Genetica Appunti

download Genetica Appunti

of 25

Transcript of Genetica Appunti

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    1/25

    !"#$#%&' )' *'+"+,'- . /+"+$+%0 1#2,0 3-2&'%

    "#$%& ' ()* +,-#./* +-00# 123#

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

    G,.).!2% 4'H 4'//.2% 0&',< 1' 0& +2+)+&,. /7')'/. /7+ 4.(('+1+ 2+ 4#.4#'+,< 1' >0+22=+2+)+&,.I.2+/.2%E+2202%!0&',< (,#0,,0#%2+ 1' 8%(+ 1+22% *',%B+((0,."#$%&.J'(,+)%"#$%&'().K.4.2%A'.&+!.#$%&'()' 1+22% (,+((% (4+/'+ /7+ *'*.&. &+22. (,+((. %)8'+&,+E.)0&',

    B%((.&.)'%- N 1.)'&' 3M%,,+#'6 G#/7%+%6 L0O%#P%5 + Q #+$&' 3M%/,+#'%6 G#/7%+%6 K#.,'(,' R K'%&,+ RG&')%2' R S0&$7'5

    "#$%4 ' 53*62 7 6*078*079 0# :#+7 8;2628# /700# 123#

    ; /.)4.&+&,' /7')'/' 1+22% /+2202% 4.((.&. +((+#+ .#$%&'/' . '&.#$%&'/' 3%/>0% + '.&' )'&+#%2'6 /'.?%&'.&' + /%,'.&'59

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

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    2/25

    T 2+$%)+ '1#.$+&.9 J' /#+% ,#% 0& %,.). 1' '1#.$+&. 32+$%,. /.*%2+&,+)+&,+ %1 0& %,.).+2+,,#.&+$%,'*. /.)+ 2=.(('$+&.6 '& ).1. 1% %*+#+ /%#'/% 4.(','*% 4%#A'%2+5 +1 0& %2,#. %,.). /.&4%#A'%2+ /%#'/% &+$%,'*%9 ; 2+$%)' '1#.$+&. (' D.#)%&. + (' #.)4.&. D%/'2)+&,+- (.&. 1+8.2'9580% 2'>0'1% '& *%4.#+ %/>0+. ? &+/+((%#'. ).2,. /%2.#+9

    L*%4.#%&1.6 2+ ).2+/.2+ 1' %/>0% 4.#,%&. /.& (X ).2,. /%2.#+6 1+,+#)'&%&1. /.(Z 0%DD#+11%)+&,. 4+# +*%4.#%A'.&+9 Y '2 )+//%&'(). 1+22% (01.#%A'.&+9

    T M%((% ,+&1+&A% %22% 1'((./'%A'.&+ '& '.&+ '1#.$+&. [\+ '.&+ '1#.(('1. "[T6 /'.? %22%'.&'AA%A'.&+9

    @+ ).2+/.2+ 1' %/>0% '&,+#%$'(/.&. D%/'2)+&,+ /.& 2+ %2,#+ (.(,%&A+6 % /%0(% 1+22% 2.#. D.#,+4.2%#',0% (.&. 1+,,+ '1#.D'2'/7+6 )+&,#+ >0+22+ /7+ &.& (.&. (.208'2' '&%/>0% 3>0+22+ %4.2%#'6 >0'&1'5 (.&. 1+,,+ '1#.D.8'/7+9

    582/23=@=%/'1',< 1' 0&% (.20A'.&+ (' 1+D'&'(/+ '& 8%(+ %22% /.&/+&,#%A'.&+ 1' '.&' [\ /7+ 4.(('+1+9 J+ ,%2+/.&/+&,#%A'.&+ ? 8%((%6 2% (.20A'.&+ ? 1+,,% 8%('/% . %2/%2'&%C (+ 2% /.&/+&,#%A'.&+ ? %2,%6 2%(.20A'.&+ ? 1+,,% %/'1%9 ;2 $#%1. 1' %/'1',< (' +(4#')+ '& ,+#)'&' 1' 4[6 /.&('1+#%&1. &+0,#. '2 4[ ]1+22=%/>0% 40#% 3'& /0' '.&' '1#.$+&. + '.&' '1#.(('1. 7%&&. 0$0%2+ /.&/+&,#%A'.&+5C 2+ (.(,%&A+8%('/7+ 7%&&. 4[ ^ ] )+&,#+ 2+ (.(,%&A+ %/'1+ 7%&&. 4[ _ ]9

    "#$%> ' ? 8*6$*+32 *.,#)282

    "#.:*2/.#32J.&. '1#%,' 1' /%#8.&'. /.& 0& #%44.#,. 1' /'#/% `-`-a ,#% /%#8.&'.6 .(('$+&. + '1#.$+&.6 4+#,%&,.2% 2.#. D.#)02% 8#0,% ? 3E[a"5&9 K.((.&. /.&,+&+#+ 0&% (.2% 0&',< 1' A0//7+#. 3).&.(%//%#'1+5610+ ).&.)+#' 31'(%//%#'1+- (%//%#.('.b $20/.('. \ D#0,,.('.6 )%2,.('.6 2%,,.('.56 1% N % `c).&.)+#' 3.2'$.(%//%#'1+5 . 1+/'&+ 1' ).&.)+#' 34.2'(%//%#'1+59 E.&,+&$.&. (+)4#+ 0& $#044./%#8.&'2'/. 3E 0&',. %1 " /.& 1.44'. 2+$%)+ Eb"5C (+ (' ,#.*% %22=+(,#+)',< 1+22% ).2+/.2% (' 4%#2%1' %21+'1'6 (+ (' ,#.*% '& >0%20&>0+ %2,#% 4.('A'.&+ (' 4%#2% 1' /7+,.&'9

    S0&A'.&' 1+' /%#8.'1#%,'-

    ! D.&,+ 1' +&+#$'% 4+# 2% /+2202% 3$20/.('.5

    !

    #'(+#*% +&+#$+,'/% 3%)'1. &+' *+$+,%2'6 $2'/.$+&. &+$2' %&')%2'5! D0&A'.&+ (,#0,,0#%2+ 3/+2202.(% &+' *+$+,%2'6 /7','&% &+$2' %&')%2'5

    ! )%,+#'%2' 1' 4%#,+&A% 4+# 2% /.(,',0A'.&+ 1' %2,#' /.)4.&+&,'

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    3/25

    ; ).&.(%//%#'1' (' 1'(,'&$0.&. '& 8%(+ %2 &0)+#. 1' %,.)' 1' /%#8.&'. /7+ 4.(('+1.&.- ,#'.('3$2'/+#%21+'1+56 4+&,.(' 3#'8.('. + 1+(.(('#'8.('.56 +(.(' 3$20/.('.6 D#0,,.('.6 $%2%,,.('.59 ;).&.(%//%#'1' (.&. '1#.D'2'/'9

    @2$2/2

    J' ,#%,,% 1' 0& $#044. +,+#.$+&+. 1' /.)4.(,' /7+ (.&. #%$$#044%,' &.& 4+# (.)'$2'%&A+(,#0,,0#%2'6 /.)+ &+2 /%(. 1+' /%#8.'1#%,'6 )% 4.'/7X6 % /%0(% 1+' 4./7' %,.)' 1' .(('$+&.6 (.&.'&(.208'2' '& %/>0% +1 '1#.D.8'9

    S0&A'.&' 1+' 2'4'1'-

    ! #'(+#*% +&+#$+,'/%

    ! D0&A'.&+ (,#0,,0#%2+ 3/.)4.&+&,' 4#'&/'4%2' 1+22+ )+)8#%&+ 8'.2.$'/7+5

    ! )+((%$$+#' /7')'/'

    ! *',%)'&+

    E.)4.&+&,' 1+' 2'4'1' (.&. '2 $2'/+#.2. + $2' %/'1' $#%(('9G/'1' $#%(('- /%,+&+ 1' '1#./%#80#' &.& #%)'D'/%,+6 /.& 0& $#044. /%#8.(('2'/. 3E""[5 %10&=+(,#+)',0%,,#. 1'*+#(' 2'*+22' 1' .#$%&'AA%A'.&+

    (,#0,,0#%2+-`5 (,#0,,0#% 4#')%#'%9 J' ,#%,,% 1+22% (4+/'D'/% (+>0+&A% %))'&.%/'1'/%9

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    4/25

    a5 (,#0,,0#% (+/.&1%#'%9 g+#'*% 1% 2+$%)' '1#.$+&. 20&$. 2% /%,+&% D#% $#044' /%#8.(('2'/' +$#044' %))'&'/' 2.&,%&' ,#% 2.#.9 @+ 10+ ,'4.2.$'+ 4'H /.)0&' (.&. 2=dT+2'/% +1 '2 hTD.$2'+,,.9J' 4%#2% 1' dT+2'/% >0%&1. ' 2+$%)' '1#.$+&. (' '&(,%0#%&. ,#% 0& .(('$+&. +1 0& '1#.$+&.1+22=%))'&.%/'1. 2./%2'AA%,. i 4.('A'.&' 4'H %*%&,' &+22% /%,+&% 4+4,'1'/%6 4+#,%&,. 2+/%,+&+ 2%,+#%2' 1+$2' %))'&.%/'1' (4.#$.&.6 4+# 2=%440&,.6 2%,+#%2)+&,+9 j0+(,%

    /.&D'$0#%A'.&+ /.)4.#,% 0& %**.2$')+&,. +2'/.'1%2+ 1+22% 4#.,+'&% /7+ 2+ /.&D+#'(/++2%(,'/',

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    5/25

    2='&*.20/#. &0/2+%#+6 1+2 >0%2+ /.&,#'80'(/+ % )%&,+&+#+ 2% (,#0,,0#%9 @+ 10+ )+)8#%&+ &0/2+%#'%1 '&,+#*%22' (' D.&1.&.6 %&1%&1. % /#+%#+ '0.%& '$-()"%&6 /.)42+((' 4#.,+'/' /7+ #+$.2%&. '24%((%$$'. ,#% &0/2+.42%()% + /',.42%()%9 @+ 4%#,'/+22+ 4'H 4'//.2+6 /.)+ '.&' . '(,.&'6 4%((%&.2'8+#%)+&,+ %,,#%*+#(. ' 4.#'6 /.& '2 ,#%(4.#,. 4%(('*.9 I.2+/.2+ /.& 1'%)+,#. )%$$'.#+ 1' >0+22.1+2 4.#. 1+*.&. '&*+/+ 4#+(+&,%#+ 0&% (4+/'D'/% (+>0+&A% 1' %))'&.%/'1' /.)+ #'/.&.(/')+&,.9

    e+2 &0/2+. ? /.&,+&0,. '2 geG6 /7+ /.&(+#*% 2='&D.#)%A'.&+ $+&+,'/%6 (.,,. D.#)% 1' /#.).(.)'9L((' (.&. 8+& *'('8'2' 10#%&,+ '2 4#./+((. 1' #+42'/%A'.&+6 %2,#')+&,' 7%&&. 2=%(4+,,. 1' $#%&02' +D'2%)+&,' '##+$.2%#' + 1'(.#1'&%,'9 ; /#.).(.)' (.&. /.(,',0',' 1% geG + 1% 0&% 4#.,+'&% 1+,,%-%.+"#&'"6 /7+ *'+&+ %**.2,% .#1'&%,%)+&,+ (0 l 4#.,+'&+ 1' (044.#,. 1+,,+ &!#.'&9 @% (,#0,,0#%1+#'*%,% 1%2 geG /.)4%,,%,. (0$2' '(,.&' ? 1+,,% '$-().!.+"9G22='&,+#&. &+2 &0/2+. *' (.&. 0&% . 4'H (,#0,,0#+ (D+#'/7+ /.)4%,,+ 1+,,+ V&0/2+.2'W6 &.& (+4%#%,'1% )+)8#%&%6 /7+ ('&,+,'AA%&. 2=feG #'8.(.)'%2+ )+1'%&,+ 4#.,+'&+ ('&,+,'AA%,+ &+2 /',.42%()%9

    F2:*+*62

    J'&,+,'AA%,' &+2 &0/2+.2.6 (.&. /.(,',0',' 1% feG + 4#.,+'&+9 [%&&. 2% D0&A'.&+ 1' 4#.10##+ 2+

    /%,+&+ 4.2'4+4,'1'/7+6 /'.? 2+ 4#.,+'&+9

    F7328*0* 7)/*$0#+6#328*

    J'(,+)% 1' )+)8#%&+ '&,+#&+ %44'%,,',+ '& /.&,'&0',< /.& 2% )+)8#%&% &0/2+%#+ +(,+#&%C /'#/.&1%'2 &0/2+. + (' +(,+&1+ '& ).2,+ #+$'.&' 1+2 /',.42%()%9 @. (4%A'. '&,+#&. ? 1+,,. ($+)1+2 #+,'/.2.9J' 1'(,'&$0+ ,#% #+,'/.2. +&1.42%()%,'/. 2'(/'. + #+,'/.2. +&1.42%()%,'/. #0$.(.9T '2 fL@ ? '2 (',. '& /0'6 $#%A'+ %$2' +&A')' 4#+(+&,'6 *+&$.&. ('&,+,'AA%,' 2'4'1' + /%#8.'1#%,'9T '2 fLf %44%#+ %440&,. #0$.(. % /%0(% 1+22% 4#+(+&A%6 (022% (0% (04+#D'/'+6 1' #'8.(.)' 2+$%,'9 L(('(.&. '2 (',. 4#'&/'4%2+ 1+22% ('&,+(' + 1+22% ).1'D'/%A'.&+ 4#.,+'/%9 @+ 4#.,+'&+ )%2 ('&,+,'AA%,+*+&$.&. #'2%(/'%,+ &+2 /',.42%()% + >0' 1+$#%1%,+ 1%' 4#.,+%(.)'C 2+ 4#.,+'&+ /.##+,,%)+&,+

    ('&,+,'AA%,+ *+&$.&. ,#%(D+#',+ )+1'%&,+ *+(/'/.2+ 1' ,#%(4.#,. %22=+(,+#&. 1+22% /+2202% . %$2'.#$%&02' /0' (.&. 1+(,'&%,+9

    5$$#.#3* /70 G*0,2

    E.(,',0',. 1% 4'2+ 1' (%//7+ )+)8#%&.(+ %44'%,,',+ 31',,'.(.)'5 (+&A% (.20A'.&+ 1' /.&,'&0',< ,#%2.#. + 1% 4'//.2+ *+(/'/.2+9 @% #+$'.&+ -&! 1+2 :.2$' ? >0+22% #'*.2,% *+#(. '2 &0/2+.6 )+&,#+ 2%#+$'.&+ #%"'!? >0+22% '& 4#.((')',< 1+22% )+)8#%&% 42%()%,'/%C 2+ 10+ A.&+ (.&. (+4%#%,+ 1% 0&%#+$'.&+ )+1'%2+9 @+ 4#.,+'&+ 4#.*+&'+&,' 1%' #'8.(.)'6 1.4. +((+#+ 4%((%,+ &+2 fLf6 *+&$.&.'&*'%,+ %22% #+$'.&+ /'( :.2$'C >0' *+&$.&. 02,+#'.#)+&,+ ).1'D'/%,+6 )+1'%&,+ 2=%$$'0&,% 1' $#044'/7')'/'9 K0F %**+&'#+ D.(D.#'2%A'.&+ 3%$$'0&,% 1' 0& $#044. D.(D%,.56 (.2D%,%A'.&+ 3%$$'0&,% 1'

    $#044' (.2D%,.5 . $2'/.('2%A'.&+ 3%$$'0&,% 1' A0//7+#'59 U&% *.2,% ).1'D'/%,+6 2+ 4#.,+'&+ *+&$.&.4%((%,+ %22% (04+#D'/'+ ,#%&(C >0' *+&$.&. ')4%//7+,,%,+ '& *+(/'/.2+ 1' ,#%(4.#,. +1 '&*'%,+ %22%)+)8#%&% /+2202%#+ . %22+ )+)8#%&+ 1+$2' %2,#' .#$%&02'9

    @2+*+*62

    m+(/'/.2+ 4'+&+ 1' +&A')' 2','/' 3'1#.2%('59 J+4%#%&. 1%2 #+(,. 1+22% /+2202% $2' )'2&+& 1&*)!#&3&34'H 1'ic56 /7+ &+/+((',%&. 1' %)8'+&,+ % 4[ %/'1.9 @% /.)4%#,%A'.&+ 1+$2' +&A')' 2','/' ? D.&1%)+&,%2+-(+ >0+(,% *'+&+ )+&.6 2% /+2202% *% '&/.&,#. %1 %0,.2'('9 ; 2'(.(.)' 4#')%#' (' D.#)%&. 4+#$+))%A'.&+ 1%2 :.2$'6 )+&,#+ $2' +&A')' 2','/' *+&$.&. ('&,+,'AA%,' &+2 fLf9 ; 2'(.(.)' 4#')%#' ('D.&1.&. /.& 2% *+(/'/.2% /.&,+&+&,+ 2% (.(,%&A% 1% 1'$+#'#+6 %&1%&1. % /.(,',0'#+ ' 2'(.(.)'

