customs union has been positive and a negative impact on Turkey’s economic structure, and con-tinues to do so. The relations between the EU and Turkey are conducted in the form of multilateral relations. In this study, the effects of the customs union on Turkish foreign trade structure will be tried to be analyzed. Foreign trade data covering the years 1996-2017 obtained from the TURKSTAT are used in the analyzes. In the study, analyzes were made by using the harmonized system code, SITC and BEC commodity Codes. The findings of the analysis are as follows: Turkey’s exports to the EU during the period 1996-2017 has increased to 73922 million dollars from 12590 million dollars. On the other hand, imports rose to US dollars 85210 million from US dollars 24349 million. Exports increased by 5.9 times, while imports increased by 3.5 times. The export-import ratio was 51.7% in trade between Turkey and the EU in 1996. This ratio increased to 86.8% in 2017. With this data, following the customs union, Turkey’s export performance can be said to occur better from imports. In general, Turkey is a country with a trade deficit problem. Turkey’s foreign trade deficit in 1996 was 20402 million US dollars. This value increased to 76780 million US dollars in 2017. The share of EU-originated foreign trade openness in total foreign trade deficit decreased from 57.6% in 1996 to 14.7% in 2017. This can be illustrated by the positive results of the customs union. Another result that can be obtained from the foreign trade data, the 10 countries of Turkey’s most exports to 20 countries (about 69% of total exports) are in the EU countries while the 9 countries of Turkey’s most imports from 20 countries (about 70% of total imports) are in the EU countries. Today, Turkey is exporting most consumer goods to EU countries while it imports most raw materials (intermediate goods).As a result, it appears that a balanced shift in the foreign trade structure of the parties has emerged in the period of today from the creation of the customs union. In the detailed analyzes to be made on the basis of sub-sectors, positive and / or negative effects of the customs union may be determined between the parties; over time, it can be put in more detail that the parties have comparative advantages in which groups of goods have been obtained and / or where comparative advantages have been lost.

Keywords: Turkey, European Union, Customs Union, Foreign Trade

JEL Codes: F10, F11, F13, F15, F43

74

Döviz Rezerv Yeterlilik Göstergelerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Kazakistan Örneği

Aziza SyzdykovaArş.Gör Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi, Doktora Öğrencisi Gazi Üniversitesi,

SBE, İşletme Bölümü, azizayesevi@gmail.comAktolkin Abubakirova

Öğr.Üyesi Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesiaktolkin.abubakirova@ayu.edu.kz

ÖzetUluslararası rezervler, uluslararası para sistemi içinde önemli bir yere sa-

hiptir ve ülkelerin ekonomik gücünü yansıtan önemli göstergelerden biridir. Bu sebepten uluslararası rezerv konusu sürekli araştırılan bir konu olmuştur. Ancak yapılan literatür taramasında, çalışmaları büyük çoğunluğunun teorik olduğu görülmüştür. Uygulamalı çalışmalar ise rezervin optimum seviyesini bulmaya odaklanmıştır. Bu çalışmada uluslararası rezervlerin kompozisyonu, rezerv talebi ve maliyeti, rezerv yeterlilik göstergeleri teorik olarak anlatıldıktan sonra, Ka-zakistan için 2000-2016 yılları arasında rezerv yeterliliği değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirilme yapılırken teorideki rezerv yeterlilik yaklaşımları esas alınmıştır.

Anahtar Sözcükler: Döviz Rezervi, Kazakistan, Merkez Bankası, İthalat, Para Arzı, Kısa Vadeli Borç.

JEL Kodu:E00, E58, E60, F31

75

Evaluation of Foreign Exchange Reserve Proficiency Indicators: The Case of Kazakhstan

*Aziza Syzdykova, **Aktolkin Abubakirova*Resch Asst. Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi, PhD Student Gazi University,

**PhD. Faculty Member Ahmet Yesevi University

AbstractInternational reserves have an important place in the international monetary

system and are one of the important indicators reflecting the economic potential of the countries. For this reason, the subject of international reserves has been a constantly explored issue. But a literature search, it is seen that the wide majority of studies are theoretical. Applied studies have focused on finding the optimum level of the reserve. In this study, after the composition of international reserves, reserve demand and cost, reserve adequacy indicators are explained theoretically, adequacy of reserves between the years 2000-2016 were evaluated for Kazakhstan. This evaluation is being performed, it is based on the reserve adequacy approa-ches in theory.

Keywords: Foreign Reserves, Kazakhstan, Central Bank, Import, Money Supply, Short-term Debt

JEL Code:E00, E58, E60, F31

76

OECD’nin Matrah Aşindirma ve Kar Aktarma Eylem Plani (BEPS)

Öğr.Görv. Yunus KÖSESakarya Üniversitesi

Özet Uluslararası vergilemede işbirliğinin ortaya çıktığı ilk yıllarda temel argüman

çifte vergilemeyi önlemekti. Ancak yıllar içerisinde ekonomi, şirketlerin ticaret şekilleri ve teknoloji büyük bir değişim yaşadı. Ancak uluslararası mali mevzuat aynı hızla değişmedi. Bu durum çok uluslu şirketler için yeni bir mecra açtı. Çok uluslu şirketler uluslararası mali mevzuatlardaki farklı uygulamaları ve boşlukları değerlendirerek karlarını vergilemenin az olduğu veya hiç olmadığı lokasyonlara aktarmaya başladılar. Son yıllarda başta G20 ve OECD ülkeleri olmak üzere pek çok ülkenin mali gündemini meşgul eden bu durum ülkelerin bütçe gelirleri üzerinde olumsuz etkilere neden oldu. Artık vergilemede yeni argüman zararlı vergi uygulamalar olmuştu.

Bu kapsamda OECD başta olmak üzere, IMF, Dünya Bankası ve bölgesel teşkilatlar ortaklaşa veya ayrı ayrı çalışmalar sürdürmektedir. Bu çalışmalardan en kapsamlı olanı G20 ülkelerinin talebi üzerine OECD’nin ortaya koyduğu “BEPS Eylem Planı” olmuştur. BEPS Eylem Planı’nın temel amacı ülkelerin mali mev-zuatlarında yer alan uyumsuzluklar sayesinde vergi planlama stratejileri ile sanal olarak karın düşük vergili veya vergisiz lokasyonlara taşınmasını önlemektir.

Anahtar Sözcükler: BEPS, Matrah Aşınması, Kar Aktarımı, Çok Uluslu Şirketler

JEL Kodu:H26

77

Oecd Base Erosion And Profit Shifting Action Plan (Beps)

Lect. Yunus KÖSESakarya University

AbstractMultinational company capital emerging under the influence of globalization,

it acts in a wide geographical area due to differences and gaps in international tax practices. the fact that many tax administrators do not receive tax from profits belonging to multinational corporations or that they receive low taxes reveals the concept of “aggressive tax planning”. Multinational corporations transfer their profits to countries that are not taxable or are low taxable through international companies they have established by using the differences in local legislation and the Double Taxation Treaties.The measures taken at the local level have been ina-dequate in this process and governments have begun to take many initiatives to prevent tax losses and smuggling on international platforms. The most noteworthy of these attempts is the “Base Erosion and Profit Shifting(BEPS),” which was announced by the OECD in early 2013.Finance Ministers of the G20 countries met in July 2013 to mandate the OECD to prepare an action plan for BEPS. The Financial Affairs Committee of the OECD prepared the BEPS Action Plan and submitted it for the approval of the participants at the G20 Leaders’ Summit in Saint Petersburg in September 2013. Final Report on Action Plans was published at the G20 Leaders’ Summit held in 2015. The BEPS Action Plan identifies the actions that should be taken in relation to the ablation of the base and the trans-fer of the profits, sets the dates for the realization of these actions and shows the resources and methods necessary for the implementation of such actions.

Keywords: Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, Agressive Tax Planning, Double Taxation

JEL Codes: H26

78

Ağ ve Nedensellik Analizi Çerçevesinde Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde İhracata Yönelik Büyüme Hipotezi

Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Reyhan CAFRIÇankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi

reyhanc@yahoo.comÖzet

Toplumlarda kişi başına düşen reel gelirin, refahın artırılabilmesi ve işsizliğin azal-tılabilmesi ekonomik büyüme oranının artırılmasına bağlı olduğundan, büyümenin nasıl gerçekleştirilebileceği ekonomilerin en önemli sorunlarından birisi olmuştur. Ekonomik büyüme seviyesinin arttırılabilmesi ve sürdürülebilir hale gelmesi için en önemli yollardan birisinin de ihracatı artırmak olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Çünkü ihracattaki artış, ekono-mideki mal ve hizmetlerin üretimini ve rekabetin artmasını da sağlamaktadır. Rekabet artışı ve ülkelerin ticari ilişkileri, yeni teknolojiler ile ilgili bilgilerin yayılmasına imkân vererek ekonominin verimliliğinin olumlu yönde etkilenmesini sağlayacak, özellikle de yüksek nitelik gerektiren yeni becerilerin elde edilmesine ve etkin bir fiyat mekanizma-sının işlemesine yol açacaktır. Bunun yanı sıra; ihracattan elde edilen döviz, ödemeler dengesi üzerinde olumlu katkı sağlayarak ülkelerin yerli üretimini arttırmak için önemli olan mal ve hizmet ithalatının da artmasına imkân tanıyarak, büyümeyi destekleyici hale gelecektir. İhracat artışının büyümeyi pozitif olarak etkilediğine dair düşünce literatürde “ihracata yönelik büyüme hipotezi” olarak yer almaktadır. Yapılan bazı çalışmaların am-pirik sonuçları ihracata yönelik büyüme hipotezini desteklerken bazıları ise destekleme-mektedir. Birçok araştırmacı tarafından ihracata yönelik büyümenin gerçekleştirildiği kabul edilirken, bazı ampirik bulguların bu görüşü desteklemediği ortaya çıkmıştır, hatta ihracattaki büyümenin ekonomik büyümeye negatif etkisi olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Bu çalışmada gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin karşılıklı ihracat durumları (dolayısıyla ithalat durumları) ağ analizi ile dikkate alınarak merkez ve çevre ülkeler belirlenerek en-deks oluşturulmaktadır. Ağ analizinden elde edilen ihracat endeksi ile büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin varlığı bootstrap nedensellik analizi ile incelenmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler için ihracata yönelik büyüme hipotezinin geçerliliğini yeni tekniklerle test etmek amaçlanmaktadır. Analiz sonucunda merkez ülkeler (genellikle gelişmiş) için ihracata yönelik büyüme hipotezinin geçerliliği doğrulanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: İhracat, Büyüme, Ağ analizi, Bootstrap Nedensellik

JEL Kodları: F14, O47, D85, C33

79

Export – led Growth Hypothesis in Developed and Developing Countries Based on Network and Causality Analysis

PhD. Faculty Member Reyhan CAFRIÇankırı Karatekin University

reyhanc@yahoo.com

AbstractIn societies, one of the most important problems of the economy is how growth can

be achieved, because the increase of per capita real income and welfare, and the reduction of unemployment depend on the increase of the economic growth rate. It has been claimed that one of the most important ways to increase the level of economic growth and make it sustainable is to increase exports. Because, the increase in exports also ensures the production of goods and services as well as an increase in competition in the economy. Competition growth and trade relations of countries will lead to the spread of information about new technologies, which will positively impact the efficiency of the economy and, in particular, lead to the acquisition of new skills with high quality and the operation of an effective price mechanism. In addition to that, the foreign exchange earned from exports will make a positive contribution to the balance of payments. This will allow imports of goods and services, which are important for increasing the domestic production of countries, and become supportive of growth. The idea that the increase in exports positively affects growth is called the “export-led growth hypothesis” in the literature. The empirical results of some of the past studies support the export-led growth hypothesis, while others do not. While it has been endorsed by many researchers that the export-led growth has taken place, it has been found that some empirical findings do not support this view. It has even been suggested that the growth in exports has a negative effect on economic growth. In this study, the current state of the mutual exports of developed and developing countries (hence import states) was taken into consideration through a network analysis. An index was established by determining the central and peripheral countries. The presence of the relationship between the export index and growth, obtained from the network analysis, was examined using a bootstrap causality analysis. In this context, it was aimed to test using new techniques the validity of the export-led growth hypothesis for developed and developing countries. As a result of the analysis, the validity of the export-led growth hypothesis for central countries (generally developed) was confirmed.

Keywords: Exports, Growth, Network Analysis, Bootstrap Causality

JEL Codes: F14, O47, D85, C33

80

Büyük ve Orta Boy İşletmeler İçin Finansal Raporlama Standartları’ndan Hasılat Standartı’nın; Türkiye ve Somali İncelemesi

Dr. Öğr. Üyesi. Gökhan Baral, Ahmed M. AliSakarya Üniversitesi

baral@sakarya.edu.tr, ahmed.ali@ogr.sakarya.edu.trÖzetBu çalışmada, Türkiye ve Somali’deki Büyük ve Orta Boy İşletmelerin hasılatları-

nın muhasebe kayıt düzenleri ve finansal raporlama uygulamaları incelenmiştir. Büyük ve Orta Boy İşletmeler (BOBİ) üretim ve istihdamın büyük bölümünü sağlayarak ülke ekonomilerine katkı verdikleri söylenebilir. BOBİ’lerin; bölgelerarası adil kalkınmada, mülkiyeti geniş bir alana yaymada, istihdam olanağı sağlamada, bireysel tasarrufları teşvik etmede önemli bir rol oynadıkları görülmektedir. Son yıllarda artan rekabet ortamında, BOBİ’lerin muhasebe ve finansman yapıları da giderekönem kazanmıştır.

“Uluslararası Muhasebe Standartları” Somali’de işletmeler için zorunlu değildir. Ancak uluslararası yatırımcı firmalar “Uluslararası Finansal Raporlama Standartları”nı kullan-maktadırlar. Uluslararası Finansal Raporlama Standartlarını kullanmak artık uluslararası yatırımcıları çekebilmenin ve küresel ekonomiye eklemlenebilmenin ön koşulu olmuştur.

Türkiye’deki uygulamalar ise Somali’den oldukça farklıdır. Türkiye’de Kamu Ya-rarını İlgilendiren Kuruluşlar (KAYİK) Uluslararası Muhasebe ve Uluslararası Finansal Raporlama Standartları’nı uygulamak zorundadır. Mikro veya küçük ölçekli olan işletmeler bu uygulamanın dışında tutulmuştur. Bunlar Türk Muhasebe Sistemi Uygulama Genel Tebliğleri ve Vergi Usul Kanunu kapsamında kayıt ve raporlama yapmaktadırlar. Ancak BOBİ’ler için 29 Temmuz 2017 tarihi itibariyle ayrı bir standart olan BOBİ FRS (Büyük ve  Orta Boy İşletmeler İçin Finansal Raporlama Standartları) T.C. Resmi Gazete’sinde yayımlanmıştır. Buna göre BOBİ tanımına uyan işletmeler Türkiye’de artık BOBİ FRS kapsamında finansal raporlama yapmak zorundadırlar. BOBİ FRS ise kısaca uluslararası muhasebe ve finansal raporlama standartlarının sadeleştirilmiş ve basitleştirilmiş daha yalın bir halini ifade etmektedir. BOBİ FRS ile kolaylaşacak olan uygulamanın etkinlik ve yaygınlık kazanması beklenmektedir.

