Grammar Review 2: Case-functions and case-takers
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Transcript of Grammar Review 2: Case-functions and case-takers
Grammar Review 2:Case-functions and case-takers1. Case-functions
2. Case-takers
3. Exercises with answer key
2. Case-functions: GENITIVE
GENITIVE
of possession• hōrum praeda (these
men’s plunder)
partitive• sex pastōrum (six of
the shepherds)• vestrum prīmus (the
first among you)• nihil novī (nothing
new)
subjective• senātōrum spēs (the
senators’ hope/optimism)
objective• asylī spēs (hope for
refuge)
of description• armillās magnī
ponderis (bracelets of significant weight)
of (indefinite) value• tua dōna magnī
habeō (I hold your gifts [to be] of great value)
of characteristic• nōn est lictōris
consilium dare (it is not characteristic of/the role of a lictor to dispense advice)
2. Case-functions: DATIVE
DATIVE
of indirect object• fīliam Aenēae in
mātrimōnium dedimus (we gave our daughter in marriage to Aeneas)
of possessor• est mihi scūtum aureum
(I have a golden shield)• illī oppidō nōmen erat
Rōma (that town had the name Rome)
of purpose (and double dative)
• hoc pecus tibi dōnō damus (we give this cattle to you as a gift)
of reference/advantage• mihi haec rēs facta est
nova sed grāta (to me this thing came about unexpected but welcome).
of disadvantage• omnia bona nostra
nōbīs rapta sunt (all our goods have been seized from us).
with intransitive or compound verb
• virgō Ascaniō nūbit (the maiden marries/wears the veil for Ascanius)
• Tarpēius praeerat nōbīs (Tarpeius was in charge of us)
of agent (with passive
periphrastic)• arx est vōbīs
occupanda (the citadel must be seized by you)
2. Case-functions: ACCUSATIVE
ACCUSATIVE
of direct object• Amūlium
occīdunt (they kill Amulius)
double accusative
• fīliōs dōnum ōrant (they ask the sons for a gift)
subject of infinitive• eōs iubeō vincīrī (I order
them to be bound)• dīcunt eum impetum
facere (they say that he is making an attack)
adverbial• multum timent
(they are much afraid)
• nihil convenimus (we agree not at all)
of exclamation• ō urbem
opulentam (o what a wealthy city!)
of respect• mōrēs tuos mox
corrumpēris (you will soon be corrupted in your character)
of body part with middle verb
• bracchia aegrē parātur (he is scarcely prepared in his arms)
of supine, expressing purpose:
• ad stagnum lūnam vīsum adit (he comes to the pool to see the moon)
(see also time & place)
2. Case-functions: ABLATIVE
ABLATIVE I
of separation• mox līberī bellō
eritis (soon you will be free from war)
of origin• Rōmulum, deō
nātum (Romulus, born from a god)
of accompaniment• exercitū magnō ad nōs adit (he is
approaching us with a great army)
of means (instrument)• precibusne urbem dēfendis?
(you are defending the city with prayers?)
of personal agent• ab Aenēā victus
est (he was defeated by Aeneas)
of manner• manibus sublātīs sē dēdunt
(they surrender themselves with their arms raised)
2. Case-functions: ABLATIVE
ABLATIVE II
of respect• Rōma bonīs
exemplīs dītior est (Rome is richer in good examples)
• nātū maximus (greatest in age)
of cause• mātris precibus ex
urbe effugimus (we flee from the city because of our mother’s pleas)
absolute• pulsō frātre īrātī sunt
(when/because their brother was expelled, they got angry)
• mulieribus loquentibus augurium recēpimus (while the women were speaking we received a bird omen)
• duce Rōmulō nihil timēmus (with Romulus our leader, we do not fear at all)
of description• mulier multīs
virtūtibus (a woman of many virtues)
of comparisonquī rex est
Amuliō benignior? (what
king is kindlier than Amulius?)
