Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II....
-
Upload
louise-james -
Category
Documents
-
view
229 -
download
4
Transcript of Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II....
![Page 1: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
HelminthsHelminths
![Page 2: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Kingdom AnimaliaSub-kingdom Invertebrata
• I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms
• II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms
• III. Phylum Annelida - segmented worms
• IV. Phylum Arthropoda –tics, mites, lice
![Page 4: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Phylum PlatyhelminthesPhylum Platyhelminthes flatwormsflatworms
A. A. Class CestodaClass Cestoda -tapeworms -tapeworms
1. 1. Taenia Taenia pisiformispisiformis. -. -
B. B. Class Trematoda Class Trematoda - Flukes- Flukes
2. 2. ClonorchisClonorchis sinensissinensis - liver fluke - liver fluke
3. 3. FasciolopsisFasciolopsis buskibuski - giant intestinal fluke - giant intestinal fluke
44. . SchistosomaSchistosoma mansonimansoni female blood fluke female blood fluke
C. C. Class TurbellariaClass Turbellaria - free-living flatworms, ie. not parasitic - free-living flatworms, ie. not parasitic
5. 5. Planaria spp.Planaria spp.
![Page 5: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Class CestodaClass Cestoda -tapeworms -tapeworms
Taenia Taenia pisiformispisiformis
Head (scolex)Head (scolex)
SuckersSuckers
HooksHooks
Segments (proglottids)Segments (proglottids)
TestesTestes
OvariesOvaries
![Page 6: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Class Trematoda Class Trematoda - Flukes- Flukes
ClonorchisClonorchis sinensissinensis - liver fluke - liver fluke
Oral suckerOral sucker
PharynxPharynx
Intestines (cecum)Intestines (cecum)
UterusUterus
TestesTestes
![Page 7: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Class Trematoda Class Trematoda - Flukes- Flukes
FasciolopsisFasciolopsis buskibuski - giant intestinal - giant intestinal flukefluke
Label: mouth, ventral sucker, Label: mouth, ventral sucker, intestines (cecum), testesintestines (cecum), testes
![Page 8: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Class Trematoda Class Trematoda - Flukes- Flukes
SchistosomaSchistosoma mansonimansoni female blood female blood fluke; ventral sucker, ovary, mouthfluke; ventral sucker, ovary, mouth
![Page 9: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Class TurbellariaClass Turbellaria - free-living - free-living flatworms, ie. not parasiticflatworms, ie. not parasitic
Planaria spp.Planaria spp. Label: pharynx, Label: pharynx, eyespots, gastrovascular cavityeyespots, gastrovascular cavity
![Page 10: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Kingdom AnimaliaSub-kingdom Invertebrata
• I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms• II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms• III. Phylum Annelida - segmented worms• IV. Phylum Arthropoda –tics, mites, lice
![Page 11: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
6. Enterobius vermicularis female – pinworm; Label: mouth, pharynx
![Page 12: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ascaris lumbricoides - intestinal round worm- plastimount; Label: male, female
![Page 13: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
8. Necator americanus- American hookworm; Label: teeth, muscular pharynx, posterior bursa and rays (male)
![Page 14: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Trichinella spiralis- threadworm encysted in muscle; Label: cyst, muscle, larva
![Page 15: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Kingdom AnimaliaSub-kingdom Invertebrata
• I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms• II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms• III. Phylum Annelida - segmented worms• IV. Phylum Arthropoda –tics, mites, lice
![Page 16: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Class Hirudinea 10. Leech; Label: anterior sucker, mouth, intestine, posterior sucker
![Page 17: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Kingdom AnimaliaSub-kingdom Invertebrata
• I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms• II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms• III. Phylum Annelida - segmented worms• IV. Phylum Arthropoda –tics, mites, lice
![Page 18: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Phylum Arthropoda
• Class Arachnia
• Class Insecta
![Page 19: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Class Arachnia
11. Dermacentor spp.- tick; Label: head, thorax, abdomen, legs
![Page 20: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Class Arachnia
Sarcoptes scabiei - itch mite; Label: mouth, legs, bristles on rear
legs, bristles on abdomen
![Page 21: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Class Arachnia
Dermatophagoides spp.- dust mite; Label: thorax, legs,