Türkiye’deki BOBİ FRS (Büyük ve  Orta Boy İşletmeler İçin Finansal Raporlama Standartları) Somali’deki BOBİ’lerin muhasebe ve finansal raporlama süreçlerinde kar-şılaştıkları sorunlara yönelik bir çözüm alternatifidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Somali, Türkiye, Muhasebe Standartları, BOBİ FRS, UMS/UFRS

JEL Kodu:O16

81

Financial Reporting Standards of Revenue for Large and Medium-sized Enterprises; Review of Turkey and Somalia

Phd. Faculty Member Gökhan Baral, Ahmed M. AliSakarya University

baral@sakarya.edu.tr, ahmed.ali@ogr.sakarya.edu.tr

AbstarctIn this study, the accounting records and financial reporting practices of revenues

of large and medium-sized enterprises in Turkey and Somalia were examined. Large and Medium-sized Enterprises can contribute to the country’s economy by providing a large portion of production and employment. Large and Medium-sized Enterprises play an important role in promoting individual savings, regional equitable development, spreading property over a wide area, providing employment opportunities, and so on. In the increa-singly competitive environment in recent years, the accounting and financing structures of large and Medium-sized Enterprises have become increasingly important.”International Accounting Standards” are not mandatory for enterprises in Somalia. However, international investor companies use “International Financial Reporting Standards”. Using International Financial Reporting Standards has now become a prerequisite for attracting international investors and for incorporating global economics. The application inTurkey is quitediffe-rentfromthatof Somalia. The public interest entities or public profit-seeking organizations in Turkey is obliged to implement the International Accounting and International Financial Reporting Standards. Micro or small-scale businesses are excluded from this application. These businesses do record and report under the scope of Turkey general communique on accounting system application and tax procedure law. As of July 29, 2017, the Financial Reporting Standards for Large and Medium-Sized Enterprises was published in the official newspaper of the Republic of Turkey. Accordingly to this, In Turkey, the businesses that meet the definition of Large and Medium-Sized Enterprises hereafter are compulsory to report within the scope of Large and Medium-Sized Enterprises Financial Reporting Standards. The Financial Reporting Standards of the Large and Medium-Sized Businesses are simplified version of the international accounting and financial reporting standards. Large and Medium Enterprises Financial Reporting Standards are expected to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the application. Financial Reporting Standards of Large and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Turkey will be an alternative solution to the problems of financial reporting encountered by the Somalia’s large and medium-sized businesses.

Keywords: Somalia, Turkey, Accounting Standards, Large and Medium-Sized En-terprises Financial Reporting Standards, IAS / IFRS.

JEL Code:O16

82

Petrol Fiyatlarındaki Değişimlerin Petrol İhracatçısı ve İthalatçısı Ülkelerin Enflasyonu Üzerindeki Etkileri: Panel Veri

Analizi

Sabit BAİMAGANBETOV, Aktolkin ABUBAKİROVAsabit@gmail.com, aktolkin.abubakirova@ayu.edu.kz

ÖzetPetrol fiyatlarındaki değişimler petrol ihracatçısı ve petrol ithalatçısı ülkelerin

makro ekonomik değişkenleri üzerinde farklı etkiler yaratmaktadır. Örneğin petrol fiyatlarında meydana gelen artış petrol ihracatçısı ülkeler için iyi haber iken, petrol ithalatçısı ülkeler için maliyet yönlü enflasyon başta olmak üzere bazı ekonomik sorunlara yol açmaktadır. Bu bağlamda petrol fiyatları ile enflasyon arasında pozitif iilişki mevcut olduğu literatürde çok tartışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada petrol fiyatlarında meydana gelen değişimlerin önemli petrol ihracatçısı ve ithalatçısı ülkelerin enflasyonu üzerinde etkileri panel veri yöntemleri ile araştırılmaktadır. Pesaran vd. (2008) yatay kesit bağımlılık testinden elde edilen bulgular, yatay kesit bağımlılık olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu nedenle, yatay kesit bağımlılığı dikkate alan Westerlund (2007) yaklaşımı ile eş-bütünleşme ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, de-ğişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkileri Emirmahmutoğlu ve Köse (2011) panel nedensellik testi ile araştırılmıştır. Petrol ithalatçısı ülkelerde enflasyon ile Brent tipi ham petrol fiyatları arasında hem uzun, hem de dönemde ilişki mevcuttur. Uzun dönemde Petrol fiyatlarının enflasyon üzerinde etkili olması ham petrol fiyatlarında meydana gelen artışların enflasyonu arttıracağı göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler : Petrol Fiyatları, Panel Nedensellik, Panel Eş-bütünleşmeJEL Kodu: C23, C33, Q43

83

The Effects Of Oil Prices On Inflation In Oil Importing And Oil-Exporting Countries: Panel Data Analysis

Sabit BAİMAGANBETOV, Aktolkin ABUBAKİROVAsabit@gmail.com, aktolkin.abubakirova@ayu.edu.kz

AbstractThis paper assesses empirically the effects of Brent oil price on the enflation

for the monthly period 2003-2016 in oil exporting and importing countries by using Westerlund (2007) panel co-integration test. Pesaran et al. (2008) finds that the cross sectional dependence test is cross-section dependence for regional real income per capita. For this reason, the Westerland (2007) approach considering cross section dependence has examined the cointegration relationship. In addi-tion, causal relations between variables were investigated by Emirmahmutoglu nad Kose (2011) using panel Granger causality test.

Keywords: Oil Prices, Panel Causality Test, Panel Cointegration TestJEL Codes: C22,C23,Q43

84

Çalışanların Yenilikçi Davranışları Üzerinde İş Arkadaşları ve Yöneticinin Etkisinin Karşılaştırılmalı Olarak İncelenmesi

Doç. Dr. Öznur BOZKURTDüzce Üniversitesi, İşletme Fakültesi, oznurbozkurt@duzce.edu.tr

Armağan ERCANDüzce Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bil. Enst.Girişimcilik ABD, armagan.ercan1453@

gmail.comÖzetYenilik, ister ulusal ister uluslararası boyutta düşünülsün hemen her türlü işletme

için rekabetin itici gücü olarak değerlendirilmektedir. İşletmelerin mal ya da hizmetlerinde yapacakları yeniliklerde yönetimin bu konudaki istekliliği ve bilgi düzeyi kadar çalışanların bu yeniliklere karşı tutumları da oldukça etkilidir. Yenilikleri oluşturmak asla tek başına yeterli olmayacaktır. Bu yeniliklerin uygulanması ve desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. Çalı-şanların yenilikçiliğe gönüllü olması, yenilikleri destekleyici yönde davranış sergilemesi işletmede yeniliklerin daha kolay hayata geçirilmesini ve sürdürülmesini sağlayacaktır. Çalışanların yenilikçi davranış sergilemesinde örgütsel ve bireysel birçok faktör etkili olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, örgüt ortamlarında yeniliklerin en etkili belirleyicisi olarak iş görenlerin yenilikçi davranışlarını etkileyen yönetici davranışları ve bir o kadar yeni-likçilikte etkili olduğu düşünülen çalışma arkadaşları desteği inceleme konusu olmuştur. Yöneticiler belirledikleri politikalar ile yenilikleri ortaya çıkarma sürecinde aktif rol alırlar. Çalışanlar ise yenilik sürecinin her aşamasında fikir ve davranışları ile yeniliklere yön verirler. Çalışanlar yenilikçi adımlar atma noktasında yöneticilerden etkilendiği kadar birlikte çalıştıkları iş arkadaşlarında da etkilenebilir. Bu etkileşim yenilikçi davranışlar için tetikleyici bir güç oluşturabileceği gibi tam aksine yeniliklerin önünü kesecek olumsuz tutumlara da sebep olabilir. Bu çalışmada örgüt üyelerinin yenilikçi davranışlarında yöne-ticinin etkisi ve çalışma arkadaşının etkisi birbiri ile karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenecektir. Araştırmada birincil verilerin toplanması için nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden anket tek-niği kullanılacaktır. Yenilikçi iş davranışlarını ölçmek için De Jong J.P.J. ve Den Hartog, D.N. tarafından 2010 yılında geliştirilen ”yenilikçi iş davranışları” ölçeği kullanılacaktır. İş arkadaşlarının ve yöneticinin desteğini ölçmek için ise Giray ve Şahin tarafından 2012 yılında geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması yapılan “algılanan örgütsel, yönetici ve çalışma arkadaşları desteği ölçeği” kullanılacaktır. Düzce ilinde büyük işletmeler kategorisinde faaliyet gösteren işletmelerden elde edilecek olan veriler SPSS programı ile analiz edilerek araştırmanın cevap aradığı temel sorulara cevap bulunacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Yenilikçilik, yenilikçi davranış, yönetim desteği, çalışma ar-kadaşı desteği

JEL Kodu: J24, M11, O31

85

Comparative Investigation Of Effects Of The Colleague and The Manager On The Innovative Behavior Of The Employees

Assoc. Prof.Dr. Öznur BOZKURTDüzce University, oznurbozkurt@duzce.edu.tr

Armağan ERCANDüzce University, armagan.ercan1453@gmail.com

Abstract Innovation is considered as the driving force of competition for almost any business,

whether it is considered national or international. Employees’ attitudes towards these innovations are also very influential in the innovations. Employees’ attitudes towards these innovations are also quite influential, as are the willingness and level of knowledge of the management of innovations in the business of goods or services. Creating inno-vations will never be enough by itself. These innovations need to be implemented and supported. Volunteering for employees’ innovations will help make innovations easier to live and maintain while operating behavior displays that support innovations. Organi-zational and individual factors are influential in the innovative behavior of employees. In this study, managerial behaviors and colleagues’ support that affect the behavior of workers were examined. It is assumed that managers as well as colleagues will influence innovative behavior. Managers take an active role in the process of discovering innovati-ons with politics. Employees direct innovations with ideas and behaviors at every stage of innovation process. Employees can also be influenced by managers at the point of taking innovative steps as well as with colleagues they work with. This interaction can create a triggering force for innovative behaviors, and on the contrary, it can also lead to negative attitudes to cut innovation. In this study, the influence of the manager and the influence of his colleague on the innovative behaviors of the members of the organization will be examined in comparison with each other. For the collection of primary data in the sur-vey, a questionnaire of quantitative research methods will be used. Innovative business behavior” scale will be used to measure innovative business behaviors, It is developed by De Jong J.P.J. and Den Hartog, D.N in 2010. In order to measure the support of colleagues and administrators, Giray and Şahin’s scale will be used. The validity and reliability study of this scale was made by the authors in 2012. the primary data will be obtained from the enterprises operating in the large category of businesses in Düzce. The data will be analyzed by the SPSS program and the main questions of the research will be answered.

Keywords: Innovation, innovative behavior, management support, colleague support

JEL Code: J24, M11, O31

86

Denizli Çardak Havaalanı Kargo Terminali Gerekliliği

Prof. Dr. Aydin Sari Ekonomi Bölümü, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Denizli

20070, Turkey, asari@pau.edu.tr

Dr.Öğretim Üyesi Ertürk Alptekin Sermaye Piyasasi Bölümü, Uygulamalı Bilimler Yüksekokulu, Pamukkale Üniversitesi,

Denizli 20930, Turkey, ealptekin@pau.edu.tr

Öğr. Gör. Hakan Demir Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü, Çivril Atasay Kamer Meslek Yüksekokulu, Pamukkale

Üniversitesi, Denizli 20930, Turkey, hdemir@pau.edu.tr

ÖzetHava ulaşımıolan kentlerdeki ekonomik gelişimler hız kazanmaktadır. Hava alanla-

rının sadece yolcu taşıma amaçlı kullanımının etkinliği düşündürücü olmaktadır. Kargo taşıma terminallerinin kurulması işler hale gelmesi havaalanının etkinliğini artırmakla kalmamakta kentin ekonomisinde görünür yapısal değişimler de ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu nedenle Denizli Çardak havaalanında kargo terminalinin açılması ile birlikte hava alanı daha işlek hale gelecektir. Denizli şehir içinde ve hinterlandında dağıtıcı kargo firmaları yanında komşu illerde ihtiyaç duyulan hizmetleri yerine getirmede önemli bir görevi yerine getirecektir. Diğer bir deyişle bölge kentlerin ihtiyacını da karşılayacaktır. Hava kargonun gelişmemesi sanayileşmiş kentlerin daha ileri kalkınma düzeylerine geçmesini engellerken, bölge gelişmişliğini de yavaşlatmaktadır. Denizli ili tek başına 2016 yılında 3 milyar dolarınüzerinde ihracat gerçekleştirmiştir. Özellikli Kablo ve Bakır Tel-Demir Dışı Metaller (817 milyon $), Mermer-Traverten ve Madencilik Ürünleri (262 milyon $), Hazır Giyim ve Konfeksiyon (1.379 milyon $), Demir-Çelik (262 milyon $), en önemli ih-racat kalemlerini oluşturmaktadır. Denizli sanayi kenti olmasının yanında aynı zamanda önemli bir tarım kentidir. Ürettiği tarımsal ürünler de başta Rusya Federasyonu olmak üzere 80’e yakın ülkeye ihraç edilmektedir. Bölge illere bakıldığında Burdur, Uşak, Muğla ve Aydın illerinin ihracat rakamı 1.5 milyar dolara yaklaşmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, bölgede Denizli Çardak Hava Limanı (DHMİ) hava kargo terminali açılması ege bölgesi ve çevre iller açısından hızlı kalkınmanın öncülüğünü yapacaktır.Hava kargo terminali açılması Denizli ve bölge illerinin küresel pazara ulaşımını ve ihtiyaç duyulan mekanizasyonun teminini kolaylaştıracak, rekabet gücünü artıracaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Hava ulaşım, İthalat, İhracat, Kent Ekonomisi, Sanayi Dönü-şümü, GSMH, Türkiye Ekonomisi

JEL Kodu:F14, K33, O18, R41

87

Denizli Çardak Airport Cargo Terminal Requirement

Prof. Dr. Aydın Sarı Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences,

Pamukkale University, Denizli 20070, Turkey, asari@pau.edu.tr

PhD Faculty Member Ertürk Alptekin Capital Markets Department, School of Applied Sciences, Pamukkale

University, Denizli 20930, Turkey, ealptekin@pau.edu.tr

Lect. PhD Hakan Demir International Trade Department, Çivril Atasay Kamer Vocational School,

Pamukkale University, Denizli 20930, Turkey, hdemir@pau.edu.tr

AbstractDevelopment will be faster in the city that has an airport. It is thought that the

airports are used only for passenger transportation whether it is effective or not. Cargo terminals increase the effective of the airport; also, they change the structure of the urban economics. Therefore, the airport Çardak in Denizli will become busy, after cargo termi-nal is opened. Denizli has many cargo companies, besides, hinterlands are wider. So the airport answers what it is needed from cargo terminal. In other words it is provided the other neighbour cities’ necessaries. While it prevents from the development of urbans, undeveloped air cargo slows down the growth of the region. Denizli exports 3 billion $ itself in 2016. Particularly, Cable, iron and copper wire are 817 million$, marble-travertine and mine are 262 million$ and the biggest exporter goods are textile and confection are 1.379 million$. Iron and steel are 262 million”q$. Denizli is not only industrial urban also agriculture urban. It has exported the agricultural goods first Russian Federation then other almost 80 countries. On the other hand, in the hinterlands there are Burdur, Uşak, Muğla and Aydın. Their export figure is 1.5 billion$. As a result, if the airport, Çardak, has a cargo terminal, airport leads the growth of the region of Aegean. When air cargo terminal is opened, it will facilitate to reach the further market for the region and Denizli and the need of mechanisation. So the competitive power will increase.

