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;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfa'4e"ld gu/kflnsf–!), r]t/fb]O{

slknj:t'

;fdflhs k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg@)&%

kmf]g g+= (&%&))!*&#, )&^–^()*&#Email: [email protected]: www.ssdonepal.org,np

;fdflhs k/LIf0f ;]jfu|fxL / ;]jf k|bfos aLr v'Nnf d~rdf ul/g] Ps k|ls[of xf] . h;nfO{ g]kfn;/sf/sf] lgodfg';f/ ;a} ;+3÷;+:yf tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] clgjfo{ ?kdf u/fpg' kb{5 . ;fdflhs k/LIf0fn] kf/blz{tf sfod tyf ;'–;f…zg clea[l4 u/fpg] sfd ub{5 . h;n] clwsf/jfnf tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? aLrsf] al9/x]sf] b'/LnfO{ sd ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ sfdklg ub{5 . sltko 7fpFx?df oxL k|ls[of gk'Ubf Ps csf{k|lt ;f]w k|ltzf]w tyf cf/f]kx? ;d"x, ;+:yfx?df cfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 / :jefljs klg xf] . cfkm"nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg' To; ;+:yfsf] d]?b08 Pj+ Go'gtd zt{ xf] . o; k|ls[ofdf ;a}n] cfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .@)%% ;fn ebf} #) ut] :yfkgf ePsf] o; ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfn] jfd] ;bf{sf] s|ddf cfˆgf ;b:ox? / ;xof]uL lgsfo aLr ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ul//x]sf] lyof] . ;fy} ;+:yf cufl8 a9\b} hfFbf cfkm\gf] larf/nfO{ km/flsnf] kf/L o; ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfn] @)^@ ;fndf klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qLo :t/sf]] klxnf] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f u/fpg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . ;f]xL ;dob]vL o; ;+:yfn] lhNnf tyf :yfgLo :t/df ;fdflhs k/LIf0f ub}{ cfPsf] / xfn;Dd lg/Gt/tf lbg kfPsf]df xfdL v'zL 5f}F . ;+:yfn] u/]sf ultljlwx?sf] af/]df ;]jfu|fxLx? dfem hfgsf/L u/fpg' xfd|f] st{Jo xf] eg] hfgsf/L kfpg' clwsf/jfnfx?sf] clwsf/ xf] . o;} k|ls[of cg';f/ xfdL;Fu ;xsfo{ ul//x]sf lgsfox?nfO{ klg ;fdflhs k/LIf0f u/fpg xfdL lg/Gt/ hf]8 lbFb} cfO{/x]sf 5f}F . b]z ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf uO;s] klg h/f] uf8]/ a;]sf] JofKt clgoldttfaf6 u};;x? klg c5'tf] /xg ;s]sf 5}gg\ h;sf sf/0fn] 8n/sf] v]tL ug]{, e|i6 tyf ckf/bzL{ ePsf] cf/f]k k|Tof/f]k gcfPsf] xf]Og . xfdLn] u/]sf] sfdsf] ;xL ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/L 7Ls 9ª\un] ;xL ;dodf k'¥ofpg g;s]sf] v08df cf/f]k cfpg' :jfefljs xf] . xfdLn] ;+rfng ul//x]sf] lqmofsnfkx?sf af/]df hfgsf/L lnO{ u'0f / bf]ifsf] cfwf/df ;dy{g Pj+ lj/f]w ug{'nfO{ xfdL :jfut ub{5f}F . xfdL gful/s ;d'bfosf] Pp6f k|ltlgwL ePsf] gftfn] ;xsfo{ / bjfj lbg] xfd|f] sfo{ gLtL xf] . o; lznlznfdf xfd|f kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx?af6 sfdsf] bf}/fgdf hfg cGhfg a; sdL sdhf]/L ePsf] v08df d Ifdf ofrgf ub{5' . o; ;+:yfn] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;' ;"lrt ug{ / ;"rgfsf] kxF'r;Dd k'/\ofO gful/snfO{ ;r]t ug]{ sfo{df klg cu|Ll0f e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . ;"rgfnfO{ ljsf;sf] d'n dGq tyf xltof/sf] ?kdf cufl8 a9fpFb} cfPsf] klg 5 . ;+:yfdf eP u/]sf cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷)&% sf sfo{qmdx?sf] o; k|ltj]bg leq b:tfj]hLs/0f ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . x'gt\ ;a} k|ltj]bgnfO{ Pp6f ;fgf] b:tfj]hdf ;d]6\g ;lsb}g\ . ctM o; eGbf yk hfgsf/L lng rfx\g] OR5's dxfg'efjx?n] ;+:yf / ;+:yfsf] website: www.ssdonepal.org.np af6 lng ;Sg'x'g] Jojxf]/f klg lgj]bg ug{ rfxG5' . cGtdf k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{df ;xof]u ug]{ xfd|f sd{rf/L, nlIft ;d'bfo tyf ;d"xnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . ;+:yfsf] sfo{qmdsf] ;do ;dodf cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgdf ;xefuL eO{ cfkm\gf cd"No ;'emfj ;Nnfx dfkm{t dfu{bz{g ug]{ :yfgLo tx tyf lhNnf :t/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?df cfef/ k|s6 ub{5' . sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf lg/Gt/ cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ /x]sf ;fem]bf/ lgsfok|lt s[t1tf hfx]/ ub{5' .;fy} ;+:yfsf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv cfh @) jif{sf] ;do cjlw;Dd lagf s'g} :jfy{ ;+:yfnfO{ hfg cGhfg ?kdf ;xof]u ug]{ o; ;d'bfo tyf lbg/ft k|of;/t o; ;+:yfsf ;fwf/0f ;b:o Pj+ sfo{;ldtLsf ;b:ox?k|lt ljz]if ;Ddfg k|s6 ub{5' . ;fy} cufdL lbgx?df klg o; ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu oxfFx?sf] cd"No ;'emfj, ;Nnfx / k[i7kf]if0fsf] ck]Iff ub{5' . wGojfb Û

d]/f] eGg'

t'n;L/fd ofbjcWoIf

;fdflhs k/LIf0f eg]sf] s'g} klg ;+:yfn] ;fdflhs p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf nflu s'g} klg ;d'bfodf ;+rfng u/]sf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ls[ofsnfkx?sf] lgwf{l/t nIo tyf p2]Zo of]hgf cg'?k ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj k'/f x'g] u/L eP jf ePgg\ eg]/ hfFr ug]{ Pp6f ;xeflutfTds k|ls[of xf] . of] sfo{ ;+:yfn] ug{' kg{] lgtfGt clgjfo{ k|lqmof xf] . o;n] ;+:yfnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 / ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf / nlIft ;d'bfox? aLr ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ d2t u5{ . x/]s ;+:yfn] o; k|ls[ofnfO{ cfTd;fy ub}{ n}hfg' kg{] h?/L b]lvG5 . o; ;+:yfn] ;f]xL k|ls[ofnfO{ cfTd;ft ub{} x/]s jif{ h:t} o; jif{ klg ;fdflhs k/LIf0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/jfnf / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?lar cfˆgf] ! jif{df u/]sf ultljlw / lqmofsnfknfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg nfu]sf] 5 . of] k|ltj]bgdf ;+:yfsf] cfGtl/s ?kdf / ;fem]bf/Ldf ;~rfng ul/Psf sfo{qmd cGtu{t eP u/]sf ultljlwx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{ ljleGg If]qsf dxfg'efjx?af6 ;xof]u lnPsf 5fF} . ;d'bfodf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/jfnfx?n] o; sfo{nfO{ xflb{stfsf ;fy ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]df pxfFx?k|lt xflb{s wGojfb / s[t1tf k|s6 ub{5' . To;} ul/ of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;"rgf, hfgsf/L / ;dfu|Lx? h'6fO{ ;xof]u ug{' x'g] ;+:yfsf ;Dk"0f{ kbflwsf/L, sfo{qmd ;+of]hs nufot ;a} sd{rf/L ldqx?k|lt klg xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . ;fy} o; sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu ;xof]u ug{] ;]e b lrN8«]gnfO{ klg xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5' . cGTodf o; ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfn] k|yd k6s @)^@ ;fndf ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f ul/ lhNnfdf Ps kf/bzL{ ;+:yfsf] ?kdf klxrfg agfO{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt slknj:t'af6 ;fdflhs lbj;sf] cj;/df sb/ kq ;d]t k|fKt ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf of] klxrfgnfO{ ;w}el/ lbuf] /fVgsf]nflu xfdL ;a}af6 x/kn k|of; x'g]5 . of] sfo{sf]nflu cfufdL lbgdf klg lg/Gt/ ;xof]u lbO{ ;+:yfsf] ;'zf;g ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{' x'g]5 eGg] ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnf, clwsf/jfnf / ;fem]bf/ lgsfox?af6 cfzf lnPsf5f}F . ;fy} ;a} If]qaf6 ;xof]usf] cfzf /fVb} xflb{s z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' .

xflb{s s[t1tf

s[i0f s'df/ >]i7sfo{sf/L ;+of]hs

laifo–;"rLqm=;+= laifo k]h g+=

v08–s= kl/ro!= ;fdflhs k/LIf0f !

@= ;+:yfut kl/ro @

v08–v= sfo{qmd#= ;+:yfaf6 xfn ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx? !$

$= ;+:yfn] xfn;Dd k|fKt u/]sf d'Vo pknAwLx? @^

%= r'gf}tL @&

^= u/]sf k|of;x? @&

v08–u, ;kmntfsf] syf&= sfo{qmdsf 36gf cWoogx? @*

*= ;+:yfsf ultljlwsf ;dfrf/ ;+u|x #&

v08–3, cfly{s tyf ef}lts ljj/0f(= ;+:yfsf] cfly{s ljj/0f #*

!)= ;+:yfsf] cfly{s >f]t $(

!!= ;DklQ ljj/0f $(

cg';"rLx? cg';"rL–! %)

cg';"rL–@ %@

cg';"rL–# %^

1

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&%

!= ;fdflhs k/LIf0f !=! ;fdflhs k/LIf0f kl/ro ;fdflhs k/LIf0f jf ;fdflhs n]vfhf]vf eg]sf] s'g} klg ;+:yf lgsfon] 3f]lift ;fdflhs p2]Zo

xfl;n ug{sf nflu s'g} klg ;d'bfodf ;+rfng u/]sf cfly{s tyf ;dflhs ls[ofsnfkx?sf] lgwf{l/t nIo p2]Zo jf of]hgf cg'?k ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj k'/f x'g] u/L eP jf ePgg\ eg]/ hfFr ug]{ Pp6f ;xeflutfTds k|s[of xf] . o;n] ;+:yfsf] ;fdflhs tyf g}lts sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ug{ cf}hf/sf] ?kdf sfd ub{5 . h;df gLlt tyf of]hgf lgdf{0f k|ls[ofb]lv sfo{ ;Dkfbg / To;sf] ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo c;/ tyf k|efj;Ddsf ;a} kIfx?sf] tYok/s ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;n] ;/f]sf/jfnf / clwsf/jfnfk|lt hjfkmb]xL, pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ agfpg pTk|]l/t u5{ . of] k|lqmofn] ;/f]sf/jfnf, nlIft ;d'bfo, ;fem]bf/ lgsfo / sfof{Gjog ;+:yf aLr ;+jfb / cGtls|of ug{ cj;/ k|bfg u5{ .;fy} o;n] ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf /nlIft ;d'bfox? aLr ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u5{ .

!=@ ;fdflhs k/LIf0f lsg < ;a} ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfx?sf] cfˆgf] 5ljnfO{ lhNnf :t/af6 /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/;Dd

k'¥ofpg] ;f]r /x]sf] x'G5 . o;} ;f]rnfO{ k'/f ug{ o; ;+:yfn] klg x/]s jif{ ;fdflhs k/LIf0f ug]{] u/]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ ;fdflhs ;+:yfnfO{ 8n/ v]tL ug]{ ;+:yf xf], eGg] unt wf/0ffnfO{ d]6fpg ;lsg]5 . o; ;fdflhs k/LIf0fn] sfo{qmd, ;]jf / ah]6sf ;a} cfjZos clen]vx? b'?:t tyf cWofjlws u/fO{ To;sf] k/LIf0f / ;fj{hlgs/0f ug{ tyf ;++:yfnfO{ ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjk|lt ;hs / pGd"v u/fpg'sf] ;fy} ;+:yfsf] kf/blz{tf / 5ljnfO{ hgd'lv agfpg d2t k'Ub5 .

!=# ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] ljsf;qmd g]kfndf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n]sfd ug{ nfu]sf] bzsf} ePsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L

;+:yfx?n] g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf u|fdL0f If]qdf ;d'bfosf] :jf:Yo, lzIff, vfg]kfgL, af6f]3f6f] k'nk'n];f cflbdf ;f]em} jf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdfkm{t nufgL ul/ ;d'bfosf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ /fHonfO{ ;xof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ .o;} ul/ cfly{s ljsf;, dfgj clwsf/, nf]stGq k|a4{g, nlIft ;d'bfosf] ;a} txdf kx"Fr tyf ;xeflutf u/fpg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] /fHonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} ;'zf;gsf] kf6f]df jsfnt ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;} qmddf ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx?n] kf/blz{tf cfkm'af6 z'?jft ug{'k5{ elg PS;g P8 g]kfnn] lhNnf :t/af6 ;g\ @))) af6 z'? u/]/ /fli6«o :t/df ;g\ @))$ df ;fdflhs n]vf kl/If0f u/L z'?jft u/]sf] lyof] . o;} qmddf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;g\ @))& df ;"rgfsf] xs P]g kfl/t u/]sf] 5 . of] P]gn] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?df kf/blz{tf sfod ug{ / JolQmnfO{ ;"rgf kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg u/]sf] 5 . ;f]lx k|lqmofnfO{ cjnDag ub{} o; ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfn] ;g\ @))% df cfly{s jif{ @)^!÷)^@ sf] ;fdflhs n]vf kl/If0f u/fO{ klZrdf~rn If]q s} gd'gf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf ePsf] lyof] . clxn] cfO/fHon] klg of] cEof;nfO{ :jLsfo{ u/L ;a} tx / tKsfdf ;fj{hlgs

;fdflhs k/LIf0f @)&%v08–s= kl/ro

2

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&% ;'g'jfO / ;fdflhs k/LIf0f ug{' kg{] gLlt agfPsf] 5 . s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs sfd u/]kl5 ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ u/]/ dfq vr{ cg'df]bg u/fpg' kg{] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt cg'?k ljBfno, pkef]Qmf ;d"x÷;ldlt, ljsf;] ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] of] k|lqmofsf] cEof; ul//x]sf 5g\ .

!=$ ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] p2]ZoM of] ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] d"Vo p2]Zox? lgDg 5g\ .

o; ;+:yfn];fdflhs If]qdf 3f]lift u/]sf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkx? lgwf{l/t nIo p2]Zo jf of]hgf cg'?k ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj k'/f x'g] ul/ eP jf ePgg\ eg]/ hfFr ug'{ .

;+:yfsf] ;fdflhs k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ug]{ tyf clwsf/jfnf / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf /rgfTds ;'emfjsf ;fy} ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ cfkm"n] k|ToIf cg'e"lt u/]sf dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfjx? k|:t't u/L eflj sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg dfu{bz{g k|bfg ug]{ .

;+:yfn] ;+rfng u/]sf sfo{qmd, ;]jf / ah]6sf ;a} cfjZos clen]vx? cWoog, k/LIf0f, ljZn]if0f u/L k|dfl0fstfsf] hfFr ug]{]{ .

;++:yfnfO{ ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjk|lt ;hs / pGd"v u/fpg'sf] ;fy} kf/blz{tf / 5jLnfO{ hgd'lv agfpg d2t k'¥ofpg] .

!=% ;fdflhs k/LIf0f ubf{ ckgfO{Psf k|s[ofx?M ;+:yfn] ;+rfng u/]sf sfo{qmd, ;]jf / ah]6sf ;a} cfjZos clen]vx? cWoog / ljZn]if0f

ug]{ ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx? tyf cGo ;ls[o ;b:ox?;u 5nkmn u/L

cfjZos hfgsf/Lx? xfl;n ug]{ . ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0fsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt ;+:yfn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5nkmn, a}7s P+j nlIft

;d"bfosf] ;xeflutfdf ;+rflnt cled'lvs/0f uf]i7Ldf ;xeflu x'g] . ;+:yfn] u/]sf ultljlw s[ofsnfk Case study ;DalGw kqklqsfaf6 ;+slnt ;"rgfx?sf]

cWoog ug]{ . ;+:yfut e|d0f ubf{ ljleGg cfuGt'sx?n] ;+:yf ;DaGwdf /fv]sf wf/0ff tyf ;+:yfn] sfo{ut

lznlznfdf k|fKt u/]sf] k|z+;f kqx?sf] clen]vsf] cWoo\g ug]{ . ;+:yf;Fu ;DalGwt clwsf/jfnf tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] /fo ;'emfj ;++sng tyf pknAwL

;DalGw hfFr ug{ :ynut cWoo\g ug]{ .

@= ;+:yfut kl/ro slknj:t' lhNnfsf] nueu dWo efu ltnf}/fsf]6sf] klZrd / ;b/d'sfd tf}lnxjfb]lv$ ls=ld=

pQ/ tyf nf]sdfu{ b]lv ( ls=ld= blIf0fdf cjl:yt o; ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ;fljs wgsf}nL uflj; jf8{ g+= ( sf s]xL ;r]t o'jfx?n] @)%% ;fndf ;g;fO{g ;fdflhs Snasf] gfdaf6 btf{ u/fO{ o'jfx?nfO{ lzIff lbg'sf] ;fy} zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;sf] nfuL v]ns"bdf ;lqmo u/fpg] sfo{{n] lg/Gt/tf kfof] . dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+ssf] cfwf/df kl5 k/]sf] o; lhNnfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] @)^) ;fndf o; ;+:yfsf] ljwfgdf kl/jt{g u/L;+:yfsf] gfd ;g;fO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yf eof] / o; ;+:yfsf] ;Dk"0f{

3

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&% Wofg slknj:t' lhNnfsf] ljsf;df s]lGb|t eof] . z}lIfs ;d:ofnfO{ d"n d'b\bf agfO{ slknj:t' lhNnfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL tyf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] If]qdf ljleGg ;+:yfx?af6 ;xsfo{ u/L ljz]if u/L lhNnfsf] blIf0fL e]udf ;xof]u k'¥ofpb} cfPsf]5 . ;"rgf / ;~rf/ ljsf;sf] d"n cfwf/ eGg] gf/fnfO{ x[boud ul/ slknj:t' lhNnfdf klxnf] /]l8of] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] slknj:t'sf] :yfkgf u/L;+rfng ePsf]5 h;n] nfvf}F JolQmx?sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf r]tgf clea[l4 tyf ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

@=! P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld o; ;+:yf @)%% ;fndf Snasf] ?kdf:yfkgf ePsf] lyof] / o;sf] :yfkgf sfnd} uflj;;Fu

;dGjo u/L elnjn, km'6jn tyf v]n8L kf];fs vl/b u/L o'jfx?nfO{ km'6jn tyf elnjn v]nfpg] sfo{ ;+rfng ub{} ufpFsf ;fgfltgf ljsf;sf sfddf o'jfx? k|ToIf ;+nUg u/fO{ af6f] tyf k'nk'n];f lgdf{0f sfo{df ;xefuL x'g yfn] . ;f]lx qmddf @)%% ;fn efb| #) ut] ;g;fO{g ;fdflhs Snjsf] gfdn] >L s[i0f s'df/ >]i7sf] cWoIftfdf tby{ ;ldtL u7g u/L lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf ljlwjt btf{ ul/of] h;n] xfn;Dd cfkm\gf] p2]Zok|lt k|lta4 eO{ lg/Gt/ ;xof]u k'/\ofpb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .

o; ;+:yfsf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} ;d'bfodf ;+u7g lgdf{0f, pgLx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; tyf ;d'bfo kl/rfng dfkm{t :yfgLo >f]t ;+sng tyf kl/rfng u/L ;d'bfosf] lbuf] ljsf; ug]{ sfo{df klxnf] k|fyldstf lbO{ wgsf}nL uflj;df @)%^ ;fnb]lv art ;d'x u7g u/L ;d'bfodf 5l/P/ /x]sf ;fgf k"FhL ;+sng u/L cfocfh{g sfo{sf]nflu nufgL ug]{ sfdsf] yfngL u/]sf] lyof] . o;} qmddf dlxnfx?nfO{ 3/b]lv aflx/ lgsfNg / pgLx?sf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ dlxnfx?sf] dfq ;d"x u7g u/Lo; sfo{df ;+nUg ul/of] . z'?df @) a6f art ;d"xx?sf] lgdf{0faf6 xfn cfP/ r]t/fb]O{ art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljsf; eO{ l8lehg ;xsf/L sfof{no slknj:t'df btf{ ePsf] 5 . h;n] lgoldt ?kdf art tyf C0f kl/rfng ul/ $$) 3/w'/LnfO{ k|ToIf ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ /x]sf]5 .

o; ;+:yfn] ljleGg bft[ lgsfo / ;+3 ;+:yfx?;Fu ;dGjo ub{} sfo{qmdx? cuf8L a9fpb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . @)%& ;fnb]lv sflnsf :jfjnDag ;fdflhs s]Gb| / Pd=P;=g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf ;+rflnt ;+:yfut Ifdtf clea[l4 sfo{qmd cGt/ut o; ;+:yfn] ;+:yfut dfgj >f]tsf] ljsf;df lgs} ;kmntf xfl;n u¥of] . @)%& ;fndf g]kfn kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3, lehg @))) kl/of]hgfn] ;+rfng ul//x]sf] k|hgg\ :jf:Yo lSngLs o; ;+:yfnfO{ x:tfGt/0f eO{ ?= !,#%,))) sf] a'6jn kmfOgfG;df cIfosf]if vftf vf]ln To;af6 cfpg] Aofhaf6 lSngLs ;+rfng eO/x]sf]df xfn aGb /x]sf] 5 . o;} kl/of]hgfsf] ;xof]udf ?=$),))).– a/fa/sf] lgdf{0f ;fdu|L k|fKt eO{;+:yfsf] @ sf]7] ejg lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ePsf] lyof]. xfn cfO{ b'O{ tn] ejgsf] ;+/rgf tof/ ePsf] 5 / Pp6f tflnd xn ;lxtsf] gofF ejg ;d]t ag]sf] 5 .