    (+/.&1%#'C $2' +&A')' 1'$+(,'*' 4.((.&. #'/'/2%#+ ' /.)4.&+&,' 1+22+ (.(,%&A+ /7+ 1+$#%1%&.9

    A7.*++2+*62

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    6/25

    "#$%&+22' 1+2')',%,' 1% 0&% )+)8#%&%C /.&,+&$.&. )'2&+& 1)#.!!&/&-"'#&9 @% 2.#. D0&A'.&+ ? %&/.#%4%#A'%2)+&,+ (/.&.(/'0,%6 (.&. /.)0&>0+ D.&1%)+&,%2' 4+# 2% 1+$#%1%A'.&+ 1+2 4+#.(('1. 1''1#.$+&. 3[a"a56 /.)4.(,. /7+ (' D.#)% '& (+$0',. % #+%A'.&' )+,%8.2'/7+ + /7+ ? 1%&&.(. 4+# 2%/+2202%9 @=+&A')% -"#"("!&6 /.&,+&0,. &+' 4+#.(('(.)'6 2. (/.)4.&+ '& %/>0% +1 .(('$+&.6#+&1+&1.2. /.(Z '&&./0. 32% /%,%2%(' ? 2=+&A')% /.& 2% 4'H +2+*%,% /%4%/',< /%,%2','/%59 ;&.2,#+ '

    4+#.(('(.)' 1+22+ /+2202+ +4%,'/7+ (.&. '& $#%1. 1' 1+,.(('D'/%#+ )+,%&.2. +1 +,%&.2.9

    H23*8*)/.2

    J.&. (,#0,,0#+ /'#/.&1%,+ 1% 0&% 1.44'% )+)8#%&%C ,#% 2+ 10+ )+)8#%&+ *' ? 2. !0"2&.&'#)%+)+4%"'"6 )+&,#+ 2. (4%A'. 1+2')',%,. 1%22% )+)8#%&% 4'H '&,+#&% ? 1+,,. +"#%&-)9 @%)+)8#%&% '&,+#&% ? #'4'+$%,% (0 (+ (,+((% % D.#)%#+ +(,#.D2+(('.&' 1+,,+ -%)!#) +.-.'1%&"(&6 /7+%0)+&,%&. 2% (04+#D'/'+ 1' %A'.&+ 1+2 )',./.&1#'.9 S0&A'.&+ 1+' )',./.&1#' ? 4+#)+,,+#+ 2%#+(4'#%A'.&+ /+2202%#+6 /.&*+#,+&1. 2=+&+#$'% /7')'/% 4#.*+&'+&,+ 1%2 /'8. 3+(- $20/.('.5 '& GBK9; )',./.&1#' 4.(('+1.&. geG +1 feG 4#.4#'6 /.(Z 1% 4.,+# /.1'D'/%#+ %0,.&.)%)+&,+ %2/0&+ 1+22+4#.,+'&+ &+/+((%#'+ %22+ 2.#. D0&A'.&'9 @% 4#+(+&A% 1' geG &+' )',./.&1#' 7% (044.#,%,. 2% ,+('

    1+22=)'1.!&+4&.!&6 4+# /0' ' )',./.&1#' (%#+88+#. .#$%&'()' 4#./%#'.,'/' /7+ (' (.&. (,%8'2','%22='&,+#&. 1' /+2202+ 4'H $#%&1'6 4+#1+&1. 4.' 2% /%4%/',< 1' D0&A'.&%#+ %0,.&.)%)+&,+9; )',./.&1#' (.&. #+(4.&(%8'2' 1+22=%4.4,.('6 /'.? 1+22% ).#,+ /.&,#.22%,% 1+22% /+2202%9

    "23*+8;7073.*

    Y /.(,',0',. 1% 0&% #+,+ 1' D'8#+ 4#.,+'/7+ /.& D0&A'.&+ 1' (044.#,. )+//%&'/.6 1' )%&,+&')+&,.1+22% D.#)% + 1' ,#%(4.#,. 1' )%,+#'%2' %22='&,+#&.9 Y 1'&%)'/. + /%)8'% /.&,'&0%)+&,+9 E.(,',0',.+((+&A'%2)+&,+ 1% ,#+ ,'4' 1' D'2%)+&,' 4#.,+'/'-T ; +&-%.#$4$(&(.&. /.(,',0',' 1% 10+ 4#.,+'&+ 1+,,+ dT,0802'&% + hT,0802'&%6 /.)8'&%,+ ,#% 2.#. '&1')+#' /7+ (' %**.2$.&. %&1%&1. % /.(,',0'#+ 0& /'2'&1#. /%*.- +((. ? '2 )'/#.,0802.6 /7+ 7%

    +(,#+)',< 4.2%#' 32=+(,#+)',< \ ? >0+22% /7+ /#+(/+59 K+# +(42+,%#+ 2% D0&A'.&+ (,#0,,0#%2+ ?&+/+((%#'. /7+ ('%&. %&/.#%,' %22% /+2202%- 2% (,#0,,0#% /7+ 2' %,,%//% ? 1+,,% -)'#%.!.+"9 ;)'/#.,0802' *%&&. %&/7+ % /.(,',0'#+ /'$2'% 3%44+&1'/' /.#,+ + &0)+#.(+5 + D2%$+22' 3%44+&1'/'20&$7+ + 4./. &0)+#.(+6 ,%2*.2,% 0&% (.2%56 (,#0,,0#+ %&/.#%,+ %22% /+2202% 4+# )+AA. 1+2 /.#4.8%(%2+ /7+ 4+#)+,,.&. '2 ).*')+&,. &+$2' .#$%&'()' 0&'/+2202%#' . 420#'/+2202%#' 1' 4'//.2+1')+&('.&'C &+$2' .#$%&'()' 4'H +*.20,' 2+ /'$2'% (.&. $+&+#%2)+&,+ 4#+(+&,' &+22+ /+2202+ 1+$2'.#$%&' '&,+#&'9 E'$2'% + D2%$+22' 4#+(+&,%&. (,#0,,0#% (')'2+- &.*+ 1.44'+,,+ 1' )'/#.,0802' 1'(4.(,+%1 %&+22. %,,.#&. %1 %2,#' 10+ )'/#.,0802' 3).1+22. n\a59 @% 4#.,+'&% 4#'&/'4%2+ ? 2% 1'&+'&%9 ;2/.#4. 8%(%2+ 4#+(+&,% '&*+/+ &.*+ ,#'42+,,+ 1' )'/#.,0802'6 )% &.& /' (.&. ' 10+ /+&,#%2'9; )'/#.,0802' 7%&&. 0&% D0&A'.&+ ')4.#,%&,+ &+2 ).*')+&,. '&,#%/+2202%#+- D0&$.&. '&D%,,' 1%

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o /+2202%#+59J.&. '&.2,#+ ')4.#,%&,' 4+# '2 ).*')+&,.- '&D%,,'6 40# &.& 4.,+&1.(' /.&,#%##+6 4.((.&. $+&+#%#+).*')+&,. )+1'%&,+ #%4'1'((')' 4#./+((' 1' %((+)82%$$'. + 1'(%((+)82%$$'.9 e+22+ /+2202+)0(/.2%#'6 ' D'2%)+&,' 1' %/,'&% (' 0&'(/.&. %1 0& 4#.,+'&% 1+,,% )'.('&%6 $+&+#%&1. 2% /.&,#%A'.&+9

    ; )'/#.D'2%)+&,' (.&. '&.2,#+ #+(4.&(%8'2' 1+22% D.#)%A'.&+ 1' 4(+01.4.1' + )'/#.*'22'6D.&1%)+&,%2' #'(4+,,'*%)+&,+ 4+# 2+ D0&A'.&' 1' D%$./',.(' + 4'&./',.('9

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    7/25

    T ;/&("+)'#& &'#)%+)1&(.&. 8%(,.&/'&' D2+(('8'2' 4#+(+&,' (.2. '& %2/0&' $#044' 1' %&')%2'9 J.&./.(,',0',' 1% (080&',< 4#.,+'/7+ %**.2,+ (0 (+ (,+((+ %1 +2'/%9 [%&&. D0&A'.&+ (,#0,,0#%2+6 '&4%#,'/.2%#+ (+#*.&. % (044.#,%#+ 2% /+2202% '& /%(. 1' (,#+(( )+//%&'/.9 L(+)4' 1' D'2%)+&,''&,+#)+1' (.&. 2% /7+#%,'&%6 4#+(+&,+ &+22+ /+2202+ +4',+2'%2'6 2% 2%)'&% &0/2+%#+6 4#+(+&,+ (08',. %21' (.,,. 1+22% )+)8#%&% &0/2+%#+ '&,+#&%6 +1 ' &+0#.D'2%)+&,'6 4#+(+&,' &+22+ /+2202+ &+#*.(+9

    ? .217+3267)32 8700-0#.2

    I.2,+ /+2202+ %&')%2' (.&. /'#/.&1%,+ 1%22% )%,#'/+ +o,#%/+2202%#+ 3LEI56 /.& D0&A'.&+ 1'4#.,+A'.&+ + (044.#,.6 /.(,',0',% 1% 0& $+2 1' /%#8.'1#%,' + 4#.,+'&+ D'8#.(+6 ,#% /0' -.(("*)')3,#+/%,+&+ 4.2'4+4,'1'/7+ %**.2,+ %1 +2'/% (0 (+ (,+((+6 %2,'((')% #+('(,+&A%56 )("!#&'"3/.&D+#'(/.&.+2%(,'/',< + D2+(('8'2',< %' ,+((0,'560%.#).*(&-"'&3. )0/.4#.,+'&+6 4#.,+'&+ + /%#8.'1#%,' 2+$%,' /7+7%&&. D0&A'.&+ 1' %((.#8'#+ %/>0% 4+# #+('(,+#+ %22% /.)4#+(('.&+56/&4%.')-#&')3$2'/.4#.,+'&+ /7+0&'(/.&. 2% )%,#'/+ %22% )+)8#%&% 42%()%,'/%59

    "#$%I ' @7 676:.#)7 :2*0*,28;7

    @+ /+2202+ 4#./%#'.,' 7%&&. 0&% )+)8#%&% 42%()%,'/% /7+ 2+ (+4%#% D'('/%)+&,+ 1%22=%)8'+&,++(,+#&.C 2+ /+2202+ +0/%#'.,'6 .2,#+ %22% )+)8#%&% 42%()%,'/% /7+ 1+2')',% '2 /',.42%()% 32% /0' 4%#,+D20'1% ? 1+,,% /',.(.256 7%&&. %&/7+ 1+22+ +&1.)+)8#%&+6 /'.? )+)8#%&+ '&,+#&+ %2 /',.42%()%/7+ 1+2')',%&. $2' .#$%&+22'9 @+ )+)8#%&+ (.&. /.(,',0',+ 1% 4#.,+'&+ + 2'4'1'6 '& 4%#,'/.2%#+D.(D.2'4'1' %&D'4%,'/'6 /7+ /'.? 7%&&. ,+(,% 4.2%#+ 3b $#044. D.(D%,.6 /.)4.(,. .#$%&'/.6 ).2+/.2%1' $2'/+#.2.5 + /.1% '1#.D.8% 3b /%,+&+ 1' %/'1' $#%(('59 L((' (' 1'(4.&$.&. '& 0& 4&("5)%6 0& 1.44'.(,#%,.6 /.& 2+ /.1+ '1#.D.8'/7+ #'*.2,+ *+#(. 2='&,+#&. + 2+ ,+(,+ 4.2%#' *+#(. 2=+(,+#&.9 ;2 ).1+22. %).(%'/. D20'1. %DD+#)% /7+6 .2,#+ %' D.(D.2'4'1'6 2+ )+)8#%&+ ('%&. /.(,',0',+ %&/7+ 1% 1'*+#(' ,'4'1' 4#.,+'&+ 1' D.#)% + 1')+&('.&+ 1'DD+#+&,+6 %((./'%,+ %2 1.44'. (,#%,.9 B%2' 4#.,+'&+6 % (+/.&1%

    1+2 ).1. '& /0' (.&. 4.('A'.&%,+6 4.((.&. +((+#+ &'#)*%"(&3. '&,#'&(+/7+5 .0)%&/)%&-6)3.+(,#'&(+/7+59 j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

    >0+(,' (.&. (%,0#'6 '&D%,,'6 '2 10+ (,#%,' %1+#'(/.&. 8+&+ ,#% 2.#.C (+ $2' %/'1' $#%((' (.&. '&(%,0#'6'&*+/+6 ' #'4'+$%)+&,' /%0(%,' 1%' 1.44' 2+$%)' EbE ')4+1'(/.&. %22+ /%,+&+ '1#./%#80#'/7+ 1'%**'/'&%#(' 8+&+9 K+# .**'%#+ % >0+(,. '&/.&*+&'+&,+ *' (.&. %2/0&' 2'4'1' 1' )+)8#%&%6 /.)+ '2-.()!#)%.(.6 /7+ (+#*.&. % (,%8'2'AA%#+ 2% D20'1',< 1+22% )+)8#%&%- +((' '&D%,,' (' 1'(4.&$.&.%22='&,+#&. 1+$2' (4%A' 2%(/'%,' *0.,' 1%' #'4'+$%)+&,' 1+22+ /%,+&+ '1#./%#80#'/7+9@+ /.)4.&+&,' 4#'&/'4%2' 1+22% )+)8#%&%6 ' D.(D.2'4'1'6 4#+(+&,%&. /.1+ '1#./%#80#'/7+ /7+6 40#+((+&1. .#1'&%,%)+&,+ 1'(4.(,+6 (.&. &' -.'#&'$. +.3&+)'#.3(' /.)4.#,%&. /.)+ /#'(,%22'2'>0'1'5- +((+ '&D%,,' #0.,%&. (02 4#.4#'. %((+ )%$$'.#+6 (' (4.(,%&. 2%,+#%2)+&,+ )+1'%&,+ 2%1'DD0('.&+ 2%,+#%2+ +1 .//%('.&%2)+&,+6 )+1'%&,+ >0+22. /7+ ? 1+D'&',. 1'DD0('.&+ ,#%(*+#(%2+ .V).*')+&,. % D2'4TD2.4W6 (' (4.(,%&. 1% 0&. (,#%,. %22=%2,#. 1+2 8'2%P+#9

    S0&A'.&' 1+22+ )+)8#%&+ 8'.2.$'/7+-

    ! $'0&A'.&+ + /.)0&'/%A'.&+ '&,+#/+2202%#+

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    8/25

    ! %&/.#%$$'.

    ! 8%##'+#% 1' 4+#)+%8'2',< (+2+,,'*%

    ! ,#%(4.#,. %,,'*. + 4%(('*.