abdomen
![Page 22: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Phylum Arthropoda
• Class Arachnia
• Class Insecta
![Page 23: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Flea; Label: head, thorax, abdomen, legs
CLASS INSECTA
![Page 24: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Pediculus humanis corporus - human body louse; Label: abdomen, thorax, head, antennae, eyes, plates, legs
CLASS INSECTA
![Page 25: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Pthirus pubis- crab louse; Label: thorax, abdominal segments, eyes, legs, antennae
CLASS INSECTA
![Page 26: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
TaxonomyTaxonomy
Phylum: Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)Phylum: Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)• Class: Cestodes (tapeworms)Class: Cestodes (tapeworms)
Pork tapeworm (Pork tapeworm (Taenia soliumTaenia solium)) Beef tapeworm (Beef tapeworm (Taenia saginataTaenia saginata) ) Fish tapeworm (Fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latumDiphyllobothrium latum) )
![Page 33: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Characteristics of Tapeworms
• Monoecious
• Missing an entire system
• Scolex: suckers, hooks, or grooves
• Segmented– proglottids
• Gravid proglottids• Strobilia• Uterine branches
![Page 34: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Beef Tapeworm Scolex
![Page 35: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Pork Tapeworm Scolex
![Page 36: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Pork Tapeworm Scolex
![Page 37: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Pork Tapeworm Scolex
![Page 38: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Pork Tapeworm
• Uterine branches in proglottid
![Page 39: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Beef Tapeworm
• Uterine branches in proglottid
![Page 40: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Pork and Beef Tapeworm Diseases
• 1. TAENIASIS (Pork and Beef)
• 2. CYSTICERCOSIS (Pork only)
![Page 41: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Life Cycle:
Taenia
![Page 42: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Tapeworms inside intestines
![Page 43: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Taenia Egg
![Page 44: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Taenia Egg
![Page 45: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
CYSTICERCOSIS
![Page 46: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Broadfish Tapeworm
• Operculated eggs contain ciliated coracidium.
• Copepods eat the coracidium.– They become procerocoid larvae
• Minnows eat the copepod.
• Predator fish eat the minnows.
• Humans eat the predator fish. – The infective stage is in the fish.
![Page 47: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Broadfish Tapeworm
• The larvae are released from the cysts.
• They invade the intestines and mature.
• They attach by bilateral grooves called brothria.
• The proglottids are passed in the feces, and return to the water.
• They become embryonated and become operculated eggs.
![Page 48: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Fish Tapeworm
Bilateral grooves
![Page 49: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Fish Tapeworm
• Proglottids
![Page 50: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Operculated Broadfish Tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium) egg.
Has a ciliated coracidium inside
Operculum
Knob
![Page 51: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Diphyllobothrium Egg
KnobOperculum
![Page 52: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Diphyllobothrium Egg
Operculum Knob
![Page 53: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Diphyllobothrium Egg
![Page 54: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Copepod
![Page 55: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Walleye Pike
![Page 56: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
TaxonomyTaxonomy
Phylum: Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)Phylum: Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)• Class: Trematodes (flukes)Class: Trematodes (flukes)
SchistosomesSchistosomes• S. japonicumS. japonicum• S. mansoniS. mansoni• S. haematobiumS. haematobium
![Page 58: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Schistosoma spp.
• Schistosomiasis
![Page 59: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Schistosoma spp.
• Eggs are eliminated with feces or urine. • The eggs hatch and release miracidia, which
swim and penetrate specific snail intermediate hosts.
• The stages in the snail include 2 generations of sporocysts and the production of cercariae (which have a forked tail). Upon release from the snail, the infective cercariae swim, penetrate the skin of the human host, and shed their forked tail, becoming schistosomulae.