Keywords: Air Transportation, Import, Export, Urban Economics, Industry Evolu-tion, GDP, Turkish Economy

JEL Codes:F14, K33, O18, R41

88

Türkiye’nin Sağlık Politikaları ve Sağlık Harcamaları ile Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi

Arş.Gör.Hilal GündoğanSakarya Üniversitesi, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, İktisat

Celal AlpdoğanSakarya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sağlık Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı

Özet1998-2016 döneminde Türkiye’ye ait genel sağlık harcamaları ve GSYİH ve-

rilerinin kullanıldığı analizde sağlık harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme arasın-daki ilişkinin varlığı incelenmiştir. Bilindiği gibi kalkınma ekonomisinin temel dinamiklerinden birisi de beşeri sermayeye katkı sağlayan sağlık harcamalarıdır. Yapılan sağlık harcamaları, kişinin çalışma kapasitesini artırarak ve ileride kar-şılaşabileceği sağlık sorunlarına karşı koruyarak beşeri sermayenin artmasına destek vererek ülke kalkınmasında önemli bir rol oynar. Granger nedensellik test sonuçlarına göre GSYİH’dan sağlık harcamalarına doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca uzun dönemli ilişkinin varlığının sınandığı Jo-hansen eşbütünleşme testi sonuçlarına göre ekonomik büyüme ile sağlık harca-maları arasında uzun dönemli ilişkinin olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ekonomik büyümedeki artış sağlık harcamalarında da artışa neden olmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Sağlık ekonomisi, kalkınma ekonomisi, nedensellik, sağlık harcamaları

JEL Kodu: I15, I18, C12, C01, H51

89

Turkey’s Health Policy and Relation between Health Expenditures and Economic Growth Relation

Resc.Asst. Hilal GündoğanSakarya University

Celal AlpdoğanSakarya University

AbstractIn the period of 1998-2016, the existence of the relation between health expen-

ditures and economic growth in Turkey’s general health expenditure and GDP-based analysis of use has been examined. As is known, one of the basic dynamics of the development economy is the health expenditures that contribute to the human capital. The health spending plays an important role in the development of the country by increasing the working capacity of the person and by supporting the increase of the human capital by protecting against future health problems. Ac-cording to Granger causality test results, a one-way causality relationship emerged from GDP to health spending. In addition, according to Johansen cointegration test results of the existence of a long-term relationship, it is concluded that there is a long-term relationship between economic growth and health expenditures. The increase in economic growth also leads to an increase in health expenditures.

Keywords: Health Economics, Development Economics, Causality, Health Expenditures

JEL Code: I15, I18, C12, C01, H51

90

Tüketicilerin Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkilerin Tüketim ve Pazarlanmasına İlişkin Görüşlerini Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir

Alan Çalışması: Düzce Üniversitesi Örneği

Dr. Ahmet ÜNALİnönü Üniversitesi, BAP Koordinasyon Birimi, Malatya

ahmet.unal@inonu.edu.trDr. Öğretim Üyesi, Yıldırım YILDIRIMDüzce Üniversitesi Akçakoca T.İ.O.Y.O.

yildirimyildirim@duzce.edu.tr

ÖzetDünyada ve Türkiye’de, kimyasal ürünlerin sebep oldukları olumsuz yan et-

kiler, tüketicilerin doğal ürünlere yönelimini her geçen gün arttırmaktadır. Ayrıca dünya üzerinde yaşlı nüfusundaki artış, bitkilerin tıbbi faydalarını ortaya koyan yeni çalışmalar, geleneksel tedavi yöntemlerinin gelişmiş ülkelerce kabul görmesi, obezite vb. nedenlerle tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilere olan talebin artmasını sağlamıştır. Ormanlardan elde edilen başlıca ürünler, odun hammaddesidir. Özellikle son zamanlarda hem tüketim hem de endüstriyel alanda çok çeşitli ürünlerin gıda, tıp, eczacılık vb. alanlarda talebinin arttığı görülmektedir. Ancak bu artış doğal kaynakların üzerinde de bir baskının oluşmasını sağlamaktadır. Aşırı tüketim, kaynakların verimli kullanılmaması ve yasadışı yollarla bu ürünlerin ticaretinin yapılması özellikle bazı türlerin yok olma tehlikesi ile karşı karşıya kalmasına sebep olmaktadır. Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda kar-şılaşılan en önemli sorunlardan biri; sınıflandırmada birliğin olmamasıdır. Tıp, botanik, tarım vb. hemen her bilim dalı sınıflandırma yaparken farklı şekillere yer vermektedir. Bu zorluk konu üzerine çalışmak isteyenleri her bir alanı ayrı ayrı araştırmaya itmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler, Tüketici Görüşleri, PazarlamaJEL Kodu: M3, M30, M31

91

Identifying the Views of Consumers’ Opinions on Consumption and Marketing of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: A Case Study

at Düzce University

Dr. Ahmet ÜNALİnönü University, BAP Coordination Unit, Malatya

ahmet.unal@inonu.edu.trPhD. Faculty Member Yıldırım YILDIRIM

Duzce University Akçakoca S.T.H.M.yildirimyildirim@duzce.edu.tr

AbstractNegative adverse effects caused by chemical products increase consumers’

tendencies toward natural products in Turkey and all over the world today. Furt-hermore, other reasons; such as the increase in the aging population, recent studies indicating medical benefits of plants, acceptance of traditional treatment methods by developed countries, and obesity have all contributed to the growing demand for medical and aromatic plants. Wood is the primary product derived from forests. Especially, in the fields of food, medicine, and pharmacy, an increased demand of various products has been noticed, which are all meant for consumption and come from different fields. However, this increase results in straining our natural resources. Overconsumption, not using resources efficiently, and trading the abovementioned products illegally, can potentially cause danger of extinction for some species of plants. One of the problems that is faced in the studies of medicinal and aromatic plants is that there is no unity in the Code. Almost each discipline, such as medicine, botanic, and agriculture, classifies differently. This challenge leads researchers who want to investigate this area, to analyze each discipline separately.

Keywords: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Consumer Views, MarketingJEL Codes: M3, M30, M31

92

Ziyaretçilerin Demografik Özellikleri ve Alışveriş Merkezlerinden Bekledikleri Özellikler Onların Alışverişe

Yönelik Tutum ve Davranışlarına Göre Değişiyor mu? Düzce İli Krem Park Örneği

Dr.Öğretim Üyesi, Yıldırım YILDIRIMDüzce Üniversitesi Akçakoca T.İ.O.Y.O.

yildirimyildirim@duzce.edu.trDoktora Öğrencisi Aziz YURTTAŞ

İnönü Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi azizyurttas_1217@outlook.com

ÖzetAlışveriş merkezleri günümüz modern dünyanın en temel ticari yerleri olarak

değerlendirilebilir. Türkiye’nin 57 ilinde yer alan ve yaklaşık 385 bin kişinin ça-lıştığı alışveriş merkezlerinin ziyaretçi sayısı endeksine baktığımızda 2017 yılında bir önceki yıla göre %6’lık, ciroda ise %7,1’lik bir artış olduğu gözlenmiştir (www.ayd.org.tr). Gerek sağladığı istihdam olanakları, gerekse de tüketicileri cezbetme ve onlara yepyeni bir alışveriş deneyimi sunma konusunda ki kabiliyeti AVM’leri sosyal yaşamın doğal bir parçası haline getirmiştir. Bazı alışveriş merkezlerinin kapısından içeri giren kişi sayısının Türkiye’deki bazı şehirlerin nüfuslarından fazla olması bu yerlerin ticari anlamda ne kadar önemli olduğunu bizlere göster-mektedir. Hem alışverişe yönelik faaliyetlerin hem de alışveriş dışı etkinliklerin bir arada bulunuyor olması, toplumun bütün katmanlarından çok çeşitlilikte geniş bir tüketici kitlesini kendisine çekmesine neden olmakta ve geçirilen boş zaman faaliyetleri içinde giderek etkisini ve süresini arttırmaktadır. Akat, Taşkın ve Öz-demir (2012) tüketicilerin önceleri bakkalları ve küçük marketleri tercih ederken daha sonraları süpermarketleri, hipermarketleri ve alışveriş merkezlerini tercih ettiklerini söylemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Alışveriş Merkezleri, Tutum ve Davranışlar, Demografik Özellikler

JEL Kodu: M3, M30, M31

93

Demographics of Visitors and the Expected Features of the Shopping Centers: Are They Changing According to Their

Attitudes Toward Shopping? Krem Park in Düzce City

PhD Faculty Member Yıldırım YILDIRIMDüzce University, Akçakoca S.T.H.M.

yildirimyildirim@duzce.edu.trPhD Student Aziz YURTTAŞ

İnönü University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences azizyurttas_1217@outlook.com

AbstractShopping centers can be considered as one of the most basic commercial

places of the modern world today. When we look at the visitor number index of shopping centers in 57 cities throughout Turkey, of which approximately 385,000 have worked, it was observed in 2017 that there was a 6% increase compared to the previous year, and a 7.1% increase in turnover (www.ayd.org.tr). The employment opportunities provided had something to do with it, as well as the ability to attract consumers and offer them a brand new experience, have made AVMs a natural part of social life. The fact that the number of inhabitants of some shopping centers exceeds the number of cities in Turkey shows us how important these places are in commercial terms.The combination of both shopping and non-shopping acti-vities causes society to attract a wide variety of consumer masses from all levels, increasing its influence and duration in leisure time activities. Akat, Taşkın ve Özdemir (2012) emphasize that consumers preferred small grocery stores before, while supermarkets, hypermarkets, and shopping centers prefer the latter.

Keywords: Shopping Centers, Attitudes And Behavior, Demographic Cha-racteristics

JEL Codes: M3, M30, M31

94

Küreselleşme Sürecinde Sağ Siyasi Partilerin Devletin Yeniden Yapılandırılması Sorununa Bakışı: AKP ve MHP Örnekleri

Dr. Öğretim Üyesi, Dilşad TÜRKMENOĞLU KÖSESAÜ, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü

dturkmenoglu@sakarya.edu.tr

Özet

Küreselleşme sürecinde ulus-devlete ilişkin tartışmalar meşruiyet krizinin yanı sıra devletin işleyişi, biçimi, yapılanması ve sorunları çözmedeki yeterliliği/yetersizliği üzerine de yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu yoğunlaşma küresel siyaset paralelinde devletin dönüşümünü temel sorun alanlarından biri haline getirmiştir. Tartışmaların bu yöne evrilmesine neden olan en önemli gelişmeler ise günümüzde bilişimin ve iletişimin çok hızlı sağlanması, küresel sermayenin serbest dolaşımı, küresel pazar şartları, küresel örgütlerin yaygınlaşması ve özel sektör-kamu sektörü ayrımından toplam kalite yönetimi ve etkinliğe ilişkin anlayışın yönetişim kavramı çerçevesinde değişmeye başlaması olarak sıralanabilir. Bu kapsamda siyasi partilerin küreselleşme süreçlerinden kaynaklanan devletin yeniden yapılandırıl-masına ilişkin sorunlara bakışı son derece önemli görülmektedir. Küreselleşme eksenli olarak devletin yeniden yapılandırılması sorununa ilişkin çözüm yolu üretilmesi siyasi partilerin iktidara gelebilmeleri ve/veya iktidarda kalabilmeleri için son derece önemli gözükmektedir. Çalışma Türkiye’nin sağ siyaseti temsil eden, mecliste yer alan ve birçok açıdan benzer tabana sahip iki siyasi partisi olan Ak Parti ve MHP örnekleri üzerinden yapılmıştır. Böylece bu iki partinin küresel küreselleşme yaklaşımları çerçevesinde devletin yeniden yapılandırılmasına ilişkin algıları ve siyasi partilerin tabanları ile olan uyum sü-reçlerinin birbirlerini yansıtıp yansıtmadıklarının görülmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu kapsamda karma yöntemin kullanıldığı bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Her iki partinin tabanına yönelik olarak toplam 14 ilde anket çalışması yapılırken, partileri temsil noktasındaki kişiler ile de aynı doğrultuda yapılandırılmış mülakat çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Böylece küresel ekonomik sistemle uyumlu politikalar takip eden siyasi partilerin hem parti tabanları ile daha doğrusal politikalar takip ettikleri hem de genel siyasi süreç ve politikalarda daha başarılı oldukları görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Küreselleşme, Siyaset, Devletin Yeniden Yapılandırılması, Dönüşüm

JEL Kodu: O2/025

95

Globalization and Political Parties in the Restructuring of the State

PhD Faculty Member Dilşad TÜRKMENOĞLU KÖSESakarya University

dturkmenoglu@sakarya.edu.tr

AbstractIn the process of globalization, the debates about the nation-state have fo-

cused on the legitimacy crisis as well as on the functioning, form, structure and sufficiency of the state to solve the problems. This concentration has made the transformation of the state one of the main problem areas in parallel with glo-bal politics. The most important developments that have led to the evolution of the debate in this direction are the fact that the understanding of total quality management and effectiveness in terms of information and communication very rapidly, free circulation of global capital, global market conditions, globalization of organizations and private sector and public sector is beginning to change within the concept of governance sortable. In this context, it is very important that the political parties look at the problems related to the restructuring of the state resul-ting from the globalization processes. The creation of a solution to the question of restructuring the state based on globalization seems to be crucial for the political parties to stay in power and / or stay in power. Labor representing the right-wing politics in Turkey, in the parliament and in many respects has a similar base is made out of two political parties. Thus, it was aimed to see whether these two parties ‘perceptions of the restructuring of the state and the processes of align-ment with the political parties’ bases reflected each other within the framework of global globalization approaches. As a result of the study, it has been seen that the political parties following the policies that are in line with the globalization processes have succeeded both in pursuing more linear policies with party bases and in general political processes and politics.