    ! ,#%10A'.&+ 1' (+$&%2+

    ! #'/.&.(/')+&,. /+2202%#+?0 3.#+$*.3* 8;2628* #33.#17.+* 07 676:.#)7 :2*0*,28;7

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

    T 4#.,+'&+ /%&%2+- D.#)%&. %,,#%*+#(. '2 1.44'. (,#%,. 1+' ,0&&+26 1+,,'0.%& -.'#%.(("#&6 /'.? %4+#,'+ /7'0(' % (+/.&1% 1+22% &+/+((',0+(,. 4#./+((. #'/7'+1+ +&+#$'% /7+1+#'*% 1%22='1#.2'(' 1+22=GBK98.+0" !.1&.90.#"!!&.- ? 0& +(+)4'. 1' ,#%(4.#,. %,,'*.6 4#+(+&,+ '& ,0,,+ 2+ /+2202+ %&')%2'9j0+(,. ,'4. 1' ,#%(4.#,. %**'+&+ $#%A'+ %1 0&% 4#.,+'&% '&,+$#%2+ ,#%&()+)8#%&%9 E'%(/0& /'/2./.)42+,. 0,'2'AA% 0&% ).2+/.2% 1' GBK +1 ? )'#%,. %1 +(4+22+#+ 1%22% /+2202% N '.&' e%\+ %1'&,#.10##+ a '.&' p\9 ; ,#+ '.&' (.1'. (' 2+$%&. %22% 4#.,+'&% /%##'+#6 /7+ *'+&+ 4.' D.(D.#'2%,% 1%22=GBK9@% D.(D.#'2%A'.&+ 1+,+#)'&% '2 /%)8'%)+&,. 1' /.&D.#)%A'.&+ 1+22% 4#.,+'&%6 /7+ #'2%(/'% $2' '.&'(.1'. %22=+(,+#&.9 ; 10+ '.&' 4.,%(('. (' 2+$%&. %22% 4#.,+'&%6 /7+ #'2%(/'% '2 $#044. D.(D%,. + #',.#&%

    %22% /.&D.#)%A'.&+ .#'$'&%#'%6 4.#,%&1. %22='&,+#&. '2 4.,%(('.9 J'% '2 (.1'. /7+ '2 4.,%(('. ('(4.(,%&. -.'#%. &( (.%. *%"1&)'#) )()##%.-6&+&-.31'DD+#+&A% 1' /%#'/% +2+,,#'/%5C 2=%,,'*',< 1+22%4.)4% /.&,#'80'(/+ % )%&,+&+#+ (+4%#%,+ 2+ /%#'/7+6 4#.*./%&1. /.(Z '2 4.,+&A'%2+ 1' )+)8#%&%9@% 4#.,+'&% /%##'+# #+(4.&(%8'2+ 1+22% 4.)4% (.1'.T4.,%(('. +DD+,,0% 0& %&,'4.#,.9

    B#%(4.#,. 1' )%/#.).2+/.2+I+&,#+ &+2 ,#%(4.#,. %,,'*. + 4%(('*. (' ,#%(D+#'*%&. 4'//.2+ ).2+/.2+ + '.&'6 ' )+//%&'()' 4+# 2.(4.(,%)+&,. 1' )%/#.).2+/.2+ (.&. 1+,,' +&1./',.(' 3*+#(. 2='&,+#&. 1+22% /+2202%5 +1 +(./',.('3+(402('.&+ 1%22% /+2202%59 e+22=)!.-.!& ' )%,+#'%2' 1' (/%#,. . ' 4#.1.,,' 1+22% (+/#+A'.&+ *+&$.&.#%//7'0(' '& *+(/'/.2+ /7+ (' D.&1.&. 4.' /.& 2% )+)8#%&% 42%()%,'/%6 1+,+#)'&%&1. '2 #'2%(/'.

    %22=+(,+#&. 1+22+ (.(,%&A+9 ;& >0+(,. ).1.6 '&.2,#+6 (' %//#+(/+ 2% )+)8#%&% /+2202%#+9

    `5 D%$./',.('

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    9/25

    :'1.-.!& a5 4'&./',.('N5 +&1./',.(' )+1'%,% 1% #+/+,,.#'

    T @% D%$./',.(' ? '2 )+//%&'(). /7+ 4+#)+,,+ 2=%//.#4%)+&,. 1' $#.((' %$$#+$%,' (.2'1' +1 '&(.208'2'9[% %&/7+ D0&A'.&+ 1' 1'D+(% /.&,#. 1+' 4.(('8'2' .#$%&'()' '&*%(.#' 3+(- 8%,,+#'59 @% )+)8#%&%

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

    /.&/+&,#%&.6 (022% (04+#D'/'+ 1+22% )+)8#%&% /+2202%#+6 &+22+/.!!)##) %&3)!#)C (.&. /.(Z 1+,,+4+#/7X (022. (,#%,. '&D+#'.#+ 1+22% )+)8#%&%6 >0+22. #'*.2,. *+#(. '2 /',.42%()%6 *' (.&. 10+4#.,+'&+6 2% -("#%&'"+ 2% 4#.,+'&% %1%,,%,#'/+6 /7+ &+ /.(,',0'(/.&. %440&,. '2 #'*+(,')+&,.9 @%)+)8#%&% /+2202%#+6 '& /.##'(4.&1+&A% 1+22+ D.((+,,+ #'*+(,',+6 '&$2.8% 2% (.(,%&A% )+1'%&,+D%$./',.('6 %&1%&1. % D.#)%#+ 1+22+ *+(/'/.2+ #'*+(,',+9 j0%&1. +((+ +&,#%&. &+2 /',.42%()%6 2%/2%,#'&% (' 1'(,%//% + 2% *+(/'/.2% &.& ? 4'H #'*+(,',%C +((% (' D.&1+ /.& 0& +&1.(.)%6 0& 2'(.(.)%4#')%#'.6 %&1%&1. % /.(,',0'#+ 0& 2'(.(.)% (+/.&1%#'.9 @'$%&1' + #+/+,,.#' (' (+4%#%&.C >0+(,'02,')' #',.#&%&. (022% )+)8#%&% 4+# +((+#+ &0.*%)+&,+ 0,'2'AA%,'6 )+&,#+ '2 2'$%&1. *'+&+1+$#%1%,. + #'2%(/'%,. &+2 /',.(.26 4#.&,. 4+# +((+#+ 0(%,.9

    @7 ,2-)D2*)2 2)37.8700-0#.2:'0&A'.&' %&/.#%&,' . %&/7.#'&$ q0&/,'.&(- 1)!+.!.+&340&,' 1' %,,%//. ,#% 2+ /+2202+ /7+ (D#0,,%&.2% #+('(,+&A% 1+' D'2%)+&,' '&,+#)+1'9 @+ /+2202+ #'(02,%&. D.#,+)+&,+ 0&',+ )% )%&,+&$.&. (4%A',#% 2+ )+)8#%&+ /7+ 4+#)+,,.&. '2 4%((%$$'. 1' (.(,%&A+9 ; 1+().(.)' D%&&. (Z /7+ $2' (,#+(()+//%&'/' #'(02,'&. %,,0,',' 4+# .$&0&% 1+22+ /+2202+56 )+&1)!+.!.+& + *&$'2&.'& "1)%)'#&3/+)+&,%&. 2+ /+2202+ ,#% 2.#.6 /.&&+,,+&1.(' /.& ' )'/#.D'2%)+&,' 1' %/,'&%59:'0&A'.&' (+##%,+ . ,'$7, q0&/,'.&(- (.&. /.&&+(('.&' /.(Z (,#+,,+ /7+6 2+,,+#%2)+&,+6 /+)+&,%&. 2+10+ /+2202+6 (+&A% 2%(/'%#+ (4%A'9 ;& >0+(,. ).1. *'+&+ ')4+1',. '2 4%((%$$'. 1' (.(,%&A+ 1%22=0&%%22=%2,#%9 B0,,%*'% 2+ $'0&A'.&' (+##%,+ (' 4#+(+&,%&. '& )%&'+#% 1'(/.&,'&0% + &.& 20&$. ,0,,% 2%)+)8#%&% /+2202%#+9 J+#*.&. % !&*&(("%)/%*',< /.#4.#++6 /.)+ 2='&,+(,'&. . 2% *+(/'/%9 m+&$.&.

    /.(,',0',+ 1% D'2+ 1' 4#.,+'&+ /7+ ('$'22%&. 2. (4%A'. '&,+#/+2202%#+9:'0&A'.&' /.)0&'/%&,' . $%4 q0&/,'.&(- 0&'(/.&. 2+ )+)8#%&+ 42%()%,'/7+ + D.#)%&. /%&%2'/.&,#.22%,' /7+ *%&&. 1%22=0&% %22=%2,#%9 j0+(,' /'2'&1#' 4#.,+'/' (.&. /.(,',0',' 1% $#044' 1' (+').2+/.2+ 1' -.'')!!&'"+ $%#%&,'(/.&. 0&% /.)0&'/%A'.&+ #%4'1% +1 +DD'/%/+ ,#% 2+ /+2202+9

    "#$%J ' @# 8*6-)28#D2*)7 8700-0#.7

    E.& 2=+(4#+(('.&+ V,#%(10A'.&+ 1+2 (+$&%2+W (' '&,+&1+ 2% /.&*+#('.&+ 1' 0& (+$&%2+ +o,#%/+2202%#+'& 0& (+$&%2+ '&,#%/+2202%#+9 @% /.)0&'/%A'.&+ /+2202%#+ 40F %**+&'#+ 4+# /.&,%,,. 1'#+,,. .440#+

    )+1'%&,+ (+$&%2' /7')'/'9 j0+(,. 4#./+((. 4#+*+1+ 0&% D%(+ '& /0' 2% /+2202% 1' 4%#,+&A% 4#.10/+0&% ).2+/.2% (+$&%2+6 #'/.&.(/'0,% 1%22% /+2202% 8+#(%$2'. $#%A'+ %1 0& #+/+,,.#+ 4#.,+'/. /7+%,,'*% 1+,+#)'&%,+ #'(4.(,+9 B%2' #+/+,,.#' 4.((.&. +((+#+ 2./%2'AA%,' (022% )+)8#%&% 42%()%,'/%

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    10/25

    3#+/+,,.#' 1' (04+#D'/'+5 .440#+6 &+2 /%(. 1' ).2+/.2+ (+$&%2+ ).2,. '1#.D.8'/7+ . ).2,. 4'//.2+6 (',#.*%&. %22='&,+#&. 1+22% /+2202% 3#+/+,,.#' '&,#%/+2202%#'59 ; #+/+,,.#' 1' (04+#D'/'+ 4.((.&. +((+#+-9 %)-)##.%& "!!.-&"#& " 0%.#)&') ;- J.&. ' 4'H D#+>0+&,'9 @% : (,% 4+# $0%&.('&% ,#'D.(D%,.9 j0+(,'#+/+,,.#' (.&. 4#.,+'&+ ,#%&()+)8#%&% /7+ 4#+(+&,%&. (022% (04+#D'/'+ 0& (',. 1' 2+$%)+ 4+# 0&%(4+/'D'/% ).2+/.2% (+$&%2+6 + %22='&,+#&. 1+2 /',.(.2 0& %2,#. (',. 1' 2+$%)+ 4+# 2% $0%&.('&%

    ,#'D.(D%,.9 @% 4#.,+'&% :6 %22. (,%,. '&%,,'*.6 ? /.(,',0',% 1% ,#+ (080&',0%2' 2+$%,% %10&% ).2+/.2% 1' $0%&.('&% 1'D.(D%,.9 j0%&1. '2 2'$%&1. (' 2+$% %2 #+/+,,.#+6 2% :gK *'+&+ #'2%(/'%,%+ (.(,',0',% 1% :BK6 /7+ %,,'*% 2% 4#.,+'&%9 j0+(,% *% % (0% *.2,% % 2+$%#(' %1 0& +&A')% %22='&,+#&.1+22% /+2202%6 %,,'*%&1.2.9T %)-)##.%& #&%.!&'9-6&'"!&-&- (.&. 4#.,+'&+ ,#%&()+)8#%&% /7+ 7%&&. %22=+(,+#&. 0& (',. 1' 2+$%)+4+# 2% ).2+/.2% (+$&%2+6 + %22='&,+#&. 0&% /.)4.&+&,+ +&A')%,'/% 32% ,'#.('&% /7'&%('59 j0%&1. '22'$%&1. (' 0&'(/+ %2 #+/+,,.#+6 >0+(,. *'+&+ D.(D.#'2%,. 1%22% ,'#.('&%6 %,,'*%&1. 4#.,+'&+ (+$&%2+%22='&,+#&. 1+22% /+2202%9T %)-)##.%& " -"'"() &.'&-.- %&/7+ 1+,,' /%&%2' % /.&,#.22. 1' 2'$%&1.6 /'.? /%&%2' /.&,#.22%,' &+'4#./+((' 1' %4+#,0#% + /7'0(0#% 1%22=0&'.&+ 1+2 2'$%&1. /.& '2 #+/+,,.#+9 @=%/+,'2/.2'&%6 4+# +(+)4'.6

    ? 0& &+0#.,#%()+,,',.#+ /7+ (' 2+$% %1 0& #+/+,,.#+ % /%&%2+ '.&'/.9

    "#$%K ' L)7.,2# 7 673#:*02+6*

    f+%A'.&+ +(.+#$.&'/%- (.&. #+%A'.&' (4.&,%&++ /7+ 2'8+#%&. +&+#$'%9 ;2 r: #+2%,'*. %22=+&+#$'%2'8+#% 1+2 ('(,+)% ? &+$%,'*. 4.'/7X :` _ :a9f+%A'.&+ +&1.+#$.&'/%- &+/+((',%&. 1' 0& %44.#,. 1' +&+#$'%C %22% D'&+ 1+22% #+%A'.&+ 2=+&+#$'%2'8+#% 1+2 ('(,+)% ? %0)+&,%,%6 4+#,%&,. r: ? 4.(','*.9

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

    @=+&A')% %'0,% % #.)4+#+ ' 2+$%)' /7')'/' 1+' #+%$+&,' 3/%,%2'('56 ,#%(D.#)%&1. '2 (08(,#%,. &+24#.1.,,.C %22% D'&+ 1+22% #+%A'.&+ '2 4#.1.,,. *'+&+ 2'8+#%,.6 +1 '&('+)+ %1 +((. %&/7+ 2=+&A')% /7+6&.& +((+&1. (,%,. /.&(0)%,. &X %2,+#%,. 1%22% #+%A'.&+6 40F +((+#+ #'0,'2'AA%,.9 "$&' +&A')% ?%2,%)+&,+ (4+/'D'/. + 2%*.#% %2 )+$2'. '& 4%#,'/.2%#' /.&1'A'.&'6 >0+22+ .,,')%2'6 /7+ /.)4#+&1.&.0&% 1+,+#)'&%,% ,+)4+#%,0#% +1 0& 1+,+#)'&%,. 4[9

    @% *+2./',< 1' 0&% #+%A'.&+ /7')'/%6 (044.&+&1. /.)+ /.(,%&,' ' *%2.#' 1' 4[ + ,+)4+#%,0#%6 ?1'#+,,%)+&,+ 4#.4.#A'.&%2+ %22% /.&/+&,#%A'.&+ 1+22=+&A')%9 ;& /%(. 1' /.&/+&,#%A'.&+ /.(,%&,+1+22=+&A')%6 2% *+2./',< %0)+&,% %22=%0)+&,%#+ 1+22% /.&/+&,#%A'.&+ 1+2 (08(,#%,.6 )% (.2. D'&. %10& /+#,. 40&,.- +((% ()+,,+ 1' %0)+&,%#+ >0%&1. $2' +&A')' (.&. (%,0#'6 /'.? ,0,,' ' (',' %,,'*'

    1'(4.&'8'2' (.&. $'< .//04%,' 1% ).2+/.2+ 1' (08(,#%,.9 @% /.(,%&,+ 1' I'/7%+2'( 3pI5 #%44#+(+&,% 2%/.&/+&,#%A'.&+ 1' (08(,#%,. /.& 2% >0%2+ 2% )+,< 1+' (',' %,,'*' (.&. .//04%,'6 + /.& 2% >0%2+ 2%#+%A'.&+ 4#./+1+ %22% )+,< 1+22% (0% *+2./',< )%((')% 4.(('8'2+9

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    11/25

    F7,*0#D2*)7 /700M#332123= 7)D26#328#

    `9 %)*.("2&.') *)')#&-"- 0& $+&+ (4+/'D'/. 1+,+#)'&% 2% >0%&,',< 1' +&A')' 1% ('&,+,'AA%#+a9 -.+0"%#&+)'#"2&.') -)(($("%)- +&A')' #+2+$%,' '& /.)4%#,' 1+2')',%,' 1% )+)8#%&+N9 %)*.("2&.') "((.!#)%&-"- 2=+&A')%6 .2,#+ %2 (',. %,,'*.6 4#+(+&,% 0&=%2,#% #+$'.&+ 1+&.)'&%,%

    (',. %22.(,+#'/.6 (4+/'D'/% 4+# 0&=%2,#% ).2+/.2%9 ;2 #+$.2%,.#+ %22.(,+#'/.6 0&% *.2,% 2+$%,. %2(',. %22.(,+#'/.6 %$'(/+ (022% /.&D.#)%A'.&+ (,#0,,0#%2+ 1+22=+&A')%- 40F )%&,+&+#2. (+)4#+&+22% (0% D.#)% %,,'*% 3#+$.2%,.#+ %22.(,+#'/. %,,'*%,.#+5 .440#+ 40F 1+D.#)%#2. '& ).1./7+ '2 (08(,#%,. &.& 4.((% 2+$%#(' %1 +((. 3#+$.2%,.#+ %22.(,+#'/. '&'8',.#+59 U& +(+)4'. 1'>0+(,. 02,'). /%(. ? 2='&'8'A'.&+ % D++18%/O6 '& /0' ? '2 4#.1.,,. (,+((. 1+22% #+%A'.&+ %1'&'8'#+ 2=%,,'*',< 1+22=+&A')%9

    i9 %)*.("2&.') 0)% /.!/.%&("2&.')- %22=+&A')% *'+&+ ,#%(D+#',. 0& $#044. D.(D%,. 1' 0& GBK 1%4%#,+ 1+22% /7'&%('6 + *'+&+ 4+#/'F %,,'*%,.9

    @='&'8'A'.&+ 1+22=%,,'*',< +&A')%,'/% 40F +((+#+ #+*+#('8'2+ 31+,+#)'&%,' %$+&,' /7')'/' (' 2+$%&.