@)%* ;fndf o; ;+:yfsf] ;fFem]bf/Ldf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf lkmlg8fsf] ;xof]udf ;+rfng ePsf] u|fld0f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;xof]u sfo{qmd;+rfng eof] h;sf] sfo{If]q dx]Gb|sf]6 uflj;sf] jf8{ g+= ^ aL/k'/ lyof] . @)%* ;fndf lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{no slknj:t' tyf t]>f] kz' ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] ;xof]u / ;fFem]bf/Ldf afv|f k}rf] sfo{qmd wgsf}nL uflj;df ;~rfng eO{ ^) 3/w'/L blntx? nfeflGjt ePsf lyP, hf] h+unsf] bfp/f sf6L laqmL ul/ cfkmgf] hLjg

4

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&% lgjf{x ul//x]sf lyP .

@)^) ;fndf lhNnf s[ifL ljsf; sfof{no, slkna:t' cGt/ut ;+rflnt bL3{sflng s[lif ljsf; ;xof]u sfo{qmd (APPSP) ;Fu ;fem]bf/L eO{ wgsf}nL uflj;df s[lif If]qdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . @)^! ;fnb]lv ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]ifsf] ;xof]udf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] nfuL cfo{cfh{g tyf ;fd'bflos ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; kl/of]hgf lb3{sflng kl/of]hgfsf] ?kdf slkan:t'sf] wgsf}nL, /fhk'/, xyf};f / hxbL uflj;df ;+rfngdf /x]sf]5 . o; cGt/ut ^! j6f ;fd'bflos ;+:yf u7g eO{ cfocfh{g tyf ;fd'bflos k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'u]sf]5 . h'g @)&# c;f/ d;fGt b]lv sfo{qmd cGTo ePsf] 5 . @)^$ ;fn b]lv Child Welfare Scheme (CWS) U.K. sf] ;xof]udf afn ljsf;sfnfuL :yflgo k|of; sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf ePsf]lyof] . h;sf] sfo{If]q slknj:t' lhNnfsf] blIf0fL uflj; clhu/f, x/bf}gf / sh/xjf /x]sf] lyof] . o;n] afn aflnsfsf] If]qdf sfd ul/ afn ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] lyof] .

slknj:t' lhNnfdfljB'tLo ;+rf/u[xsf] z'GotfnfO{ x[boud u/L @)^# ;fndf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] btf{ u/L :yfgLo efiff cjwLdf sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/L ;d'bfonfO{ :yfgLo efiffdf ;"rgf / ;Gb]z lbg] ;f]rsf ;fy lhNnfdf klxnf] /]l8of]sf] ?kdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] slknj:t'sf] :yfkgf eO{ @)^% ;fn kmfu'g * ut]b]lv ;~rfng x'Fb} cfO/x]sf 5 . g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d'x;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L o'g]:sf]sf] ;xof]udf ;fd'bflos ax';+rf/ s]Gb|sf] klg :yfkgf eO{ s]lx jif{ ;+rfngdf /x\of] .

@)^@ ;fndf o; ;+:yfsf] P]ltxf;Ls ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f eof] . o;} sfo{qmdsf] kmn :j?k ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfnfO{ lhlj; slknj:t'n] ;fdflhs lbj;sf] cj;/df @)^@ ;fnsf] kf/bzL{ ;+:yfsf] sb/ kq k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] .

@)^^ ;fnb]lv afnaflnsfx?sf] nfuL k|fof]lht sfo{qmd Save the Children International,sf] ;xof]udf slknj:t' lhNnfsf] # j6f uflj;af6 z'?jft u/L xfn ;fljssf !^ j6f uf=lj=;=df ;+rflnt 5 .

o;} qmddf @)^& ;fndf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt tyf Pn=hL=;L=8L=kL=sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;Demf}tf eO{ hjfef/L, pbok'/, nfnk'/, clhu/f, enjf/L % uflj;df ;~rfng x'Fb} cfO/x]sf]df @)&) >fj0fb]lv ;fem]bf/Lsf] cGTo ePsf] 5 . @)&@ ;fndf g]kfn 6«i6sf] sf7df08f}sf] ;xof]udf an'xjf uflj;sf] j8f g+= @ dxfb]j ufpFdf /x]sf] an'xjf k|fylds ljBfnosf] % sf]7] ejg, zf}rfno, jfp08/L jfnsf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf] 5 / g]kfn ;Ddfg kl/of]hgfsf] ;xof]udf o; aif{ slknj:t' gu/kflnsf j8f g+= % sf] slkxjfdf /x]sf] hgr]tgf afn ljsf; s]Gb|sf] ! sf]7] ejg;xlt afp08/Ljfn tyf zf}rfno lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . @)&# ;fn c;f/b]lv s]o/ g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf aflnsf z;lQms/0f kl/of]hgfsf] ;Demf}tf eO{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng eO /x]sf] 5 . ev{/} oxL @)&% a}zfv @* ut] o'gfO6]8 ld;g 6" g]kfn;Fu dfofb]jL ufpFkflnsfdf afnaflnsf / lzIff ;DalGw sfo{qmd ug{ ;Demf}tf eO{ kl/of]hgf lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 .

o;/L o'jfx?nfO{ ;+ul7t u/L o'jf ljsf;sf] p2]Zo af]sL @)%% ;fndf :yflkt ePsf] Snj, ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs Sna x'Fb} @) jif{sf] bf}/fgdf ;g;fO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yf lhNnfdflzIff / afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf sfd ug{] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf :yflkt x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

5

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&% @=@ ;+:yfsf] kl/sNkgf, Wo]o, nIo / p2]Zo kl/sNkgf (Vision) æ:jR5 k|lt:kw{fo'Qm ;d'Ggt ;fdfhsf] lgdf{0fÆ Wo]o (Mission) :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ ;d'x, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf tyf Sna dfkm{t ;+u7Lt u/fO{, ;+fu7lgs ljsf;

tyf Ifdtf ljsf; ul/ pgLx? dfkm{t ;fd'bflos ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], nIo (Goal) ;d'bfosf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgLsf] kx'Frdf ;xhtf NofO{ ;d'Ggt

;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . p2]Zox? (Objectives)

nlIft ;d'bfosf] r]tgfdf clea[l4 u/fO{ cfwf/e"t tyf u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] nfuL :yfgLo k|of;nfO{ a9fjf lbg] .

:jf:Yo tyf k|hgg :jf:Yosf] If]qdf ;]jf k¥ofpg] . ;dfj];Ls/0fnfO{ hf]8 lbFb} n}ªuLs ;dljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . afnaflnsf, c;xfo dlxnf tyf a[4a[4fx?sf] ;'/lIft cf>osf nfuL cf>o :yn lgdf{0f

tyf Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbg] . ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;';"lrt ug{ laB'tLo tyf 5fkf ;~rf/ dfWod :yfkgf ug]{ . n3' ljQsf If]qdf ;d'bfosf] kx'Fr a[l4 ub{} ;fdflhs ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfddf :yfgLo

k|of;nfO{ a9fjf lbFb} ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u ug{] . u|fdL0f ;d'bfonfO{ hgjsfntaf6 ;'zf;g tyf df}lns xssf] k|Tofe"tL u/fpg ;xof]u

k'¥ofpg] . ls;fgx?sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt u/fpg] / kof{j/0f cg's'ng s[lif k|ljlwsf] k|j4{gdf hf]8

lbg] .

@=# sfo{;ldlt ljj/0f

qm+ ;+= gfd lnu+ hfthftL kb

! t'n;L/fd ofbj k'?if cGo ÷dw]zL cWoIf

@ zflGt zfxL dlxnf cGo pkfWoIf

# /fd;]js ofbj k'?if cGo ÷dw]zL ;lrj

$ l;tf g]kfnL dlxnf blnt ;x ;lrj

% Zofd k|sfz wjn k'?if blnt ÷dw]zL sf]iffWoIf

^ uLtf s]j6 dlxnf hghflt ÷dw]zL ;b:o

& bofz+s/ s]j6 k'?if hghflt÷dw]zL ;b:o

* /QL yf? k'?if hghflt ÷dw]zL ;b:o

( /fd ;'eu ofbj k'?if cGo ÷dw]zL ;b:o

6


@=$ ;fwf/0f ;b:o ljj/0f

qm+=;+= ;b:osf] gfd 7]ufgf ;b:otf k|fKt ldtL

hfthflt

! s[i0f s'df/ >]i7 a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=j= @)%%.(.@* hghftL

@ lzjnfn ofbj a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=j= @)%%.(.@* cGo

# k/z'/fd ofbj a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=j= @)%%.(.@* cGo

$ t'n;L/fd ofbj a'4e"ld–!),;fgf] r]t/fb]O{, s=j= @)%%.(.@* cGo

% gd s'df/L >]i7 a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=j= @)%%.(.@* hghftL

^ k'hf/L ofbj a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=j= @)%%.(.@* cGo

& /fd u'nfj s]j6 a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=j= @)%%.(.@* hghftL

* sanfz e/ a'4e"ld–!),;fgf] r]t/fb]O{, s=j= @)%%.(.@* cGo

( tf}n]Zj/ ofbj a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=j= @)%%.!!.!^ cGo

!) ;xh/fd s]j6 a'4e"ld–!), nf]x/f}nf, s=j= @)%%.!!.!^ hghftL

!! a'l4/fd s]j6 a'4e"ld–!),dy'/fk'/, s=j= @)%^.$.@( hghftL

!@ a|Dxb]j s]j6 a'4e"ld–!), wd{k'/,s=j= @)%^.!!.!@ hghftL

!# ;xh/fd u'Kt a'4e"ld–!), kf]v/xjf, s=j= @)%^.!@.!* cGo

!$ lzjr/g s]j6 a'4e"ld–!), wd{k'/,s=j= @)%&.^.@$ hghftL

!% bof z+s/ s]j6 a'4e"ld–!), nf]x/f}nf, s=j= @)%&.(.& hghftL

!^ ef]/Ls s]j6 s=a=g=kf=^, a/d}nL, s=j= @)%*.&.% hghftL

!& aRr'nfn ofbj a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=j= @)%*.(.@@ cGo

!* /fwf 3tL{ a'4e"ld–!), nf]x/f}nf, s=j= @)%(.(.!$ cGo

!( /fd ;'eu ofbj a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=a= @)^).^.!% cGo

@) /fd ;]js ofbj a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=a= @)^@.!).!* cGo

@! /f3a]Gb| v/laGb| a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=a= @)^@.!).!* hghftL

@@ dfofb]aL ofbj a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=a= @)^$.!.!^ cGo

@# 57\7L/fd ofbj a'4e"ld–!), a}s'07k'/, s=a= @)^$.(.@( cGo

@$ /QL/fd yf? a'4e"ld–!), 9l8xjf,s=j= @)^^.!.@ HghftL

@% ;+h" ofbj a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=j= @)^^.!).!* cGo

@^ ;/:jtL yf? a'4e"ld–!), 9l8xjf,s=j== @)^&.$.# hghftL

@& ;f]gf vl6s a'4e"ld–(, d}6xjf, s=j= @)^&.$.!$ blnt

@* l/hjfg ub\bL a'4e"ld–%, lubxjf, s=j= @)^*.$.!@ d'l:nd

7


@( cDj/ k|;fb ofbj a'4e"ld–!), ;fgf] r]t/fb]O{, s=j= @)^*.$.!@ cGo

#) t'n;f l;+x a'4e"ld–!), eujfgk'/, s=j= @)^*.$.!@ cGo

#! aL/]Gb| v/laGb| a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=j= @)^*.$.!@ hghftL

#@ nfndg ofbj slknj:t'–!!, jgufO{, s=j== @)^*.(.!# cGo

## /fd s'df/L yf? a'4e"ld–!), 9l8xjf,s=j= @)^*.(.!# hghftL

#$ eujfg bf; ofbj a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=j== @)^*.(.!# cGo

#% k|bz{gL yf? a'4e"ld–!), 9l8xjf,s=j== @)^*.(.!# hghftL

#^ /fd cf}tf/ yf? a'4e"ld–$, a'°L, s=j= @)^*.(.!# hghftL

#& /flwsf rf}w/L a'4e"ld–!), 9l8xjf,s=j= @)^*.(.!# hghftL

#* Zofd k|sfz wjn a'4e"ld–!), kf]v/xjf, s=j= @)^*.(.!# blnt

#( /Ltf yf? a'4e"ld–#, b'ljof, s=j= @)^*.(.!# hghftL

$) ;f]gdtL wf]jL a'4e"ld–!), kf]v/xjf, s=j= @)^(.#.!( blnt

$! uf]kLs[i0f >]i7 s=a=g=kf= #, cfgGbjfu @)^(.#.!( hghftL

$@ xg'dfg k|;fb ofbj s=a=g=kf= !#, sf]bf}xf @)^(.#.!( cGo

$# kbd >]i7 a'4e"ld–@, uf]?l;+u], s=j= @)^(.#.!( hghftL

$$ lbks rf}w/L-yf?_ a'4e"ld–$, a'l°, s=j= @)&).@.# hghftL

$% e/t s]j6 a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O s=j= @)&).@.# hghftL

$^ g;?l4g rf}w/L a'4e"ld–%, lubxjf, slknj:t' @)&).@.# d'l:nd

$& ;'/]Gb| s]j6 a'4e"ld–!), df]ltgu/, s=j= @)&).@.# hghftL

$* ls;f]/ s'df/ofbj ozf]w/f–@,uf}/L, s=j= @)&).@.# cGo

$( s[i0fdf]xg s]j6 a'4e"ld–!), nf]x/f}nf, s=j= @)&).@.# hghftL

%) uLtf s]j6 a'4e"ld–!),dy'/fk'/, s=j= @)&).@.# hghftL

%! /fd nvg ofbj a'4e"ld–^,dx'jf, s=j= @)&).@.# cGo

%@ afns[i0f a/O{ s=a=g=kf= &, ;]/lxof @)&).$.$ cGo

%# sdn]; s]j6 dxf/fhu~h @, u}8xjf, s=j= @)&).$.$ hghftL

%$ ;l/tf tdfn a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=j= @)&).$.$ cGo

%% /fs]z wf]jL a'4e"ld–^, nIdLgu/, s=j= @)&).$.$ blnt

%^ nIdLgf/fo0f ofbj a'4e"ld–!), a}s'G7k'/, s=j= @)&).$.$ cGo

%& zflGt zfxL a'4e"ld–%, rf}/L, s=j= @)&).%.& cGo

%* df]xDdb xlgkm a'4e"ld–!), uh/}of, s=j= @)&).%.& d'l:nd

8


%( cGh' v/ljGb a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=j= @)&).^.$ hghftL

^) xl/ls/tlgof yf? a'4e"ld–$, a'l°, s=j= @)&!.*.% hghftL

^! ;'ldt yf? a'4e"ld–$, a'l°, s=j== @)&!.*.% hghftL

^@ aL/]Gb| s'df/ ofbj af/f, xfn a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{ @)&!.*.% cGo

^# ;lkm?l2g d';ndfg a'4e"ld–!), wgsf}nL, s=j= @)&!.*.% d';ndfg

^$ ljZj k|sfz uf}td s=a=g=kf= #, tf}lnxjf @)&!.*.% cGo

^% /fh]z s]j6 a'4e"ld–!), df]ltgu/, s=j= @)&!.*.% hghftL

^^ cd/fjtL s]j6 a'4e"ld–!), df]ltgu/, s=j= @)&!.*.% hghftL

^& ;Ldf s]j6 a'4e"ld–!), df]ltgu/, s=j= @)&!.*.% hghftL

^* ho/fd rf}w/L a'4e"ld–#, /guO{, s=j= @)&@.$.! hghftL

^( ;Ltf g]kfnL slknj:t'–#, leIf'rf}s, s=j= @)&@.$.! blnt

&) /fd ;d'em yf? slknj:t'–#, leIf'rf}s, s=j= @)&@.$.! hghftL

&! lzj s'df/L u'Kt a'4e"ld–!), kf]v/xjf, s=j= @)&@.$.! cGo

&@ kfj{tf >]i7 a'4e"ld–@, uf]?l;+u], s=j= @)&@.%.$ hghftL

&# wg]Zj/L 3tL{ a'4e"ld–!, kTy/sf]6, s=j= @)&@.%.$ hghftL

&$ ;/f]h ofbj slknj:t'–^, ltnf}/f, s=j= @)&@.%.$ cGo

&% lblnk s'df/ ofbj dfofb]jL–&, w'kxL, s=j= @)&@.%.$ cGo

&^ ;+uLtf /fodfemL lzj/fh–!), l;tnfk'/, s=j= @)&@.%.$ cGo

&& ;'lzn s'df/ rf}w/L a'4e"ld–$, a'l°, s=j= @)&@.%.$ hghftL

&* laGbjfl;gL xl/hg dfofb]jL–%, ;fgf] l;;xgLof,s=j= @)&@.&.!# blnt

&( l;df s]j6 a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=j= @)&@.&.!# hghftL

*) ;'u|Ld wf]aL a'4e"ld–!), wgsf}nL, s=j= @)&@.&.!# blnt

*! /fh]z rf}w/L a'4e"ld–*, xl/x/k'/, s=j= @)&$.)%.)@ hghftL

*@ pld{nf ofbj ozf]w/f–&, sf]kjf, s=j= @)&$.)%.)@ cGo

*# dLgf s]j6 a'4e"ld–!), r]t/fb]O{, s=j= @)&$.)%.)@ hghftL

*$ wd{nIdL 9f8L a'4e"ld–&, tlsojf, s=j= @)&$.)%.)@ blnt

*% ul/a'n d';ndfg a'4e"ld–*, rl/ufjfF, s=j= @)&$.)%.)@ d';lnd

9

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&% @=% sd{rf/L ljj/0f

sfo{qmdsf] gfd kb ;+Vof s}lkmot

sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs ! !

;femf p2]Zosf]nfuL k|fof]lht sfo{qmd

sfo{qmd ;+of]hs !

;xfos sfo{qmd ;+of]hs !

lzIff clws[t !

n]vf tyf k|zf;g clws[t !

:jf:Yo clws[t !

lszf]/ lszf]/L ljsf; clws[t !

cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f clws[t !