Keywords: Globalization, Politics, State Restructuring, Transformation.JEL Codes: O2/025

96

Konaklama İşletmelerinde Finansal Olmayan Raporlama Sistemi: Safranbolu Örneği

Prof.Dr.Abdullah KARAKAYAKarabük Üniversitesi İİBF İşletme Bölümü, akarakaya@karabuk.edu.tr

Öğr. Gör.İrfan YURTKarabük ÜniversitesiSafranbolu Meslek Yüksekokulu, irfanyurt@karabuk.edu.tr

ÖzetBu çalışmanın temel amacı; Safranbolu’da faaliyet gösteren konaklama işlet-

melerinde finansal olmayan bilgilerin yönetsel raporlama sisteminde kullanılabi-lirliğinin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla konaklama işletmelerinde finansal olmayan bilgilerin yönetsel raporlama sistemlerinde ne ölçüde yer aldığını belirlemek için Safranbolu’da faaliyet gösteren konaklama işletmelerindeki yöneticilerden birin-cil veriler anket tekniği ile elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 21 programı yardımıyla Frekans analizi, ANOVA ve T-Testi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada Safranbolu’daki konaklama işletmelerinin finansal olmayan raporlama sistemleri kullandıkları; fakat tam bir sistematik raporlama yapılmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca finansal olmayan raporlama sistemleri turizm işletme belge-sine sahip işletmeler tarafından daha çok benimsendiği tespit edilmiştir. Farklı statüdeki konaklama türlerinin finansal olmayan raporlama eğilimleri arasında anlamlı bir farklılık olmadığı sonuçlarına da ulaşılmıştır. Konaklama işletmelerinin rekabet sistemi içinde tutunabilmeleri için sadece finansal raporlama sistemleri yeterli olmamaktadır. Bu durumda yöneticilerin işletmelerinde finansal olmayan raporlama sistemlerini de düzenli olarak kullanmaları gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Konaklama Işletmesi, Raporlama, Yönetsel Raporlama Sistemleri, Finansal Olmayan Raporlama

JEL Kod:F65 M19 Z30 Z33

97

Non-Financial Reporting System In Accommodation Management: Case Of Safranbolu

Prof.Dr.Abdullah KARAKAYAKarabük University akarakaya@karabuk.edu.tr

Lect. İrfan YURTKarabükUniversity, irfanyurt@karabuk.edu.tr

AbstractThe main purpose of this study is determination of the availability of non-fi-

nancial information in the managerial reporting system in accommodation industry operating in Safranbolu. For this purpose, the primary data from the managers of accommodation management operating in Safranbolu were obtained by sur-vey to demonstrate the extent to which non-financial information is included in the managerial reporting systems in the accommodation industry. The data was analyzed using Frequency Analysis, ANOVA and T-Test by use of the SPSS21 program. The study stated that accommodation industries in Safranbolu use the non-financial reporting systems; however the result showed that the complete systematic reports weren’t recorded. Morever, the non-financial reporting sys-tems are more often adopted by the enterprises which hold a tourism business certificate. Also the resarch shows that there is no significant difference between non-financial reporting trends and the types of accommodation in different sta-tuses. It is needed to state that, financial reporting systems are inadequate itself to ensure that accommodation businesses can stay live in the competitive business environment. For that reason, the study suggests that the management should regularly use the non-financial reporting systems in their businesses.

Keywords: Accommodation Management, Reporting, Managerial Reporting Systems, Non-Financial Reporting.

JEL Code:F65 M19 Z30 Z33

98

Türkiye’de Yaş meyve ve Sebze İhracatının Gelişiminde Beklentiler ve Sorunlar: Finike Bölgesi Örneği

Dr. Öğretim Üyesi, Hakan TunçMehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, Zeliha Tolunay Uygulamalı Teknoloji ve İşlet-

mecilik Yüksekokulu, htunc@mehmetakif.edu.tr

ÖzetDış ticarette, üstün sektörlerin tespiti ve bu sektörlerin beklenti ve sorun-

larının tespiti ülkelerin ihracat sektörünün gelişiminde önemli bir role sahiptir. Türkiye’de yaş meyve ve sebze sektörü 2015 ve 2016 yılında 2 milyar doların üs-tünde ihracat gerçekleştirmiştir. Türkiye geniş ve verimli ovalara sahip olmasına rağmen 2016 yılında yaş meyve ve sebze ihracatının toplam ihracata oranı sadece yüzde 1.5 civarındadır. Bu çalışmada Antalya iline bağlı Finike ilçesinde üretim ve ihracat yapan tarımsal firmaların 43 tanesine ihracat sektöründe yaşadıkları sorunlar hakkında bir anket uygulaması yapılmıştır. Uygulama sonucunda firmalar, bölgenin yaşadığı en önemli ihracat sorunlarını hal yasası ve hükümetin kendi sorunlarını doğru algılayamadığı şeklinde ifade etmişlerdir. Ayrıca uygulamada Anova testi yardımıyla bu sorunların ilgili firmaların ihracat yaptığı ülke sayısı ve malların kurumsal alıcıları ile etkileşimi incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: İhracat Sorunları, Finike, Yaş Meyve ve Sebze, Anova TestiJEL Kodları: F1,F14,R11

99

Expectations and Problems in the Development of Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Exports In Turkey: Sample of Finike Region

PhD Faculty Member, Hakan TunçMehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, Zeliha Tolunay Uygulamalı Teknoloji ve

İşletmecilik Yüksekokulu, htunc@mehmetakif.edu.tr

AbstractIn Foreign trade, determination of advantages sectors and determination

of expectations and problems of these sectors, countries have an important role in the development of the export sector. The fresh fruit and vegetable sector in Turkey exports over $ 2 billion in 2015 and 2016. Although Turkey has a wide and productive plains, The total exports of fresh fruit and vegetables in 2016 is only about 1.5 percent. In this study, a questionnaire about the problems that they experienced in the export sector was made to 43 of the agricultural firms that produce and export in Finike region of Antalya city. As a result of the companies stated that, the most important export problems that the region had experienced were the hal law and the government did not correctly perceive their problems. In addition, with the aid of the Anova test in practice, the number of countries exported by these firms and the interaction with institutional buyers of the goods have been examined.

Keywords: Export Problems, Finike, Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, Anova TestJEL Codes:F1,F14,R11

100

Petrol Fiyatlarının Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Önemli Petrol İhracatçısı Ülkelerin Makroekonomik Dinamikler Üzerindeki

Etkisi: Panel Veri Analizi

Sabit BAİMAGANBETOV, Alimkulova Elvirasabit@gmail.com, elvira7_8@mail.ru

Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi/ Kazakistan

ÖzetPetrol fiyatlarında meydana gelen değişimler, hem petrol ihracatçısı hem de

petrol ithalatçısı ülkelerin makroekonomik değişkenleri üzerinde etkili olmak-tadır. Bu etkiler ülkelerin petrolü elde etme şekline (petrol ihracatçısı veya petrol ithalatçısı) ve söz konusu ülkelerin gelişim seviyesine göre farklılık göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada 14 petrol ihracatçısı ülkenin 2002-2016 yılları arasındaki üçer aylık zaman serisi verileri kullanılarak, Brent tipi ham petrol fiyatlarının reel gayrisafi yurt içi hâsıla (reel GSYİH), tüketici fiyatları endeksi (TÜFE) ve reel efektif döviz kuru (reel DK) üzerindeki etkileri dengeli panel veri yöntemleri ile incelenmiştir. Elde edilen panel eş-bütünleşme ve panel DOLS tahmin sonuçlara göre Brent tipi ham petrol fiyatlarındaki artış gelişmekte olan ve gelişmiş petrol ihracatçısı ülkelerin büyümesi üzerinde pozitif etkiye sahiptir. Emirmahmutoğlu ve Köse (2011) panel nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre gelişmekte olan ve gelişmiş petrol ihracatçısı ülkelerinde Brent tipi ham petrolden GSYİH, TÜFE ve Reel DK’una doğru Granger anlamında nedensellik tespit edilmekte iken, gelişmekte olan petrol ithalatçısı ülkelerde söz konusu nedensellik bulunmamıştır. Bu sonuçlar Brent tipi ham petrol fiyatlarındaki değişimlerin kısa ve uzun dönemde etkilerinde farklılaşma olduğuna işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Petrol Fiyatları, Yatay Kesit Bağımlılık, Panel Eş-bütünleşmeJEL Kodu: C23, C33, Q43

101

The Impact Of Oil Price On Macroeconomic Dynamics In The Major Developed And Developing Oil-Exporting Countries:

Panel Data Analysis

Sabit BAİMAGANBETOV, Alimkulova Elvirasabit@gmail.com, elvira7_8@mail.ru

Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi/ Kazakistan

AbstractThe effects of oil price changes on macroeconomic dynamics are expected to

be different in oil importing and in oil exporting countries. Changes in oil prices the impact of the countries on macroeconomic indicators during research espe-cially that oil exporter or importer of the said country, we need to pay attention to the countries development level. The study uses quarterly data from 2002-2016 period of 14 oil-exporting countries. In the study, the Real Gross Domestic Pro-duct (Real GDP), Consumer Price Index (CPİ) and Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) variables are used. On the other hand, this paper is analyzed effects of Brent crude oil prices to variables which are indicated above. The empirical results of the study indicated positive and significant impact of oil prices on economic growth (Reel GDP) of developing and developed oil exporter countries. Long-term relationship was found between developing and developed oil exporter countries Real GDP and Brent crude oil price. As a result of Fisher statistical significance level of 5% “Brent crude oil price Reel GDP, CPI and REER is not Granger cause” null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, for oil-exporting developing and developed countries Brent crude oil prices has been determined to be the granger cause of Growth, exchange rate and inflation

Keywords: Oil Prices, Cross Sectional Dependence, Panel Cointegration TestJELCodes: C22,C23,Q43

102

Türkiye’de Finansal Raporlama Standartlarının Kilometre Taşları

Doç. Dr. Bilge Leyli ELİTAŞYalova Üniversitesi, Uluslararası Ticaret ve Finansman Bölümü Öğretim Üyesi,

bilgeleyli@gmail.comAlp AY

Yalova Üniversitesi, SBE, Uluslararası Ticaret ve Finansman Dr. Öğrencisi, alpay70@gmail.com

ÖzetFinansal tablolar işletme içi faaliyetlerin bir göstergesi olarak çalışanlar ve yöneti-

cilerin etkinliğini ölçme ve denetleme amacıyla işletme sahiplerine yön gösterici olduğu kadar işletme dışı bilgi kullanıcıları açısından da şirket hakkında kanaat verici özellik taşırlar. Günümüzde gelişen sermaye piyasaları ve hızlı iletişim olanakları sayesinde fi-nansal raporlamanın da ulusal yapısından çıkıp uluslararası nitelik kazandığı bir gerçektir. Finansal tabloların karşılaştırılabilir ve tam açıklayıcı özellikte olmalarının sağlanması amacıyla uluslararası alanda başlayan çalışmalar 1970’li yıllardan itibaren süregeldiği görülmektedir. Ülkemiz açısından bu çalışmaların başlangıcını Ulusal Muhasebe Stan-dartlarının belirlenmesi sürecinden sonra (1970- 1994) Uluslararası Finansal Raporlama Standartlarına tam uyum için devlet ve özerk kuruluş ve kurumların faaliyetleri kadar muhasebe ve denetim derneklerinin de faaliyetleri olmuştur. Uluslararası Finansal Rapor-lama Standartlarının getirdiği yenilik ve değişiklikler Türkiye Muhasebe Standartları ve Türkiye Finansal Raporlama Standartlarının oluşmasına yön vermiştir. Dünya üzerindeki iki taraflı ticaretin çok taraflı uluslararası ticarete dönüşmesi, Dünya ticaret ve finansman alanında devlet dışı veya uluslararası niteliğe sahip örgüt ve kuruluşların etkinliklerinin artması da bu değişikliklerdeki önemli etkenlerdendir. Türkiye, uluslararası piyasaların bir parçası, Türk işletmeleri de bu piyasaların rekabet gücünü haiz, etkin ve güvenilir aktörleri olmak zorunda olduğu Yeni Türk Ticaret Kanunu gerekçesinde açıkça ifade edilmektedir. Dolayısıyla Türkiye’de yaşanan süreç incelendiğinde, uluslararası düzenlemelerin ulusal muhasebe standartlarını belirlediği ve değiştirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Ülkemizde hazırlanan ve uygulanan ilk standart Tekdüzen Hesap Planı uygulamasıdır. Bu çalışmada; Tekdüzen Hesap Planından Yeni Türk Ticaret Kanunu uygulamaya konmasına kadar geçen süreçte dikkat çeken tebliğ ve bildiriler finansal raporlama standartlarının oluşumunda birer kilometre taşı olarak nitelenerek hafızalarda yer alması gerektiği vurgulanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Uluslararası Finansal Raporlama Standartları, Tekdüzen Hesap Planı

JEL Kodu: M41

103

Milestones Of Financial Reporting Standarts In Turkey

Assoct. Prof. Bilge Leyli ELİTAŞYalovaUniversity, bilgeleyli@gmail.com

Alp AYYalova University, PhD Student alpay70@gmail.com

AbstractFinancial statements are indicative of in-house activities as well as a guide to business

owners to measure and audit the effectiveness of employees and managers, as well as per-suasive about the company in terms of non-business users. Today, thanks to the emerging capital markets and rapid communication possibilities, it is a fact that financial reporting has also emerged from the national structure and acquired international character. The studies starting from the international arena have been continuing since the 1970s in order to ensure that financial statements are comparable and fully descriptive. From the point of view of our country, the beginning of these studies has been the activities of accounting and auditing associations as well as the activities of state and autonomous institutions and institutions in order to fully comply with the International Financial Reporting Standards (1970-1994) after determining the National Accounting Standards. The innovations and amendments introduced by International Financial Reporting Standards have led to the formation of Turkish Accounting Standards and Turkish Financial Reporting Standards. The transformation of bilateral trade on the world into multilateral international trade, the increase in the activities of non-state or international organizations in the field of world trade and finance are also important factors in this change. It is clearly stated on the grounds of the New Turkish Commercial Code that Turkey is competitive power as part of international markets and Turkish businesses have to be active and reliable actors of these markets. Therefore, when examining the process in Turkey, it is clear that interna-tional regulations have set and changed national accounting standards. The first standard prepared and implemented in our country is The Application of the Uniform Chart of Accounts. In this study; From the Uniform Chart of Accounts to the implementation of the New Turkish Commercial Code, it has been emphasized that the notifications and declarations which are noteworthy in the process should be described as milestones in the formation of financial reporting standards.