    1+8.2)+&,+ %22=+&A')%59 e+22=&'&4&2&.') %)3)%!&4&() -.+0)#&3"6 2=%$+&,+ '&'8',.#+ /.)4+,+ /.& '2(08(,#%,. 4+# 2+$%#(' %2 (',. %,,'*.9 L((. .//04% '2 (',. %,,'*. (.2. 4+# 0& ,+)4. 1+,+#)'&%,. + &.&1%&&+$$'% 2=+&A')%9 @=''&4&2&.') %)3)%!&4&() '.' -.+0)#&3"4#+*+1+ /7+ 2=%$+&,+ '&'8',.#+ &.& ('2+$7' %2 (',. %,,'*. )% %1 0& 1'*+#(. 40&,. 1+22=+&A')%9 e+ '&'8'(/+ /.)0&>0+ 2=%,,'*',

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    12/25

    N5 E;E@" g; pfLMJG&/7+ 1+,,. /'/2. 1+22=%/'1. /',#'/. . 1+$2' %/'1' ,#'/%#8.(('2'/'6 %**'+&+ &+22% )%,#'/+ )',./.&1#'%2+9E'%(/0&% ).2+/.2% 1' %/+,'2 E.G (' /.)8'&% /.& 2=.((%2%/+,%,.6 D.#)%&1. 10+ ).2+/.2+ 1' /',#%,.9m+&$.&. #').((+ 10+ ).2+/.2+ 1' E"a9 ;2 8'2%&/'. ? 1' a GBK $0%1%$&%,'6 Q eGg[ + a SGg[\4+#.$&' %/+,'2 E.G9

    i5 EGBLeG g; BfGJK"fB" gL:@; L@LBBf"e;G**'+&+ (022% )+)8#%&% )',./.&1#'%2+ '&,+#&%9 J' ,#%,,% 1' 0& 4#./+((. 1' D.(D.#'2%A'.&+ .(('1%,'*%64.'/7X 4#+*+1+ ('&,+(' 1' GBK )+1'%&,+ D.(D.#'2%A'.&+ 1' GgK + #+%A'.&' #+1.o 1+22% /%,+&%9 @+).2+/.2+ /%##'+# /7+ /.(,',0'(/.&. 2% /%,+&% 1' ,#%(4.#,. *+&$.&. (0//+(('*%)+&,+ #'1.,,+ +1.(('1%,+6 >0%&1. %//+,,%&. + 4%((%&. +2+,,#.&'9 @=02,'). 4%((%$$'. 1+22% /%,+&% ? 2=+&A')% GBK('&,%('6 0&% 4#.,+'&% ,#%&()+)8#%&% /7+ D.(D.#'2% GgK ('&,+,'AA%&1. GBK9 ;2 8'2%&/'. ? 1' Ni GBK9

    ;2 8'2%&/'. /.)42+(('*. 1+2 4#./+((. 1' #+(4'#%A'.&+ /+2202%#+ ? 1' )%(('). Nl GBK 4+# .$&').2+/.2% 1' $20/.('.9

    @# O7.67)3#D2*)7

    Y '2 4#./+((. 1' 4#.10A'.&+ 1' +&+#$'% '& /.&1'A'.&' 1' %&%+#.8'.('9 E.& 2% $2'/.2'('6 /7+ &.& #'/7'+1+.(('$+&.6 *+&$.&. 4#.1.,,' '2 4'#0*%,. + a ).2+/.2+ 1' GBK9 e+22% D+#)+&,%A'.&+ %2/.2'/% *'+&++2')'&%,% %&'1#'1+ /%#8.&'/% +1 '2 4#.1.,,. D'&%2+ (.&. 10+ ).2+/.2+ 1' %2/..2 +,'2'/. . +,%&.2.9e+22% D+#)+&,%A'.&+ 2%,,'/% *+&$.&. 4#.1.,,+ 10+ ).2+/.2+ 1' 2%,,%,.9 @% #+(% +&+#$+,'/% '&+&,#%)8' ' /%(' ? 1' 10+ GBK 4+# .$&' ).2+/.2% 1' $20/.('.9

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    13/25

    "#$%&P ' ".*6*+*62Q 623*+2 7 672*+2

    E'/2. /+2202%#+- (,%1' %,,#%*+#(. ' >0%2' 0&% /+2202% 4%((% 1% 0&% 1'*'('.&+ /+2202%#+ %22% (0//+(('*%9E'/2. /+2202%#+ b '&,+#D%(+ \ D%(+ I;&,+#D%(+ b D%(+ :`\ D%(+ J \ D%(+ :aE'/2. /+2202%#+ b D%(+ :`\ D%(+ J \ D%(+ :a\ D%(+ I

    S%(+ :`- &.& *' ? ('&,+(' 1+2 geG- 2% /+2202% 4#./+1+ /.& 2% (0% /#+(/',% +1 '2 &.#)%2+ )+,%8.2'().9S%(+ J- D%(+ 1' ('&,+('6 10#%&,+ 2% >0%2+ %**'+&+ 2% #+42'/%A'.&+ 1+2 geG + 2% ('&,+(' 1+$2' '(,.&'9S%(+ :a- (+/.&1% D%(+ 1' '&,+#*%22.6 '& /0' 2% /+2202% '&/#+)+&,% 2% ('&,+(' 4#.,+'/%9S%(+ I- 4#.D%(+ R 4#.)+,%D%(+ R )+,%D%(+ R %&%D%(+ R ,+2.D%(+ R /',./'&+('

    H23*+2

    Kf"SGJL@% /#.)%,'&% (' /.)4%,,% '& /#.).(.)'- .$&' /#.).(.)% ? 1&-%.+"#&1&-.6 /'.? /.(,',0',. 1% 10+/#.)%,'1' D#%,+22'6 '1+&,'/' +1 %44%'%,' ,#% 2.#.6 0&',' 1%22% -.)!&'"% 2'*+22. 1+2 -)'#%.+)%.9 ;

    /+&,#.(.)' )'$#%&. %22+ 10+ +(,#+)',< 1+22% /+2202% + *%&&. % D.#)%#+6 /.& ' )'/#.,0802'6 '2/$!.+.#&-.9

    Kf"ILBGSGJL@='&*.20/#. &0/2+%#+ (' D#%))+&,% + *'+&+ /7'0(. %22='&,+#&. 1' (4+/'D'/7+ *+(/'/.2+6 '& ).1. 1%4.,+# +((+#+ #'0,'2'AA%,. '& (+$0',.9 "$&' /+&,#.)+#. 4.(('+1+ 0&% (,#0,,0#% 4#.,+'/% 1+,,%/'&+,./.#+6 %22% >0%2+ (' 2+$%&. ' )'/#.,0802' 1+2 D0(.C '& >0+(,. ).1. ' /#.).(.)' 1'/#.)%,'1'/''&'A'%&. % )0.*+#(' *+#(. 2% 4'%(,#% )+,%D%('/% 3. 4'%&. +>0%,.#'%2+5 1+22% /+2202%9

    ILBGSGJL

    @+ /.+('&% (' (,%//% 1%' /#.)%,'1' D#%,+22'6 #')%&+&1. (.2. % 2'*+22. 1+2 /+&,#.)+#.9 ; /#.).(.)' ('%22'&+%&. 20&$. 2% 4'%(,#% )+,%D%('/%9GeGSGJL@+ /.+('&+ (' (,%//%&. %&/7+ 1%2 /+&,#.)+#.- ' /#.)%,'1' D#%,+22' (' (+4%#%&. 2=0&. 1%22=%2,#.9 "$&'/#.)%,'1'. ? .#% /.&('1+#%,. /.)+ 0& /#.).(.)%9 B0,,' ' /#.).(.)' )'$#%&. *+#(. ' 4.2' 1+22%/+2202%6 (+$0+&1. ' )'/#.,0802' /.)+ *+#' + 4#.4#' 8'&%#'9

    BL@"SGJL; /#.).(.)' %##'*%&. %' #'(4+,,'*' 4.2' +1 '&'A'%&. % 1+/.)4%,,%#('C '2 D0(. )',.,'/. (/.)4%#+9 ;&'A'%% #'D.#)%#(' %,,.#&. %' /#.).(.)' 2='&*.20/#. &0/2+%#+9

    E;B"E;eLJ;E.&('(,+ &+22% 1'*'('.&+ 1+2 /',.42%()% 1+22% /+2202%6 '& ).1. 1% 4#.10##+ 10+ /+2202+ D'$2'+9 ;+%2,< '2 4#./+((. /',./'&+,'/. '&'A'% $'< 10#%&,+ 2% ,+2.D%(+6 (.*#%44.&+&1.(' /.(Z %22=02,')% D%(+1+22% )',.('9 ;2 /',.42%()% *'+&+ 1'*'(. 1% 0& %&+22. /.&,#%,,'2+ 1+#'*%&,+ 1%22% )+)8#%&% /+2202%#+6/.(,',0',. 1% %/,'&% + )'.('&%6 /7+ 1'*'1+ 2% /+2202% 20&$. 2% 4'%(,#% )+,%D%('/%9

    @% )',.(' 4#.10/+ 10+ /+2202+ D'$2'+6 .$&0&% /.& 0&% /.4'% 1' geG '1+&,'/. % >0+22. 1+22% /+2202%)%1#+6 (,+((. &0)+#. + (,+((. ,'4. 1' /#.).(.)'9

    H788#)2+62 /2 .7,*0#D2*)7 /70 8280* 8700-0#.7@+ ).2+/.2+ D.&1%)+&,%2' 4+# '2 /.&,#.22. 1+2 /'/2. /+2202%#' (.&. 2+ /7'&%(' /'/2'&%T1'4+&1+&,' 3

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    14/25

    -&-(&')6 1%2 ).)+&,. /7+ ' 2.#. *%2.#' D20,,0%&. /'/2'/%)+&,+ 10#%&,+ '2 /'/2. /+2202%#+9 j0%&1. 2+E1O (' 2+$%&. %1 0&% (4+/'D'/% /'/2'&%6 *'+&+ % D.#)%#(' 0& -.+0()!!. -&-(&'"90'&1' &.& D#%,+22'5 (' (/%)8'%&. 1+' 4+AA'6 1%&1. .#'$'&+ % /#.)%,'1'#'/.)8'&%&,'9 I+&,#+ ' /#.)%,'1' D#%,+22' #')%&$.&. 0&','6 $2' .).2.$7' #+(,%&. %,,%//%,' (.2. '&/.##'(4.&1+&A% 1+' /7'%()'6 /'.? &+' 40&,' 1.*+ ? %**+&0,. '2 /#.(('&$T.*+#9

    ILBGSGJL ;@+ ,+,#%1'6 0&',+ &+' /7'%()'6 (' %22'&+%&. (02 4'%&. )+,%D%('/.9

    GeGSGJL ;; /#.).(.)' .).2.$7' (' (+4%#%&. + )'$#%&. %' 10+ 4.2' .44.(,' 1+22% /+2202%9

    BL@"SGJL ;[% 20.$. 2% /',./'&+('C ' /#.).(.)' (' 1+/.&1+&(%&.6 2='&*.20/#. &0/2+%#+ (' #'D.#)% %,,.#&. %1+&,#%)8' ' &0/2+'6 /7+ /.&,+&$.&. '2 &0)+#. %42.'1+ 1' /#.).(.)'6 )% +((' (.&. 1'/#.)%,'1'/'9

    Kf"SGJL ;;J')'2+ %22% 4#.D%(+ )',.,'/%- ' /#.).(.)' (' /.)4%,,%&. &0.*%)+&,+6 (.&. 1'/#.)%,'1'/' +1 .$&'

    /#.)%,'1'. ? 0&',. %2 D#%,+22. &+22% #+$'.&+ 1+2 /+&,#.)+#.9

    ILBGSGJL ;;; /#.).(.)' (' %22'&+%&. 20&$. '2 4'%&. +>0%,.#'%2+ 1+22% /+2202%9

    GeGSGJL ;;; /#.)%,'1' %,,%//%,' (' (+4%#%&. + )'$#%&. %' 4.2' .44.(,' 1+22% /+2202%9 "$&' /#.)%,'1'. ? .#%/.&('1+#%,. 0& /#.).(.)%9

    BL@"SGJL ;;

    @='&*.20/#. &0/2+%#+ (' #'/.(,',0'(/+6 ' /#.).(.)' (' 1+(4'#%2'AA%&.6 (' *+#'D'/% 2% /',./'&+('9

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    15/25

    @% *%#'%8'2',< $+&+,'/% 1+22% )+'.(' 7% 10+ .#'$'&'- &+22% 4#.D%(+ ; %**'+&+ '2 /#.(('&$T.*+#6 4+# /0'/#.).(.)' &.& .).2.$7' (' (/%)8'%&. 1+22+ 4.#A'.&' 1' geG9 ;&.2,#+ &+22=%&%D%(+ ; $2' .).2.$7' ('(.&. (+4%#%,' +1 .$&0&. ? )'$#%,. %1 0& 4.2. 1+22% /+2202%6 )% '& )%&'+#% 1+2 ,0,,. /%(0%2+6 /.(Z/7+ .$&' 4.2. 40F #'/+*+#+ '&1'DD+#+&,+)+&,+ /#.).(.)' 1' 1+#'*%A'.&+ )%,+#&% . 4%,+#&%9

    G#673*,7)7+2

    @% D.#)%A'.&+ 1+' $%)+,' ? 1+,,% $%)+,.$+&+('C (' 4%#2% 1' ..$+&+(' &+2 /%(. 1' $%)+,.$+&+('D+))'&'2+ + 1' (4+#)%,.$+&+(' &+2 /%(. 1' $%)+,.$+&+(' )%(/7'2+9 @% (4+#)%,.$+&+(' 4.#,% %22%D.#)%A'.&+ 1' >0%,,#. $%)+,' 3(4+#)%,.A.'5 %42.'1'6 )+&,#+ 2% ..$+&+(' 4.#,% %22% D.#)%A'.&+ 1'0&% ('&$.2% /+2202% 0.*.9

    "#$%&& ' ? $.2)82$2 O*)/#67)3#02 /700M7.7/23#.273=

    K#'&/'4'. 1+22% (+$#+$%A'.&+- 4#')% 1+22% #'4#.10A'.&+ $2' %22+2' *+&$.&. (+4%#%,' 3(+$#+$%,'5 ,#%2.#.9K#'&/'4'. 1+22=%((.#,')+&,. '&1'4+&1+&,+- '&/#./'%&1. '&1'*'10' /7+ 1'DD+#'(/.&. 4+# 4'H 1' 0&/%#%,,+#+6 .$&' /.44'% 1' %22+2' (+$#+$% '&1'4+&1+&,+)+&,+ 1%22+ %2,#+9 g0#%&,+ 2=%&%D%(+ ; )+'.,'/%6'&D%,,'6 ' /#.).(.)' )%,+#&' + 4%,+#&' (' (+4%#%&. + )'$#%&. %' 4.2' '& )%&'+#% /%(0%2+6 + &+2 /.#(.1+22=%&%D%(+ ;; (' (+4%#%&. ' ('&$.2' /#.)%,'1' 1+2 /#.).(.)%9

    ERL//+A'.&+ %2 4#'&/'4'. 1+22=%((.#,')+&,. '&1'4+&1+&,+- %2/0&' $+&' &.& (+$0.&. 2% 2+$$+1+22=%((.#,')+&,. '&1'4+&1+&,+6 )% ,+&1.&. %1 +((+#+ +#+1',%,' >0%(' (+)4#+ '&('+)+9 L((' (.&.%((./'%,' . /.&/%,+&%,'9 ;2 2'&O%$+ %**'+&+ ,#% $+&' /7+ (' ,#.*%&. '& 2./' *'/'&' (022. (,+((./#.).(.)%9 @=%((./'%A'.&+ 40F +((+#+ '& -&!(+ ' 10+ %22+2' 1.)'&%&,' (' ,#.*%&. (022. (,+((.