:kf]G;/l;k ;xfos clws[t @

nlhli6s ;xfos clws[t !

lzIff ;xfos clws[t @

;fdflhs kl/rfns !)

sfof{no ;xfos !

h]=6L=P= ! @$

aflnsf z;lQms/0f kl/of]hgf -xf};nf_

kl/of]hgf ;+of]hs !

lkmN8 clws[t !

n]vf tyf k|zf;g clws[t !

lkmN8 ;'k/efOh/ &

sfof{no ;xof]uL !

lzIfs÷lzlIfsf !! @@

/]l8of] slknj:t' !)$=@ d]ufxh{

:6]zg Dofg]h/ !

sfo{qmd ;+rfns !

n]vfkfn !

sfo{qmd ;+rfns @ cf+lzssd{rf/L

k|flalws @ &

hDdf %$

10

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&% @=^ sfo{;ldlt, ;fwf/0f ;b:o / sd{rf/Lsf] n}lËs tyf hftLout ljj/0f

-s_ ;fwf/0f ;b:o

qm=;+= hfthftL dlxnf k'?if hDdf

! blnt % # *

@ hghftL !& @# $)

# d'l:nd ) % %

$ cGo !) @@ #@

hDdf #@ %# *%

-v_ sfo{;ldlt


! blnt ! ! @

@ hghftL ! @ #

# d'l:nd ) ) )

$ cGo ! # $

hDdf # ^ (

9%

47%

6%

38%

hftLut ljj/0f

blnt

hghftL

d'l:nd

cGo

38%

62%

n}lËs ljj/0f

dlxnf

k'?if

33%

67%

n}lËs ljj/0f

dlxnf

k'?if

22%

33%

0%

45%

hftLut ljj/0f

blnt

hghftL

d'l:nd

cGo

11


-u_ sd{rf/L


! blnt ! $ %

@ hghftL $ !@ !^

# d'l:nd ) $ $

$ cGo !% !$ @(

hDdf @) #$ %$

9%

30%

7%

54%

hftLut ljj/0f

blnt

hghftL

d'l:nd

cGo

37%

63%

n}lËs ljj/0f

dlxnf

k'?if

@=& ;+:yf ;+rfngsf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf ljwfg tyf gLlt lgodfjnLx? afn ;+/If0f gLlt @)^% ;+;f]lwt ljwfg @)^( -t]>f] ;+;f]wg_ k|zf;lgs lgodfjnL @)^( cfly{s lgodfjnL @)^( dfgjLo >f]t ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL @)^( u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ ;+oGq Joj:yfkg ;DalGw sfo{ljlw lgb]{lzsf @)&) n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f gLlt @)&@ k~rjifL{o /0fg}lts of]hgf -@)&#—)&*_ vl/b tyf lnnfdL lgb{]lzsf @)&$ kl/of]hgf ljsf;, cg'udg, d"NofÍg, hjfkmb]xLtf tyf l;sfO{ lgb]{lzsf @)&$ e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] gLlt @)&% 8«fˆ6 jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgb]{lzsf @)&% 8«fˆ6 åGå Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf @)&% 8«fˆ6

12

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&% @=* ;+:yfut ;+/rgf

cf]e/l;o/

O{l~hlgo/

;j–cf]e/l;o/

kbk"lt{

u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg

afn b'Jo{jxf/ 5fgljg

;'rgf tyf ;~rf/

vl/b ljs|L tyf lnnfdL

cfGtl/s=n]vf kl/If0f

cg'udg tyf d"Nofs+g

dfgj >f]t ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg

;DklQ ef}lts kl/If0f

sfo{qmd k|d'v k|zf;g tyf ljlQo clws[t

sfo{qmd clws[t n]vfkfn

sfo{qmd ;xfos ÷;'k/efOh/ ;x n]vfkfn

lkmN8 ;xhstf{ sfof{no ;xfos

sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs

sfo{qmd OsfO{ k|zf;g OsfO{

pk;ldlt

;fwf/0f ;ef

sfo{;ldlt

k|fljlws OsfO{

;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt

13


@=( ;+:yfsf] cfa4tf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3 ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb slknj:t' ;+:yfut ljsf; ;ldlt (KIDC) ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k|zf/s ;+3 -csf]/fa_ kf]if0fsf nflu gful/s ;~hfn -l;;fg_ k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;dGjo ;ldlt lzIffsf] nflu /fli6«o cleofg (NCE) Plzof k]l;lkms -cdfs{_ uf}td a'4 SofDk;, a'4e"ld gu/kflnsf @ uf]?l;Ë]

@=!) ;+:yfsf] d"No dfGotfx? Ms_ ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f v_ nf]stflGqs cEof; u_ ;fdflhs Gofo tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] k|j4{g 3_ ;'zf;gsf] k|j4{g ª_ :yfgLo ;+:s[ltsf] ;Ddfg r_ wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf 5_ t6\:ytf h_ :yfgLo >f]t kl/rfng em_ s;}nfO{ xfgL gug]{ (DO no harm)`_ jftfj/0f d}qL ljsf;

@=!! ;+:yfsf] /0fgLtL (Strategy):s_ :yfgLo >f]t ;fwgsf] clwstd\ kl/rfng tyf ;b'kof]u u/L sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{] .v_ :yfgLo k|of;nfO{ a9fjf lbg] .u_ x/]s sfo{qmddf nlIft clwsf/jfnfnfO{ of]hgf th{'df, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg d"Nofª\sgdf

;lqmo ;xefuL u/fpg] .3_ ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?;+u ;xsfo{ u/L sfo{qmdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] .ª_ bft[ lgsfo;Fu ;xsfo{ ubf{ ;+:yf tyf ;d'bfosf] gLlt tyf d"NodfGotf leq /xg] .r_ dlxnf, blnt, hghftL, >f]tljxLg / ul/a s[ifsx?nfO{ s]Gb| ljGb' agfO ljsf;sf sfo{qmddf

;xefuL u/fpg] .5_ sfo{qmdsf] cjlw ;dfKtL kZrft klg lg/Gt/ ?kdf k|fljlws ;xof]u / k[i7kf]if0f lbO/xg] .

14


#= ;+:yfaf6 xfn ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx?#=!= cfGtl/s sfo{qmd

!= lqmofsnfksf] gfdM ljleGg cfGtl/s lqmofsnfkx? /Stbfg sfo{s|d a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{s|d, aflif{s of]hgf kfqf] -;'zf;g 8fo/L_ 5kfO aflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg 5kfO{ ;+:yfsf] ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f sfo{qmd ;+:yfut k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{s|d ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu ljZn]if0f uf]i7L ;+rfng ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L, ;b:o / sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf clea[l4

@= sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt d'Vo pknJwL tyf k|efjx? M ;+:yfn] /Stbfg sfo{s|dsf] cfof]hgf u/L ̂ ! hgf /Stbftfx?af6 /St bfg u/fpg ;kmn

ePsf] 5 . ljleGg ;dodf o; lhNnfleqsf lj/fdLx?n] cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfsf] l;kmfl/;af6 !& o'lg6 /St k|fKt u/L nef+ljt ePsf 5g\ .

;+:yfsf] sfof{nob]lv r]t/fb]O{ rf]s;Dd lgdf{0f ;DkGg 3/w'/LnfO{ cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df hfnL ;lxtsf] #) cf]6f lj?jf pknAw u/fO{ j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 . h;af6 #) cf]6f lj?jf ?vsf] ?kdf tof/ x'Fb} r]t/fb]O{ rf]ssf] kof{j/0f ;'Gb/ ;kmf x'gdf ;xof]u k'Ub} 5 .

;+:yfn] jflif{s !@)) k|lt of]hgf kfqf] 5kfPsf] 5 . jflif{s of]hfgfn] ;+:yfsf] ljleGg sfo{s|dx? of]hgf cg';f/ ;+rfng eO{ k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] sfo{s|d cufl8 a9]sf] 5 .

jflif{s sfo{qmdsf] k|ltj]bg @)) k|lt 5kfO{ ePsf] 5 . o;af6 ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf / ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ ljt/0f ul/Pkl5 ;+:yfsf] kf/blz{tfdf ;xof]u k'lu ;+:yfk|lt ljZjf; a9]sf] 5 .

sfo{qmdsf] ;fdflhs k/LIf0f sfo{qmdaf6 nlIft ;d'bfo / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?af6 sfo{qmdsf] k'i6\ofO{ ePsf] 5 . o;n] ;+:yfsf] ljZj;gLotfk|lt ;]jfu|fxL tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf; ePsf] dflgPsf] 5 .

;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L, ;b:o tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;af6 ;+:yfsf] ljleGg sfo{s|dx? k|efjsf/L 9ª\n] ;+rfng ePsf] tyf JolStut j[lTt ljsf; eO{ ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdf 5gf}6 eO{ sfd ug{ ;kmn ePsf] .

;+:yfsf] ^ sf]7] tflnd xn ;lxtsf] bf];|f] tNnfsf] ejg tof/ eO/x]sf] 5 . ejg ;+rfng kZrft ;+:yfsf] sf]7f tyf xn Joj:yfkg eO{ ;]jf k|jfxdf ;lhnf] x'g] 5, .

#=@ ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmdx?-s_ != sfo{qmdsf] gfdM :kf]G;/;Lk sfo{qmd@= ;fem]bf/ ;+:yf M ;]e b lrN8«]g #= sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf If]qx?M ;fljs !^ uf=lj=;= -xfn $ gu/kflnsf_

v08–v= sfo{qmd

15


a'4e"dL gu/kflnsf M -j8f g+ @, #, $, %, ^, &, *, !) qmdzM hogu/, b'laof, a'9\9L, /fhk'/, dx'jf, dfgk'/, xl/x/k/', wgsf}nL _

dxf/fhu~h gu/kflnsf M -j8f g+= !, @, #, % / !! qmdzM dxf/fhu~h, pbok'/, an/djfk'/_

slknj:t' gu/kflnsfM - j8f g++ ^, (, !), !! qmdzM ltnf}/fsf]6, lglUnxjf / hxbL _ lzj/fh gu/kflnsf M -j8f g+= !), !! qmdzM nfnk'/ / y'lGxof_

$=sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf] ;fn / dlxgf -klxnf] ;Demf}tf_ M @))( h'g b]lv lg/Gt/ %= ;Demf}tf ePsf] s'n ah]6 M@,&),!@))%. hDdf vr{ M @,(*,#^,*&%. ^= kl/of]hgf k|d'vsf] gfdM lzjnfn ofbj ;Dk{s g+=M (*%&)%)@$) &= ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo d'Vo p4]Zox? M

# b]lv % jif{sf afnaflnsfx?sf] zf/Ll/s, af}l4s, ;fdflhs / ;+j]ufTds ljsf;sf] nflu u'0f:t/Lo afnljsf; s]Gb|df kx"Fr u/fpg],

u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfx?sf] l;sfO{ pknAwLdf ;'wf/ ug{], ljBfnodf cfwfl/t cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L afnaflnsfsf]

:jf:Yo ;DalGw Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg], lszf]/ lszf]/L tyf o'jfx?sf] Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g NofO{ :jf:Yo, lzIff /

cfly{s cj;/df pgLx?sf] kx"Fr k'¥ofpg]*= sfo{qmdn] ;d]6]sf] ljifout If]qx?

c_ cfwf/e"t lzIff - l;dfGts[t afnaflnsfx?sf] nflu z}lIfs ;fdu|L ljt/0f, Literacy boost (Reading Camp), k|f/lDes sIff k7g ljsf; sfo{qmd , z}lIfs ;fdu|L ljt/0f, >Ao b[Zo z}lIfs ;fdu|L, lzIfs tflnd, sIff sf]7f Joj:yfkg, cflb_

cf_ afn ljsf; s]Gb| -Affn ljsf; s]Gb|sf ;xof]uL sfo{stf{x?sf nflu k"j{ ;fIf/tf / ul0ft tflnd,z}lIfs ;fdu|L ljt/0f, afnljsf; s]Gb| sIff Joj:yfkg, l6lkmg aS; ;xof]u, afn ljsf; s]Gb| ;xof]uL sfo{stf{x?sf] cw{jflif{s a}7s, cleefjs lzIff cflb_

O_ ljBfno :jf:Yo kf]if0f -ljBfnodf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ h'sfsf] cf}ifwL / :jf:Yo k/LIf0f, l/km/n ;xof]u, kmf]x/ kmfNg] vf8n lgdf{0f, 3/]n' Kof8sf] af/]df k|of]ufTds sIff tyf cled'lvs/0f, Hygiene traffi c light tflnd ;~rfng, kf]if0f lbj;, lbjf vfhf ;DalGw cled'lvs/0f, :jf:Yo kmf]sn lzIfssf] j}7s, z'4 vfg]kfgLsf] Jo:yfkg, rkL{ lgdf{0f / dd{t ;Def/ cflb_

O{_ lszf]/ lszf]/L ljsf;- afnSna ;~hfnsf] q}dfl;s If]qLo a}7s, afnSnasf] dxTj af/]df cleefjsnfO{ cled'vLs/0f ;~rfng, leTt] klqsf n]vg ;DalGw tflnd, afnljjfx Go'lgs/0f ;DalGw sfo{qmd, afnljjfx d'Qm j8fx? 3f]if0ff tof/L sfo{qmdx?, lszf]/L ;d"x a}7s cflb_

p_ d]/f] klxnf] aRrf / of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo -Uff=lj=;= :t/Lo cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;+rfng, (ljjflxt lszf]/L s]6Lx?sf]) ;d"x u7g, :jf:Yo rf}sLsf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] u'0f:t/Lo ;'wf/sf nflu a}7s, sfo{ of]hgf ;xof]u, lszf]/lszf]/L d}qL ;]jf tyf of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yoaf/] Affn Sna;Fu cGt/lqmof , lszf]/ lszf]/L d}qL ;]jf k|dfl0fs/0fsf] nflu kxn cflb_

16

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&% pm_ lhljsf]kfh{g -n3'pBdlzntf tflnd, t/sf/L tyf afv|fkfng ;d"x u7g tyf ;xof]u,

Joj;flos tflnd, t/sf/Lsf] laplahg ;xof]u, pGgt af]sf ;xof]u cflb_P_ :kf]G;/l;k -jflif{s kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f cWofjlws ;+sng, z}lIfs ;fdu|L ;xof]u, :jf:Yo

pkrf/ cfly{s ;xof]u, lr7L kq cfbfg k|bfg, Mid Year Eligible check (MYEC) and Pro Active Letter (PAL), cflb_

(= nlIft ;d"bfoM d"VotM afnaflnsf / lszf]/ lszf]/L ;fy} afn Sna, o'jf Sna, ljBfno, :jf:Yo ;+:yf, WCPC j8f afn ;+/If0f ;ldlt cflb .

!)= sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt d'Vo pknJwLx? M afn ljsf; / cfwf/e"t lzIff ljifo

sIff # sf afnafnLsfx?sf] l;sfO{ pknAwL # k|ltztn] -^& b]vL &) k|ltzt_ a[l4 ePsf] 5 . hDdf #$& hgfdWo] @$# hgf sIff # sf afn aflnsfsf] l;sfO{ pknAwL #@ eGbf pRRf cfPsf] lyof] . Ps ;o c+ssf] k/LIffdf cf}ift c+s $@=%) cfPsf] lyof] .

sIff pQL0f{ b/ cfwf/e"t txsf] !=@@ k|ltztsf] b/n] -*(=(% b]lv (!=!&_ k|ltztn] al[4 ePsf] 5 .

sIff 5f8\g] cfwf/e"t txsf] $=#@ / k|fylds txsf] b/ )=%$ k|ltztsf] b/n] -#=%^ b]lv #+=)@_ k|ltztsf] b/ 36]sf] 5 .

Affn ljsf; s]Gb|sf] kxF'r gePsf] ;d'bfo slknj:t' gu/kflnsfsf] j8f g+= ^ ?wf}nfdf, a'4e"dL a8f g+= ^ sf] j}l/xjf / j8f g+= !) a}s'07k'/df $ b]vL % jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx?sf] # dlxgf;Dd c:yfoL ?kdf afn ljsf; s]Gb| ;+rfng eO{ ^@ hgf afnaflnsfx? nfef+ljt ePsf 5g\ .

k9fO{ ljsf; lzlj/ !@* 7fpFdf ;+rfng ul/Psf] h;df sIff ! b]lv sIff # ;Ddsf #,!%! hgf afnaflnsfx? nfeflGjt x'g'sf] ;fy} l;sfO{ clea[l4 ug{df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .

afn ljsf; s]Gb|sf cleefjsx?nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf cleefjs lzIff sIffdf ;xefuL ePkl5 cfkm\gf afn aflnsfsf] :ofxf/ ;';f/df ljz]if Wofg lbOPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

sfo{If]qsf sIff !,@,# / afn ljsf; s]Gb|sf sIff sf]7fsf] afnd}qL tj/n] Joj:yfkg eO{ lzIf0f l;sfO{ ls[ofsnfknfO{ ;xh jgfPsf] 5 .

a'4e"dL gu/kflnsf ;|f]t s]Gb|;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgsf] sfo{qmd gd'gf ljBfno 5gf]6 u/L ;+rfng ePsf] .

a'4e"dL gu/kflnsf ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfsf] ;+o'St ;xof]udf a'4e"dL * xl/x/k'/ l:yt lgd8fF8f afn ljsf; s]Gb|sf] ejg lgdf0f{ sfo{ ;+rfngdf /x]sf] .

a'4e"ld gu/kflnsf;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L z}lIfs Sofn]08/ tof/ u/L ljBfnox?df ljt/0f u/]sf] .

:jf:Yo kf]if0f ljifo (& k|ltzt afnaflnsfx?n] h'sfsf] cf}iflw vfPsf] / (% k|ltzt afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo

k/LIf0f ePsf] 5 . !$ hgf afns / * hgf aflnsfnfO{ ? %,))) sf b/n] cfly{s ;xof]u ul/Psf] 5 . $ j6f ljBfnodf kmf]x/ kmfNg] vf8n lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\

17

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&% ## j6f ljBfnodf !,%*^ hgf 5fqfx? tflnd k|fKt lzlIfsfaf6 dlxgfjf/L x'Fbf k|of]u

ul/g] 3/]n' Kof8sf] af/]df k|of]ufTds sIff tyf cled'lvs/0f sIffdf ;xefuL ePsf 5g\ Hygiene traffi c light ;DalGw !) hgf :jf:y kmf]sn lzIfs / @) hgf ljBfyL{nfO{

tflnd lbOPsf] 5 . % k6s lbjf vfhf ;DalGw cleefjsx?nfO{ cled'lvs/0f ;+rfng ul/Psf] 5 h;df

@,#@% hgf cleefjsx? ;xefuL ePsf 5g . ;j} ljBfnosf :jf:Yo kmf]sn lzIfssf] j}7s @ k6s;Dd ePsf] 5 . kf]if0f ;Ktfx sfo{s|d dgfpgsf] nflu (( j6f ljBfnodf ;fdu|L ;xof]u .

of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo÷d]/f] klxnf] aRrf slknj:t' gu/kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ^ df d]/f] klxnf] aRrf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/LPsf] 5 . slknj:t' gu/kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ̂ df ( j6f lszf]/L ;d"x u7g ePsf] lyof] . h;df @@)

hgf lszf]/L tyf dlxnfx? ;xefuL ePsf 5g\ . :jf:Yo ;+:yfs} ;a} hgf :jf:Yo sdL{ tyf dlxnf :jf:Yo :jod\ ;]ljsfx?nfO{ d]/f] klxnf]

aRrf sfo{s|dsf] af/]df cled'lvs/0f ;+rfng ul/of] . ( j6} MAG ;d"xjf6 ( hgf ljjflxt / ( hgf cljjflxt ;xhstf{x?nfO{ klxnf] r/0f

@ lbg] / bf];|f] r/0fsf] $ lbg] tflnd ;+rfng eof] . Tflnd cGt/fndf gj ljjfxdf cfpg] kl/jt{g, ujf{j:yfsf] r/0f, lzz'sf] hGdsf] tof/L,

k|;'tLsf a]nf vt/fsf nIf0f, AfRrf hGdfpgsf] nflu ug'{kg]{ tof/L, aRrf hGdfpFbf b]vf kg]{ vt/fsf ;+s]t, :tgkfg, gjhft lzz'sf] :ofxf/, kf]if0f, AfRrfsf] hGdfGt/sf] nflu kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;fwgsf] k|of]u h:tf ljifoj:t'df lszf]/L ;xhstf{x?n] hfgsf/L kfO{ cfdfn] cfkm" / cfkm\gf] aRrfsf] :ofxf/ cfkmF} ug{ ;Sg] vfnsf l;k, Ifdtf / cEof;df ljleGGf dfWodaf6 zq ;+rfng ug]{ ;xlhs/0f ;Lk ljsf; u/]sf] kfO{of] .

MAG ;d"xdf ljjflxt tyf cljjflxt lszf]/Lx?sf ;fy} @) b]lv @$ :fDdsf dlxnfx?sf] klg ;xeflutf ePsf]n] pgLx?n] klg of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;DalGw cem} yk hfgsf/L lng kfpg'sf ;fy} cfkm"n] ef]u]sf] ;To tTYo cg'ejx? ;d"xdf klg af8\g kfpg] cj;/ kfPsf 5g\ .

MAG d]/f] kxnf] aRrf ;DaGwL xflh/L hjfkm k|ltof]lutf @ k6s ;DkGg ePsf] . slknj:t' gu/kflnsfn] j8f g= % df d]/f] klxnf] aRrf sfo{s|d cjnDag ub}{ cfkm\gf]

sfo{s|dleq ;d]6]sf] .lszf]/lszf]/L ljsf; sfo{qmd

afnSna afnaflnsfx?n] ljleGg ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmx? u/L cfkm" nufot ;d'bfosf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .

* j6f j8f afn ;+/If0f ;ldltdf afn cfsl:ds sf]if :yfkgf u/L & hgf afnaflnsfx?n] To;af6 cfly{s ;xof]u kfPsf 5g\ .

@@ j6f Snadf lszf]/lszf]/L cGt/lqmofTds l;sfO sIff ;~rfng ePsf] 5 To;af6 afnaflnsfsf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 h:t} ls afnaflnsfdf afnljjfx ug{' xF'b}g / afnclwsf/sf ;fy} cfkm\gf] st{Josf] af/]df ;hs ePsf 5g\ .