Keywords: International Financial Standarts, Uniform Chart of Accounts

JELCode: M41

104

Uluslararasi Vergi Uyuşmazliklarinin Çözümünde Tahkimin Türkiye’deki Geleceği

Öğretim Görv. Yunus KÖSE

ÖzetUluslararası vergi uyuşmazlıklarının önemli bir problematiği olan çifte ver-

gilendirme, vergi idarelerinin istisna ve muafiyet gibi çözüm yollarına rağmen vergilendirme yetkisinin tahisisi kesinleşmedikçe çözülemeyen bir sorundur. Ülkeler bu sorunu vergi yetkisi tahsisini sağlayan çifte vergilendirmeyi önleme anlaşmaları (ÇVÖA) akddederek gidermeye çalışırlar ve genelde de bu anlaşmalar için uluslararası kuruluşların uzun mesailer harcayarak oluşturdukları model anlaşmaları benimserler. ÇVÖA’ları uluslararası vergi uyuşmazlıklarının çözüme kavuşturulmasında temel çözüm metodu olarak karşılıklı anlaşma usulunü (KAU) tercih etmektedir. KAU, ülkelerin mali idarelerini bir araya getirerek vergilendirme yetkisinin tahisisini gerçekleştiren ılımlı bir metoddur. Söz konusu uyuşmaz-lık üzerinde mali idarelerin, başka herhangi bir taraf olmadan karşılıklı olarak görüşmesi, çok büyük maliyet gerektirmemesi, idarelere ait bilgilerin rahatlıkla paylaşılması KAU’nün avantajlı tarafını oluşturuken, mükellefin bu sürecin dı-şında kalması, mali idarelerin söz konusu anlaşmazlık üzerinde bir anlaşmaya varma zorunluluklarının olmaması, mükellefin iç hukuk yollarına başvurma hakkından feragat etme şartı aranması, hukuki değil de siyasi bir süreç olması dezavantıjlı tarafını oluşturmaktadır. Şüphesiz politik ve ekonomik olarak güçlü olan ülke diğeri karşısında avantajlı durumunu kullanacaktır. Dolayısıyla böyle bir sürece egemen olan unsurun siyaset değil de hukuk olması için tahkim yolu öne sürülmüştür. Tahkim düzenlemesi, KAU’ne etkinlik kazandıracağı düşüncesi ile ÇVÖA’nın bir çoğuna temel teşkil eden OECD’nin Model Anlaşma metninde de yerini almıştır. Bu bildiride uluslararası vergi uyuşmazlaklıranın alternatif bir çözüm yolu olarak tahkimin diğer çözüm yolları içerisindeki durumu, anayasal olarak değelendirilmesi ve Türkiye’deki geleceği ele alınacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Uluslararası Vergi Uyuşmazlıkları, Çifte Vergilendirme Anlaşmaları, Karşılıklı Anlaşma Usulü, Tahkim

JEL Kodu: K0

105

Future Of Arbitration In Turkey In The Solution Of International Tax Disputes

Lect. Yunus KöseSakarya University

AbstractDoubletaxation, a major problem of international tax disputes, despite the

solution of tax administrations such as exception and exemption, a question that cannot be resolved unless the authorization of the taxation authority is finalized. Countriestrytoresolve this problem by signing agreements to prevent double taxation that allocate tax authority. In general, model agreements are adopted forthese agree-ments, which in ternational organizations are creating on longwork. The agreement stop revent double taxation prefers mutual agreement procedurs the main solution method in resolving international tax disputes. The mutual agreement procedure is a moderate method of allocating the taxation authority by bringing the financial administrations of the countries together. Mutual consultation of financial authorities on the dispute without any other party, not having a very high cost, tax payerout of this process, information about administrations can be easily shared are advan-tageous aspects of mutual agreement procedure. Tax payers are out of this process, financial authorities do not have to agree on dispute, to waive the right to apply for tax payer domestic remedies, it is not a legal but a political process are creating a disadvantageous direction. Certainly, a country that is politically and economically strong will use its advantageous position against the other.Therefore, in this process the way of arbitration has been put forward in order for the dominant component to be law, not politics. The arbitration regulation, was included in the text of the Model Agreement of the OECD, which constitutes a basis for the Convention on the Elimination of Double Taxation and the Treaty on Mutual Agreement. In this declaration, as an alternative remedy for international tax disputes, the situation in the other remedies of the arbitration, its constitutional assessment and its future in Turkey will be discussed.

Keywords: International TaxDisputes, Agreements to Prevent Double Taxation, Arbitration

JEL Code: K0

106

Ekonomide İtici Bir Güç Olarak E-Ticaret

Doç. Dr. Sema AYUludağ Üniv., Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksek Okulu, Dış Ticaret Bölümü,

semay@uludag.edu.trÖğr. Gör. Dr. Hilal YILIDRIR KESER

Uludağ Ünv., Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksek Okulu, Dış Ticaret Bölümü, hilalyildirir@uludag.edu.tr

Öğr. Gör. Muhammed Fatih AYDEMİRUludağ Ünv., Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksek Okulu, Dış Ticaret Bölümü,

mfaydemir@uludag.edu.trÖzetEkonomik olarak çok boyutlu bir dönüşüm sürecine yol açan bilimsel ve

teknolojik gelişmeler günlük yaşamın her alanında bilgisayar kullanımını zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Böylece uluslararası ticarette elektronik ticaret (e-ticaret) stratejik bir önem kazanmış firmalar, ülkeler, bununla birlikte bölgesel ve uluslararası kuruluşlar açısından gözardı edilemeyecek öneme sahip olmaya başlamıştır. Hem örgütsel hem de bireysel düzeyde ticari süreçleri kapsayan e-ticaret, bu alanda üretilmiş, işlenmiş ve aktarılmış her türlü sayısal veri, metin, ses ve görsel imajla-rın işlenerek ve aktarılmasına dayanmaktadır. Hal böyle olunca e-ticaretin, başta tüketicinin korunması, rekabet, finans, ödeme sistemleri ve vergilendirme olmak üzere, yasal düzenlemeler, fikri, sınai ve ticari mülkiyet hakları, uyuşmazlıkların sona erdirilmesi, güvenlik, v.b. konularla da ilgisi bulunmaktadır. Çalışmada, Tür-kiye e-ticaret sektörünün ekonomideki yerini tespit etmek, e-ticaretin geliştirilmesi için yapılması gerekenleri belirlemek amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, çalışma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk olarak, dünyada ve Türkiye’de e-ticaretin gelişme süreci ve mevcut durumu aktarılmakta ikinci olarak, e-ticaretin ekono-mideki önemine yer verilmektedir. Üçüncü olarak sonuç bölümde, Türkiye’de e-ticaretin gelişmesi için başta sektör ve idari yapı arasında etkin bir iletişimin sağlanarak mevzuatın sektörün gelişimini destekleyecek şeklilde düzenlenmesi gerekliliği ifade edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda teknik alt yapının iyileştirilmesi, e-ti-caretin önünde önemli bir engel olarak görülen güven sorunun çözülmesi için dijital okur yazarlığın artırılması yönünde tespitler yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: E-Ticaret, E-İhracat, B2B, B2CJEL Kod: L81

107

E-Commerce as a Driving Force in the EconomyAssoc. Prof. Dr. Sema AY

University of Uludağ, Vocational School of Social Sciences, Department of Foreign Trade

semay@uludag.edu.trLecturer Dr. Hilal YILDIRIR KESER

University of Uludağ, Vocational School of Social Sciences, Department of Foreign Trade

hilalyildirir@uludag.edu.trLecturer Muhammed Fatih AYDEMİR

University of Uludağ, Vocational School of Social Sciences, Department of Foreign Trade

mfaydemir@uludag.edu.trAbstractScientific and technological developments leading to an economically multi-dimensional

transformation process have made the using of computers necessary in every field of everyday life. Thus, in international trade, electronic commerce (e-commerce) has gained a strategic importance and has begun to have a notion that can not be overlooked in terms of companies, countries, as well as regional and international organizations. E-commerce, which includes business processes at both organizational and individual levels, is based on the processing and transmission of all kinds of digital data, text, sound and visual images produced, processed and transmitted on this field. As such, e-commerce is also concerned with topics such as legal regulations, intellectual, industrial and commercial property rights, dispute settlement, security, in particular consumer protection, competition, finance, payment systems, taxation and etc. In the study, it is intended that to determine the place of Turkey in the economy of the e-commerce industry and to determine what should be done for the development of e-commerce. For this purpose, the study consists of three sections. First, in the world and in Turkey of e-commerce development process and current status are indicated. Secondly, the importance of e-commerce for the economy is mentioned. Thirdly, in conclusion, effective communication should be provided, especially between the sector and the administrative structure for the development of e-commerce in Turkey and it is necessary to regulate the legislation to support the development of the sector. At the same time,there have been deter-minations to increase digital literacy in order to improve the technical infrastructure and to solve the trust problem, which is seen as a major obstacle to e-commerce.

Keywords: E-Commerce, E-Export, B2B, B2C

JEL Code: L81

108

Petrol Fiyatındaki Değişimlerin Seçilmiş Asya Ülkelerinin Borsalarına Etkileri

Cihan TANRIÖVENProf.Dr.Gazi Üniversitesi, İİBF, cihant@gazi.edu.tr

Aziza SYZDYKOVAArş.Gör. Hoca Ahmet Yesevi Uluslararası Türk-Kazak Üniversitesi, Sosyal

Bilimler Fakültesi, Ekonomive Finans Bölümü,azizayesevi@gmail.com

ÖzetPetrol fiyatlarının hisse senedi piyasalarına etkileri devam eden araştırma

konusudur. Literatürde çalışmaların büyük çoğunluğu petrol fiyatlarının borsaya etkilerinin daha çok gelişmiş ülke için yapıldığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, petrol fiyat değişimlerinin gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan 4 Asya ülkesinin (Japonya, Güney Kore, Malezya ve Singapur) borsalarına etkileri araştırılmıştır. Ocak 1990 - Şubat 2017 dönemine ait aylık verilerin kullanıldığı bu çalışmada zaman serisi analizinden VAR modeli kullanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda etkinin araştırılması için genelleştirilmiş etki tepki fonksiyonu ve varyans ayrıştırma analizleri uygulanmış-tır. Çalışma bulgularına göre petrol fiyat değişimlerinin piyasaları farklı şekilde etkilediği görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Petrol Fiyat Değişimi, Hisse Senedi Getirisi, Asya Ül-keleri, Döviz Kuru, VAR Modeli

JEL Kodları: F30, F65, G12, G15

109

The Impact of Oil Price Changes on Stock Markets of Selected Asian Countries

Cihan TANRIÖVENProf.Dr.Gazi University, cihant@gazi.edu.tr

Aziza SYZDYKOVAResc.Asst. Hoca Ahmet Yesevi International Turk-Kazak University

azizayesevi@gmail.com

AbstractThe effects of oil prices on the stock markets is the subject of ongoing re-

search. The great majority of studies in the literature show that oil prices have a greater impacts on the stock market for developed countries. In this study, the effects of oil price changes on the stock exchanges of 4 developed and developing Asian countries (Japan, South Korea, Malaysia and Singapore) were investigated. In this study, monthly data for the period January 1990 to February 2017 were used and the VAR model was used as a time series analysis. In this content, the generalized effect-response function and variance decomposition analysis have been applied to investigate the effect. The results indicate a marked difference between the markets of stock markets and the response to oil price shocks.

Keywords: Oil Price Change, Stock Return, Exchange Rate, Asian Countries, VAR Model

JEL Codes: F30, F65, G12, G15

110

Lojistik Sektöründe Farklı Bir Uygulama: Butik LojistikDoç. Dr. Fahri ERENEL, Halit KAYA

İstinye Üniversitesi - Altınbaş Üniversitesiferenel@istinye.edu.tr -hltky550@gmail.com

ÖzetToplam kalite yönetimi yaklaşımıyla birlikte, yönetim literatür’ün de birçok yeni

kavramlar yer almaya başlamıştır. Bunlar arasında; süreç ve müşteri odaklı olmak öncelikli ve önem verilen kavramlar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu iki kavramın günümüzde önem kazanmasının nedenleri arasında; işletme yönetimince tam anlaşılıp uygulandığında, işletmenin alanında rakiplerine göre rekabet avantajı sağlaması söz konusu olabileceği gibi, işletmenin yaşam süresinin uzamasına da katkı sağlayabilecektir. Süreç odaklı ça-lışan işletmeler; bilim ve teknolojideki gelişmeleri, müşteri ihtiyaçlarını ve bu ihtiyaçların gelecekte alabilecekleri şekli yakından takip etmek ve süratle uygulamaya koymak zorun-dadırlar. Entellektüel sermayenin en önemli unsurlarından biri olan müşteri sermayesi, en zor ulaşılan ve aynı zamanda elde tutulması da en zor olandır. İşletmelerin;müşteri sermayesinin en önemli unsuru’nun bilgi olduğunu dikkate alarak, müşteri ile birlikte çalışmaları, ürün ve hizmet üretme sürecinde müşteriye yetki vermeleri, müşteriye özel mal ve hizmet üretmeleri, proaktif davranarak pazar koşullarına kolay yanıt vermeleri müşteri bağlılığını arttırabilecektir. Her sektörde olduğu gibi lojistik sektöründe de müşteri odaklılık önemli bir yere sahiptir. Lojistik işletmelerin, inovasyon çalışmalarına ağırlık vermeleri ve teknolojik gelişmeleri yakından takip etmeleri, müşteri ilişkilerini geliştirme-leri müşteri sermayelerine olumlu katkı sağlayabilecektir. Bu bağlamda “Butik Lojistik” kavramı farklı bir uygulama olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. İşletme ve müşteri arasında normal çalışma şartları ve uygulamaları dışında, özel veya spesifik bir lojistik faaliyetin daha önce uygulamada olmayan, ancak işletme tarafından sadece, hizmet verdiği müşteri için uygulamaya koyduğu bir hizmet şekli olarak tanımlanan Butik Lojistik ile lojistik işletmelerinde kaliteli hizmet alamayan, özellikle küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmelerin, hiz-met kalitelerinin arttırılması, memnuniyet oranlarının yükseltilmesi, alışılagelmiş lojistik hizmetlerinin dışında özel ve butik hizmet verilerek müşteri sadakatı’nın sağlanması he-deflenmektedir. Bu çalışma ile Butik Lojistiğin ilk uygulayıcılarından olan Sürat Lojistik A.Ş. yöneticileri ile yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılmış ve uygulama yöntemleri, işletmeye sağladığı katkı ve diğer boyutları incelenmiştir. İnceleme sonucunda; bu yöntemin sadece kar amaçlı olmadığı, beşeri ilişkileri de geliştirmeyi sağladığı, özel lojistik teslimatlar, depo içi özel uygulamalar, maliyet düşürücü çalışmalar, lojistik danışmanlık vb. yöntemlerle işletmeye rakiplerine göre bir avantaj sağladığı belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Müşteri Odaklılık, Lojistik, Butik Lojistik, Hizmet, Tedarikçi Sadakati,

JEL Kodu: D21

111

A Different Application in the Logistics Sector: Boutique Logistics

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fahri ERENEL, Halit KAYAIstinye University, Altınbaş University

ferenel@istinye.edu.tr, hltky550@gmail.com

AbstractAlong with the total quality management approach, the management literature is

beginning to include many new concepts. These include; process and customer-oriented are confronted as concepts that are given priority and importance. Among the reasons why these two concepts gain importance today; if fully understood and applied in busi-ness management, it may be possible to provide competitive advantage according to the competitors in the field of the operator, or it may contribute to the longevity of the life of the business. Process-oriented businesses; the developments in science and technology have to follow customer needs and the way that these needs can take place in the future and put them into practice rapidly. Customer capital, which is one of the most important elements of intelligent capital, is the hardest to reach and the hardest to hold at the same time. Considering that the most important element of the client’s capital is the informa-tion of the enterprises, working together with the customer, empowering the customer in the process of producing products and services, producing special goods and services for the customers and responding easily to market conditions by acting proactively can increase customer loyalty. As in every sector, customer orientation is an important factor in the logistics sector. Logistics companies should focus on innovation studies and keep up with technological developments and develop customer relations can contribute po-sitively to customer capital.In this context, the concept of “Boutique Logistics” emerges as a different application. In addition to the normal working conditions and applications between the business and the customer, a special or specific logistics activity is defined as a service that is not implemented before but applied only by the business to the customer that it serves. With Logistics, it is aimed to increase the quality of services, increase the satisfaction rates, to provide customer loyalty by providing special and boutique services besides conventional logistics services. With this study, the first practitioners of Boutique Logistics, SüratLojistik A.Ş. managers were interviewed and their implementation met-hods, contribution to the operation and other dimensions were examined. As a result of the investigation; special logistics deliveries, special in-store applications, cost-cutting exercises, logistics consultancy, etc. that this method is not merely for profit, it has been determined that it provides an advantage over the opponents in terms of methods.