    /#.).(.)% .440#+ '& #%"'!(+ $2' %22+2' 1.)'&%&,' (' ,#.*%&. (0' 10+ 1'*+#(' .).2.$7'9 B0,,%*'% 2%/.&/%,+&%A'.&+ 40F +((+#+ (4+AA%,% 1% +*+&,' 1' /#.(('&$T.*+# 10#%&,+ 2% 4#.D%(+ ;C ' /#.)%,'1'/.'&*.2,' &+2 /#.(('&$T.*+# 1%&&. .#'$'&+ % $%)+,' %&-.+4&'"'#&3/7+ /'.? 4.#,%&. &0.*+/.)8'&%A'.&' &.& 4#+(+&,' &+' $%)+,' 4%#+&,%2'6 1+#'*%,+ 1%2 )+(/.2%)+&,. 1' $+&' 4%,+#&' +)%,+#&'59E.)+ /%4'#+ (+ 10+ $+&' (.&. %((./'%,' . '&1'4+&1+&,'t I+1'%&,+ '2 #+'&/#./'. % 10+ 40&,'6 /7+/.&('(,+ &+22='&/#./'%#+ '&1'*'10' +,+#.A'$.,' /.& '&1'*'10' .).A'$.,' #+/+(('*'9T ' $+&' /.)42+,%)+&,+ %((./'%,' 4#.10/.&. (.2. $%)+,' 4%#+&,%2'9T ' $+&' 4%#A'%2)+&,+ %((./'%,' 7%&&. #%44.#,. ,#% $%)+,' 4%#+&,%2' + #'/.)8'&%&,' 4%#' % `-i-i-`9T ' $+&' '&1'4+&1+&,' 4#.10/.&. 0$0%2+ &0)+#. 1' /'%(/0& ,'4.9

    E%2/.2%#+ 2%/%)>$)'2" 1& %&-.+4&'"2&.')- #%44.#,. ,#% '2 &0)+#. 1' '&1'*'10' #'/.)8'&%&,' +1 '2&0)+#. ,.,%2+ 1' '&1'*'10' %&%2'AA%,'6 ).2,'42'/%,. 4+# /+&,.9 ;2 *%2.#+ 1+22% D#+>0+&A% 1'#'/.)8'&%A'.&+ ? /.)4#+(. ,#% cu + vcu6 1.*+ 2. cu '&1'/% 10+ $+&' 2+$%,' 1% /.&/%,+&%A'.&+/.)42+,% +1 '2 vcu '&1'/% 10+ $+&' '&1'4+&1+&,'9E=? 0&% #+2%A'.&+ ,#% D#+>0+&A% 1' #'/.)8'&%A'.&+ + 1'(,%&A% 1+' 2./' (02 /#.).(.)%- '&D%,,' '2/#.(('&$T.*+# %**'+&+ ,%&,. 4'H D%/'2)+&,+ >0%&,. 4'H 1'(,%&,' (.&. ' $+&'9 K+#,%&,. 1%2 *%2.#+1+22% D#+>0+&A% 1' #'/.)8'&%A'.&+ (' 40F .,,+&+#+ 2% 1'(,%&A% ,#% 10+ 2./'6 +(4#+((% '& $' 1&+"00" 301)5 . '& -)'#&+.%*"'3/I59

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    16/25

    K#+*+1+#+ 2=+#+1',%#'+,< /.& 2+ 2+$$' 1' I+&1+2-

    ! f+$.2% 1+22% (.))%!&+2 /%(. 1' 10+ . 4'H +*+&,' )0,0%)+&,+ +(/201+&,'('6 2% 4#.8%8'2',0%&,',%,'*' >0+22' 4+# /0' &.& ? 4.(('8'2+ (,%8'2'#+ 4#+/'(+ /2%((' D+&.,'4'/7+6 )% 2+ 1'*+#(+D.#)+ 1' +(4#+(('.&+ 4.((.&. +((+#+ 1'(4.(,+ (0 0& /.&,'&00)9

    "#$%&4 ' XE59 20 /7$*+23#.2* /700M2)O*.6#D2*)7 ,7)7328#

    @# +3.-33-.# /70 XE5

    @+ (080&',< 1+2 geG (.&. '$-().#&1&D.#)%,' 1% 0&. A0//7+#. 4+&,.(.6 0&% 8%(+ %A.,%,% +1 0&$#044. D.(D%,.9 @. A0//7+#. 4+&,.(. 1+2 geG6 '2 1+(.(('#'8.('.6 7% ' (0.' %,.)' 1' /%#8.&'.&0)+#%,' 1% `= % v=9 @% 8%(+ %A.,%,% (' 2+$% %2 /%#8.&'. `= 1+2 1+(.(('#'8.('.6 )+&,#+ '2 $#044.D.(D%,. (' 2+$% %2 /%#8.&'. v= 1+2 1+(.(('#'8.('.9 ;&.2,#+ '2 /%#8.&'. N= 1' 0& 1+(.(('#'8.('. ? 2+$%,. %2$#044. D.(D%,. 1+2 &0/2+.,'1' (0//+(('*.6 D.#)%&1. /.(Z 0& ()*"+) ?@AB@ /.!/.1&)!#)%&-.9 "$&'/%,+&% 4.2'&0/2+.,'1'/% 7% >0'&1' 0&% 4#+/'(% 1'#+A'.&+6 /7+ *% 1%22=+(,#+)',< v= %22=+(,#+)',< N=9

    f+$.2% 1' E7%#$%DD-&+22+ ).2+/.2+ 1' geG % 1.44'. D'2%)+&,. '2 #%44.#,. ,#% 40#'&+ + 4'#')'1'&+ ? 4%#' % `9

    @. (/7+2+,#. 1+22% ).2+/.2% 1' ge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a

    2+$%)' ,#% %1+&'&% + ,')'&%6 N 2+$%)' ,#% /',.('&% + $0%&'&%59

    @% #+42'/%A'.&+ 1+2 geGJ' ,#%,,% 1' 0&% #+42'/%A'.&+ (+)'/.&(+#*%,'*% 3'4.,'AA%,. 1% y%,(.& + E#'/O + /.&D+#)%,. 1%I+&1+2(.& + J,%725- 2+ 10+ +)'+2'/7+ (' (+4%#%&. )+1'%&,+ #.,,0#% 1+' 2+$%)' '1#.$+&.6 /'%(/0&%1+22+ 10+ D0&$+ 1% (,%)4. 4+# 0& &0.*. D'2%)+&,. 1' geG9 J' *+&$.&. /.(Z % /.(,',0'#+ 10+).2+/.2+ 1' geG '1+&,'/7+6 /'%(/0&% 1+22+ >0%2' ? /.(,',0',% 1% 0& D'2%)+&,. 4%#+&,%2+ + 1% 0&. 1'&0.*% ('&,+('9

    ;2 )+//%&'(). 1' #+42'/%A'.&+ 7% '&'A'. '& (',' (4+/'D'/' 1+,,' .#'$'&' 1' #+42'/%A'.&+6 '& /0' 4'//.2+

    #+$'.&' 1+22% 1.44'% +2'/% (' (*.2$.&. )+1'%&,+ 2=%A'.&+ 1+22+ geG )(&-"!&6 4#.,+'&+ +&A')%,'/7+ /7+1+(,%8'2'AA%&. 2=+2'/% #.)4+&1.&+ ' 2+$%)' '1#.$+&.9 m'+&+ /.(Z % D.#)%#(' 2% D.#/% 1' #+42'/%A'.&+C '10+ D'2%)+&,' 1' geG 4%#+&,%2+ '&'A'%&. '))+1'%,%)+&,+ % #+42'/%#(' '& +&,#%)8+ 2+ 1'#+A'.&'6)+&,#+ 2=+2'/%(' /.&,'&0% % (*.2$+#+ 2% 1.44'% +2'/%9 E.&,+)4.#%&+%)+&,+ (' 7% 2=%A'.&+ 1+22%

    0%.#)&'" -6) ()*" &( !&'*.(. /&("+)'#. CDDEF6 1+40,%,% % D%#+ '& ).1. /7+ ' ('&$.2' D'2%)+&,' 1' geG4%#+&,%2+ &.& (' #'%**.2$%&. ,#% 2.#.6 + %$'(/+ %&/7+ 2% #.0.&!.+)%"!&6 +&A')% /7+ +*',%(04+#%**.2$')+&,' + &.1' &+2 geG %&/.#% 1% #+42'/%#+9 :2' +&A')' 1+40,%,' % ('&,+,'AA%#+ '2 &0.*.D'2%)+&,. 1' geG (.&. ' GHI 0.(&+)%"!&6 /7+ %$$'0&$.&. &0/2+.,'1' (.2. +1 +(/20('*%)+&,+%22=+(,#+)',< N= 1+2 D'2%)+&,.C 4+#,%&,. 2% ('&,+(' 1+2 geG 4#./+1+ (+)4#+ '& 1'#+A'.&+ v=!N=9 @%geG 4.2')+#%('6 '&.2,#+6 &.& ? '& $#%1. 1' '&'A'%#+ 0&% &0.*% /%,+&% 4.2'&0/2+.,'1'/%- 40F (.2.

    %$$'0&$+#+ &0/2+.,'1' %1 0&% /%,+&% 4#++('(,+&,+9 K+#,%&,.6 4+# D0&A'.&%#+6 7% 8'(.$&. 1+2 GHI0%&+"!&6 0& +&A')% /7+ ('&,+,'AA% %22='&'A'. 1+22% #+42'/%A'.&+ 0&% 4'//.2% 4.#A'.&+ 1' feG 4#')+#/7+ D0&A'.&% 1% '&&+(/. 4+# 2% geG 4.2')+#%('9

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    18/25

    G88'%). 1+,,. /7+ 2% geG 4.2')+#%(' D0&A'.&% (.2%)+&,+ '& 1'#+A'.&+ v=!N= 4.'/7X 40F%$$'0&$+#+ &0/2+.,'1' (.2. %22=+(,#+)',< N= 1+22% /%,+&%9 G&/7+ 2=+2'/%(' D0&A'.&% (.2. '& 0&%1'#+A'.&+C )% 2+ 10+ +)'+2'/7+ (.&. %&,'4%#%22+2+9 K+#,%&,. 0&. 1+' 10+ D'2%)+&,'6 >0+22. /7+4#./+1+ '& 1'#+A'.&+ N=!v=6 %*#< 2% (0% /.4'% ('&,+,'AA%,% '))+1'%,%)+&,+ + /.&,'&0%,'*%)+&,+3D'2%)+&,. $0'1% . D'2%)+&,. 2+%1'&$5C 2% /.4'% 1+22=%2,#. D'2%)+&,. 3D'2%)+&,. '& #',%#1. . D'2%)+&,.

    2%$$'&$56 '&*+/+6 %**+##< '& )%&'+#% 1'(/.&,'&0%- 8'(.$&% %(4+,,%#+ /7+ 2=+2'/%(' %88'% (*.2,.0&z%2,#% 4.#A'.&+ 1' geG6 /.(Z /7+ 2% geG 4.2')+#%(' 4.((% ('&,+,'AA%#&+ 2% /.4'%9 @+ 4.#A'.&'/.4'%,+ 1' *.2,% '& *.2,% (.&. /.(,',0',+ 1% /'#/% `ccTaccc &0/2+.,'1' + (.&. 1+,,+ D#%))+&,' 1'"O%A%O'9 e.,%#+ /7+ .$&' ('&,+(' 1+22% /.4'% 1+2 D'2%)+&,. 2%$$'&$ %**+##< )+1'%&,+ 2=%A'.&+ 1' 0&&0.*. geG 4#')%(' /7+ /#+% 0& feG 4#')+#9 B0,,' $2' '&&+(/7' *+&$.&. 4.' 1+$#%1%,' 1%22% geG4.2')+#%(' + (.(,',0',' /.& geGC ' D#%))+&,' *+&$.&. 0&',' )+1'%&,+ 2+$%)+ D.(D.1'+(,+#'/. 1%22%GHI (&*"!&9

    I+//%&'()' 1' /.&,#.22. 1+22% #+42'/%A'.&+-`9 2% geG 4.2')+#%(' +DD+,,0% 0&% /.##+A'.&+ 1' 8.AA+ 30%../%)"1&'*5 )%& )%&. /7+ ('&,+,'AA%

    ' &0.*' &0/2+.,'1'a9 $2' +##.#' 1' %44%'%)+&,. 3+&!+"#-65 /7+ (D0$$.&. %22% geG 4.2')+#%(' *+&$.&. #'*'(,' 1%

    (4+/'%2' +&A')'N9 /.& 2% %&0"%"2&.') 0)% )!-&!!&.') '$-().#&1&-"*+&$.&. #'4%#%,+ 4#'&/'4%2)+&,+ 2+ 2+('.&'

    /%0(%,+ 1% D%,,.#' +(,+#&'9 @=+&A')% &0/2+%#' #')0.*+ 4.#A'.&' 1' D'2%)+&,. 1'D+,,.(+6 2% geG4.2')+#%(' ('&,+,'AA% &0.*+ 4.#A'.&' /.##+,,+ + 2% GHI (&*"!&4#.**+1+ % (%21%#2+ '&('+)+ %2D'2%)+&,. /.)42+)+&,%#+9

    K#.82+)% 1+' ,+2.)+#'- ' /#.).(.)' +0/%#'.,'/' &.& (.&. /'#/.2%#' /.)+ >0+22' 4#./%#'.,'/'6 )%7%&&. 10+ +(,#+)',< 2'8+#+ 3#)(.+)%&6 #+$'.&' ,+#)'&%2' 1+' /#.).(.)'59 U&% *.2,% /7+ 2%

    #+42'/%A'.&+ ('% $'0&,% % ,%2+ +(,#+)',0'&1' 4'H &+((0&%+(,#+)',< N= % /0' %$$'0&$+#+ &0/2+.,'1'6 + 4+#,%&,. #')%&$.&. 1+22+ 4.#A'.&' %22+ +(,#+)',< /7+&.& 4.((.&. +((+#+ 1042'/%,+ 3'&D%,,' .$&' D'2%)+&,. ? 4'H /.#,. 1' >0+22. 1' .#'$'&+59 ; ,+2.)+#'6,0,,%*'%6 &.& /.1'D'/%&. &022%- (.&. (+)42'/+)+&,+ (+>0+&A+ 1' geG9 B%2' (+>0+&A+ &.&/.1'D'/%&,' 4.((.&. +((+#+ %220&$%,+ (0 &+/+((',< 1%22=+&A')% #)(.+)%"!&6 (4+/'%2)+&,+ &+22+/+2202+ /7+ (' 4.((.&. #+42'/%#+ 0& &0)+#. '&D'&',. 1' *.2,+ + /7+ #'(/7'+#+88+#. /.(Z 1' 4+#1+#+6 %D.$&' #+42'/%A'.&+6 )%,+#'%2+ $+&+,'/. 0,'2+9

    "#$%&> ' @M7+$.7++2*)7 ,7)28#

    @='&D.#)%A'.&+ /.&,+&0,% &+2 geG &.& *'+&+ 0(%,% 1'#+,,%)+&,+- 0& %2,#. %/'1. &0/2+'/.6 2=%/'1.#'8.&0/2+'/. . feG6 D0&$+ 1% '&,+#)+1'%#'. ,#% '2 geG + 2+ 4#.,+'&+6 D.#&+&1. 2+ '&D.#)%A'.&'&+/+((%#'+ 4+# 1'#'$+#+ 2% ('&,+(' 4#.,+'/%9

    geG k feG- 0#%/'2+ %2 4.(,. 1+22% ,')'&%6 ('&$.2. D'2%)+&,. %&A'/7X 1.44'. D'2%)+&,.6 #'8.('.%&A'/7X 1+(.(('#'8.('.9

    geG!#%"!-%&2&.')!feG!#%"1$2&.')!4#.,+'&+

    @# 3.#+8.2D2*)7Y '2 4#./+((. 1' /.4'%,0#% 1+22% (+>0+&A% &0/2+.,'1'/% 1+2 geG '& 0&% (+>0+&A% &0/2+.,'1'/% 1'feG9 K+# D%#+ >0+(,. *'+&+ 0,'2'AA%,% /.)+ (,%)4. 0&% 1+22+ 10+ +)'+2'/7+ 1' geG 31+,,.