of degree of difference
• Amulius multō benignior est quam frāter (Amulius is much kinder than his brother)
(see also time & place)
2. Case-functions: TIME & SPACE
TIME &
SPACE
accusative of extent of space
• mūrus trēcentōs pedēs longus (a wall three-hundred feet long)
accusative of motion toward (cities, towns,
small islands)• omnēs effugiunt Rōmam (everyone
flees to Rome)• cf. domum, rūs
ablative of motion from (cities, towns, small
islands)• Lāvīniō omnēs recēdunt
(everyone pulls back from Lavinium)
• cf. domō, rūre
locative (cities, towns, small islands)• iamdiū Rōmae/Carthāgine nullī philosophi
sunt (for a long time now there have been no philosophers in Rome/Carthage)
• cf. domī, humī, rūrī
accusative of duration of time
• ipse tantum duōs annōs regnāvit (he himself reigned for only two years)
ablative of time when
• decimō annō pulsus est (in the tenth year he was pushed out)
ablative of time within which
• brevī tempore erunt tibi geminī fīliī (in a short time you will have twin sons)
2. Case-takers with accusativePrepositions
ad
adversus
ante
apud
circā/circum
cis/citrā
contrā
ergā
extrā
to, towards
towards, against
before, in front of
among, with, near, at the house of
around
on this side of
against
(feelings) toward
outside of
Prepositionsin
inter
intrā
iuxtā
ob
per
post
praeter
into, onto; against
between, among
inside
next to
on account of
through
after, behind
except, besides
Prepositionsprope
propter
secundum
sub
super
trāns
ultrā
near
because of
alongside, following
(to) under, beneath
(to) over, above, on top of
across
on the other side of
2. Case-takers with ablative
Prepositionsab/ā
cum
dē
ex/ē
in
prō
sine
sub
super
away from; by
with; pariter cum …; ūnā cum …
down from; about, concerning
out of, from
in, on
in front of; on behalf of; instead of
without
under, beneath
over, above, on top of
Adjectivesdignus
frētus
līber
orbus
vacuus
plēnus
worthy (of)
relying (upon)
free (from)
deprived (of); childless
empty (of)
full (of)
2. Case-takers with ablative (cont.)
Verbscareō, carēre, caruī, (caritūrus)
fruor, fruī, fructus sum gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum
nītor, nītī, nixus sum
potior, potīrī, potītus sum
ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum
vehor, vehī, vectus sum
mālō, mālle, māluī
be without, lack
enjoy
rejoice, be glad; delight (in)
support oneself, lean (upon)
get hold of, acquire
use
be carried upon, drive
prefer, want more (to, + infin.) (than, + abl. of comparison)
2. Case-takers with ablative (cont.)Impersonal expressions
interest/rēfert
opus est, esse, fuit
it is important, it matters, it concernse.g. meā (abl. sg. f.) interest vidēre it matters to me to see e.g. amīcī (gen.) interest vidēre (infin.) it matters to my friend to see
there is a need, I neede.g. opus est mihi (dat.) pecuniā (abl.) there is need to me of money (I need money);e.g. opus est mihi equum vendere I need to sell my horse
2. Case-takers with genitive“Postpositions”
causā/grātiā
iniussū
iussū
for the sake of, because of (with preceding gen.)
without the command of
by command of
Adjectivescupidus
dissimilis
similis
desirous (of)
unlike, different (to, + gen./dat.)
like, similar (to, + gen./dat.)
Verbs—, —, meminī, meminisse, —
oblīviscor, obliviscī, oblītus sum
I remember
forget
2. Case-takers with genitive (cont.)Impersonal expressions
interest/rēfert
Verbs of feeling, with person feeling in acc. and object of feeling in gen. or infin.:
miseret, miserēre, miseruit
paenitet, paenitēre, paenituit
piget, pigēre, piguit
pudet, pudēre, puduit
taedet, taedēre, —
it is important, it matters, it concernse.g. amīcī (gen.) interest vidēre (infin.) it matters to my friend to seee.g. meā (abl. sg. f.) interest vidēre it matters to me to see
it pities;e.g. mē miseret fīliōrum (gen.) I feel pity for the sons
it pains (I regret)
it disgusts (I feel abohorrence)
it shames (I am ashamed)
it bores (I am bored)
2. Case-takers with dativeAdjectives
inimīcus
dissimilis
similis
pār, paris
proximus
unfriendly, hostile (to)
unlike, different (to, + gen./dat.)
like, similar (to, + gen./dat.)