Keywords: Customer Focus, Logistics, Boutique Logistics, Service, Supplier Loyalty

JEL Code: D21

112

Savunma Tedarik Projelerinde Program Yönetimi Yaklaşımının Uygulanabilirliği

Özhan EREN, Doç. Dr.Fahri ERENELTOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi, İstinye Üniversitesi

ozhaneren87@gmail.com,ferenel@istinye.edu.tr

ÖzetSavunma sistemlerini geliştirme ve tedarik süreci, ülkelerin sahip olduğu en yüksek tek-

nolojinin kullanılmasını, bütçe, yetişmiş insan gücü ve diğer unsurların eşzamanlı planlanarak aktarılmasını ve birçok kurumun katılımını gerektiren uzun ve karmaşık girişimleri bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. Tehditlerin belirsizliği ve değişkenliği dolayısıyla söz konusu girişimlerin gerek sayısının, gerekse karmaşıklık seviyesinin artması, savunma projelerinde, dolayısıyla ülkelerin sahip olmayı planladığı savunma yeteneklerinde sapmalar yaşanmasına neden olabilmektedir. Bu durum, savunma planlama sürecinde görevli paydaşların kurum içi ve kurumlar arası birtakım düzenlemeler yapmasını gerekli kılmaktadır. Bildiri çalışması kapsamda, çok sayıda projenin ortak bir fayda gözetilerek merkezi bir anlayışla yönetilmesi olarak özetlenebilecek program yönetimi anlayışının, savunma projelerinde uygulanabilirliği incelenmiştir. Savunma sanayii gelişmiş ülkelerin gerçekleştirdiği bazı proje ve program uygulamaları ve yaşanan sapmalar, uluslararası program yönetimi standartlarından yola çıkılarak değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda, ülkemizin savunma tedarik sürecinde, program yönetimine ilişkin yaşanan sorunları ve gerçekleştirilen çalışmaları ortaya koymak, çözüme yönelik öneriler sunmak maksadıyla, araş-tırma yöntemi olarak derinlemesine görüşme süreci planlanmıştır. Savunma sanayiinin kamu ve özel sektörde faaliyet gösteren temsilcileri ve ilgili uzman kişilerle gerçekleştirilen görüşmelerden yararlanarak, savunma programlarını kurumlar üstü bir yaklaşımla, diğer paydaşlarla işbirliği içinde, program ömür devri boyunca yönetebilecek bir program odaklı Savunma Kaynak Plan-lama ve Yönetim Modeli önerilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, askeri kurumların yanı sıra üniversitelerin, araştırma kuruluşlarının, tedarik kurumlarının ve savunma sanayii temsilcilerinin matriks bir ilişkiler ağı oluşturularak projelerin yönetiminde sorumluluk alması ve ülkelere özgü bir savunma program yönetimi yapısının oluşturulmasına yönelik çıkarımlarda bulunulmuştur. Program yönetimi anlayışının savunma projelerinde uygulanabilirliğinin, proje yönetiminde kurum ve ülke çapında belirli bir olgunluğa ulaşılmasına, proje ve program altyapısına sahip yetişmiş program ekibine, harekat önceliklerini ve program yönetim felsefesini esas alarak programın başarısına katkı sağlayacak bir denetim anlayışına ve yıllar süren program sürecinde değişime esneklik tanıyan yasal düzenlemelere, kurumlar arası düzeyde çevik yönetim yaklaşımlarının, özellikle risk, fayda, paydaş ve stratejik ilişkiler yönetimi anlayışının tüm paydaşları kapsayacak şekilde kültürel olarak yerleşmesiyle sağlanabileceği değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Savunma Sanayii, Savunma Tedariki, Program Yönetimi, Proje Yönetimi, Tedarik Sapmaları, İnsan Kaynakları

JEL Kodu:L52

113

The Applicability of Program Management Approach in the Defense Acquisition Projects

Özhan EREN, Assoc.Prof.Dr.Fahri ERENELTOBB Economy and Technology University, İstinye University

ozhaneren87@gmail.com, ferenel@istinye.edu.tr

AbstractDefense acquisition process contains initiatives aiming to maintain defense

capabilities needed, by making use of the most sophisticated technologies un-der legal and financial constraints. Increasing number and complexity of those initiatives and also the necessity of developing them integratedly causes defense projects to deviate to a certain extent. In this study, following a brief discussion on the deviations of defense projects in terms of defense planning process, Program Management Approach, which may be defined briefly as managing a number of complicated projects for deriving common interests has been introduced. Then, the applicability of program management approach, (whose standards have been set by Projects Management Institute), has been examined in subject planning process regardless of acquisition methods. Face-to-face interviews with the project management professionals in Turkey have been conducted by using depth-in-terview method to assess the awareness level of program management and infer about the compatibility of program management to defense planning environment. Following that, an alternative governance model which is based on the program management concept has been proposed, in order to manage defense resources in a more organized way. As a consequence, a number of inferences about the applicability of program management approach have been made in consideration of this research and interviews.

Keywords: Defense Industry, Defense Acquisition, Program Management, Project Management, Human Resource

JEL Code: L52

114

Sürdürülebilir İşletme Başarisinda Muhasebe Denetiminin Rolü

Dr.Öğretim Üyesi Gökhan BARAL, Onur KAYASakarya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Bölümü

baral@sakarya.edu.tr, onur16860@hotmail.com

ÖzetGünümüzde işletmeler kuruluş amaçlarından biri olan kar elde etme ile

birlikte faaliyette bulundukları sektörün en iyisi, lideri olmayı hedeflemekte ve istemektedirler. Bu hedefe ulaşabilmek içinde devamlılığı olan bir başarıyı ya-kalamak durumundadırlar. Bu çalışmada; devamlılığı olan, sürdürülebilir bir başarıyı yakalamada kaliteli ve tarafsız bir muhasebe denetiminin önemi ve etkisi anlatılmıştır. Çalışmada; Muhasebe, Denetim, Muhasebe Denetimi, Sürdürüle-bilirlik ve Sürdürülebilir başarı gibi çalışmanın temelini oluşturan kavramlarla ilgili yapılan literatür taraması sonucunda bu kavramlar detaylı olarak açıklanmış ayrıca bu kavramların dünyadaki ve ülkemizdeki tarihsel gelişimine değinilmiştir. Son bölümde ise faaliyette bulunan örnek bir işletmenin yıllık mali tablolarının analizi yapılmış, yapılan bu analizin sonuçlarına yer verilmiş ve bu sonuçlar de-ğerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan inceleme, araştırma ve analizlerin sonucunda firmaların sürdürülebilir bir başarıyı yakalamaları, kaliteli ve hesap verilebilirliği olan bir muhasebe sisteminin kurulmasına ve bu sisteminin belirli dönem aralıklarıyla denetlenmesine bağlıdır. Devlet tarafından zorunlu olarak yapılan denetim dışında işletmelerde en az 6 aylık dönemler halinde kendi iç denetimlerini bağımsız de-netim şirketlerine yaptırmaları ve yapılan denetimin sonuçlarını değerlendirerek faaliyetlerini bu değerlendirmeler ışığında sürdürmeleri hedeflenen sürdürülebilir başarıyı yakalamalarını sağlayacaktır. Çalışmanın son bölümünde örnek olarak alınan işletmenin mali tablolarına yapılan mali analizin sonuçlarına bakıldığında şuan faaliyet gösterdiği sektörün öncüleri arasında bulunan firmanın bu başarıya ulaşmasında kaliteli bir muhasebe sistemi ve muhasebe alt yapısına sahip olma-sının yanında bu sistemin denetlenebilir olması ve bu denetimlerin sonuçlarının değerlendirilerek firmanın faaliyet ve uygulamalarının bu sonuçların ışığında yapılmasının etkili olduğu tespiti yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Muhasebe,Muhasebe Denetimi,Sürdürülebilirlik,JEL Kodu:M40,M41, M42

115

The Role of Accounting Auditing in Sustainable Business

PhD Faculty Member Gökhan BARAL, Onur KAYASakarya University

baral@sakarya.edu.tr, onur16860@hotmail.com

AbstractNowadays, enterprises are aiming to be the leader of the sector in which

they operate, together with profit making which is one of the objectives of the organization. To achieve this goal, they have to catch up with a continuing suc-cess. The objective of this study is to describe the importance and effect of a quality and impartial accounting audit in achieving a sustainable success. In this study; Concepts that constitute the basis of work such as Accounting, Auditing, Accounting Auditing, Sustainability and Sustainable Achievement, and the his-torical development in the world and in our country has been explained in detail as a result of the literature survey. In the last section, an analysis of the annual financial statements of a sample operating company is made, the results of this analysis are given, and these results are evaluated. As a result of the research, analysis and analysis, to achieve a sustainable success, companies must establish an accounting system with high quality and accountability, and to monitor this system at certain period intervals. Other than compulsary audit required by the state, enterprises must be audited by independent audit firms at least 6 months intervals. Enterprises shall be able to achieve sustainable success in the lights of these audit results. In the last part of the study, the result of the financial analysis of the financial statements of the enterprise taken as an example shows that the success of the company, which is one of the pioneers of the industry, not only has a high quality accounting system and accounting infrastructure but also this system can be audited and the results of these audits are evaluated and the findings are determined to continue its activities in the lights of these results.

Keywords: Accounting, Accounting Audit, Sustainability, Gel Code: M40, M41, M42

JEL Codes:M40,M41, M42

116

Ekonomik Büyüme ve Tarımsal Büyüme Arasındaki Dinamik İlişki: Türkiye Ve Hollanda İçin Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

Doç. Dr. Mehmet ÇINAR, Öğrt. Görv. Eda PALYOŞUludağ ÜniversitesiArtvin Çoruh Üniversitesi

ÖzetKüreselleşen bir dünyada kaynakların sınırlı olması, teknolojik gelişmelere bağlı olarak

imkânların artarak devam etmesi, ülkeleri tarım toplumu olmaktan ziyade sanayileşen bir toplum haline getirmiştir. Dolayısıyla gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasında yer alan Türkiye’nin de küreselleşmeyle birlikte tarım sektöründen belirli dönemlerde uzaklaşma eğilimi olduğu görülmektedir. Bu durum 1970-2016 dönemi için incelendiğinde tarım gelirlerinin, GSYİH içindeki payı zaman zaman azalmış olsa da, artarak devam eden bir seyir izlediği söylenebilir. Bu nedenle Türkiye’nin tarım gelirleri ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Aynı zamanda dünyanın en büyük tarımsal ve gıda ürünleri ihracatçısı olan ülkeler arasında dünya ikincisi konumuna gelen Hollanda’da, tarım sektörü giderek önem kazandığı görülmektedir. Küreselleşen dünyada tarım sektöründen ziyade sanayi sektörüne önem vermeye başlayan Türkiye ile yenilikçi tarımsal teknoloji sayesinde tarım sektörünün öneminin günden güne arttığı Hollanda’nın tarım gelirlerinin büyüme ile olan ilişkilerinin nasıl olduğu merak konusu uyandırmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma, Türkiye ve Hollanda’da, tarım gelirlerindeki büyüme ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek adına yapıl-mıştır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada, 1970–2016 dönemi tarım gelirleri büyümesi ve ekonomik büyüme verileri kullanılarak Türkiye ve Hollanda için zaman serisi analizi yapılmıştır. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda, her iki ülkenin gerek ekonomik büyüme gerekse tarım gelirleri büyümeleri durağan bulunmuştur. Değişkenler arasındaki dinamik ilişkinin belirlenmesi amacıyla; Sims (1980) simetrik VAR, Hatemi-J (2014) asimetrik VAR analizleri ile Granger (1969) ve Hatemi-J (2012) asimetrik nedensellik analizi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular Türkiye için iki de-ğişken arasında hem simetrik hem de negatif asimetrik etki bağlamında tarım gelirlerinden ekonomik büyümeye doğru bir etkinin (nedenselliğin) olduğu yönündedir. Ancak pozitif etki için nedenselliğin çift yönlü olduğu bulunmuştur. Ampirik bulgular Hollanda için durum farklı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Hollanda için simetrik etkinin olmadığı sonucu elde edilmiştir. Ancak hesaplanan asimetrik etki sonuçları incelendiğinde ise, Hollanda için de tarım gelirlerinden ekonomik büyümeye doğru bir etki olduğu ve bu etkinin pozitif şoklar bağlamında daha güçlü olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Dolayısıyla Hollanda için tarım gelirleri ile ekonomik büyüme arasında asimetrik etkinin varlığından bahsedilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Tarım Geliri, Ekonomik Büyüme, Nedensellik,

JEL kodları: C22,O10,Q10

117

Dynamic Relationship Between Economic Growth And Agricultural Growth: A Comparative Analysis For Turkey And

The Netherlands

Assoc.Prof.Dr. Mehmet ÇINAR Lect. Eda PALYOŞ Uludağ University Artvin Çoruh University

AbstractIn a globalizing world, the limited availability of resources, the increasing availability

of opportunities depending on technological developments, have render the countries an industrialized society rather than an agricultural society. Therefore Turkey, which is among the developing countries, is observed that there is a tendency to move away from the agri-cultural sector in certain periods within globalization. When examined for the period 1970- 2016, it can be said that the share of agricultural incomes in GDP is decreasing from time to time, but I tcontinues to increase.Therefore examining the relationship betweenTurkey’s agricultural incomes and economic growth is important. At the same time, the agricul-ture sector is becoming increasingly important in the Netherlands, which is the world’s second largest agricultural and food exporter in the world. In a globalized world, how the relationship between agricultural income and economic growth of Turkey, which raises the industry sector rather than the agricultural sector, and Netherlands, which in the innovative agricultural technology through the growth of the agricultural sector has increased day by day, is raisescuriosity. Therefore this study is made on be half of examining the relationship between economic and agricultural income growth in Turkey and the Netherlands. In this respect, in the study, using agricultural income growth and economic growth data in 1970-2016 periods, time-series analysis was conducted for Turkey and the Netherlands. As a result of the applied unit root tests, economic growth and agricultural incomes growth was found to be stationary, for both countries. In order to determine the dynamic relationship between the variables; Sims (1980) symmetric VAR, Hatemi-J (2014) asymmetric VAR analyzes and Granger (1969) and Hatemi-J (2012) asymmetric causality analyzes were used. According to the findings, there are both symmetric and asymmetric affects proper (causation) from agri-cultural income to economic growth relationship between two variables for Turkey. However it was found that the causality is bi-directional for a positive effect. Empirical findings reveal that the situation is different for the Netherlands. It is found that there is not a symmetrical affects for Netherlands. However, when the calculated a symmetric affect results are exami-ned, it is concluded that the Netherlands has an affect from agricultural income growth to economic growth relationship between two variables, and this effect is stronger as part of positive shocks. Consequently, for Netherlands, the existence of asymmetric effect between agricultural income and economic growth can bementioned.