![Page 60: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Schistosomal miracidum
![Page 61: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Schistosoma cercariae
![Page 62: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Schistosoma spp.
• The schistosomulae migrate to the veins:– S. japonicum and S. mansoni inhabit the
mesenteric veins draining the intestines.– S. haematobium inhabit the urinary bladder
venous plexus.– The females are smaller and live inside the
male. They deposit eggs in the small venules. The eggs are moved progressively toward the lumen of the intestine and are eliminated with feces or urine.
![Page 63: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Schistosoma
![Page 64: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Schistosoma
Male
Female
![Page 65: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Schistosoma spp.
• Human contact with water is thus necessary for infection by schistosomes. Skin penetration is required.
• Various animals, such as dogs, cats, rodents, pigs, horse and goats, serve as reservoirs, but skin penetration is still required.
• Geographic Distribution: Schistosoma mansoni is found in parts of South America and the Caribbean, Africa, and the Middle East; S. haematobium in Africa and the Middle East; and S. japonicum in the Far East. Schistosoma mekongi and S. intercalatum are found focally in Southeast Asia and central West Africa, respectively.
![Page 66: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Schistosoma spp.
– Symptoms include: Katayama fever, granulomas (occasionally in brain or spinal cord).
– S. haematobium schistosomiasis also includes: hematuria, and bladder cancer.
![Page 67: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Life Cycle:
![Page 68: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Types of Schistosoma eggs
S. mansoni S. haematobium S. japonicum
![Page 69: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Schistosoma haematobium egg
![Page 70: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Schistosoma haematobium egg
![Page 71: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Schistosoma mansoni egg
![Page 72: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Schistosomiais
![Page 73: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Swimmer’s Itch
![Page 74: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Schistosomiais: Swimmer’s Itch
![Page 75: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
TaxonomyTaxonomy
Phylum: Nematodes (roundworms)Phylum: Nematodes (roundworms) PinwormPinworm WhipwormWhipworm HookwormHookworm Intestinal RoundwormIntestinal Roundworm Pork RoundwormPork Roundworm
![Page 76: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Pinworm
• Enterobius vermicularis
![Page 77: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Life Cycle:
![Page 78: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Pinworm• Eggs are deposited on perianal folds. Self-infection
occurs by transferring infective eggs to the mouth with hands that have scratched the perianal area. Person-to-person transmission can also occur through handling of contaminated clothes or bed linens or contact with contaminated curtains, carpeting, etc.
• Some small number of eggs may become airborne and inhaled. These would be swallowed and follow the same development as ingested eggs.
• Following ingestion of infective eggs, the larvae hatch in the small intestine and the adults establish themselves in the colon.
• Gravid females migrate nocturnally outside the anus and deposit their eggs while crawling on the skin of the perianal area.
![Page 79: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Pinworm
Geographic Distribution:Worldwide, with infections more frequent in school- or preschool- children and in crowded conditions. Enterobiasis appears to be more common in temperate than tropical countries. The most common helminthic infection in the United States (an estimated 40 million persons infected).
![Page 80: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Pinworm
Female
![Page 81: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Enterobius vermicularis egg
![Page 82: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Pinworm
![Page 83: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Pinworm
Alae
Esophagus
Esophageal bulb
![Page 84: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Pinworm adultAlaeEsophagus
Esophageal bulb
Eggs
![Page 85: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Pinworm
![Page 86: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Whipworm
• Trichuris trichiura
![Page 87: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Life Cycle:
![Page 88: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Trichuris trichiura
• The unembryonated eggs are passed with the stool. In the soil, the eggs become infective.
• After ingestion (soil-contaminated hands or food), the eggs hatch in the small intestine, and release larvae that mature and establish themselves as adults in the colon.
• Female worms in the cecum shed up to 20,000 eggs per day. The life span of the adults is about 1 year.