equal (to)
near (to)
Impersonal expressionslicet
placet
opus est, esse, fuit
it is permitted (for someone, dat.) (to, + infin.)
it is pleasing (to someone, dat.) (to, + infin.)
there is a need, I neede.g. opus est mihi (dat.) pecuniā (abl.) there is need to me of money (I need money)e.g. opus est mihi equum vendere there is need to me/I need to sell my horse
2. Case-takers with dative (cont.)Compound verbs
adsum, adesse, adfuī
afferō (adferō), afferre, attulī, allātus
dēsum, deesse, dēfuī
inferō, inferre, intulī, illātus
obeō, obīre, obiī
offerō (obferō), offerre, obtulī, oblātus
praeferō, praeferre, praetulī, praelātus
praestō, praestare, praestitī, —
praesum, praeesse, praefuī
resistō, resistere, restitī, —
respondeō, respondēre, respondī, responsus
be present, near; be of service to (+ dat.)
bring to (+ dat.); cause
be wanting, be missing (to, + dat.)
bring in, introduce; inflict (on, + dat.)
go to meet, encounter (+ dat.); meet death, die
offer, bring forward (to, + dat.)
carry before; prefer (to, + dat.)
excel, stand ahead of (+ dat.); give, furnish
be ahead, superior; in charge (of, + dat.)
resist, oppose (+ dat.); take a stand
answer, reply; correspond to (+ dat.)
2. Case-takers With dative
Intransitive verbscēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessūrus
crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditus
faveō, favēre, fāvī, fautus
fīdō, fīdere, fīsus sum
imperō
ignoscō, ignoscere, ignōvī, ignōtus
īrascor, īrascī, īrātus sum
go, withdraw; yield (to, + dat.)
believe, trust (+ dat.)
favor, be favorable to (+ dat.)
trust, confide (in, + dat.)
command, order (+ dat. of person)
forgive (+ dat.)
grow angry, be angry (at, + dat.)
2. Case-takers with dative (cont.)
Intransitive verbs (cont.)
noceō, nocēre, nocuī, (nocitūrus)
nūbō, nūbere, nūpsī, nuptus
parcō, parcere, (pepercī), (parsus)
pāreō, pārēre, pāruī, (paritūrus)
persuādeō, persuādēre, persuāsī, (persuāsūrus)
placeō, placēre, placuī, (placitūrus)
serviō, servīre, servīvī, servītus
harm, be harmful to (+ dat.)
marry (with woman as subject) (+ dat.)
spare, refrain from (+ dat.)
obey, be obedient to (+ dat.)
persuade (+ dat.)
please, be pleasing (+ dat.)
serve, be subservient to (+ dat.)
3. Exercises Fill in the blankEnglish Latin
1. It isn’t characteristic of a young man to make peace.
nōn est iuven___ pācem facere.
2. Lavinia is not permitted to marry the king’s son.
Lāvīni___ nōn licet rēgis fīli___ nūbere.
3. All our friends have been corrupted on us.
nō___ omnēs amīcī corruptī sunt.
4. Because I have lost my shield, let me retreat in the meantime.
scūt___ āmiss___, interim recēdam.
5. Twelve of us will become priests.
duodecim nostr___ sacerdōtēs fīēmus.
6. Those women must find the mountains.
montēs ill___ mulier___ inveniendī sunt.
7. When the Vestals were about to flee, we recognized that we had been conquered by the gods.
Vestāl___ effugitūr___ nōs ā d____ victōs esse agnōvimus.
8. Who surpasses you when it comes to divination?
quis t___ auguri___ praeest?
Answer key: next slide
3. Exercises Fill in the blankEnglish Latin
1. It isn’t characteristic of a young man to make peace.
nōn est iuvenis pācem facere.
2. Lavinia is not permitted to marry the king’s son.
Lāvīniae nōn licet rēgis fīliō nūbere.
3. All our friends have been corrupted on us.
nōbīs omnēs amīcī corruptī sunt.
4. Because I have lost my shield, let me retreat in the meantime.
scūtō āmissō, interim recēdam.
5. Twelve of us will become priests.
duodecim nostrum sacerdōtēs fīēmus.