Keywords: Agricultural Income, Economic Growth, Casuality

JEL Codes: C22,O10,Q10

118

Yalın Üretim ve Altı Sigma Stratejilerinin Sinerjisi

Öğr. Gör. Dr. Yeşim KaygusuzUludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler MYO

y.kaygusuz@uludag.edu.tr

Özetİşletmeleri, gelecek vizyonlarına taşıyan geliştirdikleri stratejileridir. Üst yöne-

timin belirlediği bu stratejiler işletme fonksiyonlarının da yol haritalarıdır. Gelecek vizyonunu sayısal hedeflere dönüştüren fonksiyonel stratejiler süreç iyileştirme proJELeri ile uygulanmaktadır. Altı Sigma, istatistiki araçlar kullanarak süreç varyasyonunu azaltmayı/yok etmeyi hedefleyen bir tekniktir. Yalın üretim ise; süreç ve değer analizleri ile sürekli iyileştirmeler yaparak kayıpları azaltmaya ve müşteri ihtiyaç ve beklentilerini karşılamaya yönelik bir üretim sistemidir. Yalın üretim bakış açısı ile bakıldığında, işletmenin rekabetçi avantajı, değer yaratmak, Altı Sigmanın bakış açısı ile de düşük maliyettir. Toplam kalite yönetimine daya-nan ve birçok ayrı özellikleri olan bu iki teknik aslında birbiri ile oldukça ilişki-lidir. Yalın üretim, bir işletmenin iyileştirme programlarının yürütücüsü olarak stratejiye katkıda bulunurken, Altı Sigma, iyileştirme programını hızlandıracak araçları sunmaktadır. Ancak her tekniğin de kendilerine özgü eksik yönleri ve sınırları vardır. Bunları ortadan kaldırmak için bu iki aracı bütünleşik bir şekilde uygulamak istenilen amaca daha etkin ve hızlı bir şekilde ulaşmasını sağlayacaktır. Sonuçta işletme için uzun vadeli ve kalıcı faydalar sağlanacaktır. Bu çalışmada, Yalın Üretim ve Altı Sigmanın entegrasyonu olan Yalın Altı Sigma yönteminin başarısı anlatılmıştır. Literatür araştırması ile Yalın Altı Sigma proJELeri uy-gulayan firmaların sektör bazında incelenmesi yapılıp, diğer süreç iyileştirme yöntemlerine göre avantajları ve üstün yönleri rakamsal sonuçlarla tartışılacaktır. Amaç Yalın altı sigma proJELerinin farklı sektörlerde yürütülmesini teşvik etmek ve başarısının bağlı olduğu faktörlere dikkat çekmektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Yalın Üretim, Altı sigma, Yalın Altı Sigma StratejileriJEL Kod:L10, L20, M10, M11

119

The Sinergy Of Lean Production and Six Sigma Strategies

Lecturer. Yeşim KaygusuzUludağ University Vocational School of Social Sciences

y.kaygusuz@uludag.edu.tr

AbstractWhat carries businesses into their future vision is the strategies they develop.

These strategies determined by top management are also roadmaps for business functions. Functional strategies that translate a future vision into numerical tar-gets are implemented through process improvement projects. The Six Sigma is a technique aiming to reduce/eliminate process variation by applying statistical tools. As for lean production, it is a manufacturing system for waste reduction by making constant improvements through process and value analyses, and thus, meeting the needs and expectations of customers. From the perspective of lean production, a business’s competitive advantage is value creation while it is low cost from a Six Sigma viewpoint. These two techniques based on total quality management and having many distinct features are actually quite interrelated. While lean production contributes to the strategy by implementing improvement programs in the business, Six Sigma provides the tools to speed up improvement program. However, both techniques also have their distinctive shortcomings and limits. Applying a combination of the two tools to eliminate these shortcomings and limits will help to achieve the desired goal in a more efficient and faster way. It will eventually bring long-term and permanent benefits to the business. This study explores the success of the Lean Six Sigma method, a combination of Lean Production and Six Sigma. The firms that implement Lean Six Sigma projects through literature research have been examined sector by sector and their advantages and superior aspects compared to other process improvement methods have been discussed with numerical results. Purpose to encourage Lean Six Sigma projects to run in different sectors and to draw attention to the factors to which success depends.

Keywords: Lean Production, Six Sigma, Lean Six Sigma StrategiesJEL Code: L10, L20, M10, M11

120

Dış Ticaret Programı Mezunları “Dış Ticaret Sorumlusu” Olarak İstihdama Ne Kadar Hazır?

Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Hatice SARIALTINSakarya Universitesi Sapanca MYO

hsarialtin@sakarya.edu.trÖzetAçıklama: Dış Ticaret alanında “Dış Ticaret Sorumlusu” mesleğinin (Seviye. 5) Ulu-

sal Meslek Standardı ve Ulusal Yeterliliği Mesleki Yeterlilik Kurumu (MYK) tarafından yayınlanmıştır. Standart, Türkiye İhracatçılar Meclisi (TİM) tarafından hazırlanmış ve MYK Sektör Komitesi tarafından onaylanmıştır. Mersin Ticaret ve Sanayi Odasının ha-zırladığı Dış Ticaret Sorumlusu Ulusal Yeterliliği ise, alanla ilgili akademisyen ve sektör profesyonellerinin görüşleri alındıktan sonra MYK sektör komitesi tarafından incelen-miş, MYK Yönetim Kurulu tarafından onaylanıp yayınlanmıştır. Meslek standardı, “Dış Ticaret Sorumlusu”nun sahip olması gereken bilgi, becerileri; üstleneceği temel görevleri, bu görevlerin işlemlerini ve her bir işlemin başarım ölçütünü belirlemektedir. Ulusal Yeterlilik ise, adayların “Dış Ticaret Sorumlusu” mesleğinde başarılı olmak için gereken niteliklere sahip ve yeterli olup olmadığını belirlemekte ve yeterliliğini geçerli bir belge ile kanıtlamasına olanak vermektedir. Bu standardın gerektirdiği bilgi, becerilere sahip olanlar ve mesleğin gerektirdiği yeterliliği kanıtlayanlar, “Dış Ticaret Sorumlusu” olarak istihdam edilmektedir.

Çalışmanın Amacı ve Kapsam: Bu bağlamda çalışmada, Meslek Yüksekokullarının Dış Ticaret Programlarının müfredatları ve program çıktıları ile “Dış Ticaret Sorumlusu” (Seviye 5) Ulusal Meslek Standardı ve Ulusal Yeterliliği karşılaştırılıp analiz edilmekte; Mesleki Yükseköğretimde Dış Ticaret mezunları “Dış Ticaret Sorumlusu” olarak istihdama ne kadar hazır”dır sorusunun cevabı tartışılmaktadır.

Veri ve Yöntem: Çalışmada, nitel veri toplama tekniklerinden olan doküman ince-leme yoluyla MYK “Dış Ticaret Sorumlusu” Ulusal Meslek Standardı ve Ulusal Yeterlilik dokümanları ile, en yüksek üniversiteye giriş puanına sahip 10 devlet üniversitesinin Dış Ticaret Program müfredatları ve program çıktıları karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmekte, betimsel ve içerik analizine tabi tutulmaktadır.

Temel ya da İlk Sonuçlar: Çalışmanın sonunda, analiz edilen program çıktıları, müfredatlar, meslek standardı ve mesleki yeterlilikleri sentezleyerek; dış ticaret mezun-larını istihdama hazırlayan bir müfredat önerilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Dış Ticaret Sorumlusu (Seviye 5), İstihdam, Ulusal Meslek Stan-dardı, Ulusal Yeterlilik.

JEL Kodu: F16

121

How Ready Graduates of Foreign Trade Program for Employment as “Foreign Trade Chief

PhD.Faculty Member Hatice SARIALTINSakarya University Sapanca Voc.School

hsarialtin@sakarya.edu.trAbstractTopic Explanation: In the field of Foreign Trade, the National Occupational Stan-

dard and National Qualification for “Foreign Trade Chief” profession (Level.5) has been issued by Vocational Qualifications Institution (VQI). The Standard prepared by Turkish Exporters Assembly and approved by Industry Committee of VQI. “Foreign Trade Chief” National Qualification prepared by Mersin Chamber of Commerce and Industry, reviewed by Industry Committee of VQI, approved and issued by the Board of VQI. The National Occupational Standard determines basic knowledge and skills, basic tasks, operations and performance metrics for the “Foreign Trade Chief” should have. The National Qua-lification defines the candidates’qualities needed to succeed in the profession of “Foreign Trade Chief” and allows professional competence to be proved by a valid certificate. Those having these knowledge and skills, and proving competences and qualifications required by the profession will be able to be employed as a “Foreign Trade Chief”.

Aim and Scope of the Study: In this context, The study analyzes the curriculum and program outputs of Foreign Trade Programs at Vocational Higher Schools and compares them to National Occupational Standard and National Qualification of “Foreign Trade Chief” profession, and discusses the answer to the question of “How ready foreign trade graduates for employment as “Foreign Trade Chief” ?

Data and Method: In the study, the document review, one of the qualitative data gat-hering method, has been used. In this way, National Occupational Standard and Natio-nal Qualification documents of “Foreign Trade Chief” and curriculums and program out-puts of Foreign Trade Programs of 10 state universities with the highest entry score have been examined comparatively and subjected to the both descriptive and content analysis. Main or Preliminary Results: At the end of the study, A curriculum which prepares Foreign Trade graduates for employment as a “Foreign Trade Chief” will be recommen-ded by synthesizing program outputs, curriculums, occupational standards and national qualifications.

Keywords: Foreign Trade Chief (Level.5), Employment, National Occupational Stan-dard, National Qualifications.

JEL Code:F16

122

Marka Yolculuğunda Kurumsal İletişimin Önemi(Sakarya Diş Ticacaret Rekortmeni Toyota Örneği)

Öğr. Gör. Zuhal EROLSakarya Üniversitesi Kırkpınar Turizm MYO

ÖzetÇalışmanın Amacı ve Kapsam: Günümüzde, küreselleşmenin getirdiği

kaçınılmaz ve sert rekabet ortamı, ekonomik krizler, yeni müşteri türlerinin ve ihtiyaçlarının ortaya çıkması, markalara uygulanan kamuoyu baskısı gibi nedenler, örgütlerin iletişim stratejilerine daha çok önem vermesini gerektirmektedir.2017 yılında gerçekleştirdiği ihracat ile hem rekor kıran, hem de Sakarya’nın Türkiye dış ticaret sıralamasında ilk beşe girmesini sağlayan Toyota’nın kalite felsefesi kadar kurumsal iletişim stratejileri de incelenmeye değerdir. Dış ticaret açısından Sakarya’yı düşününce, ilk akla gelen marka Toyota’dır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı, Toyota’nın kurumsal iletişim stratejilerini ve faaliyetlerini inceleyerek, iletişim bilimi ışığında verileri analiz etmek ve iyi örnekleri ortaya koymaktır.

Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, odak grup görüşmeleriyle sağlanan veriler ile, Toyo-ta’nın remi web sitesi ve basında çıkan haber verileri karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilecek, bulgular bütüncül olarak, dış ticareti ve kurumsal iletişimi kapsayacak şekilde, yorumlanacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: İletişim Stratejisi, Kurumsal Iletişim, TOYOTAJEL Kodu: L10

123

Importance Of Corporate Communication In The Brand Journey (Record-Holder Of Sakarya In Foreing Trade Toyota Sample)

Lect. Zuhal EROLSakarya University

AbstractAim and Scope of the Study: Today, such reasons as inevitable and severe

competition brought about by globalization, economic crises, the emergence of ney types of costumers and needs and the public pressure on the brands requires organizations to give more importance to their communication strategies. Toyota, with both the record-bereaking in export in 2017 and making Sakarya take place the the top five in the ranking of foreign trade, worths studying and examining its corporate communication strategies as well as its quality philosophy. In terms of foreign trade considering Sakarya, the brand that comes to mind first is Toyota. In this context, the aim of thestudy is to analyze the data, in the light of Com-munication Science, and put out good examples through investigating Toyota’s Corporate Communication strategies and activities.

Method: In the sdtudy, data obtained by focus group interviews and the data gathered by Toyota’s web site and its news in the press will be analyzed compara-tively, and the findings will be interpreted as holistic covering both foreign trade and corporate communication.

Keywords: Communication Strategy, Corporate Communication, TOYOTA.JEL Code: L10

124

Sakarya’nın Diş Ticaretinde 100 Yaşında Bir Aktör Sakarya Ticaret ve Sanayi Odasi (SATSO)

Öğr. Gör. Zuhal EROLSakarya Üniversitesi Kırkpınar Turizm MYO

ÖzetBildirinin Amacı ve Kapsam: Bulundukları illerde dış ticaret konusunda

eğitimler veren, üye kuruluşlara ihracat konulu yasa, teşvik ve yeni pazarlar konusunda danışmanlık yapan ve dış ticarete ivme kazandıran ticaret ve sanayi odaları Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği ( TOBB)’ a bağlı faaliyet yürüten kar amacı gütmeyen kuruluşlardır. Araştırmanın yapıldığı tarih itibariyle TOBB bünyesinde 81 il ve 160 ilçede 365 oda ve borsa bulunmaktadır (Ticaret Odaları, Sanayi Odaları, Ticaret ve Sanayi Odaları, Deniz Ticaret Odası ve Ticaret Borsası). 2017 yılında 100. Yaşını kutlayan Sakarya Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası ise ilk olarak Adapazarı Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası adıyla 1917 yılında kurulmuştur. 19 Temmuz 2008 tarihinde de Sakarya Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası adını almıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, üyelerine dış ticaret konusunda vizyon kazandıran ve özellikle, eğitim, yayın, fuar ve yurt dışı teşvikler konusunda liderlik yapan SATSO’nun Sakarya dış ticaretine olan katkısını ortaya koymaktır.

Yöntem: Örnek olay incelemesi olarak tasarlanan çalışmada, Sakarya Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası’nın 100 yıllık faaliyetleri ve rapor, pazar araştırması vb. yayınları, dış ticaret açısından içerik analizine tabi tutulacak, elde edilen bulgular tümeva-rımcı bir yaklaşımla yorumlanacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Ticaret ve Sanayi Odaları, Sakarya Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası, Dış Ticaret.