• Geographic Distribution:The third most common round worm of humans worldwide, with infections more frequent in tropical areas and poor sanitation practices, and among children. It is estimated that 800 million people are infected worldwide. Trichuriasis occurs in the southern United States.
![Page 89: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Whipworm
![Page 90: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Prolapsed Rectum from whipworm
![Page 91: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Prolapsed Rectum from whipworm
![Page 92: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Whipworm egg
![Page 93: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Whipworm egg
![Page 94: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Whipworm, female and male
![Page 95: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Hookworm
• Ancyclostoma duodenale
• Necator americanus
![Page 96: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Life Cycle:
![Page 97: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Hookworm
• Eggs are passed in the stool. The released rhabditiform larvae grow in the feces and/or the soil, and after 5 to 10 days they become filariform larvae that are infective.
• These infective larvae contact the human host, penetrate the skin and are carried through the veins to the heart and then to the lungs. They penetrate into the pulmonary alveoli, ascend the bronchial tree to the pharynx, and are swallowed.
• The larvae reach the small intestine, where they reside and mature into adults. Adult worms attach to the intestinal wall with resultant blood loss by the host.
![Page 98: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Hookworm
• Geographic Distribution:The second most common human helminthic infection (after ascariasis). Worldwide distribution, mostly in areas with moist, warm climate. Both N. americanus and A. duodenale are found in Africa, Asia and the Americas. Necator americanus predominates in the Americas and Australia, while only A. duodenale is found in the Middle East, North Africa and southern Europe.
![Page 99: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Male hookworm
![Page 100: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Copulatory Bursa of Male Hookworm
![Page 101: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Copulatory Bursa of Male Hookworm
![Page 102: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Hookworm cutting plates
Necator americanus
![Page 103: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Hookworm teeth
•Ancyclostoma duodenale
![Page 104: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Hookworm teeth
•Ancyclostoma duodenale
![Page 105: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Hookworm egg
![Page 106: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Hookworm egg
![Page 107: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Hookworm: creeping eruption
![Page 108: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Ascariasis
• Ascaris lumbricoides
![Page 109: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Life Cycle:
![Page 110: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Ascariasis
• Adult worms live in the lumen of the small intestine. A female may produce approximately 200,000 eggs per day, which are passed with the feces
• After infective eggs are swallowed, the larvae hatch, invade the intestinal mucosa, and are carried to the lungs. The larvae penetrate the alveolar walls, ascend the bronchial tree to the throat, and are swallowed.
• Upon reaching the small intestine, they develop into adult worms.
![Page 111: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Ascariasis
Geographic Distribution:The most common human helminthic infection. Worldwide distribution. Highest prevalence in tropical and subtropical regions, and areas with inadequate sanitation. Occurs in rural areas of the southeastern United States.
![Page 112: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Ascariasis
![Page 113: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Ascariasis
![Page 114: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Ascaris Adult
![Page 115: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Ascaris egg
![Page 116: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Ascaris egg
![Page 117: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Trichinellosis
• Trichinella spiralis
![Page 118: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Life Cycle:
![Page 119: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Trichinellosis
• Trichinellosis is acquired by ingesting meat containing cysts (encysted larvae) of Trichinella. After exposure to gastric acid, the larvae are released from the cysts and invade the small bowel mucosa where they develop into adult worms.
• The females release larvae that migrate to the striated muscles where they encyst. Ingestion of the encysted larvae perpetuates the cycle.
• Rats and rodents are primarily responsible for maintaining the endemicity of this infection. Pigs or bears feed on infected rodents.
• Humans are accidentally infected when eating improperly processed meat of these carnivorous animals (or eating food contaminated with such meat).
• Geographic Distribution:Worldwide. Most common in parts of Europe; in the United States, it is most common in Alaska from eating infected bear meat.