#) hgf afnaflnsf tyf o'jfx?nfO{ ;8s gf6s ;DalGw tflnd k|bfg u/L cfkm\gf]

18

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&% ;d'bfodf Jojl:yt ?kdf ;8\s gf6s b]vfpg ;Sg] ePsf 5g\ .

^ hgf o'jfo'jtLnfO{ Joj;fo ;~rfngsf] nflu pgLx?n] g} /f]h]sf] Joj;fo ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lx? ;xof]u u/L :j/f]huf/ agL cfkm" / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/df cfly{s ;'wf/ ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .

:kf]G;/l;k sfo{qmd o; jif{sf] cGt;Dddf %,!#&aflnsfafnsx? cfa4 e} ;s]sf 5g h; dWo] 5fqf @,^$#

/ 5fq @,$($ /x]sf 5g\ h;sf] dfWodaf6 of] sfo{s|d ;+rfngug{ ;xof]u pknAwePsf] 5 .

To; ;do cfa4 /x]sf] ;a} #,**&hgfaflnsfafnsx?;Fu k|ToIf e]6 u/LsDKo"6/sf] dfWodaf6 kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f / afnaflnsfx?n] o; sfo{s|daf6 kfPsf] kmfO{bfx? s]s] xf] ;f] aflnsfx?sf] cfkm\g} egfO{ p;sf] ;fyLsxf k7fOG5 .

@&hgfxft, v'66f eflrPsf] / Psbd} la/fdLePsf] :kf]G;/ aflnsfafnsnfO{ a9Ldf % xhf/;Ddu/L?=!,@^,!$%. k|bfgul/Psf] lyof]h;n] ubf{ p;sf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] eO{ ljb\ofnodflgoldt k9\g cfpgyfNof] .

o; jif{ yk@&!hgfafnaflnsfx?sf] ljb]zdf ;fyLx?;Fu ldqtfufl;P/ o;sfo{s|dnfO{ yk ;xof]u h'6fpg ;kmneOof] .

o; jif{ *$*k6s afnaflnsfx?;Fukqfrf/ eof] h;af6 pgLx?n] ljb]zsf] xfjfkfgL, /xg;xg, ;fyLx?sf] kfl/jfl/s ljj/0fx?sf] af/]dfkqfrf/dfkm{t hfgsf/L kfP .

dWo ;dodf&,%(@ j6f aflnsfafnsx?;Fu k|ToIf e]6u/L pgLx?sf] cj:yfsf]] hfgsf/L lng] sfdeof] / ;fyLePsf;a} aflnsfafnsx?sf] s]xLhfgsf/Lsf] ;fy} xftsf] 5fk nufO jflrqagfO ;fyLsxf k7fpg] sfdeof] ;fy} pgLx?sf] lvlrPsf] kmf]6f] alxgLefO x?nfO{ pknAw u/fO{of] .

#^* hgfaflnsfafnsx?sf] hGdlbg ;Dem]/ p;sf] ;fyLx?n] sf8{, sfuh] 6f]kL, l:6s/x? k7fpg' ePsf] lyof] h;n] ubf{ efO alxgLx? Psbd} v';LeO{ ;fyLx?nfO{ wGojfblbPsflyP.

!!= sfo{qmdaf6 b]lvPsf d'Vo k|efjx? cfwf/e"t lzIff / afnljsf; ljifo

ljBfno Joj:yfkgdf afnaflnsfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf al[4 ePsf] 5 . ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;ls[otfdf a[l4 ePsf] . afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO pknlAwdf # k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 . tyf u'0f:t/Lo l;sfOsf]

jftfj/0fdf al[4 ePsf] . lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy cjnDag eO/x]sf] . sIff 5f8\g] b/df sdL cfpg'sf ;fy} ljBfnodf ljBfyL{sf] pkl:yltdf lg/Gt/ a[l4 ePsf]]

5 sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf If]qx?df gLltut jsfntaf6 afn ljsf; s]Gb|, ljBfno, afn

Snj, o'jf Snjx?df afn aflnsf / o'jfsf] /sdx? ljlgof]hg u/L nlIft ju{df vr{ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

:jf:Yo kf]if0f ljifo afnaflnsfdf xft w'g] afgLsf] ljsf; ePsf] .

19

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&% :jf:Yo k/LIf0f kl5 afnaflnsfx?df b]lvPsf] :jf:Yo ;d:ofsf] pkrf/ u/L k7gkf7gdf

;xefuL ePsf 5g\ . sIff ^ b]lv !@ sIffsf 5fqfx?n] dlxgfjf/L x'Fbf k|of]u ul/g] 3/]n' Kof8 agfpg l;s]/

k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ , h;n] ubf{ ljBfnodf lgoldt pkl:yltdf ;xof]u ldn]sf] 5 . kf}li6s cfxf/sf] k|bz{gL tyf cGo :jf:Yo ;DalGw sfo{qmdaf6 ljBfyL{sf] cfgLafgLdf

;'wf/ eO/x]sf]5 . ljBfno cfpFbf afnaflnsfx?n] 3/af6 vfhf lnP/ cfpg] ul//x]sf5g\ ;fy} ljBfnodf

ahfl/of vfg]s'/fdf sdL ePsf] 5 . lgoldt :jf:Yo sIff ;+rfng x'g'sf ;fy} k|fylds pkrf/ aS;sf] k|of]u / cGo :jf:Yo

;DalGw sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . xfO{lhg 6«flkms nfO{6 sfo{qmd ;~rfngkl5 ljBfnosf] ;/;kmfO{df ljBfyL{n] ;'wf/

ul//x]sf 5g\, ;fy} cGo ljBfyL{sf] Joltmut ;/;kmfO{, lgoldt sIffsf]7fsf] cg'udg klg ul//x]sf 5g\ .

of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo÷d]/f] klxnf] aRrf lszf]/ lszf]/L of}g tyf k|hgg\ :j:Yosf] laifodf hfgsf/L xfFl;n u/L cGo bf}t/Lx?nfO{

l;sfO tyf ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ ;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . Affn Snasf alxgL efOx?n] of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yosf af/]df v'n]/ 5nkmn u/L k|:t't

ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 / tL lszf]/lszf]/L d}qL ;]jf :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf kfOFbf] /x]5 eGGf] hfgsf/L klg kfPsf 5g\ .

:jf:Yo :f+:yfx?df of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;]jf k|of]u ug]{ ;]jfu|fxLx?sf] ;+Vofdf a[l4 eO{ a9LeGbf a9L lszf]/Lx?n] ;]jf lnO/x]sf 5g\ .

lszf]/lszf]/L ljsf; sfo{qmd afn ljjfx lj?4 r]tgf cleal[4 ePsf] 5 . afnclwsf/, afn;+/If0f, ;xeflutf, afnljjfx, nfu'kbfy{, hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk ;DalGw 1fg

kfpg'sf ;fy}Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ug{df klg ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . afnaflnsfx?n] cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] af/]df af]Ng ;Sg] Ifdtfdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 h;n] ubf{

gu/kflnsfn] afnaflnsfx?sf] ljleGg sfo{s|d ;+rfng u/]sf]. afn;xeflutf a9]sf] 5 ;fy} afnlajfxsf] b/df sld cfPsf] 5 . t/sf/L tyf afv|f ;d"xnfO{ lhNnf:t/Lo sfof{noaf6 ;xof]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 . afn Snjx?df aflnsfx?sf] cWoIf tyf d'Vo kbdf ;xefuLtf a9]sf] 5 . :yflgo :t/sf ;+/rgfdf afnaflnsfsf] :xeflutfdf a[l4 ePsf] 5 . afnljjfx @$% af6 36]/ @@% x'g'sf ;fy} @ j6f uflj; -/fhk'/ / a'8\9L_ df !))%

afnljjfx d'St uflj; 3f]if0ff ug]{ ;'lglZrt ePsf] 5 . l;nfOs6fO tflnd kZrft o'jfx?n] cfkm'nfO{ :j/f]huf/ agfO 3/kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{

;Ifd ePsf 5g\ . l;rfOsf] Joj:yfkgn] ls;fgx?nfO{ a]df};dL ;fy} df};dL v]tL u/L cfDbfgLdf a9fpg

;xof]u ePsf] 5 . afv|f kfngdf cfw'lgs tl/sfn] x'g yfn]sf] 5 h:t} sL emf/km's 5f8L cf}ifwL pkrf/ ;do

20

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&% ;do df h'sfsf] cf}ifwL v'jfpg'sf ;fy} vf]k nfufpg] afgLsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .

!@= gd"gf sfo{x? a'4e"ld gu/kflnsfaf6 j8f g= !) df /x]sf] >L k|ult s[ifs ;d'xnfO{ ?=!,)),))) Ps

nfv /sd k|fKt u/fpg ;Ifd ePsf] 5 . !#= cufdL lbgsf nflu ;'emfjx?

lhNnf lzIff sfo{no;Fu ;Dks{ / ;dGjo ug{ kg]{ . u/La 3/ kl/j/sf cleefjs tyf lszf]/ lszf]/Lx?sf] cfo cfh{gsf nfuL /sdsf]

Aoj:ykg tyf l;k P+j Ifdtf clea[4L tfnLd ;+rfng ug{ kg]{ . lzIfsx?nfO{ k9fO{ l;k lasf; cfwf/e"t tyf k'g{tfhuL tfnLd lbg kg]{ . afnljjfx /f]Sgsf] nflu ;a} If]qaf6 cem} ;s[o eO sfd ug'{kg]{ . :yflgo ;/sf/ ;+u sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] nfuL k}/jL ug]{ .

-v_ != sfo{qmdsf] gfd M aflnsf ;zlQms/0f -xf};nf_ @= ;fem]bf/ :f+:yf M s]o/ g]kfn #= sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf] If]qx? M ;fljssf ( uflj; xfn # ufpFkflnsf ! gu/kflnsf

z'4f]wg ufpFkflnsf M -j8f g+ #, $, % qmdzM nagL, la7'jf / xlyxjf_ dfofb]jL ufpFkflnsf M -j8f g+= * lah'jf_ o;f]w/f ufpFkflnsf M -j8f g+= !, @, % qmdzM ltltvL{, uf}/L, a}bf}nL_ slknj:t' gu/kflnsfM - j8f g++ *, !@ qmdzM bf]xgL / ;f}/xf _

$= sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf] ;fn / dlxgf -klxnf] ;Demf}tf_ M h'g, @)!^ b]lv lg/Gt/%= ;Demf}tf ePsf] s'n ah]6 M ?= !,)&,((,!@@ hDdf vr{ M ?= !,)*,^$,!^# a9L vr{ M ?= !,*@,)$)^= kl/of]hgf k|d'vsf] gfd Mz'l;n s'df/ rf}w/L ;Dks{ g+=M (*$&!##*()&= ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmdsf] d"Vo d"Vo p2]Zox? M

ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf !) b]lv !$ jif{;Ddsf aflnsfx?sf] cf}krfl/s tyf u'0f:tl/o lzIffdf kx'‘F‘r a9fpg]

lszf]/Lx?sf] cfo cfh{g ;DalGw b[li6sf]0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] . lszf]/Lx?sf] of}g tyf k|hgg / dft[ :jf:Yo ;]jf ;DalGw ;r]tgf tyf kx'Fr a9fpg] ;fdflhs dfGotfdf kl/jt{g NofO{ lszf]/Lx?sf] nflu ;xh / ;'/lIft jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf

u/L lszf]/Lx?sf] ;xhtfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] .*= sfo{qmdn] ;d]6]sf] ljifout If]qx? M c_ aflnsf lzIffM !) b]lv !$ jif{ ;Ddsf ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf #)) hgf lszf]/Lx?sf]

tYof+s ;+sng, & j6f p8fg j}slNks l;sfO s]Gb| ;+rfng-ubxjf, 7"nf] l;;xlgof, cdxjf, /hjfk'/, nf]x/f}nL, gf]bjf / bf]xgL_, * j6f ljBfnox?nfO{ ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lqmofaf/]df ljBfnonfO{ cled'vLs/0f, !) j6f ljb\ofnox?nfO{ v]n ;fdfu|L ljt/0f, ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt;Fu a}7s ;+rfng .

cf_ ;fdflhs d'No dfGotfM @* lszf]/L / @* cleefjs ;d"xx?df ?kfGt/0f sIff ;+rfng,

21

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&% jfn ljjfx Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]usf] nflu wd{ u'?x?sf] & j6f ;ldlt u7g, ufpFkflnsf :t/Lo # j6f / ! j6f gu/kflnsf :t/Lo lszf]/L clwsf/ d~r u7g, k'?ifx?n] vfgf ksfpg] k|ltof]lutf ;+rfng .

O_ hLljsf]kfh{gM ul/aLsf cGtlg{lxt k|d'v sf/0fx? tyf hf]lvd ljZn]if0f, * j6f cleefjs ;d"x / ! j6f lszf]/L ;d"xdf laQLo ;fIf/tf sIff ;+rfng, ;xsf/Lx?;Fu ;dGofTds a}7s ;+rfng .

O{_ of}g k|hgg tyf dft[ :jf:YoM @* j6f lszf]/L tyf @* j6f cleefjs ;d"xx?df of}g k|hgg tyf dft[ :jf:Yo ljifodf sIff ;+rfng, dft[ ljb\ofnox?df dlxgfjf/L lbj; ;+rfng, cGt/kLl9 ;+jfb ;+rfng, kf]if0f tyf xft w'g] ljifodf & j6f p8fg s]Gb|df hfgsf/L, lszf]/L tyf cleefjs aLr k'?ifTj ljifodf 5nkmn ;+rfng .

p_ lszf]/L ;'/IffM !) lszf]/L ;d"xsf #) hgf lszf]/Lx?nfO{ ;'/Iff ljifodf tflnd k|bfg, lszf]/L tyf cleefjs ;d"xx?df ;'/Iff ljifodf sIff ;+rfng .

(= nlIft ;d'bfo M !) b]lv !( jif{;Ddsf ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf lszf]/Lx? . !) b]lv !( aif{;Ddsf lszf]/Lx?sf] kl/jf/, ;fd'bflos ljBfnsf ljBfyL{x?, ;xsf/L

;+:yf, s[ifs ;d'x, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lzIfs cleefjs ;+3, ufFp afn ;+/If0f tyf ;Da4{g ;ldlt, :jf:Yo ;+:yf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / ufFp lzIff ;ldlt .

!)=sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt Df'Vo pknAwLx? M cf=j= @)&$÷@)&% df ;+rflnt & j6f p8fg j}slNks l;sfO s]Gb|sf !&& hgf

aflnsfx? dWo] !!! hgfnfO{ dft[ ljb\ofnodf egf{ u/fPsf] . cf=j= @)&%÷@)&^ df ;+rflnt & j6f p8fg j}slNks l;sfO s]Gb|df ljb\ofno aflx/

/x]sf] !) b]lv !$ aif{sf @*% hgf aflnsfx? cf}krfl/s lzIff lnO{/x]sf] . @* j6f lszf]/L ;d"x u7g eO{ ^*$ hgf lszf]/Lx? ;d"xdf cfj4 eO{ hLjg ?kfGt/0f

;Lk af/]df hfgsf/L lnO{/x]sf] . @* j6f cleefjs ;d"x u7g eO{ ^%* hgf cleefjsx? ;d"xdf ;xefuL eO{ hLjg

?kfGt/0f ;Lk tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff ljifodf hfgsf/L lnO{/x]sf] . * j6f dft[ ljb\ofnosf lzIfs, cleefjs, ljb\ofyL{, SMC, PTA sf kbflwsf/L u/L @!

hgfnfO{ ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lqmof tyf ;fdflhs kl/If0f ljifodf hfgsf/L kfPsf] .

!! hgf dlxnfx? ljQLo ;fIf/tf tflnd k|fKt u/L Jofj;fo ;+rfngsf] nflu tof/L ul//x]sf] .

lszf]/L tyf cleefjsx? of}g k|hgg\ tyf dft[ :jf:Yo ljifodf hfgsf/L kfO{ :jf:Yo rf}sLdf ;]jf lng cu|;/ eO{/x]sf 5g\ .

?kfGt/0f sIffdf ;xefuL x'g] lszf]/Lx?sf] af]Ng] Ifdtfdf ljsf; eO{/x]sf] 5 .!!= sfo{qmdaf6 b]lvPsf d'Vo k|efjx? M

p8fg l;sfO{ s]Gb| ;~rfng ePsf :yfgdf5f]/Lx?nfO{ k9fpg'k5{ eGg] cleefjsx?sf] ;f]rdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] .

lszf]/L tyf cleefjsx? :jf:Yo ljifodf v'n]/ s'/f ug{'k5{ eGg] ;sf/fTds ;f]rfO{df

22

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&% a[l4 eO{/x]sf] .

Afflnsfx?sf] l;sfOdf j[l4 eO{/x]sf] . 5f]/Lx?nfO{ k9fpg'kg]{ dfgl;stfdf cleefjsx?sf] ;f]rdf kl/jt{g eO{/x]sf] . lszf]/Lx?sf] JolQmut Ifdtfdf ljsf; eO{/x]sf] -h:t} M kl/ro lbg], dGtJo lbg] _ . slxNo} ljb\ofno guPsf tyf ljb\ofno 5f]8L @÷# jif{ 3/df a;]sf @*% hgf lszf]/Lx?

k9\g cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf] . afnaflnsfx?sf] lzIff k|lt cleefjsx?sf] hgr]tgfdf j[l4 eO{/x]sf] .

!@= sfo{qmdsf gd'gf sfo{ M slxNo} ljBfno guPsf tyf lard} ljBfno 5f]8L 3/d} a;]sf !!! hgf afnaflnsfx?

p8fg l;sfO s]Gb|df Ps jif{ k9L k'gM ljBfno egf{ eO{ Go'gtd sIff # b]lv clwstd\ sIff * df egf{ eO{ lg/Gt/ kl9/x]sf] .

!#= ;'emfj ;Nnfx M cleefjsx?df lzIffsf] dxTjsf] af/]df ;r]tgf km}nfpg' kg]{ . :yfgLo lgsfon] lzIff If]qdf nufgL tyf cg'udg ug{'kg]{ . dlxnfx?sf] dfu cg';f/ Jofj;fodf nufgL ug'{kg]{ .

-u_ != sfo{qmdsf] gfdM afnljsf; s]Gb| ;xof]u sfo{s|d@= ;fem]bf/ ;+:yf M g]kfn ;Ddfg kl/of]hgf#= sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf If]qx? M slknj:t' gu/kflnsf j8f g+ % slkojf$= sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf] ;fn / dlxgf -klxnf] ;Demf}tf_ M @)&$ ;fpg @) ut]%= ;demf}tf ePsf] s'n ah]6 M !^,$),))) hDdf vr{ M !^,$),))) afFsL M )^= kl/of]hgf k|d'vsf] gfd M /fd;]js ofbj – -kmf]sn k;{g _ ;Dk{s g+= (*$&@!@)$*&= sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo d'Vo p4]Zox? M

a/08f ;lxtsf] ! sf]7] afn ljsf; ejg, rkL{, jfp08/Ljfn , wf/f h8fg tyf z}lIfs ;fdu|L ;lxt sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg tof/ eO{ slDtdf #) hgf afnaflnsfx?n] ;xh jftfj/0fdf l;Sg kfpg] 5g\ .

ejg lgdf{0f kZrft ;a} afnaflnsfx? afn ljsf; s]Gb|df egf{ x'g]5g\ .*= sfo{qmdn] ;d]6]sf] ljifout If]qx? M

afn ljsf;(= nlIft ;d'bfo M

# b]lv % jif{sf afnaflnsfx?!)= sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt d'Vo pknlAwx? M

r]tgf afnljsf; s]Gb|sf slknj:t' gu/kflnsf j8f g+= % slkojfdf Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;xsfo{ tyf cfjZos ;xof]udf afn ljsf; s]Gb|sf] gfddf Ps s7\7f hUuf pknAw .

r]tgf afn ljsf; s]Gb|sf] c6]r 6\jfOn6 ;lxtsf] ! sf]7] ejg tyf u]6;lxt jfp08/Ljfn, wf/f h8fg , z}lIfs ;fdu|L ;lxt sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg lgdf{0f ;DkGg

gjlgld{t afn ljsf; s]Gb|sf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO eO{ ejgsf] bftf …Pg]6Ú åf/f pb\3f6g eO{ @& hgf #÷$ jif{ pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO{ eO/x]sf] 5 .