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    19/25

    D'2%)+&,. (,%)4. . D'2%)+&,. &.&T(+&(.6 )+&,#+ 2=%2,#. ? 1+,,. D'2%)+&,. (+&(. 4+#/7X6 %&/7+ (+&.& /.'&*.2,. &+22% ,#%(/#'A'.&+6 ? >0+22. /7+ 4.(('+1+ 2% (,+((% (+>0+&A% &0/2+.,'1'/% + 2% (,+((%1'#+A'.&+ v=!N= 1+2 &0.*. feG9 e.& ? 1+,,. /7+ (+)4#+ 2. (,+((. D'2%)+&,. ('% 2. (,%)4.6 %&/7+%22='&,+#&. 1' 0&. (,+((. /#.).(.)%59 @% JHI 0.(&+)%"!&? 2=+&A')% /7'%*+ &+2 4#./+((. 1',#%(/#'A'.&+- +((% (' 2+$% %2 4#.).,.#+ 32% (+>0+&A% 1' geG /7+ *'+&+ #'/.&.(/'0,% /.)+ 40&,. 1'

    '&'A'.5 +1 '&'A'% % (*.2$+#+ 2% 1.44'% +2'/%6 /7+ (' #'%**.2$+ (08',. 1.4. 2=%**+&0,% ('&,+('C /.)+ 2%geG 4.2')+#%('6 D0&A'.&% '& 1'#+A'.&+ v=!N=6 ('&,+,'AA%&1. ' &0.*' &0/2+.,'1' 1+22=)feG9@=%220&$%)+&,. 1+22% ).2+/.2% 1' )feG /.&,'&0% D'&. % /7+ 2% 4.2')+#%(' &.& #'/.&.(/+ '2 !)*'"()1& #)%+&'"2&.')6 /7+ /.&('(,+ '& 0&% (4+/'D'/% (+>0+&A% 1' 8%(' %A.,%,+ (022=+)'+2'/% (,%)4.9 U&%*.2,% #%$$'0&,. '2 (+$&%2+ 1' (,.46 ('% 2% feG 4.2')+#%(' ('% 2=)feG *+&$.&. #'2%(/'%,'9;& #+%2,< 2% &0.*% /%,+&% 1' )feG /.&,'+&+ &0/2+.,'1' '& 4'H .2,#+ % >0+22' /7+ (+#*.&. 4+#/.1'D'/%#+ 0&% 1+,+#)'&%,% 4#.,+'&%- 2% feG 4.2')+#%(' '&D%,,' '&'A'% 2% ,#%(/#'A'.&+ % ).&,+ 1+22%(+>0+&A% /.1'D'/%&,+ + 2% ,+#)'&% % *%22+ 1+22% (+>0+&A% /.1'D'/%&,+9 K+#,%&,. '2 &0.*. )feG4.(('+1+ %22=+(,#+)',< v= 0&% !)>$)'2" ()"1)%&.& /.1'D'/%&,+6 (+$0',% 1% 0& /.1.&+ 1' '&'A'.3)+,'.&'&% R GU:5 +1 %22=+(,#+)',< N= 0& /.1.&+ 1' (,.4 (+$0',. 1% 0&% !)>$)'2" #%"&(&'*6

    %&/7=+((% &.& /.1'D'/%&,+9

    feG 4.2')+#%(' k geG 4.2')+#%('- &.& &+/+((',< 1' 0& 4#')+# )% &.& 4.(('+1+ 2% D0&A'.&+ 1'/.##+A'.&+ 1' 8.AA+9

    @# 3.#/-D2*)7

    Y '2 4#./+((. 1' /.&*+#('.&+ 1+22% (+>0+&A% &0/2+.,'1'/% 1+22=)feG '& %))'&.%/'1' 4.' ('&,+,'AA%,''& 4#.,+'&+9 ;2 ,feG *'+&+ 2+$%,. 1%22=+&A')% %))'&.%/'2T,feGT('&,+,%(' %2 #'(4+,,'*. %))'&.%/'1.C'2 /.)42+((. /7+ #'(02,% 1%22=0&'.&+ 3%))'&.%/'2T,feG5 40F 2+$%#('6 $#%A'+ %22=%&,'/.1.&+ 4#+(+&,+(02 ,feG6 %2 /.1.&+ /.##'(4.&1+&,+ (022=)feG9 ;& >0+(,. ).1. $2' %))'&.%/'1' *+&$.&. %22'&+%,'

    &+2 $'0(,. .#1'&+ 4#+*'(,. 1%2 geG9 G >0+(,. 40&,. +&,#%&. '& $'./. ' #'8.(.)'6 /.(,',0',' 1% #feG3feG #'8.(.)'%2+6 /.& D0&A'.&+ /%,%2'AA%,#'/+5 + 4#.,+'&+ 3/.& D0&A'.&+ (,#0,,0#%2+59 ; #'8.(.)'4#+(+&,%&. >0%,,#. (',' 1' 2+$%)+- 0&. 1' +((' 4+# 2=)feG + $2' %2,#' ,#+ 4+# ' ,feGC 7%&&. 2%D0&A'.&+ 1' )+,,+#+ '& /.&,%,,. ,#% 2.#. ,0,,+ 2+ /.)4.&+&,' 1+22=%44%#%,. 1' ,#%10A'.&+9

    J',. L- ' ,feG /7+ 7%&&. 4.#,%,. $2' %))'&.%/'1' 2%(/'%&. '2 #'8.(.)%9J',. K- .//04%,. 1%2 ,feG /7+ 4.#,% 2% /%,+&% 4+4,'1'2'/% '& %220&$%)+&,.9J',. G- 1.*+ (' 2+$% 2=%))'&.%/'2T,feG /7+ 4.#,% 2=%))'&.%/'1. (0//+(('*.9

    `5 '&'A'.9 Y #'/7'+(,% 2% 4%#,+/'4%A'.&+ 1' 4#.,+'&+ 1+,,+ VD%,,.#' 1' '&'A'.W6 /7+ (' %,,%//%&. %22=0&',0+&A% 2+%1'&$ &.& /.1'D'/%&,+9 @=GU:6 &+$2' +0/%#'.,'6 (' ,#.*% '&(+#',.%22='&,+#&. 1' 0&% 8#+*+ (+>0+&A%9 ;2 ,feG '&'A'%,.#+ 4.#,% '2 4#'). %))'&.%/'1. 3>0'&1' 2%)+,'.&'&%5 %2 #'8.(.)%C '2 /.)42+((. 1='&'A'. ? /.&/20(. >0%&1. ' D%,,.#' 1='&'A'. *+&$.&. #'2%(/'%,'9

    a5 %220&$%)+&,.9 Y 2% D%(+ '& /0' %2 4.2'4+4,'1+ '& /#+(/',% *+&$.&. 4#.$#+(('*%)+&,+ %$$'0&,'%))'&.%/'1'9 @=%44#.4#'%,. %))'&.%/'2T,feG #'/.&.(/+ '2 /.1.&+ &+2 (',. G 3>0+22. (0//+(('*.%22=GU:5 + *' (' 2+$% $#%A'+ %22=%&,'/.1.&+ 4#+(+&,+ (02 ,feG9 ;2 4#./+((. 1' %220&$%)+&,. ? )+1'%,.1% VD%,,.#' 1' %220&$%)+&,.W6 4#.,+'&+ 1+,,+ V)(.'*"#&.' /"-#.%!W9 m'+&+ % D.#)%#(' 0& 2+$%)+

    4+4,'1'/. 3,#% 0& $#044. /%#8.(('2'/. +1 '2 $#044. %))'&'/. 1+22=%))'&.%/'1. (0//+(('*.5 ,#% 2%)+,'.&'&% +1 '2 (+/.&1. %))'&.%/'1. 4.#,%,. 1%22=%))'&.%/'2T,feG9 @% ('&,+(' 4#.,+'/% 4#./+1+(+)4#+ &+22% 1'#+A'.&+ 1+22% 4.2%#',< 1+22% /%,+&% 4+4,'1'/%- 1%22=+(,#+)',< %))'&'/% %22=+(,#+)',

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    20/25

    /%#8.(('2'/% 31'#+A'.&+ e!E59 @=+&A')%0)0#&1&(9#%"'!/)%"!&3e"e ? 0&% 4#.,+'&% )% 4%#,+1+22=#feG6 %&/7+ 1+,,. #'8.A')%5 (' .//04% 1' (2+$%#+ 2=%))'&.%/'1. 4#+/+1+&,+ 1%2 (0. ,feG-2=%))'&.%/'1. #')%&+ 2+$%,. %2 (0//+(('*. %))'&.%/'1.9 ;2 #'8.(.)% (/.##+ 4.' (022=)feG3,#%(2./%A'.&+56 1' /.&(+$0+&A% '2 4#'). ,feG6 .#)%' 2'8+#.6 *'+&+ % ,#.*%#(' (02 (',. L + 2%(/'% '2#'8.(.)%C 2% /%,+&% 4.2'4+4,'1'/% '& /#+(/',% *'+&+ % ,#.*%#(' &+2 (',. KC '2 (',. G ? 1' &0.*. 2'8+#. +

    4#.&,. % #'/+*+#+ 0& &0.*. %))'&.%/'2T,feG9

    N5 ,+#)'&%A'.&+9 @% ('&,+(' 1+22% /%,+&% 4.2'4+4,'1'/% *'+&+ ,+#)'&%,% >0%&1. '2 (',. G 1+2 #'8.(.)%%##'*% (0 0& /.1.&+ 1' (,.4 1+22=)feG9 U& D%,,.#+ 1' #'2%(/'. 4#.,+'/. (' 2+$% %2 #'8.(.)% +6)+1'%&,+ '1#.2'('6 2'8+#% 2% /%,+&% 4.2'4+4,'1'/% &+.('&,+,'AA%,% /7+ *'+&+ %'0,%,% 1% 0&. -6"0)%.')+.()-.("%)3%&/7=+((. 4#.,+'/.5 % #'4'+$%#(' '& 8%(+ %22% (0% (+>0+&A% %))'&.%/'1'/%9

    A.*87++* /2 6#3-.#D2*)7 /700M6FE5 )7,02 7-8#.2*32

    I+&,#+ &+$2' .#$%&'()' 4#./%#'.,' '2 D'2%)+&,. 1' )feG ,#%(/#',,. *'+&+ '))+1'%,%)+&,+ ,#%1.,,.6&+$2' +0/%#'.,' '2 ,#%(/#',,. .#$'&%2+ ? 1+,,. 4#+T)feG 4+#/7X 1+*+ %&/.#% +((+#+ ).1'D'/%,. &+2

    &0/2+. 4#')% 1' +((+#+ ,#%(4.#,%,. &+2 /',.(.2 4+# +((+#+ (.,,.4.(,. %2 4#./+((. 1' ,#%10A'.&+9 ;2)+//%&'(). 1' ).1'D'/%A'.&+ %**'+&+ 10#%&,+ 2% ,#%(/#'A'.&+6 >0%&1. 2=)feG ? $'< 20&$. acTNc&0/2+.,'1'9

    K+# 4#')% /.(% *'+&+ %$$'0&,. %22=+(,#+)',< v= 1+22=)feG 0& /%440//'. 3/%44'&$ 1+2 v=5/.(,',0',. 1% 0& &0/2+.,'1' ).1'D'/%,. 3$0%&'&% )0,'2%,%5 0&',. %22=)feG 1% ,#+ $#044' D.(D%,.9 ;2 v=/%4 7% 2% D0&A'.&+ 1' 1%#+ (,%8'2',< %2 D'2%)+&,. 1' )feG D%/+&1. '& ).1. /7+ &.& *+&$%1+$#%1%,. 1%$2' +&A')' &0/2+%(' + (+#*+ '&.2,#+ % /.&(+&,'#+ 2=%$$%&/'. (0' #'8.(.)' &+22% D%(+ 1',#%10A'.&+9

    ;&.2,#+ %**'+&+ 2% 4.2'%1+&'2%A'.&+- *'+&+ /'.? %$$'0&,% 0&% /.1% 1' `ccTavc %1+&'&+64.2'3G56 %22=+(,#+)',< N= 1+2 D'2%)+&,.9 B%2+ /.1% *'+&+ %$$'0&,% 1.4. 0&% (4+/'D'/% (+>0+&A% 1+,,%

    V(+$&%2+ 1' 4.2'%1+&'2%A'.&+W-IIKIII9 g.4. >0+(,. (+$&%2+6 (4+/'D'/' +&A')' ,%$2'%&. 2=)feG +%$$'0&$.&. 2+ %1+&'&+9 G&/7+ >0+(,% /.1% (+#*+ %1 +*',%#+ 2% 1+$#%1%A'.&+ 1+22=)feG6 7% '&.2,#+D0&A'.&+ 1' (+$&%2%#+ 2% D'&+ 1+22+ (+>0+&A+ /.1'D'/%&,' (022=)feG + (+#*+ + (,%8'2'AA%#+ '2 D'2%)+&,.+ % 4+#)+,,+#&+ '2 ,#%(4.#,. 1%2 &0/2+. %2 /',.42%()% )+1'%&,+ 2=%A'.&+ 1' 4#.,+'&+ +o4.#, /7+#'/.&.(/.&. 2% /.1%9 ;& %2/0&' /%(' *'+&+ +DD+,,0%,% 2% 4.2'%1+&'2%A'.&+ %2,+#&%,'*%- 2% /.1% 4.2'3G5*'+&+ /'.? 4.('A'.&%,% 4#')% 1+22% D'&+ 1+22+ (+>0+&A+ /.1'D'/%&,'6 D%/+&1. /.(Z ,+#)'&%#+ 4#')% 2%,#%(/#'A'.&+9