![Page 120: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Trichinellosis
• Eosinophilia develops in response to the presence of the worm. Patients who develop neurologic and cardiac dysfunctions have marked hypereosinophilia associated with arteriolar microthrombi leading to areas of cerebral and myocardial infarction. Immunologic reactions also are deemed responsible for one of the hallmark clinical findings—palpebral edema.
• The direct trauma of the larva encysting in muscle cells, coupled with the immunologic response, is responsible for other clinical features (eg, fever, myalgias). Ultimately, the intramuscular cysts typically calcify.
![Page 121: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Trichinella cyst
![Page 122: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Trichinella cysts
![Page 123: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Filariasis
• Caused by nematodes that produce a thread-like larvae called microfilariae.
• They inhabit the lymphatic system of humans.
• They require the bite of a mosquito.
![Page 124: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Elephantitis
• Wuchereria bancrofti
• Mosquito: anopheles or Culex (Asia)
• Blocks lymph drainage
![Page 125: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Life Cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti:
![Page 126: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Elephantitis
• During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound.
• They develop in adults that commonly reside in the lymphatics.
• The microfilariae migrate into lymph and blood channels moving actively through lymph and blood.
• Another mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal and work their way to the mosquito's midgut and develop into infective larvae.
• The infective larvae migrate through to the mosquito's prosbocis and can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal.
![Page 127: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Elephantiasis
![Page 128: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
River Blindness
• Onchocerca volvulus
• Requires bite of Black Fly (Simulium)
• Itchy nodules under skin and head
• Treatment is Ivermectin
![Page 129: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Life Cycle of Onchocerca volvulus:
![Page 130: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
River Blindness
• During a blood meal, an infected blackfly (genus Simulium) introduces filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound.
• In subcutaneous tissues the larvae develop into adult filariae, which commonly reside in nodules in subcutaneous connective tissues. Adults can live in the nodules for approximately 15 years. Some nodules may contain numerous male and female worms. Some of them get into the bloodsteam.
• Another blackfly ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal and migrate to the thoracic muscles. There they develop into infective larvae and migrate to the blackfly's proboscis and can infect another human when the fly takes a blood meal.
![Page 131: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
River Blindness
![Page 132: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
River Blindness
![Page 133: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
River Blindness
![Page 134: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Guinea Worm
• Dracunculus medinensis
• Geographic Distribution:Restricted to rural, isolated areas in a narrow belt of African countries.
![Page 135: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Life Cycle:
![Page 136: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Guinea Worm• Humans become infected by drinking unfiltered water containing
copepods (small crustaceans) which are infected with larvae of D. medinensis.
• Following ingestion, the copepods die and release the larvae, which penetrate the host stomach and intestinal wall and enter the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space.
• After maturation into adults and copulation, the male worms die and the females migrate in the subcutaneous tissues.
• Approximately one year after infection, the female worm induces a blister on the skin, generally on the distal lower extremity, which ruptures. When this lesion comes into contact with water, the female worm emerges and releases larvae.
• The larvae are ingested by a copepod and develop into infective larvae.
![Page 137: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Guinea Worm
![Page 138: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Loa loa
• The “eye worm”
![Page 139: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Life Cycle of Loa loa:
![Page 140: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Loa loa• The vector for Loa loa filariasis are flies from two species of the
genus Chrysops, C. silacea and C. dimidiata. • During a blood meal, an infected fly (genus Chrysops, day-biting
flies) introduces filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound.
• The larvae develop into adults that commonly reside in subcutaneous tissue but can migrate into spinal fluids, urine, and sputum. During the day they are found in peripheral blood, but during the noncirculation phase, they are found in the lungs.
• The fly ingests microfilariae during a blood meal, which migrate to the thoracic muscles and develop into infective larvae. They migrate to the fly's proboscis and can infect another human when the fly takes a blood meal.
![Page 141: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Loa loa
![Page 142: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Loa loa
![Page 143: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Loa loa
![Page 144: Helminths. Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - segmented.](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e4a5503460f94b3e8f2/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
“My worm collection”