23


!!= sfo{qmdaf6 b]lvPsf d'Vo k|efjx? M @& hgf afn ljsf; pd]/sf afnaflnsfx? afn ljsf; s]Gb|df egf{ eO{ ;'/lIft tyf

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;DkGg / Jojl:yt sIffsf]7fdf l;sfO ul/x]sf 5g\ . ;:yfsf] kxndf afn ljsf; s]Gb|sf] gfddf Ps s7\7f hUuf pknAw ePsf] . afn ljsf; s]Gb|df afn aflnsfsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

-3_ !=sfo{qmdsf] gfd M ;fd'bflos /]l8of] slknj:t' -;'rgf tyf ;+rf/ sfo{qmd_@= ;fem]bf/÷;xof]uL lgsfo M /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo ;+3 ;+:yf / ljleGg la1fkgbftfx?#= sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf If]qx? M slknj:t' lhNnf$= sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf] ;fn / dlxgf -klxnf] ;Demf}tf _ M @)^% ;fn b]lv lg/Gt/ %= ;Demf}tf ePsf] s'n ah]6 M !$,*%,%$%. hDdf vr{ M !#,&%,*&#.MafFsL !,)(,^&@.^= kl/of]hgf k|d'vsf] gfd M ;f]gf vl6s ;Dk{s g+=M(*$&@&^$&!&= sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo d'Vo p4]Zox? M

/]l8of] sfo{s|daf6 u|fld0f gful/ssf] ;'–;'lrt x'g] clwsf/sf] ;'lgZlrt ug]{ . ul/a, blnt, hghftL tyf dw]zLx?nfO{ ;fdflhs d'nwf/df Nofpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . :yflgo >f]t ;fwfgdf kx'Fr a9fpg clwsf/d'vL sfo{s|dx? ;+rfng ug]{ . ;d'bfosf] cfwf/e't cfjZostf :jf:Yo, lzIff, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{df ;'wf/

Nofpgsf] nflu hgr]tgf d'ns sfo{s|dx? ;+rfng ug]{ . ;'/Iff tyf Gofodf kx'Fr clea[l4 ug]{ .

*= sfo{qmdn] ;d]6]sf] laifout If]qx? M ;'rgf ;~rf/-;dfrf/, ;fj{hlgs ;'rgf,l/kf]6{, ufpF / gu/ ultljlw_ clwsf/-casL xdf/ kf/L,/]l8of] gf6s ldt]gL clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;a{hlgs ;'rgf _ :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO{ -cDdf sxt lxg_ lzIff-;jfn hjfkm, lzIff ;+afb, /]l8of] l6lrË , ?kfGt/0f , lzIff ultlalw _ ;'/Iff - -;jfn ;/f]sf/, ;}lgs ultlalw _ dgf]/~hg = -l6lkg 6fO{d ,lut ;dk{0f ufpvfg] syf _

(= nlIft ;d'bfo M k5fl8 kfl/Psf ,ljkGg tyf l;dfGts[t , o'jf,dlxnf j[4 j[4f nufot ;a} /]l8of] >f]tfx?

!)= sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt d'Vo pknAwLx? M /]l8of] sfo{qmdaf6 ljBfyL{x?sf] cGt/lgxLt Ifdtfsf] ljsf;df ljsfdf ;xof]u k'Ug'sf]

;fy} /]l8of] af6 k'/:s[t klg ePsf 5g\ . lzIff If]qdf ePsf ;kmntfsf syf, ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] x'gfn]

c? 7fpFdf ePsf] ;d:ofsf] ;fdfwfg ug{ ;xh ePsf] 5 . sIff !) sf ljBfyL{x?n] 3/d} a;]/ 6\o';g k9\g kfPsf 5g\ . :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jf;'ljwfsf] vf]hL ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . lhNnfsf k|d'v lgsfo ;+usf] ;DaGw alnof] x'b} uPsf] 5 . slknj:t'sf] ;fljs * j6f uflj;sf lszf]/Lx?sf] af]Ng] Ifdtf a[l4 cfkm} /]l8of]

sfo{s|d ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

24

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&% dgf]/~hsf sfo{s|d af6 /]l8of]sf ;]|ftfx? a9\g'sf] ;fy} k|ToIf ;'emfj ;Nnfx cfpg]

x'bf ;'wf/g] df}sf ldn]sf 5 . /]l8of]n] sfo{s|daf6} @ j6f afnljjfx /f]Sg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . vf; u/L Gofo / ;'/Iffsf] af/]df ljleGg Goflos tyf cw{Goflos lgsfo af6 lbg] u/]sf

;]jf ;'ljwfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg'sf] ;fy} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] vf]hL tyf p7fg ul/Psf] 5 .

>f]t lalxg / czQmx?sf] lhjg arfpgsf] nflu ;xof]uL xftx? e]l6O ;xof]u ePsf] 5 . ufFp / gu/ultlalw sfo{s|d af6 gu/ / ufpFkflnsfdf ePsf lasf;sf ultlalw tyf

;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ kIfnfO{ ktf nufO{ ;'rgfsf] dfWod af6 gful/s ;dIf k'¥ofpg ;xof]u k'u]sf 5 .

6«flkms lgodsf] kfngf, k|x/L tyf Gofonosf] ultljlwsf] ljifodf hfgsf/L kfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .

!!= sfo{qmdaf6 b]lvPsf d'Vo k|efjx? M /]l8of] l6lrËaf6 P;=O=O= kl/Iffdf ;xefuLx?nfO{ pTs[i7 c+s Nofpg ;xh ePsf] 5 . afnljjfx Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . hgr]tgfdf j[l4 eO :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO{df Wofg lbO{ dxfdf/Ldf sdL cfpg' sf] ;fy} rkL{

lgdf0f{ tkm{ Wofg hfg] u/]sf] 5 . ;jfn ;/f]sf/ sfo{s|d af6 cGofodf k/]sf dlxnf , lszf]/L , l;dfGts[t ;d'bfosf

Aofltmx?n] cfkm} Gofo dfUg tkm{ cu|;/ ePsf 5g\ . 5f]/LnfO{ k9fpg' k5{ eGg] wf/0ffdf ljsf; eO{ ljBfnodf 5fqfsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

!@= sfo{qmdsf gd"gf sfo{x? M Gofo / ;'/Iffsf] af/]df cfjfh p7fpFg] Ps dfq /]l8of] :6]zgsf] ?kdf klxrfg agfpg

;kmn ePsf] 5 .!#= cfufdL lbgsf nflu ;'emfjx? M

dw]zL ;d'bfod} dw]zL dlxnfnfO{ /]]l8of]df Nofpg tyf cfPsf dlxnfnfO{ l6sfpg ;d:of . ljxfgsf] ;dodf :yfgLo ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ug'{ kg]{ .

-ª_ != sfo{qmdsf] gfd M kx'Fr kl/of]hgf -;'rgf tyf ;+rf/ sfo{s|d_@= ;fem]bf/÷;xof]uL lgsfo M ;r{ km/ sdg u|fp08 #= sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf If]qx? M slknj:t' lhNnf$= sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf] ;fn / dlxgf -klxnf] ;Demf}tf _ M ! ;]K6]Da/ @)!& b]lv lg/Gt/ %= ;Demf}tf ePsf] s'n ah]6 M @,(*,!^%÷– hDdf vr{ #,#&,@#%. M kfpg' kg]{ M #,())&).^=kl/of]hgf k|d'vsf] gfd M ;f]gf vl6s ;Dk{s g+=M (*$&@&^$&!&= ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo p4]Zox? M

ljkGg tyf l;dfGts[t ;d'bfo -ljz]ifu/L dlxnf_ sf] ;'/Iff / Gofodf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] Pj+ ;]jf k|bfosx?sf] ;]jf k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

*= sfo{qmdn] ;d]6]sf] laifout If]qx? M ljkGg tyf l;dfGts[t ;d'bfo vf; ul/ dlxnfsf] Gofo / ;'/Iffdf kx'Fr clej[l4 ug{]

25

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&% gful/ssf ;]jf, ;'ljwf / cfwf/e"t clwsf/af/] ;';'lrt ug]{ . /fHosf lgsfo -k|x/L, cbfnt,;/sf/L sfof{no tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;+/rgfx?_ /

;j{;fwf/0f gful/s aLr ;DaGw ;'wf/ / ;xsfo{sf] k|jw{g ug]{ . :yfgLo txsf] ;/sf/L lg0f{o k|lqmofdf l;dfGts[t ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf / kx'Fr, g]t[Tj /

gful/s aLr ;+jfbsf] k|j4{g ug]{ . zflGt lgdf{0f / åGå ?kfGt/0fsf nflu :yflgo :t/df ePsf /fd|f cEof;x?sf] k|jw{g /

;anLs/0f ug]{ o'jf / dlxnf g]t[Tjsf] k|jw{gsf nflu of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] . u'0f:tl/o lzIffdf cfd ;jf{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Fr a9fpg tyf lzIffnfO{ hgd"lv / hgpQ/bfoL

agfpg ljb\ofnodf ;'zf;g k|jw{gsf nflu of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] .(= nlIft ;d'bfo M ljkGg, l;dfGts[t ;d"bfo ljz]if u/L dlxnf, ;'/Iff / Gofo If]qsf cEof;

stf{ / ;]jf k|bfos !)= sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt d'Vo pknAwLx? M

lnlvt ?kdf dfq lgj]bg btf{ ug]{ lh=k|= sf=n] kmf]gsf] dfWodnfO{ klg cfwf/ dfgL ph'/L lng yfn]sf] / gful/ssf] u'gf;f] ;'Ggsf] nflu ;fdflhs ;~hfn -km];a's_ k|of]u u/]sf] tyf cfjZos ;"rgf ldl8ofdf k7fpg yfn]sf] .

lhNnf k|x/Lsf pRr clwsf/Lx?nfO{ /]l8of] sfo{s|ddf ;xeflu u/fpg yfn]kl5 k|x/L / gful/ssf] ;DaGwdf ;sf/fTds ;'wf/ ePsf] / gful/sk|lt k|x/Lsf] hjfkmb]lxtf a9]sf] 5

nfu'cf}ifw tyf dlb/fsf] lgoGq0fn] dlxnf lx+;f , of}g b'Jo{jxf/df sdL cfpFb} k|x/Lsf] ;ls|otfn] ^ hfg dlxnfsf] p2f/ tyf ^ hgf nfu'cf}ifw k|of]ustf{ ks|p k/]sf] .

Gofodf kx'Fr sfo{s|d /]l8of] slknj:t'af6 ;+rfngkl5 lhNnf cbfnt slknj:t'sf lhNnf Gofolwz cf]+dsf/ pkfWofosf] cWoIftfdf ;+rf/sdL{;Fu cGt/s[of u/L ;+rf/sdL{ cbfntdf cfP/ ;xh} l/kf]l6{Ë ug{ ;Sg] cfb]z ePsf] .

k|x/LnfO{ gful/sk|lt hjfkmb]lx jgfpg k|x/L gfoj lg/LIfssf] g]t[Tjdf k|To]s ;fKtflxs a}7sdf dlxnf lx+;fk|lt ;hu /xg lgb]{zg lbOPsf] .

;fdflhs ;~hfn km];a's dfkm{t dlxnfnfO{ 5]8vfgL ug]{ Ps o'js dlxnfsf] ph'/Lkl5 k|x/Lsf] lgoGqq0fdf k/]sf] .

aflnsf ;'/Iff ;DaGwL /]l8of]df sfo{s|d ;+rfng kl5 :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;xsfo{df k|x/Laf6 aflnsf lzIffnfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg ljBfnodf ;r]tgf sfo{s|d ;+rfng ePsf] 5, ljBfno cfpg] ;dodf k|x/L u:tL a9]sf] .

cbfntdf j}tlgs ;]jfdf jf:tljs u/La , l;dfGts[t ;d'bfosf] kx'Frdf pNn]vgLo a[l4 ePsf] .

;+jfb sfo{s|ddf ;xefuL Ps lszf]/Laf6 k|x/Lsf] ;xfotdf !# jifL{o aflnsfsf] afnljjfx /f]Sg ;kmn ePsf] .

lhNnf cbfntleq kmf]6f]slksf] d"No ;"rL 6fF; eO{ dgdfgL /sd c;'nLdf sdL cfPsf] . /]l8of] sfo{s|ddf ;xefuL ePkZrft lhNnf GofowLzåf/f dfofb]jL ufpFkflnsf tyf

dxf/fhu~h gu/kflnsfsf] d]nldnfk s]Gb|sf] cg'udg tyf lgikIf Gofo lbg lgb]{zg ePsf] ;DaGw ljR5]b Ps hgf kLl8t dlxnfåf/f /]l8of] sfo{s|d kZrft Gofo If]q ;dGjo ;ldlt

26

;fdflhs kl/If0f k|ltj]bg – @)&% ;+of]hs tyf Gofolw; cf]dsf/ pkfWofo;Fusf] k|ToIf u/L Gofo kfpg ;kmn ePsf] .

/ftL u:tL ul//x]sf] k|x/L6f]nLaf6 lh:sfOPsL Ps hgf dlxnfsf] kmf]g ph'/Laf6 lh:sfpg] k|x/LnfO{ sfo{jfxL ePsf] .

ofqfsf] s|ddf dlxnfdfly x'g;Sg] of}g b'Jo{jxf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu oftfoft ;ldlt cWoIf tyf dlxnf ofq';Fu 6«flkms k|x/Låf/f 5nkmn .

Gofo / ;'/Iffsf] ljifodf cfjfh p7fpg] /]l8of]sf] ?kdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] slknj:t'sf] cbfnt, k|x/L sfof{no nufot Goflos lgsfoaf6 k|z+;f .

!!= sfo{qmdaf6 b]lvPsf d'Vo k|efjx? M /]l8of] sfo{qmd kxF"rsf] k|efjn] k|x/L sfof{nodf ph'/Lsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 x'b} uPsf] 5 . Gofo / ;'/Iff dfUg] k|s[ofsf] af/]df hfgsf/L eO o; k|lt ;d'bfosf] rf;f] a9\b} uPsf] 5 /]l8of] slknj:t'n] ;~rfng u/]sf] kx"Fr sfo{qmdsf] k|z+;f ub{}, Gofodf kx"Fr gePsfx? ;f]em}

cbfnt cfP/ l/kf]l6Ë ug{ ;Sg] Gofolwzsf] cfb]z ePsf] 5 . /]l8of]df hgfPsf] k|lta4tf cg';f/ rfns / ;xrfnsx?nfO{ lhNnf k|x/L sfof{non] ;8s

;'/Iff tyf ;r]tfd'ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmdsf] k|efjn] ljBfnodf lszf]/Lx?sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu ljBfno ;dodf k|x/L u:tL

u/fOPsf] 5 .!@= sfo{qmdsf] ;j eGbf alnof] kIf M

:yflgo cjwL efiffdf () k|ltzt sfo{s|d k|;f/0f . clwst/ ;a} sfo{qmd /]sfl8{Ë ePsf] x'gfn] k|ToIf hg ;d'bfosf] ;xefuLtf . nlIft ;d'bfo tyf ;/f]sf/fjfnf lar ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod ug{ ;kmn . ;d'bfosf] ;d:of a'em\g\ / p7fg u/]sf] tyf To;sf] ;dwfgsf] nflu ;DaGwLt lgsfonfO{

hfjkmb]xL agfPsf] 5 . !#= cufdL lbgsf nflu ;'emfjx? M

/]l8of]sf] k|;f/0f ;d|uLx?sf] dd{t tyf gofF ;dfu|Lx? yKg' kg]{ . dw]zL ;d'bfod} dw]zL dlxnfnfO{ /]]l8of]df Nofpg tyf cfPsf dlxnfnfO{ l6sfpg ;d:of . ljxfgsf] ;dodf :yflgo ;dfrf/ :yflgo efiffdf k|;f/0f ug'{ kg]{ .

$= ;+:yfn] xfn;Dd k|fKt u/]sf d'Vo pknAwLx? ;+:yf sfg"gL k|lqmof k"/f ul/ btf{ ;+:yfsf] ?kdf gLlt lgod lgdf{0f eO{ sfof{Gjog ePsf], sd{7 o'jfx?sf] ;lqmo Pj :jo+;]jL efjgf ePsf ;b:o Pj sd{rf/L x'g', ;+:yfsf ;b:ox? nlIft ;d'bfos} k|ltgLlwsf] ?kdf /x]sfn] ;+:yf k|lt dhj't hg ;d{yg tyf ;xof]u, ;"rgf ;+rf/sf] If]qdf /fd|f] kx'Fr tyf lhNnf :t/df /fd|f] ;Dk{s ;dGjo, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf ;DktL ;fdfgdf kof{Kt ;+:yfsf] ?kdf pleg ;Sg' , ;d'bfo :t/af6 ;+:yfsf] ;'?jft ePsf] x'gfn] :yflgo ;d'bfosf] cj;/ tyf r'gf}lt a'lem sfd ug{ ;lhnf], kf/blz{tfsf] If]qdf cu|0fL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;kmn ePsf]n] ;d'bfo tyf bft[ lgsfox?sf] ljZjf; lhTg ;kmn,

slkna:t'df pbfx/0fLo sfd ug{ ;kmn ePsf]n] ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf clwsf/jfnfx?sf] ;+:yf k|lt ;sf/fTds ;f]rfO{,

27


;+:yf lbg k|ltlbg cfGt/Ls >f]tsf] vf]hL ;+nUg / ;kmntf k|fKt x'g' ,%= r'gf}tL

dw]zL ;d'bfo ePsf]n] dlxnf ;xefuLtf a9fpg tyf ePsf dlxnfnfO{ ;+:yfdf l6sfO{ /fVg ufx|f], o'jf ju{ lbgk|lt lbg j}b]zLs /f]huf/sf]nfuL aflx/ hfg] qmd a9b} uPsf]n] ;+:yfdf :jo+;]jL ;b:o a9fpg tyf :j/f]huf/Lsf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ g;Sg',

;do ;dodf sd{rf/L tyf sfo{qmd 5gf}6sf] qmddf /fhg}lts bnsf k|ltgLlwx?af6 cgfjZos bjfj cfpg',

;+:yfut lbuf] cfly{s >f]t gePsf] sf/0fn] ;+:yfut cfGt/Ls sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ sl7gfO{, sd{rf/LnfO{ cfs{ifs ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf gePsf] sf/0fn] bIf sd{rf/L knfog x'g] r'gf}tL,

^= u/]sf k|of;x?^=!= ;+:yfut ljsf;

cflkm; ;+rfngsf] nflu cfˆg} ejg tflnd xn lgdf{0f tyf Joj:yfkg aflif{s of]hgf kfqf] 5kfO{ aflif{s k|utL k|ltj]bg 5kfO{ lgoldt kq klqsf vl/b ;+:yfsf] joj ;fO6 lgdf{0f Pj+ ck8]6 ;+:yfsf] ;fdflhs n]vf kl/If0f tyf ;fj{hlgs ;'gjfO{ lg/Gt/ ;+:yfut gLlt lgodfjnL tyf of]hgf ljwfg lgdf{0f tyf ;dofs'n kl/dfh{g

^=@ ;d'bfosf] ljsf; ;d'bfodf :jf:Yo, lzIff, vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO{sf] If]qdf hgr]tgf hufO{ pgLx?nfO{ ;xefuLtf u/fOPsf],

ul/a tyf ljkGgx?nfO{ ljleGg ;d"x tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfdf ;dfj]z u/fO{ pgLx?sf] cfocfh{gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf],

ul/a, blnt tyf clzlIftx?nfO{ cf–cfˆgf] xs clwsf/sf] af/]df ;r]tLs/0f ul/ kx"Frdf clej[l4 ul/Psf]5 .

dlxnf, blnt / hghftLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ pgLx?sf] ;dfj]zL sfo{qmd agfOPsf], x/]s kf6f]df nlIft ;d'bfonfO{ ;xefuL -of]hgf th{'df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg d"NofFsg_ u/fO{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf],

;fd'bflos k"jf{wf/;d'bfonfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{ ;fd'bflos k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf], lszf]/ lszf]/L tyf o'jf o'jtLx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] dfu cg';f/ ;Lkd"ns tflnd lbO{ :j/f]huf/ x'g ;xof]u u/]sf],

afnaflnsfx?sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf] nflu afnlasf; s]Gb|, afn Snadf kx'Fr u/fpg ;xof]u u/]sf], z}lIfs If]qnfO{ u'0f:tl/o agfpg x/]s If]qaf6 ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf],

28


slknj:t' ;b/d'sfd b]lv sl/a $ ls=ld= pQ/ klZrddf kg]{ ;fljs wgsf}nL uf=lj=;= / xfn a'4e"ld g=kf=sf] j8f g+= !) sf] wgsf}nLdf cjl:yt wgsf}nL :jf:Yo rf}sLn] wgsf}nLaf;L hgtfx?sf] :jf:Yo lxtdf pNn]vlgo sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; wgsf}nL :jf:Yo rf}sLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] OdfGbf/Ltf / d]xgtn] ubf{ oxfFsf dlxnf, a[4, afnaflnsfx?sf] :jf:Yodf kx'Fr ePsf] 5 . klxn]sf] cj:yfdf tL ;d"xsf] pQm ;+:yfdf kx"Frdf sdL ePsf] cj:yf dx;'; eO/x]sf] klg o'jf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx?nfO{ :jf:Yo tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;DalGw ;]jf lbg] / k/fdz{ lbg] sfdsf] Joj:yf ePsf] lyPg . wgsf}nL :jf:Yo rf}sLdf ;]jf lng hfg] / :jf:Yo hf+r u/fpg]x?sf] le8 b}lgs x'g] ub{5 . :jf:Yo hf+r u/fpg]df ljz]if u/L a[4 / dlxnfx?sf] w]/} le8 x'g] ub{5 . ;fy} dlxnfx?;+u afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo hf+r tyf k/fdz{ /fd|f] eO/x]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . o'jf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx?n] s'g} sf/0fn] s;}sf] ;fydf :jf:Yo rf}sLdf cfPtf klg cfkmGt tyf sf]lx lrghfgsf] JolQm Toxf+ a;L/x]sf] cj:yfdf d]/f] s'/f ;'G5g\ sL eg]/ nfh dfgL cfkm\gf] ;d:of gegL Hj/f]sf], k]6 b'v]sf]

cf}iflw lnP/ hfg] ub{y] . o; wgsf}nL :jf:Yo rf}sLsf] o; ufpF tyf j8fsf o'jf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] nflu :jf:Yo :t/df s] s;/L ;'wf/ Nofpg] tyf pgLx?sf] :jf:Yo hfFr / k/fdz{ lbg] jftfj/0f s;/L ;[hgf ug]{ / pgLx?sf] ;xeflutf a[l4 s;/L ug]{ af/] Wofg uof] / To;af/] 5nkmn u/L of]hgf agfOof] . ;g\ @)!@ b]lv ;g;fOg ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfn] wgsf}nL uf=lj=; df ;femf p2]Zosf] nflu k|fof]lht sfo{s|d ;+rfng u/]kl5 lszf]/lszf]/L of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo cGt{ut lszf]/lszf]/Lx?sf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'+r j[l4 ug{ o; :jf:Yo rf}sLdf lszf]/lszf]/L d}qL ;]jf ;'rf? u/L

u'0f:t/Lo ;'wf/ ;ldlt u7g u/Lof] . h;df @ hgf lszf]/lszf]/Lx? nfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/fpg] lg0f{o cg';f/ pQm ;'wf/ ;ldltdf @ hgf lszf]/ lszf]/Lx?n] k|ltlglwTj ul//x]sf 5g\ . wgsf}nL :jf:Yo rf}sLdf o'jf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx?sf] :jf:Yo hfFr / k/fdz{ k|efjsf/L agfpg :jf:Yo rf}sLsf] ejg lgdf{0f ubf{ lszf]/lszf]/Lx?sf] Pp6f 5'6\6} sf]7fsf] Joj:yf / rkL{ ;d]t dd{t eof] . pQm sf]7fdf of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;DalGw lstfax? /flvg'sf ;fy} AD Learning SessionljBfnodf klg rnfpbf o; :jf:Yo rf}sLdf lszf]/lszf]/L d}qL ;]jf ;+rfngdf 5 egL hgr]tgf hufg'g] sfd eof] h;n] ubf{ of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yosf] ;]jf lng] lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] ;+Vofdf klg a[l4 ePsf]

&= sfo{qmdsf 36gf cWoogx?

:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf lszf]/lszf]/L k|hgg\ :jf:Yo sfo{qmd

v08–u, ;kmntfsf] syf

29


5 . lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfo{non] uf=lj=; / ;g;fOg ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yf;+u ;dGjo u/L o'jf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] aflif{s ah]6 of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L wgsf}nL :jf:Yo rf}sLnfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf o'jf tyf lszf]/lszf]/L d}qL agfpgsf] nflu 5'6\6} sf]7f, kbf{ 5'6\6fO{ xKtfdf ! lbg z'qmaf/sf] lbg l6=le dfkm{t of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;DalGw sfo{s|d ;+rfng ug]{ / k/fdz{ lbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 / To;df ;d:of gcfcf];\ eg]/ OGe6/ ;d]t h8fg ul/Psf] 5 .+ h;n] ubf{ o; :jf:Yo rf}sLdf lszf]/ lszf]/Lx?sf] ;xh kxF"r x'g'sf] ;fy} lszf]/ lszf]/Lx? cfkm\gf] ;d:of lgw{Ss eP/ :jf:Yo sdL{;+u /fVg ;s]sf 5g\ . afn ;+hfnsf cWoIf tyf :jf:Yo rf}sL Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf lszf]/L k|ltlglw ;latf u'Ktf eGg'x'G5, æwgsf}nLsf] o'jf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx?nfO{ ;]jf k/fdz{df kx'Fr k'¥ofpgsf] nflu afnSna / afn;+hfnaf6 k6s k6s cfjfh p7fp5f}+ / hgr]tgf klg hufpg] sfd ub{5f} +.Æ To:t} :jf:Yo rf}sL Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf lszf]/ k|ltlglw o'j/fh u'Ktf eGg'x'G5,æcfufdL lbgdf klg o:tf] sfo{s|dsf] ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ub{5f} +. lszf]/lszf]/L tyf o'jfx?sf] nflu ;]jf k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu ;d'x dfkm{t g} of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L ;DalGwt sfo{fno tyf :yflgo ;+3;+:yfdf k]z ug]{, o'jfo'jtLx?sf] :jf:Yo ;]jf / k/fdz{ lng / lbg ;xh jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{5f}+ .Æ

ljBfnosf] gfd M+ >L slknj:t' /fli6«o df=lj= 7]ufgf M j'4e'ld !) r]t/fb]O{ slknj:t' lhNnfsf] ltnf}/fsf]6 b]lv sl/a @ lsnf]ld6/ pt/, /x]sf] >L slknj:t' /fli6«o df=lj=xfn a'4e"ld gu/kflnsfsf] j8f g+= !) r]t/fb]O{ ufFpdf /x]sf] 5 . oxfF k'0f{?kdf dw]zL ;d'bfosf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . clzIff, c1fgtf / cfly{s l:ylt sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ o; ;d'bfosf] dflg;x? x/]s If]qdf k5f8L k/]sf 5g\ . o; ljBfnosf] ;]jf If]q 7"nf] /x]sfn] o; ljBfnodf ljBfyL{sf] rfk al9 /x]sf] 5 . o; ljBfno klxn] 3/]n' Kof8 lgdf{0f / dlxgfjf/L ePsf] a]nfdf ug'{kg]{

;/;kmfO{sf] af/]df s'g} klg sfo{qmd rn]sf] lyPg . To; sf/0f lszf]/Lx?nfO{ w]/} g} ;d:of ef]Ug'k/]sf] lyof] . ljBfnodf cWoog ;dodf dlxgfjf/L ePsf] a]nf 3/ hfg afWo x'Gy] / s]lx lszf]/Lx? ljBfno g} gcfpg] uy]{ . ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfn] ;]e b lrN8«]gsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ljBfno :jf:Yo sfo{qmddf dlxgfjf/L ;DalGw 3/]n' Kof8 lgdf{0f sfo{qmd tflnd k|fKt lzlIfsfaf6 3/]n' Kof8 agfpg 5fqfx?nfO{ l;sfpg;sf ;fy} dlxgfjf/L ePsf] a]nf ug'{kg]{ ;/;kmfO{sf] af/]df klg l;sfOof] . To; kZrft lszf]l/x?nfO{ Psbd}

ljBfnodf dlxgfjf/L ;DalGw 3/]n' Kof8 lgdf{0f sfo{qmd

30


;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . ljBfnodf dlxgfjf/L ePsf] ;dodf ljBfnodf lgdf{0f u/L /fv]sf] Kof8 k|of]u x'G5 h;n] ubf{ cWoog ;dodf dlxgfjf/L ePsf] a]nf 3/ hfg gkg]{ ePsf] 5 . Kof8 agfpg l;s]sf lszf]/Lx? cfKgf] 3/d} agfP/ k|of]u u/L/x]sf 5g\ . dlxgfjf/L ;DalGw tflnd k|fKt lzlIfsf ;'o{d'lv rf}w/Lsf] egfO{ cg';f/, o; sfo{qmdn] ubf{ lszf]/Lx?nfO{ ;lhn};+u Kof8 k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] ePsf] 5g\ . nueu Ps lbgdf rf/ j6f Kof8 k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . klxn] dlxgfjf/Lsf] ;dodf 5fqfsf] pkl:ytL geO/x]sf]df pQm sfo{qmd kZrft 5fqfx?sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

lszf]/Lsf] gfd M d}/fh'g lg;fpd]/ M !% jif{cfdfsf] gfd M sd?g lg;fa'jfsf] gfd M cAb'n d'tlnkm d':fndfg7]ufgf M ozf]w/f– @, uf}/L larnL e8]x/ d}/fh'g lg;f Ps dWod kl/jf/sL aflnsf x'g . pgsf] lzIffsf] ;'?jft cfkm\g} d'l:nd wd{ cg';f/ db/;faf6 ePsf] xf] . db/;fsf] lzIff kl5 pgL 3/d} a;]ls lyO{g . o; ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yf / s]o/ g]kfnsf] ;+o'Qm ;fem]bf/Ldf p8fg s]Gb| ;+rfngsf] nflu ljb\ofno aflx/ /x]sf !) b]lv !$ jif{sf lszf]/Lx?sf] tYof+s ;+sng ug]{ qmddf d}/fh'g klg k9\g OR5's eO{ cfkm\gf] gfd n]vfO{g . cfdf a'jfn] k9\gsf] nflu ;xof]u ug'{ eof] h;n] ubf{ jxfFnfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff cfh{gsf] nflu cj;/ ldNof] . o;/L pgL p8fg a}slNks l;sfO{ s]Gb|df Ps jif{ cWoog ul/g . pgL p8fg a}slNks l;sfO{ s]Gb|df lgoldt k9\g cfpg], /fd|f] ;+u k9fO ug]{, c?nfO{ k9fO{df ;xof]u ug]{{, ;d"x sfo{ klg /fd|f] ;+u ug]{ / ;xof]uL efjgf /x]sf] 5 . pgL ldng;f/ afgL Jojxf/n] ubf{ c? lszf]/L ;fyLx? pgnfO{ dg k/fpg] u/]sf lyP . pgsf] kl/jf/df $ hgf bfO{, ! hgf efO{, cfdf a'jf / efph' nufotsf] kl/jf/ /x]sf 5g . pgL lbbL alxgLdf ;a} eGbf sfG5L ePsf] / d}/fh'gsf] h]7L lbbLx? gk9]sf x'gfn] cfdf a'jfn] jxfFsf] lzIffsf] nflu hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . d}/fh'g k9fO{df /fd|f] ePsf] / pgn] p8fg s]Gb|sf] Ps jif{sf] k9fO{ kl5 tf}lxnjfdf k9\g hfg] ;f]r /x]sf] lyof] . ToxfFsf cGo d'l:nd cleefjsx? cfkm\gf 5f]/Lx?nfO{ ljb\ofnodf egf{ gu/fPsf]n] pgL k9\g] aflnsfx? dWo] PSn} eO{g h;n] ubf{ pgL klg ;dodf ljb\ofno egf{ x'g ;sLgg\ . ;+:yfaf6 ToxfFsf cleefjsx?nfO{ aflnsfx?nfO{ ljb\ofno egf{ ug{ egL w]/} Kf|of; ubf{ klg gf} hgf cleefjsx? cfkm\gf 5f]/Lx?nfO{ ljb\ofno egf{ u/fPgg\ . t/ pgsf] w]/} k9\g] OR5f ePsf]n] pgL csf]{ Ps hgf lszf]/LnfO{ klg k9\g tof/ ul/g . clxn] d}/fh'g >L eujfgbf; df=lj=df sIff & df egf{ eO{ lgoldt k9\g uO{/x]sL l5g\ . pgsf] lzIffdf ;kmntfn] d'l:nd ;d'bfodf 5f]/Lx?nfO{ lzIff lbg'kg]{df ;Gb]z km}nfpg ;xof]u ug]{5 .

p8fg s]Gb|sf] lzIffn] lszf]/LnfO{ ljBFno kmsf{of]

31


lszf]/Lsf] gfd M ldgf wjna'jfsf] gfd M nNng wf]aLcfdfsf] gfd M kfgf wf]aLpd]/ M !^ jif{7]ufgf M slknj:t' g=kf= –*, bf]xgL s'jfufpF o; ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yf / s]o/ g]kfnsf] ;+o'Qm ;fem]bf/Ldf xf};nf sfo{qmd cGtu{t slknj:t' g=kf=–*, bf]xgLsf] s'jfufpFdf lszf]/Lsf]x?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu lszf]/L ;d"x u7g ePsf] 5 . ;d"xsf] gfd ;u/dfyf lszf]/L ;d"x xf] h;df @% hgf lszf]/L ;b:ox? /x]sf 5g\ . ldgf wjn klg To; ;d"xsf] Ps ;b:o x'g\ . lszf]/L ;d"xdf hLjg pkof]uL ;Lk tyf ?kfGt/0f sIff ;+rfng ePsf] 5 . To; sIffn] lszf]/Lx?sf] Ifdtfdf ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;d"xdf ldgf wjn Ps ;lqmo ;b:o x'g\ . pgL ;d"xsf] a}7saf6 hLjg pkof]uL ;Lk, lszf]/Lx?sf] xs clwsf/, of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo nufotsf] ljifodf hfgsf/L xfl;n u/]sf atfpFl5g\ . pgL ;d"xsf] 5nkmndf ;lqmo ;xeflutf hgfpg], cfkm'n] l;s]sf] s'/f c?nfO{ klg l;sfpg] u/]sL l5g\ . pgsf] ;d"xsf] ;lrj kbdf /xL lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsL l5g\ . pgsf] ;lqmotf / lg8/?kdf af]Ng] afgLn] cGo tflnd tyf sfo{qmddf hfg] cj;/x? k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . pgsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ ;Lksf] sf/0fn]] pgnfO{ jf8{ / gu/kflnsf :t/Lo lszf]/L clwsf/ d+rdf hfg] cj;/ kfPsL l5g\ . ldgf wjn ;u/dfyf O{Ëln; af]l8{Ë :s'ndf sIff !) df cWoog ul//x]sL l5g\ . pgsf] ;kgf 8fS6/ aGg] /x]sf] 5 t/ cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0fn] pgsf] ;kgf k'/f ug{sf] nflu w]/} g} ;d:of /x]sf] 5 . pgsf] kl/jf/df * hgf /x]sf 5g\ . pgL 3/fo;L sfd 5f]/f h:t} ul5{g\ . pgL cfkm' h:t} c? lszf]/Lx?nfO{ klg ;lqmo agfpg] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sL l5g\ . pgsf] ;lqmotf / 5f]/f5f]/L aLr /x]sf] lje]b af/]df cfjfh p7fpg] afgLn] lszf]/L tyf cleefjsx?sf] gsf/fTds ;f]rdf kl/jt{g ug{ ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 .

afnSnasf] gfd M >L ;'k/:6f/ afnSna:yfg M slknj:t' g=kf=j8f g+=^, lzjk'/f s=a=;d'bfosf] kl/roM n'lDagL c~rn slknj:t' lhNnf slknj:t' gu/kflnsf j8f g+ ̂ ;fljs ltnf}/fsf]6 uflj; df cjl:yt afnSnasf] gfd >L ;'k/:6f/ afnSna !) b]vL !* aif{ ;Ddsf afnaflnsfx? ldn]/ u7g ul/Psf] afnSna xf] . of] afnSna cjl:yt ;d'bfodf a9L dfqfdf dw]zL hflt 5 . clzIff, s'/Llt, s';+:sf/ ePsf JolQmx? o; ;d'bfodf /x]sf 5g . oxfF z'?df afnSna :yfkgf ubf{ cleefjsx? s]xL s'/f hfGg / ;'Gg gdfGg] / o;af6 x'g] nfesf] af/]df klg 1fg lng gvf]Hg] ul/GYof] . o; ;d'bfodf cfwL hlt em'k8L / cfwL hlt kSsL 3/ ePsf Joltmx? a;f]af; u/]sf 5g . o; ;d'bfodf

lszf]/L ;d"xn] Ifdtf ljsf;df ;xof]u

afn Snan] afn ljjfx /f]Sg ;xof]u

32


/x]sf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ klg afnSnadf ;xeflu gu/fpg] ul/GYof] .

afnSnasf] kl/roM ;fljs ltnf}/fsf]6 uflj; j8f g+= ̂ lzjk'/fdf cjl:yt afnSnasf] gfd >L ;'k/:6f/ afnSna xf] . h'g !) b]vL !* aif{ ;Ddsf afnaflnsfx? ldn]/ @)!% hgj/Ldf u7g ul/Psf] xf] . xfn o; afnSnasf] cWoIf ;ljtf ljZjsdf{ x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] of] afnSna ;s[o agfpgdf dxTjk'0f{ e'ldsf v]Ng'ePsf]5 . o; Snadf ( ;b:oLo sfo{;ldlt ag]sf] 5 . o; afnSnadf lgoldt a}7s a:g] ul/G5 . o; afnSnadf #^ hgf hlt afnaflnsfx? /x]sf 5g . sfo{qmdsf] ;Gbe{M o; >L ;'k/:6f/ afnSnan] afnaflnsfsf] cu'jfOdf u/L afn;~hfn;Fu ;dGjo u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . o; afnSnanfO{ ljleGg sfo{qmd / tflnd uf]i7Ldf ;xeflu u/fpg ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfsf] 7'nf] e'ldsf /x]sf] 5 . o; Snadf afli{fs sfo{of]hgf klg lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . o; afnSnadf afli{fs sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ sfo{qmd afnaflnsfx?sf] cu'jfO{df ;DkGg ul/G5 . o; afnSnasf cWoIf >L ;ljtf ljZjsdf{n] w]/} eGbf w]/} afnSna k|lt rf;f] /fvL d2t ug'{ePsf] 5 . o; afnSnan] ;dfhdf ;s/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg] ls;ldsf ljleGg sfo{qmdx? h:t} egf{ cleofg, afnljjfx Go'lgs/0fsf] cleofg, ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd, ljleGg k|ltof]lutf v]ns'b, ;r]tgfd'ns ;8s gf6s o:t} u/L afnaflnsfx? ljleGg sfo{qmd, tflnddf ;xefuL eO{ l;Sg] cj;/ klg kfPsf 5g . o;} u/L o; afnSnan] Pp6f aflnsfsf] lax] /f]Sg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . o;} afnSnasL ;b:o sNkgf t]nLsf] ljx]sf] tof/L ePsf] / sNkgfn] ljx] ub}{g eGbf lg pxfFsf] cleefjsn] gdfg]sf] s'/f yfxf kfPkl5 afnSnasf] a}7s a;L of] ljjfx x'g lbg'x'b}g o;nfO{ /f]Sg' k5{ egL ;a} ;fyLx? ldln a}7sdf 5nkmn ug'{eP5 . t/ Toxfsf] afnSnasf] cWoIf ;ljtf ljZjsdf{nfO{ sNkgfsf] cleefjsn] ufnL ug'{eP5 / xfdLn] lax] ul/lbG5f} ltdLx?nfO{ s] rf;f] eof] / eGg'eP5 To; kl5 To;afnSnan] afnSna ;~hfnsf cWoIf >L /fdzAb ofbjnfO{ va/ ul/ afn;~hfnsf cWoIfn] ;DalGwt ;a}nfO{ va/ u/L afnSnasf ;a} ;b:o, afn;~hfn, dlxnf;~hfn, lk; g]kfn, ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfsf k|ltlgwL ldnL a}7s a:g'eof] / sNkgf t]nLsf] cfdf z'efjtL / afa' g]a'nfnnfO{ klg ;f] a}7sdf af]nfOof] / afnljjfxaf6 x'g] c;/, sfg'gL b08 ;hfosf] af/]df /fd|f];Fu ;DemfO a'emfO u/] kl5 xfdLnfO{ o;af/]df yfxf lyPg ca xfdLn] 5f]/LnfO{ @) jif{ kl5 dfq uf}gf lbG5f} clxn] /f]S5f} egL dfkmL dfUg' eof] / lnlvt ;xL5fk klg ug'{eof] . o;/L o; afn Snan] ;d'bfodf x'g] ljs[lt / s';+:sf/nfO{ tf]8\g k|ofz ul//x]sf] 5 . pQm afn ljjfxsf] laifodf SnasL ;b:o sNkgf t]nLsf] egfO o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 æd]/f] pd]/ clxn] !$ aif{ ePsf] 5 . d]/f] cfdf a'jfn] d]/f] ljx]sf] tof/L ug'{ePsf] lyof] t/ dnfO{ clxn] g} ljx] ug]{ OR5f lyPg lsgeg] d afnSna a;]/ afnljjfxsf c;/, ;d:of tyf sfg'gL ;hfo af/]df hfgsf/L 5 . t/ d}n] eg]sf] d]/f] cleefjsn] dfGg' ePsf] lyPg . dnfO{ o:tf] hf]lvdaf6 arfpg ;'k/:6f/ afnSnan] cd'No e'dLsf v]Nof] dnfO gofF lhjg bfg lbof] . h;n] ubf{ d xfn lgoldt ljBfno hfg kfPsf] 5' . lgoldt afnSnasf] a}7sdf klg hfg] u5'{ . d]/f] ;fgf] pd]/sf] ljjfx /f]sL lbO dnfO{ d]/f] lhjgdf cfOkg]{ sl7gfO af6 arfpg' x'g] d]/f] ;'k/:6f/ afnSna nufot afn;~hfn, ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yf, dlxnf ;~hfn, lk; g]kfnnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .Æ ;'rgf ;+sng