    ;2 ,+#A. +1 02,'). 4#./+((. 1' ).1'D'/%A'.&+ 1+2 4#+T)feG ? 2. (42'/'&$6 /'.? 2% #').A'.&+1+$2' '&,#.&' 3(+>0+&A+ &.& /.1'D'/%&,'5 + 2=0&'.&+ 1+$2' +(.&' %1'%/+&,'9 @. (42'/'&$ %**'+&+ $#%A'+ %

    0"%#&-)(() '$-()"%& %&4.'$-().0%.#)&-6)3(&feK5 %((./'%,+ % D.#)%#+ 0&% (.(,%&A% 1+,,%

    (42'/+.(.)%6 /7+ #'/.&.(/.&. ' (',' 1' (42'/'&$6 /'.? '2 /.&D'&+ ,#% +(.&+ +1 '&,#.&+6 + /%,%2'AA%&. 2+#+%A'.&' 1' ,%$2'.9 :2' +(.&' *+&$.&. 4.' #'0&',' ,#% 2.#. )+1'%&,+ +&A')' 2'$%('9 G&/7+ 2. (42'/'&$40F %**+&'#+ '& D.#)% %2,+#&%,'*%- ? 4.(('8'2+ /7+ 2% /+2202% 1+/'1% 1' +2')'&%#+6 .2,#+ %$2' '&,#.&'6%&/7+ 0&. . 4'H +(.&' 3+(.&' .4A'.&%2'5 (0' /.('11+,,' (',' 1' (42'/'&$ /#'4,'/'6 '& ).1. ,%2+ /7+ *+&$%('&,+,'AA%,% 0&=%2,#% 4#.,+'&% 1%2 )+1+('). $+&+9

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    21/25

    @7 6-3#D2*)2

    E%)8'%)+&,' /%(0%2' +1 +#+1',%8'2' &+2 )%,+#'%2+ $+&+,'/.9 J' 4%#2% 1' +$#"2&.'& *)%+&'"(&>0%&1.2+ 4#+(+&,% $'< 2. A'$.,+ /7+ 2+ ,#%()+,,+ >0'&1' % ,0,,+ 2+ /+2202+ D'$2'+C (.&. '&*+/+ +$#"2&.'&!.+"#&-6)>0+22+ /7+ /.24'(/.&. (.2. 0&% /+2202% 1+22=.#$%&'(). + ,0,,+ 2+ (0+ D'$2'+9 ;&>0+(,=02,'). /%(. (' 4%#2% 1' V'&1'*'10. ).(%'/.W6 4.'/7X 4#+(+&,% /+2202+ (%&+ + /+2202+ )0,%&,'9

    K+# >0%&,. #'$0%#1% 2+ /%0(+6 2+ )0,%A'.&' 4.((.&. +((+#+ (4.&,%&++ + /%(0%2' . '&1.,,+ 1% %$+&,')0,%$+&'9 :2' %$+&,' )0,%$+&' 4.((.&. +((+#+ /7')'/'6 D'('/' . 8'.2.$'/'9 J' 4%#2% '&.2,#+ 1')0,%$+&+(' V'& *',#.W . V'& *'*.W >0%&1. 2% )0,%A'.&+ *'+&+ %44.(',%)+&,+ '&1.,,% '& 2%8.#%,.#'.6(0 4'%(,#+ . (0 /%*'+9 @+ )0,%A'.&' 4.((.&. %**+&'#+ 4#+/./+)+&,+ . ,%#1'*%)+&,+9

    E2%(('D'/%A'.&+ '& 8%(+ %2 2'*+22. '& /0' %**+&$.&.-

    ! )0,%A'.&' $+&'/7+- (.&. )0,%A'.&' &+22% (,#0,,0#% 1' 0& (.2. $+&+6 )+&,#+ '2 #+(,. 1+2/#.).(.)% ? &.#)%2+6 4+#,%&,. (.&. )0,%A'.&' 40&,'D.#)'9 f'$0%#1%&.6 '& $+&+#+6 +##.#'&+22+ (+>0+&A+ 1' 8%(' %A.,%,+- %**'+&+6 4+# +(+)4'.6 2% (.(,',0A'.&+ 1' 0&% /.44'% 1' 8%('/.& 0&=%2,#%9 j0+(,' +##.#' *+&$.&. 4.' ,#%(/#',,' &+22=)feG + 4.#,%&. >0'&1' %22% ('&,+(' 1'

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e+2 /%(. '& /0' 2% /.44'% 1' 8%(' &.& *+&$% (.(,',0',%6 )% '&(+#',% . 1+2+,%6 ('4%#2% 1' V)0,%A'.&' D#%)+(7'D,W . )0,%A'.&' 1' (/'*.2%)+&,.- '&D%,,'6 +((+&1. '2 /.1'/+$+&+,'/. /.(,',0',. 1% ,#'42+,,+6 0&% 1+2+A'.&+ . 0&='&(+#A'.&+ 4#.*./% '2 )0,%)+&,. 1',0,,+ 2+ ,#'42+,,+ (0//+(('*+- % *%22+ 1+22% )0,%A'.&+ *+##%&&. /.1'D'/%,' %))'&.%/'1'

    /.)42+,%)+&,+ 1'*+#('9 I.2,. (4+((.6 ,0,,%*'%6 2+ )0,%A'.&' D#%)+(7'D, $+&+#%&. 0&/.1.&+ 1' (,.4 % 8#+*+ 1'(,%&A% 3%2,#. +(+)4'. 1' )0,%A'.&+ &.& (+&(.56 /.(Z /7+ 2% /%,+&%4.2'4+4,'1'/% )0,%&,+ *'+&+ #%4'1%)+&,+ '&,+##.,,%9 m' (.&. %&/7+ )0,%A'.&' 1' (42'/'&$6/7+ /#+%&. . +2')'&%&. 0& (',. 1' (42'/'&$- 4.((.&. /%0(%#+ 2=+(,#.)'(('.&+ 1' 0& +(.&+62='&/20('.&+ 1' 0& '&,#.&+ . 2=+(/20('.&+ (.2. 1' %2/0&+ (+>0+&A+ 1' 0& +(.&+9 e+2 /%(. /7+ '2geG 4#+(+&,' 0&% 4%#,'/.2%#+ (+>0+&A% #'4+,0,% ).2,+ *.2,+6 ? D#+>0+&,+ '2 *+#'D'/%#(' 1'%44%'%)+&,' +##%,' &+2 /.#(. 1+22% #+42'/%A'.&+ 1+2 geG- 2+ (+>0+&A+ *+&$.&. #'4+,0,+ 4+#0& &0)+#. )%$$'.#+ 1' *.2,+ 3(2'44%$+59 j0+(,. ,'4. 1' )0,%A'.&+ ,+&1+ % 4+$$'.#%#+ 1'$+&+#%A'.&+ '& $+&+#%A'.&+6 4.'/7X '2 &0)+#. 1' (+>0+&A+ '& +//+((. %0)+&,% (+)4#+9L(+)4' 1' 4%,.2.$'+ 1+#'*%&,' 1% (2'44%$+- E.#+% 1' [0&,'&$,.&6 1'(,#.D'% )'.,.&'%6

    ('&1#.)+ 1+22=w D#%$'2+ 3,#'42+,,% E:: %22=+(,#+)',< 1+2 /#.).(.)% w *'+&+ #'4+,0,% 4'H 1'acc *.2,+59

    ! )0,%A'.&' $+&.)'/7+- %2,+#%A'.&+ 1+2 &0)+#. 1' /#.).(.)'9 J+ '& 0& .#$%&'(). *' (.&.4'H (+, /#.).(.)'/' /.)42+,' (' 4%#2% 1' 4.2'42.'1'%C 2=%&+042.'1'% (' *+#'D'/% '&*+/+ >0%&1.*' ? 0& 0&'/. /#.).(.)% '& 4'H . '& )+&.9 @+ %&+042.'1'+ (.&. $+&+#%2)+&,+ /%0(%,+1%22% &.& 1'($'0&A'.&+ 1+' /#.).(.)' &+22=%&%D%(+ )+'.,'/% ; . ;;9 L(- ('&1#.)+ 1' g.{&3,#'(.)'% %0,.(.)'/%6 4.'/7X *' (.&. ,#+ /.4'+ 1+2 /#.).(.)% a`56 ('&1#.)+ 1' K%,%03,#'(.)'% `N56 ('&1#.)+ 1' L1{%#1( 3,#'(.)'% `l59 @+ %&+042.'1'+ 1+' /#.).(.)' 2+$%,' %2(+((. (.&. )+&. $#%*' 1' >0+22+ %0,.(.)'/7+6 4#'&/'4%2)+&,+ $#%A'+ %2 )+//%&'(). 1'/.)4+&(%A'.&+ 1+2 1.(%$$'. 1+2 /#.).(.)% w9 L(- ('&1#.)+ 1' p2'&+D+2,+# 3wwx56 ('&1#.)+

    1' B0#&+# 3wc56 '&1'*'10' wxx 3D+&.,'4'/%)+&,+ )%(/7' + &.#)%2'56 '&1'*'10' www3D+&.,'4'/%)+&,+ D+))'&+ + &.#)%2'59

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    22/25

    ! )0,%A'.&' /#.).(.)'/7+- /%)8'%)+&,' &+22% (,#0,,0#% 1' 0&. . 4'H /#.).(.)'9 @+4#'&/'4%2' )0,%A'.&' /#.).(.)'/7+ (.&. 2% 1)()2&.')3'&,+#(,'A'%2+ . ,+#)'&%2+6 /.)+ &+2/%(. 1+2 /#.).(.)% v &+22% ('&1#.)+ 1+2 E#'T10T/7%,C (.2',%)+&,+ $#%*' . 2+,%2'56 2%1$0(&-"2&.')30& (+$)+&,. /#.).(.)'/. ? #'4+,0,. 4'H *.2,+56 2=&'3)%!&.')3(+$)+&,./#.).(.)'/. /.& .#'+&,%)+&,. '&*+#,',.9 K+#'/+&,#'/% (+ '&/201+ '2 /+&,#.)+#.6 %2,#')+&,'

    4%#%/+&,#'/%56 2% #%"!(.-"2&.') %)-&0%.-"3(/%)8'. 1' (+$)+&,' ,#% /#.).(.)' &.&.).2.$7'9 e+ ? 0& +(+)4'. 2% ('&1#.)+ 1' g.{& 4+# ,#%(2./%A'.&+6 '& /0' 4%#,+ 1+2/#.).(.)% a` ? ,#%(2./%,. (02 /#.).(.)% `i R ,#%(2./%A'.&+ #.8+#,(.&'%&%59 g+2+A'.&' +1042'/%A'.&' (.&. ,'4'/%)+&,+ /%0(%,+ 1% +*+&,' 1' /#.(('&$T.*+# '&+$0%2+6 /'.? '& /%(. /7+ '10+ .).2.$7' &.& ('%&. 8+& %22'&+%,' + (' (/%)8'&. /.(Z #+$'.&' 1'*+#(+9 G2,#% )0,%A'.&+/#.).(.)'/% ? 2=&!.-%.+.!.+"- 0& 8#%//'. 1+2 /#.).(.)% *'+&+ /.)42+,%)+&,+ 4+#(.6>0+22. #')%&+&,+ *'+&+ 1042'/%,.9 ;&D'&+ *' ? '2 -%.+.!.+" "1 "')((.6 '& /0'6 )%&/%&1. ',+2.)+#'6 '2 /#.).(.)% (' #'/7'01+ %1 %&+22.6 #+&1+&1. 1'DD'/.2,.(% 2% D.#)%A'.&+ 1+22%,+,#%1+ + 2% (0//+(('*% 1042'/%A'.&+9

    E2%(('D'/%A'.&+ '& 8%(+ %22=+DD+,,. D+&.,'4'/.-! )0,%A'.&' 2+,%2' . (082+,%2'- 1+,+#)'&%&. 2% ).#,+ 1' ,0,,' $2' '&1'*'10' %DD+,,' . 2% 2.#.

    )%&/%,% #'4#.10A'.&+9 J.&. (082+,%2' (+ 2% ).#,+ '&,+#+((% (.2. '2 vcu 1+$2' '&1'*'10')0,%&,'9 3+(- 1'(,#.D'% )0(/.2%#+ 1' g0/7+&&+59

    ! )0,%A'.&' /.&1'A'.&%2'- (' +(4#').&. D+&.,'4'/%)+&,+ (.2. '& %2/0&+ (',0%A'.&' 3#+(,#',,'*+59

    ! &+0,#+- &.& *' ? +DD+,,. D+&.,'4'/.9

    ! *%&,%$$'.(+

    ! (*%&,%$$'.(+

    ! 42+'.,#.4'/7+- ).2,+42'/' +DD+,,' D+&.,'4'/' /%0(%,' 1% 0&% (.2% )0,%A'.&+9

    "#$%&B ' @# .7,*0#D2*)7 ,7)28#

    M+&/7X .$&' /+2202% 4.((+$$% ,0,,' ' $+&' 1+22=.#$%&'().6 &.& ,0,,' *+&$.&. +(4#+(('9 ;2 /.&,#.22.1+22=+(4#+(('.&+ $+&'/% ? 0& )+//%&'(). ).2,. (+2+,,'*. /7+ 4+#)+,,+ %22+ /+2202+ +0/%#'.,'/7+ 1'#+%$'#+ %' /%)8'%)+&,' %)8'+&,%2'C #+&1+ '&.2,#+ 4.(('8'2+ 2% 1'DD+#+&A'%A'.&+ 1+22+ ('&$.2+ /+2202+ %(+/.&1% 1+' 2.#. (4+/'D'/' #0.2'9 g'*+#(' 4#./+((' 1' #+$.2%A'.&+ $+&'/%-

    `9 #').1+22%)+&,. 1+22% /#.)%,'&%9 U&. 1+' ).1' 4+# '&%,,'*%#+ 0& $+&+ ? >0+22. 1'/.&1+&(%#+ 2% /.##'(4.&1+&,+ /#.)%,'&% 3+,+#./#.)%,'&%56 .#$%&'AA%&1.2% '& &0/2+.(.)'