6. Those women must find the mountains.
montēs illī mulieribus inveniendī sunt. [or illīs agreeing with mulieribus]
7. When the Vestals were about to flee, we recognized that we had been conquered by the gods.
Vestālibus effugitūrīs nōs ā dīs victōs esse agnōvimus.
8. Who surpasses you when it comes to divination?
quis tibi auguriō praeest?
3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)
English Latin9. In Alba Longa we told the lictors everything.
Alb___ Long___ omnia lictōr___ narrāvimus.
10. I consider your gifts to be of greater value than gold.
dōna vestra plū___ aur___ habeō.
11. In your words you are great, but you do not persuade me.
verb___ vestr___ maximī estis, sed m___ nōn persuādētis.
12. The twins found something dry. geminī invēnērunt aliquid sicc___.
13. Those women are not near the fortifications but next to the river.
illae nōn prope moeni___ sunt sed proximae flūmin___.
Answer key: next slide
3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)
English Latin9. In Alba Longa we told the lictors everything.
Albae Longae omnia lictōribus narrāvimus.
10. I consider your gifts to be of greater value than gold.
dōna vestra plūris aurō habeō.
11. In your words you are great, but you do not persuade me.
verbīs vestrīs maximī estis, sed mihi nōn persuādētis. [or acc. verba vestra]
12. The twins found something dry. geminī invēnērunt aliquid siccī.
13. Those women are not near the fortifications but next to the river.
illae nōn prope moenia sunt sed proximae flūminī.
3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)English Latin
14. We are now free from death.
iam mort___ līberī sumus.
15. Instead of gold, they offered us weapons.
prō aur___ tēla nō___ offerēbant.
16. These words may serve as advice for the Trojans.
haec verba Trōiān___ sint consili___.
17. The bandits use their own hands. latrōnēs man___ su___ ūtuntur.
18. We are hurrying to the countryside.
rū___ properāmus.
19. Using good sense they forgive the bandits.
bon___ consili___ ūsī latrōn___ ignoscunt.
20. They say that few mothers are present for their children.
pauc___ mātr___ adesse līber___ s___ dīcunt.
21. I am bored of the crying of the twin boys.
m___ taedet geminōrum puerōrum vāgīt___.
Answer key: next slide
3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)English Latin
14. We are now free from death.
iam morte līberī sumus.
15. Instead of gold, they offered us weapons.
prō aurō tēla nōn offerēbant.
16. These words may serve as advice for the Trojans.
haec verba Trōiānīs sint consiliō.
17. The bandits use their own hands. latrōnēs manibus suīs ūtuntur.
18. We are hurrying to the countryside.
rūs properāmus.
19. Using good sense they forgive the bandits.
bonō consiliō ūsī latrōnibus ignoscunt.
20. They say that few mothers are present for their children.
paucās mātrēs adesse līberīs suīs dīcunt.
21. I am bored of the crying of the twin boys.
mē taedet geminōrum puerōrum vāgītūs.
3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)
English Latin22. It’s important to me to tell this thing to your father.
m___ rēfert hoc tu___ patr___ narrāre.
23. We need a sign. opus est n____ sign___.
24. Within a few years, Rome will be a rich city. Rōma pauc___ ann___ opulenta erit.
25. We want to take counsel around the neighboring cities.
consilium capere circā vīcīn___ urb___ volumus.
26. I do not wish to disembark. m___ nōn placet ēgredī.
27. Let us wage war against the Romans. bellum gerāmus in Rōmān___.bellum gerāmus cum Rōmān___.
28. Nowhere have I found a people similar to this one.
nusquam populum h___ similem invēnī.
Answer key: next slide
3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)
English Latin22. It’s important to me to tell this thing to your father.
meā rēfert hoc tuō patrī narrāre.
23. We need a sign. opus est nōbīs signō.
24. Within a few years, Rome will be a rich city. Rōma paucīs annīs opulenta erit.
25. We want to take counsel around the neighboring cities.
consilium capere circā vīcīnās urbēs volumus. [alternate acc. form urbīs]
26. I do not wish to disembark. mihi nōn placet ēgredī.
27. Let us wage war against the Romans. bellum gerāmus in Rōmānōs.bellum gerāmus cum Rōmānīs.
28. Nowhere have I found a people similar to this one.
nusquam populum hūic similem invēnī. [or with gen. huius]