;/f]hf ofbj;fdflhs kl/rfns

33


gfd M nfnrg s]j6:yfg M a'4e'dL % df]xDdb gu/ slknj:t' lhNnfsf] a'4e'dL gu/kflnsf j8f g+= % ;fljs /fhk'/ uflj; j8f g+= ( df]xDdb gu/ dw]zL tyf d'l:nd ;d'bfodf @ 5f]/L @ 5f]/f cfkm' / >LdtL u/L hDdf ^ hgfsf] kl/jf/df a:b} cfPsf] xfn t/sf/L v]tLaf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL u/L ;d'bfodf pbfx/0f ag]sf s[ifs x'g nfnrg s]j6 . kl/jfl/s cj:yf sdhf]/ sf/0f kl/jf/sf] nfng kfngdf wf} wf} ePsf] cj:yf h;df 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] lzIfflbIff, nTtfsk8f k'¥ofpg sl7g ePsf] / cfkm' Hofnfbf/L tyf df5f laqmL nufotsf sfd u/L lhjg u'hf/f rnfO/x]sf lyP . cfkm'nfO{ t/sf/L v]tL ug]{ lta| OR5f ePtf klg cfkm';Fu To; ;DalGw 1fgsf] sdL tyf l;rf+Osf] c;'ljwfsf sf/0f c? g} sfd u/L lhjg u'hf/f rnfpg' kg]{ afWotf /x]sf] pgL atfp5g . ;g\ @)!^ ;fndf ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf lhljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmdaf6 ptm ;d'bfodf nIdL Hof]lt s[ifs ;d'x u7g eof] h; kZrft t/sf/L pTkfbg ;DalGw ljleGg tflndx? ;~rfng, l;rfOsf nflu af]l/Ë h8fg, lgz'Ns ?kdf pGgt tyf j0f{z+s/ hftsf lapmljhg ljt/0f ;fy} k|fljlws 1fg tyf ;xof]u kfPkl5 lj:tf/} t/sf/L v]tL nufpg] qmd a9b} uPsf] atfpg'x'G5 s[ifs nfnrg s]j6 . pxfF;u ePsf] ;a} hUufdf t/sf/L v]tL /x]sf] / yk !) s¶f hUuf ef8fdf lnO{ uf]ne]8f, sfpnL, aGbf sfqmf, af]8L s/]nf, nf}sf / v';f{gL nufotsf t/sf/L l;hg cg';f/ nufpg] u/]sf] atfpg'x'G5 . xfn pxfsf] v]tdf ;fu, l3/f}nf, t/f]O tyf s/]nf /x]sf] 5 . Ps l;hgdf cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf] cf}ifwL, lzIff nufot cGo vr{ s6fO *%,))). krf;L xhf/;Dd t/sf/Laf6 cfDbfgL u/]sf] atfpg'x'G5 . ;fy} ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yf / ;]e b lrN8\]gsf] ;xof]udf (LRP) :yflgo ;|f]t Joltm ;DalGw % lbg] tflnd lnP kZrft ufFp3/ l5d]sdf ls;fgnfO{ t/sf/L ;DalGw 1fg tyf cGo ;xof]u u/L Ps cu'jf s[ifssf] ?kdf klg lrlgg' x'G5 . v]tdf kl/jf/sf cfk'm / >LdtL t/sf/L v]tLdf Jo:t /x]sf] / 5f]/f5f]/Lx? :s'nkl5 laxfg ;fFemsf] ;do t/sf/L v]tLdf ;xof]u ug]{ ub{5g . pTkfbg ePsf t/sf/L pxfFn] laqmLsf nflu tf}lnxjf ahf/, uf]?l;Ë], Odlnof, a'8\9L / :yflgo ahf/ k]|dgu/ rf]sdf n}hfg] u/]sf] atfpg'x'G5 . t/sf/ L v]tLaf6 pxfFsf] u/LaL lj:tf/} pGgtL tk{m cuf8L a9b} uPsf] / ePsf] cfDbfgLaf6 @ 5f]/L dWo] h]7L 5f]/L sIff !!, sfG5Ln] sIff ^, 5f]/fx? qmdz ( / @ df cWoog u/L/x]sf 5g\ . o;/L ;a} 5f]/f5f]/Lx?sf nflu sfkL, snd 8«];, k9fO z'Ns nufot cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ oxL t/sf/L v]tLsf] cfDbfgLaf6 ub}{ cfPsf] atfpg'x'G5 . t/sf/L Joj;fo k|lt jxfF lgs} v'zL x'b} eGg' x'G5 æklxnf c?sf] 3/df b}lgs Hofnf u/L lbge/ sfd ubf{ klg b}lgs u'hf/f rnfpg sl7g ePsf] lyof] . Joj;fodf :yfoLTj lyPg t/ ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yf tyf ;]e b lrN8«]gsf] ;xof]un] ubf{ cfˆgf] kl/jf/df lgs} kl/j{tg cfPsf] 5 . t/sf/L v]tLsf nflu pTk|]/0ff hufO t/sf/L v]tL ug{ pT;flxt ;xh ?kdf lhjg rnfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yf / ;Dk'0f{ sd{rf/LnfO{ x[bo b]vL g} wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .Æ

t/sf/L ;d'xn] lhjgdf NofPsf] kl/jt{g

34


cfh slknj:t'sf] tf}lnxdf ;jf/L rfns tyf ;xrfnsx?nfO{ /fv]/ k|x/Ln] 6«flkms ;r]tgf tyf ofq';Fu ug]{ Jojxf/ nufot ljifodf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd cfh af6 ;'¿ u/]sf] 5 . slknj:t'sf] e}/xjf–n'lDagL–tf}lnxjf ;8s tyf slknj:t' oftfoft Joj;foL ;ldltsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgf tyf lhNnf 6«flkms k|x/Lsf] ;xsfo{ / lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no slknj:t'sf] ;xhLs/0fdf slknj:t' gu/kflnsf ! a;kfs{ l:yt cfwf/e't laBfno tf}lnxjfdf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . oftfoftsf] qmddf ;8s b'3{6gf a9\b} hfg' / ofqfs} qmddf dlxnf ofq'dfyL of}g b'Ao{jxf/ eO/x]sf] u'gf;f slkj:t' oftfoft Joj;foL ;ldlt cWoIf df]xDdb Ogfd z]ifn] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] slknj:t' !)$=@ d]ufxh{af6 ;+rfng x'g] ;+afb d'ns ;jfn ;/f]sf/df sfo{qmd hgu'gf;f ;'g]/ l5§}g} ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ k|lta4tf hfgfP kl5 k|x/L tyf ljleGg oftfoft Joj;foL ;ldlt;+u sfo{qmd u/LPsf] atfpg' eof] . cWoIf z]ifn] oxL h]i7 !& ut]sf lbg /]l8of]df ;+rfng ePsf] sfo{qmddf ;jf/L ug]{ qmddf dlxnf tyf lszf]/L dfyL x'g] of}gb'Ao{jxf/ s;/L lgoGq0f ug]{ ljifodf ;+jfbdf ;xefuL x'g' ePsf] lyof] . pQm ;+afbdf oxfF af6 ;¿jf eO{ ;s]sf 6«flkms k|d'v cd/ axfb'/ sfsL{, cWoIf df]xDdb Ogfd z]if tyf dlxnf ofq' ;+u ;+jfb ubf{ ;ldlt cWoIfn] a; rfns / ;xrfnsx¿ nfO{ /fv]/

olx h]i7 !* ut] gGbgL s'dL{ >Ldfgsf] s'6fOaf6 /utfDo cj:yfdf k|x/L sfof{nosf] u]6df PSn} k'lug . ToxfF cfPkl5 gGbgLnfO{ k|x/Ln] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L lnP/ l;w} dlxnf ;]ndf k7fof] . gGbgL k|x/L u]6df PSn} /utfDo cj:yfdf s'/f ul//x]sf] a]nf d ;f]gf klg ;+of]un] ToxL k'u] / kLl8t dlxnfnfO{ k|x/L;+u PSn} s'/f u/]sf] b]Vbf cfTdb]lv Ps lsl;dsf] phf{ cfof] / /]l8of] sfo{qmdn] dlxnfx?sf] r]tgfdf j[l4 ePsf] s'/f dx;'z eof] . To;sf ;fy} l8=P;=kL=nfO{ klg wGojfb lbg dg nfUof] lsg eg] o; eGbf klxn] ;j{;fwf/0fx? k|x/L sfof{noleq k|j]z ug{ lxrlsrfpg] ug{] uy{] . To;sf] sf/0f xf] k|x/L sfof{nosf] sf/jxL emGeml6nf] x'g', TotL jf:tf gug{', af]nLdf gd|tf gx'g' cflb . t/ ha of] u'gf;f] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] slknj:t'af6 ;dfrf/, l/kf]6{af6 k|zf/0f eof] / /]l8of] sfo{qmd ;+afbdf l8=P;=kL= g/]Gb| sfsL{n] o:tf] s'/fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] k|lta4tf hgfP kl5 o; lsl;dsf] cj:yf cfPsf] lyof] .

Gofo dfUb} k|x/L sfof{nodf PSn} k'lug gGbgL

/]l8of]df hgfPsf] k|lta4tf cg';f/ ;jf/L rfns, ;xrfnsx?nfO{ ;8s ;'/Iff tyf ;r]tgfd'ns sfo{qmd

35


gfd M ;'lgtf a]Naf;]pd]/ M !^ aif{:yfg M a'4e'dL @ uf]?l;Ë] ;'lgtf a]Naf;] Ps ldx]gtL lszf/L x'g\ . pgL ljBfnodf k9\g hfg'sf];fy} 3/df cfdfnfO{ ;fem vfgf ksfpg ;xof]u ug{'sf ;fy} uf]7sf] sfddf klg ;xof]u ul5{g . pgsf] 3/df cfdf, afaf, ;fgf] efO{, / d u/L $ hgfsf] kl/jf/ /x]sf] 5 . pgL Ps ;lqmo lszf]/L x'g\ . pgn] cfˆgf] ljut / xfnsf] cj:yfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpb} o;/L elG5g\ æklxnf d afnSnasf] ;b:o lyPg vf;} rf;f] klg lyPg, afnSnasf] af/]df s]xL yfx klg lyPg . d vfnL k9fOdf dfq Wofg lbGy] k9fO g} ;a}yf]s xf] eGg] 7fGby] . o:t} u/L lbgx? ljTg] qmddf dnfO{ Ps b'O{ hgf ;fyLx?n] afnSnadf hfd eg] / afnSnasf] af/]df atfP cgL d klg s:tf] x'bf] /x]5 egL Ps b'O k6s afnSnasf] a}7sdf uP / ;b:o klg eP . o;/L @)&$ ;fnsf] afn lbj;df j8f:t/Lo jSt[Tjsnfdf afnSnasf] tkm{af6 efu lnP / bf];|f] eP . dnfO cs}{ cfgGbsf] cg'e'lt eof] d Psbd v'zL klg eP / k'g gu/:t/Lo sfo{qmd dx'jfdf cjnf]sg ug{ klg uP . To;kl5 ;gzfOgsf] ;/ Dof8dn] afn clwsf/, k|hgg\ :jf:Yo / lhjgpkof]uL ;Lk tflnddf ;xefuL u/fpg' eof] . To;n] emg dnfO phf{ yKg] sfd u/\of] / d]/f] dgf]an a9fof] . k9fO ;Fu ;Fu} clwsf/ tyf ;xeflutf klg x'g' h?/L 5 eGg] dxz'; eof] . To;kl5 d afnSnasf] a}7sdf lgoldt hfg yfn] / hogu/ :tl/o afnSna;~hfnsf] ;fwf/0f ;ef h;df ;a}sf] ;xdltaf6

ofqf ug]{ qmddf dlxnf tyf lszf]/L dfly x'g] of}gb'Ao{jxf/sf] af/]df ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ug]{ / 6«flkms k|x/Ln] ;xhLs/0f ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmd k|zf/0f ePsf] @$ cFf} lbgdf cfh pQm sfo{qmd ug{ ;kmn ePsf] cWoIfn] eGg' eof] .sfo{qmddf rfns tyf kl/rfnsx¿sf] ;xefuLtfdf ;8\s ;'/Iff tyf ;r]tgfd'ns hfgsf/L, ;'/lIft ;8\s k|of]u, ;xh / ;'/lIft

ofqf, cf/If0f ,ofqfsf] qmddf dlxnfx? dfly x'g] of}g b'Ao{jxf/ k|lt ;r]lts/0f tyf laljw 6«flkms lgod nuotsf] ljifodf lhNnf k|x/L sfo{no slknj:t'sf k|x/L gfofa pk/LIfs g/]G› sfsL{ / lhNnf 6«flkms k|d'v afa'/fhf kGt , ROAD SAFETY NEPAL sf ;/f]h vgfn / lg/h wf}ab]nn] ;xhLs/0f ug{' ePsf] lyof] . pQm ;r]tgf sfo{qmddf s/La &) hgf ;jf/L rfns tyf ;xrfns sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lhNnf 6«flkms k|x/L sfo{no slknj:t'n] hgfPsf] 5 . To;} u/L cfh ;fFem ;f9] ;ft ah] uf}9Lrf}s tf}lnxjfdf 6«flkms ;r]tgf ;DaGwL lel8of] sfo{qmd k|:t't ug]{ / ef]nL ljxg !) ah] ks8L rf}sdf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

sfo{qmdn] Nofof] ;'lgtfdf kl/jt{g

36


d ;~hfnsf] cWoIf h:tf] ul/dfdo kbdf a:g] df}sf kfP . cfhsn xfdL lgoldt a}7s j:5f} . h'g;'s} sfo{qmddf ;xeflu x'G5' clg w]/} gofF s'/f l;Sg] df}sf kfPsf] 5' . d}n] lszf]/lszf]/L sIff ;~rfngsf nflu ^ lbg] tflnd lnO xfn lszf/lszf]/L l;sfO sIff ;~rfng ug]{ ;xhstf{ ePsf] 5' / d h:t} cGo lszf]/lszf/LnfO{ klg cfkm' h:t} agfpg] sf]lzz u/]sf] 5' pgLx?nfO{ clwsf/ ;xeflutf st{Josf ;fy} lhjg pkof]uL l;kx?sf] af/]df 1fg k|bfg u/L Jojxf/ kl/jt{g u/fpgsf] nflu x/]s t/xaf6 nflu k/]sf] 5' . d j8fsf] ljleGg ;+/rgfx? h:t} WCPC, QIT df afnaflnsfx?sf] tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5' . ToxfF klg d}n] afnaflnsfx?sf] lxtsf] nflu cfjZos ;jfnx? p7fg ug]{ u5'{ . o;}u/L cfhef]nL d j8f sfof{nodf klg lgoldt hfg] u5'{ / afnaflnsfsf] xs clwsf/sf] nflu ;jfnx? p7fp5' / of] aif{ ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yf / xfd|f] j8f sfo{fnon] ;+o'Qm ?kdf afnljjfx Go'lgs/0f u/L afnljjfx d'St j8f 3f]if0ff ug{ uO/x]sf] 5 / d To;df klg nflu k/]sf] 5' / slxst} afnljjfx x'g nfu]sf] yfxf kfPdf j8f sfof{no tyf ;gzfO{gnfO{ va/ ug]{ u5'{ / xfn;Dd d}n] # j6f afnljjfx x'g nfu]sf] ;'rgf lbPsf] 5' / ljBfno guPsf afnaflnsfx?sf] 8f6f lnO lsg guPsf] xf] egL vf]htnfz u/L ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfnfO{ pknAw u/fPsL klg 5' .Æ To;} ul/ cfˆgf] 5f]/Lsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpb} ;'lgtfsL cfdf eGg' x'G5 æd]/f] 5f]/L afnSnadf ga:bf olt w/} d]xgtL tyf 6f7f] lyOgg\ t/ ha afnSnadf a;L;s]kl5 afn clwsf/ ;DalGw w]/} s'/fx?sf] af/]df l;lsg cfkm'nfO{ w]/} kl/jt{g ug{ ;kmn eOsLl5g, dnfO{ cfh w]/} v'zL nfU5 d]/L 5f]/LnfO{ ;a}n] k|z+zf ubf{ pgsf] af/]df /fd|f s'/f ubf{ cgL dnfO{ uj{ klg nfU5 ls d]/L 5f]/L ;'lgtfn] cfkm' h:t} cGo afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] b]Vbf cgL olt ;fgf] pd]/df ;dfh kl/jt{gsf] cleoGtfsf] ?kdf cfkm'nfO{ :yflkt ug{ vf]Hbf . Æ pgL Ps aflnsf eP/ klg afnaflnsfsf] nflu sfd ubf{ cfkm}nfO uj{sf] dxz'z ePsf] s'/f ub{l5g . pgLdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] ubf{ pgsf afaf cfdfn] klg uj{ dxz'z ug'{x'G5 . pgL elG5g\ æd ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yf4f/f cfof]hgf ePsf ljleGg sfo{qmddf ;xeflu eO w]/} s'/f l;Sg] df}sf kfP . cfkm'df lg8/tf tyf g]t[Tj Ifdftfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;s] h;n] ubf{ d cfh w]/} v'zL 5' / d]/f] afaf cfdf ;a} kl/jf/ v'zL x'g'x'G5 . cGTodf s] eGg rfxG5' eg] xfdL afnaflnsf afnSnadf a;L ;s[otfsf ;fy nfUg' kg]{ /x]5 d cfkm'nfO l9nf] ;s[o agfP h;n] ubf{ w]/} cj;/x? u'dfP tkfOx?n] gu'dfpg'xf]nf eGb} ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yf / ;]e b lrN8\]gnfO{ wGoafb lbg rfxG5' .Æ

36gf cWoog n]vg

wg]Zj/L 3lt{lszf]/lszf/L ljsf; clws[t

37


*= ;+:yfsf ultljlwsf ;dfrf/ ;+u|x

38


(= ;+:yfsf] cfly{s ljj/0f

v08–3, cfly{s tyf ef}lts ljj/0f

39


40


41


42


43


44


45


46


47


48


49


!)= ;+:yfsf] cfly{s >f]ts_ ;j{;fwf/0faf6 k|fKt ;xof]u /sd .v_ ljljw ;]qm]6/Lon ;]jf, tflnd xn, cflbaf6 k|fKt x'g] /sd .u_ rGbf, bfg, pkxf/ cfbL .3_ ;b:otf z'Ns, k|j]z z'Ns, gljs/0f z'Ns, ;]jf z'Ns, ;+:yfut ;xof]u .ª_ ljleGg ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox?af6 k|fKt x'g] ;xof]u tyf cg'bfg /sd .r_ ;+:yfsf] /sd a}+sdf /fvL cfh{g u/]sf] Aofh cfbL .

!!= ;DklQ ljj/0f!_ ef}lts >f]t ljj/0fM

qm=;+= gfd kl/df0f qm=;+= gfd kl/df0f

!= @ tn]clkm; ejg ! j6f @!= k+vf !& yfg

@= @ tn] ejg -tflnd xn / # ;6/ ;lxt_

! j6f @@= xf8{ l8:s % yfg

#= hUuf ! !÷@s¶f @#= ;ˆ6 af]8{ !) yfg

$= ˆofS; d]zLg ! yfg @$= clkm; 6]a'n #$ yfg

%= kmf]6f]skL d]lzg @ yfg @%= ;fO{sn @@ yfg

^= lel8of] Sofd/f ! yfg @^= %)) jf6 /]l8of] ;+rfng ;fdfu|L

! ;]6

&= xf]G8f ;fOg df]6/ ;fO{sn @ yfg @&= 6]nLlehg ! yfg

*= xf]08f o"gLsg{ df]6/;fOsn ! yfg @*= l8lh6n Sofd/f @$ yfg

(= :s]g/ @ yfg @(= Pn=l;=8L -k|f]h]S6/_ @ yfg

!)= % s]=le= o'lko; -!% Aof6«L]_ ! ;]6 #)= sDKo'6/ * yfg

!!= @ s]=le= OGe6/ @ Aof6«L ;lxt @ yfg #!= Nofk6k !* yfg

!@= ! s]=le= OGe6/ ! Aof6«L ;lxt @ yfg #@= lk|G6/ ^ yfg

!#= ;f]kmf ;]6 @ ;]6 ##= kmf]g ;]6 # yfg

!$= Knf:6Ls s';L{ $) yfg #$= :6Ln s';L{ !! yfg

!%= b/fh !$ yfg #%= 38ÞL $ yfg

!^= Eofs'd SnLg/ ! yfg #^= :6]kn/ # yfg

!&= kmfOn ¥ofs # yfg #&= h]g]/]6/ ! yfg

!*= s'n/ ! yfg #*= XjfO6 af]8{ $ yfg

!(= P;L ! yfg #(= a]8 ! yfg

@)= kfgL 6+sL @ yfg $)= df]afOn ;]6 !^ yfg

50


cfly{s aif{ @)&$÷)&% df sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s Pj+ pkl:ytL ;+Vof

o; ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfsf] cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷@)&% ;fndf ;+:yfsf sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s !* k6s a;]sf] 5 ,h;sf] s]xL dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox?sf] ljj/0f tk;Ln adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .

cg';"rL–!

qm=;+= a}7ssf] ldlt a}7sdf hDdf pkl:yt ;+Vof

a}7saf6 ePsf] dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox? s}lkmot

! @)&$ .$ .^ @@ ;+:yfsf] ljleGg sfo{s|dsf] ;dLIff, /]l8of]sf] Ifdtf clea[l4, cfGtl/s n]vf

k/LIf0f ;ldlt k'g{u7g ,

@ @)&$ .% .@ ( ;b:otf gjLs/0f , /Stbfg ;xof]u ;ldlt u7g , ;+zf]lwt gLlt lgodfjnL cg'df]bg

tyf sfof{Gjog

# @)&$ .% .@# & pTs[i7 sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k'?:s[t ug]{ af/]df lg0f{o . /]l8of]sf] Ifdtf a[l4sf] nflu

;xof]u dfu .

cfsl:ds a}7s

$ @)&$ .% .@( * ;+:yfsf] aflif{s cfly{s tyf k|utL k|ltj]bg kfl/t ug]{ lg0f{o .

cfsl:ds a}7s

% @)&$ .^ .^ ( ;fdflhs k/LIf0f tyf ;fwf/0f ;efsf] ;dLIff ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] .