    %((./'%,' ).2,. (,#+,,%)+&,+ '& ).1. ,%2+ 1% #+&1+#+ ')4.(('8'2+ 2=%A'.&+ 1+22% 4.2')+#%('9; $+&' %,,'*'6 %2 /.&,#%#'.6 (.&. %((./'%,' %22=+0/#.)%,'&%6 /'.? %22% /#.)%,'&% 1+/.&1+&(%,%9K+# 4%((%#+ 1%22% /#.)%,'&% /.&1+&(%,% % >0+22% 1+/.&1+&(%,% *'+&+ 0,'2'AA%,. '2)+//%&'(). 1+22% "-)#&("2&.')1+2 geG- %$2' %))'&.%/'1' 4#+(+&,' &+22+ /.1+ 1+$2' '(,.&'*+&$.&. %,,%//%,' $#044' %/+,'2'/'6 /.(Z /7+ '2 geG #'(02,' /.)4%,,%,. )+&. (,#+,,%)+&,+%,,.#&. %$2' '(,.&'9 ;2 4#./+((. '&*+#(. ? 2% 1)"-)#&("2&.')6 /7+ D%*.#'(/+ '2 #'D.#)%#(' 1'&0/2+.(.)' ).2,. /.)4%,,' +1 .(,%/.2% 4+#,%&,. 2% 2+,,0#% 1+2 geG9 ;2 $#%1. 1'/.&1+&(%A'.&+ 1+22% /#.)%,'&% 40F +((+#+ /.&,#.22%,. %&/7+ )+1'%&,+ '2 4#./+((. 1'+)#&("2&.')1+2 geG- % 1+,+#)'&%,+ /',.('&+ *+&$.&. %$$'0&,' /7')'/%)+&,+ $#044')+,'2'/'9 j0+(,. #+&1+ 1'DD'/'2+ 4+# '2 $#044. ,#%(/#'A'.&%2+ 2+$$+#+ '2 geGC ? '2 /%(.6 4+#

    +(+)4'.6 1+' /.#4' 1' M%##9 :2' +*+&,' 1' )+,'2%A'.&+ ,+&1.&. %1 +((+#+ ,#%()+((' %22+$+&+#%A'.&' /+2202%#' (0//+(('*+6 4+#,%&,. (.&. +(+)4' 1' )%)1 )0&*)')#&-"3#+2%,'*% %22+

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    23/25

    ).1%2',< 1' +(4#+(('.&+ 1' 0& $+&+ k +#+1',< $+&+,'/% /7+ #'$0%#1% /%)8'%)+&,' &+22%(+>0+&A% &0/2+.,'1'/% 1' 0& $+&+59

    a9 #+$.2%A'.&+ ,#%(/#'A'.&%2+9 @% feG 4.2')+#%('6 4+# 4.,+# '&'A'%#+ 2% ,#%(/#'A'.&+6 7% 8'(.$&.1' 0&. (4+/'D'/. 4#.).,.#+ (02 geG %2 >0%2+ 2+$%#('C /'#/% acTNc 8%(' % ).&,+ 1+2 (',.1='&'A'. *' ? 0&% (4+/'D'/% (+>0+&A% 1+,,% BGBG 8.o6 D.&1%)+&,%2+ 4+# 2='&'A'. 1+22%

    ,#%(/#'A'.&+6 4.'/7X ? >0' /7+ *%&&. % 2+$%#(' ' D%,,.#' 1' ,#%(/#'A'.&+ + 4.' 2% feG4.2')+#%('9 ; D%,,.#' 1' ,#%(/#'A'.&+ /7+ (' 2+$%&. %22% BGBG 8.o (.&. 4#.,+'&+6 &+22=0.).(.&. (,%,+ '1+&,'D'/%,+ 4'H 1' accc ,'4.2.$'+ 1'*+#(+9 @='&,+#%A'.&+ ,#% 2=%,,'*',< 1+' D%,,.#',#%(/#'A'.&%2' + >0+22% 1+22% 4.2')+#%('6 ,0,,%*'%6 1+,+#)'&% 0&% ,#%(/#'A'.&+ 4'0,,.(,. 2+&,%+ 4./. +DD'/%/+- 4+# %##'*%#+ %1 %2,' 2'*+22' 1' ,#%(/#'A'.&+ (.&. &+/+((%#'+ (4+/'D'/7+(+>0+&A+ 1' #+$.2%A'.&+9 ; 4#.).,.#'6 4+# +(+)4'.6 7%&&. D0&A'.&+ ).2,. ')4.#,%&,+ &+22%#+$.2%A'.&+ 1+22=+(4#+(('.&+ $+&'/%- ' $+&' 4'H +(4#+(('6 '&D%,,'6 4#+(+&,%&. ).2,' +2+)+&,'

    0%.!!&+"(& 1& -.'#%.((.3(' ,#%,,% 1' 4#.).,.#' 4.(,' % ).&,+ 1+2 (',. 1' '&'A'. 1+22%,#%(/#'A'.&+56 )+&,#+ >0+22' 1+8.2)+&,+ +(4#+((' 4.(('+1.&. 0& (.2. 4#.).,.#+9 U2,+#'.#').1%2',< 1' #+$.2%A'.&+ (.&. $2' )()+)'#& 1&!#"(& 1& -.'#%.((.3'&,+&('D'/%,.#' . )'6"'-)%56

    /%4%/' 1' 2+$%#+ (4+/'D'/7+ 4#.,+'&+ /7+ %0)+&,%&. ).2,'(('). 2% *+2./',< 1' ,#%(/#'A'.&+9 G2/.&,#%#'.6 ' ('2+&A'%,.#' 3!&()'-)%5 2+$%&. %2,#+ 4#.,+'&+ 1+,,+ V#+4#+((.#'W6 #%22+&,%&1. 2%,#%(/#'A'.&+9

    N9 #+$.2%A'.&+ 4.(,T,#%(/#'A'.&%2+9 G**'+&+ &+2 4#./+((. 1' )%,0#%A'.&+ 1'DD+#+&A'%2+1+22=)feG6 )+1'%&,+ ' 4#./+((' 1' (42'/'&$ %2,+#&%,'*. + 4.2'%1+&'2%A'.&+ %2,+#&%,'*%9;&.2,#+6 1.4. 2% ,#%(/#'A'.&+ + 2% )%,0#%A'.&+6 2=)feG 40F #')%&+#+ &+22% /+2202% 4+# 0&,+)4. ).2,. *%#'%8'2+C &%,0#%2)+&,+ 2% 10#%,% 1+22% (0% *',% '&D20'(/+ (022% >0%&,',< 1'4#.,+'&% ('&,+,'AA%,%9 G$'#+ (02 ,+)4. 1' 4+#)%&+&A% 1+22=)feG &+22% /+2202%6 >0'&1'64+#)+,,+ 1' #+$.2%#+ 2+ >0%&,',< 1' 4#.,+'&+ 4#.1.,,+- (.&. $2' .#).&' % /.&,#.22%#+ 2%(,%8'2',< 1+22=)feG9

    i9

    #+$.2%A'.&+ ,#%10A'.&%2+9

    "#$%&J ' ?0 ,7)*6# -6#)*

    A7/2,.77

    G0,.(.)'/. #+/+(('*.-T 0$0%2+ D#+>0+&A% '& +&,#%)8' ' (+(('T ,#%()'(('.&+ .#'AA.&,%2+T 1% $+&',.#' (%&' 4.((.&. &%(/+#+ D'$2' )%2%,' . (%&'

    T

    /.)0&+ &+22+ 0&'.&' ,#% /.&(%&$0'&+'

    G0,.(.)'/% 1.)'&%&,+-T 0$0%2+ D#+>0+&A% '& +&,#%)8' ' (+(('T ,#%()'(('.&+ *+#,'/%2+- '& .$&' $+&+#%A'.&+ /=? %2)+&. 0& )%2%,.T '&1'*'10' %DD+,,' 7%&&. %2)+&. 0& $+&',.#+ %DD+,,.T $+&',.#' &.& %DD+,,' 7%&&. D'$2' &.& %DD+,,'

    wT2'&O+1 #+/+(('*.-T D#+>0+&A% 4'H %2,% &+' )%(/7'

    T

    '2 4%1#+ &.& ,#%()+,,+ 2% )%2%,,'% %' D'$2' )%(/7'

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    24/25

    wT2'&O+1 1.)'&%&,+-T D#+>0+&A% 4'H %2,% &+22+ D+))'&+T ,0,,+ 2+ D'$2'+ D+))'&+ 1' 0& )%(/7'. %DD+,,. (.&. %DD+,,+T &+((0& D'$2'. )%(/7'. 1' 0& )%(/7'. %DD+,,. ? %DD+,,.

    L#+1',< &.& )+&1+2'%&%|)',./.&1#'%2+- ? 0&% +#+1',< 1' ,'4. )%,+#&. /7+ *'+&+ ,#%()+((% 1%22%)%1#+ % ,0,,' ' D'$2' + 2+ D'$2'+9 e+((0& D'$2'. )%(/7'. ,#%()+,,+ 2=+#+1',0+(,.).1. 4+#/7X 2. A'$.,+ &.& #'/+*+ &+((0&. 1+' (0.' )',./.&1#' 1%2 4%1#+ 3+((' '&D%,,'6 &+22.(4+#)%,.A..6 (.&. 2./%2'AA%,' &+22% /.1%6 /7+ &.& 4+&+,#% 2=.*02. &+22% D+/.&1%A'.&+56 8+&(Z ,0,,'1%22% /+2202% 0.*. )%,+#&%9 J+ >0+(,% 4#+(+&A% )0,%A'.&' % 2'*+22. 1+2 geG )',./.&1#'%2+64+#,%&,.6 >0+(,+ 4%((+#%&&. ('/0#%)+&,+ % ,0,,' ' D'$2'9 @+ )0,%A'.&' )',./.&1#'%2+ 4'H D#+>0+&,'(.&. #+2%,'*+ %2 ('(,+)% &+#*.(. /+&,#%2+6 %2 /0.#+ +1 %' )0(/.2'9

    S+&'2/7+,.&0#'% 3KpU5 R %0,.(.)'/% #+/+(('*%9 ; (.$$+,,' )%&/%&. 1' 0& +&A')% /7+ ,#%(D.#)% 2%D+&'2%2%&'&% '& ,'#.('&%9 K+#,%&,. +((' %//0)02%&. $#%&1' >0%&,',< 1' D+&'2%2%&'&%6 /7+ *'+&+

    /.&*+#,',% '& D+&'2/7+,.&'6 /7+ 1%&&+$$'%&. '2 ('(,+)% &+#*.(. + /%0(%&. #',%#1. )+&,%2+9

    G&+)'% D%2/'D.#)+ R %0,.(.)'/% #+/+(('*%9 ; (.$$+,,'6 % /%0(% 1+22% (.(,',0A'.&+ 1' 0& %))'&.%/'1.&+22% /%,+&% 1+22=+).$2.8'&%6 4#+(+&,%&. $2.802' #.((' D%2/'D.#)' %&A'/7X 8'/.&/%*'9 K+#,%&,. '2D20((. (%&$0'$&. #'(02,% #%22+&,%,. + .(,#0',.9

    S'8#.(' /'(,'/% R %0,.(.)'/% #+/+(('*%9 ; (.$$+,,' 4#.10/.&. &+22=%44%#%,. #+(4'#%,.#'. )0/. ).2,.*'(/7'.(.6 /7+ 1'*+&,% )+AA. 1' /.2,0#% 4+# 8%,,+#'9

    I%2%,,'% 1' B%PTJ%/7( R %0,.(.)'/% #+/+(('*%9 ; (.$$+,,' 4#+(+&,%&. &+22+ /+2202+ &+#*.(+ 0&

    %//0)02. 1' 0& 2'4'1+ /7+6 % /%0(% 1+22% )%&/%&A% 1' 0& +&A')%6 &.& 40F +((+#+ 1+$#%1%,.9 g%&&'%2 ('(,+)% &+#*.(. /+&,#%2+ + ).#,+ +&,#. ' v %&&'9

    E.#+% 1' [0&,'&$,.& R %0,.(.)'/% 1.)'&%&,+9 g+,+#'.#%)+&,. D'('/. + )+&,%2+ /7+ (' )%&'D+(,%,%#1'9

    g%2,.&'(). R wT2'&O+1 #+/+(('*%9

    L).D'2'% R oT2'&O+1 #+/+(('*%9 I%&/%&A% 1' 0& D%,,.#+ 1' /.%$02%A'.&+ 1+2 (%&$0+9

    "#$%&Y ' Z2.-+ 7 $.*8#.2*32

    U& *'#0( ? 0& 4%#%((',% '&,#%/+2202%#+ .882'$%,.9 Y 0&% 4'//.2% 4%#,'/+22% '&D+,,'*% %/+2202%#+/.(,',0',% 1% 0& %/'1. &0/2+'/. /'#/.&1%,. 1% 0& #'*+(,')+&,. 4#.,+'/. 1+,,. /%4('1+C '2 /%4('1+ ?/.(,',0',. 1% 0&',< 4#.,+'/7+ 1+,,+ /%4(.)+#'9 J.&. '&/%4%/' 1' *',% %0,.&.)% '& >0%&,. &.&4.((.&. (*.2$+#+ %2/0&% %,,'*',< )+,%8.2'/% + 4.((.&. #'4#.10#(' (.2. &+22=%)8'+&,+ 1+22+ /+2202+.(4',' /7+ '&D+,,%&.9 @=%/'1. &0/2+'/. 40F +((+#+ 2=feG . '2 geG 3%&/7+ % ('&$.2. D'2%)+&,.59

    T *'#0( 1+22+ /+2202+ 8%,,+#'/7+- 8%,,+#'.D%$' . D%$'

    T

    *'#0( 1+22+ /+2202+ %&')%2'- *'#0( %&')%2'T *'#0( 1+22+ /+2202+ *+$+,%2'- *'#0( *+$+,%2'

  • 7/24/2019 Genetica Appunti

    25/25

    ; 8%,,+#'.D%$' (' 1'(,'&$0.&. ,#% 4"##)%&./"*& 3&%$()'#&6 /7+ #'/.##.&. %2 /'/2. 2','/. /.)+ )+//%&'().#'4#.10,,'*.6 +1 ' 4"##)%&./"*& #)+0)%"#&6 /7+ +DD+,,0%&. '&*+/+ '2 /'/2. 2'(.$+&'/.9

    e+2 /'/2. 2','/.6 '2 D%$. *'#02+&,. 1'(,#0$$+ 2% /+2202% .(4',+6 /%0(%&1.&+ 2% ).#,+9;&'A'%2)+&,+ %1+#'(/+ %22% )+)8#%&% 42%()%,'/% 1+22% /+2202% + *' 4+&+,#% %22='&,+#&.6 +&,#%&1. &+2/',.42%()%9 G2/0&' D%$' '&'+,,%&. %22='&,+#&. (.2. '2 2.#. %/'1. &0/2+'/.6 2%(/'%&1. '2 /%4('1+

    %22=+(,+#&. 1+22% /+2202% .(4',+9 U&% *.2,% %22='&,+#&.6 '2 *'#0( 1+$#%1% 2=%/'1. &0/2+'/. 1+22% /+2202%.(4',+ +1 '&'A'% 2% #+42'/%A'.&+ 1+2 4#.4#'. %/'1. &0/2+'/. 0,'2'AA%&1. 2+ (,#0,,0#+ +1 ' ('(,+)'1+22=.(4',+C 1.4. 2% #+42'/%A'.&+6 '2 *'#0( ('&,+,'AA% %&/7+ 2+ 4#.,+'&+ 4+# '2 4#.4#'. /%4('1+9 @+/.)4.&+&,' /.(Z /#+%,+ *+&$.&. 4.' %((+)82%,+ 4+# 1%#+ *',% %1 0& &0.*. *'#0(9 e+22% D%(+ 1+2#'2%(/'.6 ' &0.*' *'#0( *+&$.&. #'2%(/'%,' %22=+(,+#&. 1+22% /+2202%9

    e+2 /'/2. 2'(.$+&.6 '2 D%$. +&,#% &+22% /+2202% .(4',+ + (' '&,+$#% &+2 geG 1+22=.(4',+ (.,,.D.#)% 1' 4#.D%$. . 4#.*'#0(9 ;& >0+(,. ).1.6 >0%&1. '2 8%,,+#'. (' #+42'/%6 #+42'/% %&/7+ '2 *'#0(9 ;&%2/0&' /%(' '2 *'#0( ,+)4+#%,. 40F ,#%(D.#)%#(' '& *'#02+&,.6 ('% (4.&,%&+%)+&,+ ('% 4+# /%0(+%)8'+&,%2'6 +1 '&'A'%#+ '2 /'/2. 2','/.6 1'(,#0$$+&1. 2% /+2202% .(4',+9

    U& +(+)4'. 1' *'#0( %&')%2+ ? '&*+/+ 2=[;m9 J' ,#%,,% 1' 0& %)#%.3&%$!6 /'.? 1' 0& *'#0( % feG /7+0,'2'AA% 0&% geG 4.2')+#%(' 31+,,% #%"!-%#"!& &'3)%!"5 4+# ,#%(/#'*+#+ '2 4#.4#'. feG '& 0& geG'&,+#)+1'.9 G&/7+ %2/0&' *'#0( ,0).#%2' (.&. #+,#.*'#0(9

    e+' $+&' %&')%2' ? &.#)%2)+&,+ 4#+(+&,+ 0& $+&+ /7+ /.1'D'/% 4+# 2% 4#.,+'&% K#KC ,%2*.2,% +((%).1'D'/% 2% (0% /.&D.#)%A'.&+6 #'(02,%&1. #'4'+$%,% '& )%&'+#% %&.)%2% 3b0%&.')59 U& 4#'.&+ 40F'&10##+ 2+ %2,#+ K#K %1 %((0)+#+ '2 #'4'+$%)+&,. +##%,.6 4#.*./%&1. 0& %0)+&,. +(4.&+&A'%2+ 1'4#'.&' &+22=.#$%&'().9