JEL Kodu: L16

125

A 100-Year-Old Actor In Sakarya’s Foreign Trade (Sakarya Chamber Of Commerce And Industry)

Lect. Zuhal EROLSakarya University

AbstractAim and Scope of the Study: The chambers of commerce and industry which

provide training their member organizations on foreign trade, consult them export related law, export promotions and new markets and give impetus to trade, carry out their activities as non-profit organizations within The Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey. Today, there are 365 chambers and trade exchanges in 81 provinces and 160 districts in Turkey (as chambers of commerce, industry chambers, chambers of commerce and industry, maritime chamber of commerce and trade exchanges). Sakarya Chamber of Commerce and Industry celebrated its 100.year in 2017, established as Adapazarı Chamber of Commerce and Industry in 1917. It took its current name, as Sakarya Chamber of Commerce and Industry, dated in July 19, 2008. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the contribution of Sakarya Chamber of Commerce and Industry to Sakarya’s foreign trade giving vision to its members and leading them on foreign trade issues, fairs and export promotions, especially conducting training and publication activities to improve the export volume of Sakarya.

Method: In the study, designed as a case study, the chamber’s 100-year ac-tivities, reports, market researches and similar publications will be subjected to content analysis in terms of foreign trade, and the findings obtained will be re-viewed and interpreted by an inductive approach.

Keywords: Chambers Of Commerce And Industry, Sakarya Chamber Of Commerce And Industry, Foreign Trade.

JEL Code: L16

126

Türkiye’nin Büyüme Oranının Klasik Ayriştirma Yöntemiyle Tahmin Edilmesi

Arş.Gör. Tunahan HACIİMAMOĞLU, Doç.Dr. Ali Rıza SANDALCILARRecep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi

tunahan.haciimamoglu@erdogan.edu.tr, aliriza.sandalcilar@erdogan.edu.tr

Özet1920’li yıllarda temeli atılan klasik ayrıştırma yaklaşımı, uzun yıllar zaman

serisi verilerinin ayrıştırılmasında kullanılmış olup daha sonra gelen modern ayrıştırma metotlarına öncülük etmiştir. Ayrıştırma yöntemlerinin amacı müm-kün olduğunca doğru bir şekilde seriye ait her bir bileşeni ortaya çıkarmaktır (Makridakis ve Wheelwright, 1997: 107). Çalışmada Türkiye’nin büyüme oranı hakkında öngörü elde edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Türkiye’ye ait 1998-2017 dönemlerini kapsayan GSYH verisi kullanılmış olup verilere Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun resmi internet sitesinden ulaşılmıştır. Klasik ayrıştırma metodunun uygulandığı bu çalışmada toplamsal ayrıştırma yönteminden hareketle trend, mevsimsel ve tesadüfi bileşenler elde edilmiştir. Sonrasında ise trend bileşeni üzerinden uygun modellere ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Trend modeline koşturulan değişken veya değişkenlerin anlamlı olduğu modeller arasından Akaike Bilgi Kriter değeri daha düşük olanı tercih edilmek suretiyle 2018 yılının birinci ve ikinci çeyrek dönemlerine ait büyüme oranları tahmin edilmiştir. Analiz tahmin sonuçları Türkiye’nin birinci ve ikinci çeyrekte sırasıyla %5,9 ve %5,5 oranında büyüyeceğini öngörmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Klasik Ayrıştırma Yöntemi, Öngörü, GSYH, Büyüme Oranı

JEL Kodları: C10, C13, C22, C53,

127

Prediction Of Turkey’s Growth Rate By Classical Decomposition Method

Resch.Asst. Tunahan HACIİMAMOĞLU, Assoc.Prof.Dr. Ali Rıza SANDALCILAR

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Universitytunahan.haciimamoglu@erdogan.edu.tr, aliriza.sandalcilar@erdogan.edu.tr

AbstractThe classical decomposition approach, which was based on the 1920s, has been

used for many years to decompose the time series data and has pioneered subsequent modern decomposition methods. The purpose of the decomposition methods is to expose each component of the series as accurately as possible (Makridakis and Wheelwright, 1997: 107). The study has attempted to obtain forecast values for Turkey’s growth rate. For this purpose, GDP data covering the period 1998-2017 of Turkey has been used and the related data obtained from the Turkey Statistics Institution’s official website. In this study which applied classical decomposition method; trend, seasonal and random components were obtained by using addi-tive decomposition method. Then, it was tried to reach the appropriate models through the trend component. Growth rates for the first and second quarters of 2018 were estimated by choosing the model among the significant ones and which has a lower Akaike Information Criterion value. According to forecast analysis, Turkey will grow in first and second quarter by 5.9% and 5.5%, respectively.

Keywords: Classical Decomposition Method, Estimation, GDP, Growth RateJEL Codes: C10, C13, C22, C53

128

Faiz Oranlarindaki Değişimin Mevduat ve Krediler Üzerindeki Etkileri: Türkiye Açisindan Bir Değerlendirme

Dr.Öğr.Üyesi Şükrü CİCİOĞLUSakarya Üniversitesi, cicioglu@sakarya.edu.tr

Mehmet Ali Bacaksız, Abdul Wasi SamadiSakarya Üniversitesi

mehmet.bacaksiz1@ogr.sakarya.edu.tr, wasisamady@hotmail.comÖzetBu çalışmada faiz oranlarındaki değişimin mevduat ve krediler üzerindeki etkisi

Türkiye özelinde değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çerçevede Türkiye’de yatırımcıların şikayet ettiği konulardan biri olan kredi faiz oranlarının yüksekliğinin nedeni incelenerek, fon talep edenlerin ifade ettiği gibi bankaların yüksek kar marjı elde etme çabasından mı kaynaklandığı sorusuna cevap aranmaktadır. Bankaların esas fonksiyonu, finansal sis-temin fon toplayan en önemli kurumsal birimleri olarak, topladığı fonları talep eden yatırımcılara ulaştırmaktır. Bankalar açısından en büyük karlılık göstergelerinden birisini mevduat–kredi arasındaki kazancı oluşturmaktadır. Finansal sistemin efektif biçimde işleyebilmesi için hem bankacılık sektörü hem de üretici ve tüketiciler açısından maliyet-lerin minimize edilmesi gerekmektedir. Türkiye’de reel sektörün en önemli sorunu fon temini olarak ifade edilebilir. Öz kaynakları yeterli olmadığından yatırımlar açısından sık olarak yabancı kaynaklara başvurulmaktadır. Çalışmamızda Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası, Bankacılık Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu, Türkiye Bankalar Birliği ve Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu resmi sitelerinden aylık ve yıllık bazda toplanan veriler yorumlanmaktadır. Elde edilen veriler değerlendiğinde Türkiye’de bankaların fonlarını ortalama olarak yıllık yüzde 10 faizle ve 3 ay süreyle topladıkları ve bunları 3 aylık peri-yotlarda yeniledikleri, buna koşut olarak kullandırdıkları fonları yıllık yüzde 15 faizle ve ortalama olarak 1 yıl süreyle verdikleri görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak, mevduat yatırımla-rının ortalama süresinin, verilen kredilerin ortalama vadesinden çok daha düşük olduğu buna karşılık kredi faiz oranlarının, mevduat faiz oranlarından daha yüksek olduğu göze çarpmaktadır. Kredi faiz oranlarının yüksek olmasına ise maliyetli bankacılık yapısının sebep olduğu söylenebilir. Bankaların maliyetli yapısına örnek olarak kamu kesimince zorunlu alınan vergiler ve kesintiler ile birlikte bankalara mahsus disponibilite ve munzam karşılık yükümlülükleri sayılabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Faiz-Kredi İlişkisi, Faiz-Mevduat İlişkisi, Banka Maliyet Yapısı, Faiz Oranları.

JEL Kodu: E43, E50

129

The Effects Of Interest Rate Changes On Deposits And Credits: Evaluation For Turkey

PhD. Faculty Member Şükrü CİCİOĞLUSakarya University, cicioglu@sakarya.edu.tr

Mehmet Ali BacaksızSakarya University, mehmet.bacaksiz1@ogr.sakarya.edu.tr

Abdul Wasi SamadiSakarya University, Wasisamady@hotmail.com

AbstractIn this study, in particular of Turkey, it has been evaluated the effect of chan-

ging interest rates on deposits and loans. In this context the reason of high credit interest rates that investors compain about will be analysed. Generally, people who demand fund explain that the matter causes of getting high profit margin request of banks. In this paper, it will be answered if it is true or not. One of the biggest indicator of the profit for the banks is the income between deposit and loan. For the efficiency of financial system, both banks producers and consumers need to minimize the cost. In Turkey the most important issue is the lack of funding of the real sector. Investors generally applies to foreign source because of the lack of capital. In this study, the datas which are obtained from TCMB(Central Bank of the Turkish Republic), BDDK(Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency), TUIK(Turkish Statistical Institute), TBB(The Banks Association of Turkey) were interpreted. When these datas are analysed, banks collect the funds with the interest rate of 10 percent annually on average and with the period of 3 months. Accordingly, they give these funds with the interest rate 15 percent annually and with the period of year. As a consequence, it can be seen that the average duration of the investment deposit is lower than the average maturity of loans but it is obvious that credit interest rates is higher than loan interest rates. It can be said that, the couse of high credit interest rates is about the costly structure of banks. Compulsory taxes, deductions and liquidity requirement, required reserve liability can be shown as an examples of the costly structure of banks.

Keywords: Interest-Credit Relationship, Interest-Deposit Relationship, The Cost Structure of the Bank, Interest Rates.

JEL Code: E43, E50.

130

Hangi Reformlar Türkiye İç ve Dış Ticaretini Rahatlatır?

Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Asena BOZTAŞSakarya Üniversitesi

Öğretim Görevlisi Burhan ÖZKAN Sakarya Üniversitesi

ÖzetUluslararası sistemdeki tüm ülkeler iç ve dış ticaretinin gelişimi için çeşitli

reformlar, düzenlemeler gerçekleştirmektedir. Türkiye de benzer reformları tarihi boyunca gerçekleştirmek için çeşitli adımlar atmıştır. Bunlar zaman zaman başarılı olurken bazen de başarısızlıkla sonuçlanmıştır. Küresel dünyada devletlerin iç ve dış ticaretlerini geliştirmek gittikçe zorlaşmıştır. Bunun en önemli nedeni ser-best piyasa ekonomisinin kontrol edilemezliğidir. Öyle ki ABD tarafından ortaya konulan düzen, zaman içerisinde kendisine dahi tehdit olarak geri dönmüştür. Çin’de yatırım yaparak fabrika kuran ABD’li şirketler bu tehdidin başlıca ak-törleri olmuşlardır. Türkiye’de de kontrol edilemez serbest piyasa ekonomisinin hasarları yok denilemez. Aynı zamanda iç ve dış ticaretin küresel uluslararası sistemde birbirine sıkı bağlı olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Dolayısıyla her ülkede olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de dış ticaret ve iç ticaretin gelişimi için reform politikalarına ihtiyaç olduğu önemli bir gerçektir. Çalışmada Türkiye’nin iç ve dış ticaretini geliştirerek ekonomisini rahatlatabilecek elzem ihtiyaç duyduğu reform alanlarına yer verilerek bu alanlarda öneriler sunulması hedeflenmektedir. Bu alanlar; tarım, hayvancılık, bahçecilik, teknoloji ve Ar-Ge, dış ticaret ve lojistik, geri dönüşüm endüstrisi, eğitim ve öğretim olarak belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye’nin Reform İhtiyaçları, Tarım ve Hayvancılık, Teknoloji ve Ar-Ge, Bahçecilik, Dış Ticaret ve Lojistik, Geri Dönüşüm Endüstrisi, Eğitim ve Öğretim

Jel Kodu: O1, O2, O4, Q1, F5

131

Which reforms are relieved Domestic and Foreign Trade of Turkey?

PhD Faculty Member Asena BOZTAŞLect. Burhan ÖZKAN

Sakarya University

AbstractAll countries in the international system undertake various reforms and

regimes for the development of domestic and foreign trade. Turkey has also taken steps to carry out similar reforms throughout its history. These steps sometimes succeed and sometimes fail.In the global world, it has become increasingly difficult to improve the internal and external trade of states.The most important reason for this is the uncontrollability of the free market economy.So much so that the order put forward by the USA has returned as a threat even to itself over time.The US companies that invested in China and established factories were the main actors of this threat.In Turkey, there is no damage of uncontrolled free market economy can not say.At the same time, it is possible to say that domestic and foreign trade is closely linked to each other in the global international system.Therefore, as in all countries where there is a need to reform policies for the development of foreign trade and domestic trade in Turkey it is an important fact.In the study, that can relieve the economy improving Turkey’s internal and external trade, it will be included in the essential areas of reform needed and it is aimed to offer suggestions in these areas.These areas are; agriculture, animal husbandry, hor-ticulture, technology and R&D, foreign trade and logistics, recycling industry, education and training.

Keywords: Turkey’s Reform Needs, Agriculture And Animal Husbandry, Technology And R&D, Horticulture, Trade And Logistics, Recycling İndustry, Education And Training

Jel Code: O1, O2, O4, Q1, F5

132

Türkiye’nin Afrika Ticaret Politikaları

Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Asena BOZTAŞSakarya Üniversitesi

Öğretim Görevlisi Burhan ÖZKAN Sakarya Üniversitesi

ÖzetJeostratejik açıdan oldukça önemli konuma sahip olan Türkiye, kuruluşundan

itibaren ticaret potansiyeli yüksek bir ülke olmuştur. Avrupa ve Asya arasında yer alan ve Afrika’ya yakın olmasıyla bilinen Türkiye, özellikle son dönemde uluslararası platformlarda dış ticaret alanında atılımlar göstermektedir.

Türkiye’nin kuruluş yıllarında Batı eğilimli politikalar izlemesi nedeniyle dünyanın geri kalanıyla ilişkilerini askıya alması söz konusu olmuştur. Daha sora konjonktür gereği önce komşularıyla ve Ortadoğu’yla daha sonra da küresel düzenin gereği olarak çok yönlü politikalar ile tüm dünya dolayısıyla da Afrika ile ilişkilerini her alanda geliştirmeye başlamıştır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada öncelikle Türkiye’nin Afrika ticaret politikalarının tarihsel gelişimine ve sonrasında güncel durumuna yer verilerek bütünlük sağlanması hedeflenmektedir. Son olarak ise Türkiye’nin Afrika ile olan ticaret potansiyelinin nasıl arttırılabileceği konusu ele alınarak çeşitli öneriler geliştirilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye, Afrika, Ticaret Politikaları, Uluslararası Ticaret, Uluslararası Örgütler.

Jel Kodu: F6, F13, F2, F54

133

Turkey’s Africa Trade Policy

PhD Faculty Member Asena BOZTAŞLect. Burhan ÖZKAN

Sakarya University

AbstractTurkey, who has very important geostrategic position, has had a high potential

for trade since the establishment of the country. Turkey known that it is located between Europe and Asia and Africa, especially the recent breakthroughs in the field of foreign trade shows in the international arena. Western-oriented policies in Turkey’s anniversary has suspended its relations with the rest of the world for their monitoring. More and more, the conjuncture has begun to develop in every field, first with neighbors and with the Middle East, then with multifaceted policies as a global order and with the whole world and therefore with Africa. In this context, the study primarily aims to ensure integrity after giving place to the current situation and the historical development of Turkey’s Africa trade policy. inally suggestions on how to handle a variety of issues that may increase the potential for trade between Turkey and Africa will be developed.

Keywords: Turkey, Africa, Trade Policy, İnternational Trade, İnternational Organizations.

Jel Code:F6, F13, F2, F54

134

135

136