^ @)&$ .& .!) !) r]tgf afn ljsf; s]Gb|sf] ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf lg0f{o .

& @)&$ .* .! * ;+:yfaf6 ;+rflnt ljljw sfo{s|dx?sf] nfut ;]ol/ª ug]{ lg0f{o .

* @)&$ .( .& * ;+:yfut k|ljlws ;fdfu|Lsf] c;'n pk/ ug]{ lg0f{o

!) @)&$ .( .!! ( sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg ug]{ lg0f{o . cfsl:ds a}7s

!! @)&$ .( .@* !) :kf]G;/;Lk sfo{s|dsf] ah]6 cg'df]bg, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] ;dofjlw yk ug]{

lg0f{o .

cfsl:ds a}7s

!@ @)&$ .!! .$ !! /]l8of]sf] jflif{s pT;j dgfpg], xf}Fl;nf kl/of]hgfsf] ;dLIff .

!# @)&$ .!@ .@ ( sd{rf/L lgo'lSt cg'df]bg, r]tgf afn ljsf; s]Gb|sf] ejg lgdf{0fsf] ;dLIff .

51


!$ @)&% .! .& * xf}l;nf kl/of]hgfsf] nflu lzIfs lj1fkg ug]{ lg0f{o,

!% @)&% .! .!^ ( o' Pd Pg df k|:tjgf k]z ug]{, cfsl:ds a}7s

!^ @)&% .@.% ( cfGtl/s sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jf;'ljwf yk ug]{ lg0f{o . kx'Fr kl/of]hgfsf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg]

lg0f{o .

!& @)&% .# .! ( ;b:otf gljs/0f, z}lIfs ;fdfu|L ljt/0f, tyf lgo'lSt cg'df]bg ug]{ lg0f{o .

gf]6 M o; ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;, ;+:yf tyf cGo ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ;+rfng ePsf] ljleGg kl/of]hgfx?sf] k|efjsfl/tf, u'0f:t/ a[l4, ;dLIff tyf ;+:yfsf] ljleGg gLlt lgodfjnL lgdf{0f, kl/dfh{g cflb h:tf sfo{sf] nflu cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷)&% df sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s afx]s k6s k6s u/L !^ k6s sfo{;ldlt, sd{rf/L tyf ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsf] lardf a}7s ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .

52


cfb/0fLo o; ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfsf] o; @) cf}F ;fwf/0f ;ef tyf ;ftf}F clwj]zgsf ;Ddflgt ;ef ;b:o Ho"x?, ;+:yfn] o; cfly{s aif{df ul/g] sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 ;'emfj ;lxt kfl/tsf] nflu k]z u/]sf] 5' .

cfly{s aif{ @)&%÷)&^ sf] aflif{s sfo{of]hgfcg';"rL–@

qm=;+= sfo{qmdsf] gfd sfo{qmd ug]{ 7fpF s;/L ug]{ cg'dflgt nfut

;dofjwL lhDd]jf/L

! ;d'bfo tkm{ ug]{ ls[ofsnfkx? s z}lIfs ;fdu|L ;xof]u

sfo{qmd ;+:yfsf] sfo{If]q leqsf %) hgf ljkGg kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfx?nfO{

cfjZotf klxrfg u/]/ ;gzfO{g / cGo ;xof]uL lgsfosf] vf]hL u/]/ .

&%,))). z}lIfs zq @)&^ leq

sfo{;ldlt

v ljBfno egf{ cleofg ;xof]u sfo{qmd

;+:yfsf] sfo{ If]q leq 3/b}nf] u/]/, ;+rf/ dfWod /]l8of] kqklqsf .

&),))). z}lIfs zq @)&^ ljBfno egf{ cleofg leq

;gzfO{g ;f=lj=;+=

u 4}aL k|sf]k k|fs[lts k|sf]k ePsf] 7fpFx?df

k|sf]k ePsf] 7fpFdf cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{ / ;fjwfg /xg ;+rf/ dfWodn] ;'lrt ug]{ .

!,)),))). cf=j= @)&^ leq

;gzfO{g ;f=lj=;+=

3 afn ljsf; s]Gb| lgdf{0f sfo{qmd

cdnf]gxfdf ! j6f / cGo s'g} ! 7fpFdf

g]kfn ;Ddfg kl/of]hgfsf] ;xsfo{df

!&,)),))). @)&% df3 d:ffGt leq

sfo{;ldtL

ª k'/:sf/ ljt/0f sfo{s|d ;+:yfdf s=a=/f=df=lj r]t/fb]O{df P;OO k/LIffdf pTs[i7 ! hgf ljBfyL{nfO{

#,))). ;+:yfsf] afli{fs pT;jdf

sfo{;ldtL

r k'/:sf/ ljt/0f sfo{s|d sfo{If]q leq sfo{If]q leq ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf kz' kfng tyf s[lifdf pTs[i7 sfd u/]sf] ! hgf ls;fgnfO{

!,))). ;+:yfsf] aflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf

;+:yf

5= cleefjs ;Ddfg sfo{qmd

;+:yfsf] sfo{If]q leq cfˆgf ;a} aflnsfx?nfO{ k9fpg] ul/a, ljkGg, blnt ;d'bfosf cleefjsnfO{

vfbf / cla/ nufO{ k|df0f kqn] .

!),))). ;+:yfsf] sfo{If]q leq

;+:yf

h afnljjfx Go"lgs/0f sfo{qmd

;+:yfsf] sfo{If]q leq ;+:yf / ljleGg lgsfox?sf] ;xsfo{ tyf /]l8of] kq klqsfx?sf] dfWodn]

!,%),))). ;+:yfsf] sfo{ If]q leq

;+:yf

53


@= :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO{ sfo{s|d s k"0f{ ?kdf v'nf lbzf,

lk;fa d'Qm j8f sfo{qmddf ;xof]u ug]{ .

a'4e"ld !) df a'4e"ld gu/kflnsfsf] ;xsfo{df

$),))). cf=j= @)&^ leq

;+:yf

v a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{s|d ;+:yfsf] sfo{If]q leq ;+:yfsf] sfo{ If]q leqsf ljleGg ljBfno, ;d"x, ;+:yfx? df @)) la?jf

#),))). cf=j= @)&^ d;fGt leq

;+:yf

u :jf:Yo lzlj/df ;xof]u sfo{qmd

sfo{If]q leq ljleGg ;+:yfx?sf] ;xsfo{df

@),))). cf=j= @)&^ d;fGt leq

;+:yf

3 :jf:Yo ;xof]u sfo{qmd sfo{If]q leqsf clt ljkGg, ckfË, kLl8tx?nfO{

;xof]usf] nflu cfPsf lgj]bgx?df 5nkmn u/]/

*),))). cf=j= @)&^ d;fGt leq

;+:yf

ª ;fd'bflos lSnlgs ;+rfng sfo{qmd

;g;fO{g ;+:yfleq ;+:yfsf] ! j6f ;6/df g]=k=lg=;+= sf] ;xsfo{df

!,)),))). @)&% kmfu'g ;Dd

sfo{ ;ldtL

r uf}td a'4 a[4>fd ;+rfng tyf x:tfGt/0f sfo{qmd

s=a=g=kf=# /fd3f6 au}rfdf

s=a=g=kf= tyf cGo lgsfox?sf] ;xsfo{df

$,)),))). @)&% d;fGt leq

;+:yf

5 h]i7 gful/s ;Ddfg sfo{If]q leq ul/a, lakGg h]i7 gful/s dWo] @ hgf nfO{ .

&,))). @)&% df3 d;fGt leq

;+:yf

h /Qm bfg sfo{qmd ;+:yfdf ljleGg lgsfox?sf] ;xsfo{df

$),))). @)&^ efb| @* ut]

;+:yf

# nf]s ;+:s[lt k|a{4g sfo{qmd s cjwL ;+:s[lt ljsf;

tyf k|a{4g sfo{qmd slknj:t'df ljleGg :yflgo

lgsfox?sf] ;xsfo{df

@,)),))). @)&% d;fGt leq

;+:yf

v v]ns'b ;xof]u sfo{s|d sfo{If]q leq laleGg :yflgo lgsfox?sf] ;xsfo{df

@%,))). @)&% d;fGt leq

;+:yf

$ ;~rf/ lasf; tyf k|a{4g sfo{qmd s /]l8of] slknj:t'sf]

:6"l8of] gj lgdf{0f /]l8of] slknj:t' cfly{s >f]tsf]

vf]hL u/]/, cfw'lgs lsl;dsf] .

!,%),))). @)&% kmfu'g d;fGt leq

;+:yf

v /]l8of] ;fdfu|L -a}6«L _ vl/b ug]{

/]l8of] slknj:t' cfly{s >f]tsf] vf]hL u/]/

@,^),))). @)&% kmfu'g d;fGt leq

;+:yf

u /]l8of]sf] k|fljlws sDKo"6/ / sDkf]h/ ;fdu|Lx? vl/b ug]{

/]l8of] slknj:t' cfly{s >f]tsf] vf]hL u/]/

!,%),))). @)&% d;fGt leq

;+:yf

54


3 ;+:yfsf] nfO{a|]/L :yfkgf ;+:yfsf] sfof{no ;+:yfdf /x]sf] ljleGg cWog ;fdfu|L, cl8of], lel8of] / k':tsx?sf] Joj:yfkg u/]/ .

%),))). @)&% d+lz/ leq

;+:yf

ª kq klqsf ;xof]u sfo{qmd

;+:yfsf] sfof{no kq klqsf vl/b u/]/

#),))). @)&^ ciff9 leq

;+:yf

r Joa;fO{8 ck8]6, lgoldt ;+rfng

;+:yfsf] sfof{no Joa;fO{8 ck8]6 ug]{ hg zlQm tof/ u/]/

@),))). lgoldt ;+:yf

5 ;L=;L=6L=eL= Sofd/f h8fg

;+:yfsf] sfof{no cfly{s Joj:yfkg u/]/

!,!),))). @)&^ ciff9 leq

;+:yf

h Sofd/f vl/b ;+:yfdf ;+:yf ;+u ;+rflnt sfo{qmdx?;+u ;dGjo u/]/

&),))). @)&^ ciff9 leq

;+:yf

em lel8of] 8s'd]6«L tof/ ug{]

;+:yfdf lkmN8df eP u/]sf gfd'gf sfdx?sf] ljj/0f tof/ u/]/ .

*),))). @)&^ ciff9 leq

;+:yf

% ;'zf;g Aoj:yfkg s ;+:yfut Ifdtf clea[l4

sfo{s|d ;+:yfdf ;xof]uL

lgsfox?sf] vf]hL u/]/

!,%),))). @)&^ d;fGt leq

;+:yf

v /]l8of] slknj:t'sf] ;+rfng lgodfjnL lgdf{0f

;+:yfdf k|fljlws ;xof]u lnP/

@),))). @)&% df3 d;fGt ;Dd

^ dfgljo >f]t ljsf; tflnd s k|:tfjgf n]vg ÷cg'udg

d'NofÍg tflnd ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox?nfO{

;xof]uL lgsfosf] vf]hL u/]/

@%,))). @)&^ d;fGt leq

;+:yf

v cjnf]sg e|d0f /fd|f] ;+:yfut ljsf; u/]sf ;+:yfx?df

;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsf] ;xsfo{df ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L , sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fP/ .

!,)),))). @)&^ d;fGt leq

;+:yf

& ;+:yfut k'jf{wf/ ljsf; s= ;+:yfsf] u]i6 xfp;

;+rfng ;+:yfdf dflyNnf] tNnfnfO{

Joj:yfkg u/]/ #,)),))). @)&% df3

leq ;+:yf

v kmf]x/ kmfNg] l/ª agfpg] ;+:yfdf kmf]x/ kmfNg] l/ª tof/ u/]/ .

#,))). @)&% sflt{s leq

u /f]:6d :6}08 agfpg] :f+:yfdf >f]t Joj:yfkg u/]/ &,))). @)&% df3 leq ;+:yf s'n vr{ x'g] /sd ?= $,%$,@^,))).

55


* ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmd – -cfo >f]t _ s :kf]G;/l;k sfo{qmd

cGtu{t afnlasf;, lhlasf]kfh{g, d]/f] klxnf] aRrf, lszf]/ ls;f]/L, ljsf;, cwf/e"t lzIff

:kf]G;/l;k sfo{qmd nfu' ePsf] If]qdf

;gzfO{g / ;]e b lrN8«gsf] ;xsfo{df ug]{

@,%),)),))). @)&^ ciff9 d;fGt ;Dd

;+:yf

v xf};nf sfo{qmd ozf]w/f, dfofb]jL, z'4f]wg ufpFkflnsf / slknj:t' gu/kflnsfdf

;gzfO{g / s]o/ g]kfnsf] ;xsfo{df ug]{

@,&@,)),))). @)&^ ciff9 d;fGt ;Dd

;+:yf

u kx'Fr sfo{qmd slknj:t' lhNnf ;r{ km/ sdg u|fp08sf] ;xsfo{df

$,)),))). @)&^ ciff9 d;fGt ;Dd

;+:yf

3 afn lasf; s]Gb| lgdf{0f sfo{qmd

slknj:t' lhNnf g]kfn ;Ddfg kl/of]hgfsf] ;xfo{df

!&,)),))). @)&^ ciff9 d;fGt ;Dd

;+:yf

8= ;d'bfo ;zlQm s/0f sfo{qmd

slknj:t' lhNnf 6fO{ kmfp08]zgsf] ;xsfo{df

!),)),))). @)&^ ciff9 d;fGt ;Dd

;+:yf

r ufpF kflnsf÷gu/kflnsf ;fem]bf/L sfo{s|d

slknj:t'sf !) j6} :yflgo txx?df

slknj:t'sf !) j6} :yflgo txx?;+usf] ;xsfo{df

#,)),))). @)&^ ciff9 d;fGt ;Dd

;+:yf

5 :kf]G;/l;k sfo{qmd dfofb]jL ufpF kflnsfsf] * j6} j8fx?df

o"=Pd=Pg=sf] ;xsfo{df

@,)),)),))). @)&^ ciff9 d;fGt ;Dd

;+:yf

h /]l8of] slknj:t' slknj:t' nufot cGo lhNnfx?

;xsfo{ u/]/ !@,)),))). @)&^ ciff9 d;fGt ;Dd

;+:yf

;fem]bf/ lgsfo cfzf ul/Psf] ah]6

;]e b lrN8«]g @,%),)),))).

s]o/ g]kfn @,&@,)),))).

;r{ km/ sdg u|fp08 $,)),))).

g]kfn ;Ddfg kl/of]hgf !&,)),))).

6fO{ kmp08]zg !),)),))).

slknj:t'sf !) j6} :yflgo txx? #,)),))).

o"=Pd=Pg= @,)),)),))).

/]l8of] slknj:t' !@,)),))).

s"n cg'dflgt ul/Psf] ah]6 &,^*,)),))). cIf?kL ;ft s/f]8 c7\;7L nfv dfq .

cfly{s >f]tsf ;fem]bf/ lgsfox?

56


-s_ ljBfnodf lzIf0f ug{] ljlw dnfO{ klxn] yfx lyPg t/ ;gzfO{gsf] sfo{qmdn] z}lIfs ;fdfu|L lgdf{0f tflnd / ljleGg tflnd ;~rfng ul/ dnfO{ ;xefuL u/fPsfn] d ;Ifd ePsf] 5' . wGojfb 5 ;gzfO{gnfO{ . -l/tf rf}w/L, lzIfs ;gzfO{g ;fd'bflos cf=lj=, 9l8xjf_

-v_ o; ;+:yfn] ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/ afnljjfx /f]syfd, w'd|kfg, nfu'kbfy{, dfbs kbfy{sf s'ntdf k/]sfx?nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . -la/]Gb| k|;fb sf]/L, afn Sna ;b:o_

-u_ a'4e"ld gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ^, dx'jfdf /x]sf] hodf b'u{] afn Snadf ;+:yfn] ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng u/]sf]df wGojfb 5 t/ z}lIfs / v]n ;fdfu|Lx? pknAw u/fO{ lbg' ePdf cfef/L x'g] lyof} . -cWoIf, hodf b'u{] afn Sna_

-3_ o; ;+:yfn] a'4e"ld gu/ kflnsf j8f g+= %, /fhk'/df ;d'bfo tyf afn Sna / o'jf Sna;+u ldn]/ jfnljjfx d'Qm, v'Nnf lb;f d'Qm / k"0f{;fIf/ 3f]if0ff u/fpg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . -;lxofb cln, a'4e"ld g=kf= %, O:nfdgu/_

-ª_ a'4e"ld gu/ kflnsf j8f g+= &, dfgk'/df w]/} afn ljjfx x'GYof] t/ ;8s gf6ssf] dfWodaf6 ;r]tgf km}nfP kl5 clxn] sd ePsf] 5 . -k'hf/L ofbj, dfgk'/, 8]/jf_

-r_ d klxnf s'g} 7fpFdf af]Ng ;lSyg, t/ ;gzfO{gsf] afn Snadf cWoIfsf] e"ldsfdf a:g kfP kl5 ;a}sf] ;fd' lgw{Ss eP/ af]Ng ;Sg] ePsf] 5' / cfh lhNnf afn ;~hfnsf] ;lrj h:tf] ul/dfdo kbdf /xg cj;/ kfPsf] 5' . o; j8fdf afn>d / afn ljjfx /f]Sg o; ;+:yfn] ;xof]u u/]sf]n] leq}b]lv wGojfb lbG5' . -s/g k|;fb u'Ktf, lzj/fh g=kf=!), lztnfk'/_

-5_ ;gzfO{g ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfn] xf};nf sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/]/ 5f]/Lx?nfO{ k9\g k|]l/t u/]sf]n] clxn] 5f]/Lx? klg ljBfno hfg yfn]sf 5g . -dLgf s'df/L wjn, slknj:t' g=kf= *, bf]xgL,

;u/dfyf lszf]/L ;d"x ;b:o_-h_ ;+:yfn] w]/} sfo{qmd u/]/ ;d'bfodf /fd|f] sfd u/]sf] 5 t/ ckfË ;DalGw sfo{qmd u/]sf] b]lvb}g .

ckfË ;DalGw sfo{qmd u/]/ ckfË afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ cg'/f]w ub{5\' . -lglvn ofbj_-em_ ;+:yfsf] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL eO{ xfdL lszf]/Lx? lszf]/L ljsf; / of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo tyf

;/;kmfO{sf] af/]df hfgsf/L kfP/ cfgLafgLdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;kmn ePsf 5f} . -piff rfO{, slknj:t' g=kf= *, bf]xgL_-`_ ;+:yfaf6 ;~rflnt ln6«];L a':6 cGtu{tsf] l/l8Ë SofDk @ aif{ klxn] /fd|f] ;+rfng x'GYof] t/

clxn] lgoldt ;+rfngdf 5}g\ . l/l8Ë SofDksf ;xhstf{n] ;fdfu|Lx? JolQmut k|of]u u/]sfn] afnaflnsfn] tL ;dfu|Lx? rnfpg kfPsf 5}gg\ . ;fy} yk ;fdfu|Lx? pknAw u/fpg cg'/f]w ub{5' . -/ljGb| sxF/, x/{xjf_

;fdflhs kl/If0f sfo{qmdf cfPsf ;'emfj, lh1f;f / larf/x?cg';"rL–#

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