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mitropoliti anania jafariZe

straboni kolxeTis Sesaxeb

(gamokvleva rukebiT)

Tbilisi

2011

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© mitropoloti anania jafariZe, 2011

ISBN 978-9941-20-001-4

http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairiformiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemliswerilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.

saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

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straboni kolxeTis Sesaxeb

1. kolxida iberiis samxreT-

dasavleTiT mdebareobda

T. yauxCiSvili Tavis wignSi ̀ strabo-nis geografia~ (1957) wers: straboniscnobiT, ̀ kolxebi moxsenebulni ari-an ara iberia-albaniis gayolebaze,aramed ufro samxreTiT - armeniisgaswvriv~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonisgeografia~, 1957, gv. 21).

amave mosazrebas, rom kolxebi cxov-roben armenielebis gaswvriv da araiberebisa, straboni sxvaganac imeo-rebs. T. yauxCiSvili wers (iqve, gv. 21)- `yuradRebas ipyrobs is garemoeba,rom iberielebi da albanelebi kol-xebs zemoT mcxovreblebad ariangamocxadebuli~ (strab. VI, 4,2).

aqedan Cans, rom kolxeTi - iberiissamxreTiT (samxreT-dasavleTiT) mde-bareobda. marTlac, is (straboniscnobiTve) moicavda trapezuntis re-gions mimarTuls Woroxis xeobisaken.

straboni Tavis TxzulebaSi, dabe-jiTebiT da ramdenjerme, imitomuTiTebs mdinare fasisis saTavis arme-niasTan siaxlovis Sesaxeb, rom mas fa-sisad miaCnia md. Woroxi. mxolod ase-Ti ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCnde-ba kolxeTi iberiis samxreT-dasav-leTiT, xolo iberia ki mis `zemoT~.

T. yauxCiSvili kvlav ubrundeba amsakiTxs da wers: `strabonis meorerigis cnobebSi kolxida isea gan-

sazRvruli, rom is aRmosavleTiTaakapadokiisagan, erT xazzea armenia-sTan da iberia da albania masze ufroCrdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare-oben~ (T.yauxCiSvili, strabonisgeografia, 1957, gv. 283).

aSkaraa, rom strabonis am cnobebismixedviT kolxida mdebareobda ara`iberiis gaswvriv~ e.i. dasavleT sa-qarTveloSi, aramed `armeniisgaswvriv~ trapezunt-Woroxis re-gionSi, anu istoriuli saqarTvelossamxreT-dasavleT nawilSi. radganackabadokiasTan kavSirSic axsenebsstraboni kolxeTs, Cans, misi erTi naw-ili trapezuntis dasavleTiTac mde-bareobda.

2. kolxidis sanapiro

marTlac, strabonis cnobiT, kolx-idis `sanapiro vrceldeba pitiun-tidan trapezuntamde~ (iqve, T. yaux-CiSvili, strab. geografia, gv. 283).

pitiuntis adgilmdebareoba dRemdesadavoa. kerZod, n. adonci da p. in-goroyva pitiunts (pitias) aTavsebd-nen rizesTan axlos punqt ofTan.sxva mosazrebebiT ki, aq igulisxmebaafxazeTis biWvinTa. zemoT aRniSnul-idan, rom kolxida - armeniis gaswvri-vaa, `erT xazzea armeniasTan~, ufrosavaraudoa, rom strabonis pitiuntiiyo of-rizes regionSi.

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3. kolxidis gaswvriv,

`erT xazze~ - armeniaa

strabonis cnobebidan Cans, romkolxidas gverdiT, `erT xazze arme-niasTan~, mis gaswvriv aRmosavleTiTmdebareobda armenia da ara iberia. ma-galiTad, iazonma kolxeTis SemdegilaSqra armeniasa da midiaSi. ratom?imitom, rom kolxebis uSualo, gas-wvrivi mezoblebi iyvnen armeniele-bi da mis Semdeg midielebi. amitomacwers straboni Semdegs - `Zveli xalxe-bi Sua zRvaSi ki ar curavdnen, aramednapir-napir, rogorc iazoni, romel-mac dastova xomaldi, rodesac kol-xebidan modioda da armeniasa da midi-amde xmeleTiT ilaSqra~ (straboni, I,3, 2. iqve, T. yauxCiSvili, strabonisgeografia, gv. 74).

4. ̀ iberebi dasaxldnen

kolxidis zemoT araqsTan~

strabonis TvalsazrisiT, kavkasiaSiiberebi gadmosaxldnen `dasavleTisiberiidan~ anu espaneTidan, da isinidasaxldnen ara kolxidis gaswriv mde-bare adgilebSi, aramed - kolxidis ze-moT, araqsTan da mis iqiT: `dasavle-Tis iberTa nawili gadasaxlda pon-tosa da kolxidis zemoT mdebareadgilebSi (iberebi, apolidoresmtkicebis Tanaxmad, armenias esaz-Rvrebian araqsiT, ufro ki mtkvriTda mosxuri mTebiT). egviptelTa na-wili eTiopiasa da kolxebSi gada-saxlda~ (straboni, I, 3, 21. T. yauxCi-Svili, strabonis geografia, gv. 81).maSasadame, aqac, iberebi kolxidis ze-moT cxovroben md. araqsis mimar-TulebiT. maSasadame, kolxeTs stra-boni ar uwodebs dasavleT saqarTve-los, radganac dasavleT saqarTvelos`zemoT~ araa md. araqsi!

5. kolxida samsunTanaa

straboni sxvagan wers - `amisodanaRmosavleTisaken jer Segvxvdebakolxida~ (strab. II, 1, 3), maSasadame,kolxeTi - qalaq amisos aRmosavleTmxaresaa. q. amiso, amJamad, iwodeba sam-sunad, ase ganimarteba - `amiso - qala-qi pontoSi, exlandeli samsuni~ (T.yauxCiSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 270). maSa-sadame, kolxida samsunTanaa, e.i. tra-pezuntis mxares.

6. armenia da kolxida

erTmaneTis gaswvrivaa

roca iberiaze saubrobs straboni,xSirad asaxelebs dasavleT saqarTve-los zRvispireTSi mcxovreb tomebs -aqeelebs, zigebs, henioxebs da sxvebs(straboni, I I , 5, 31), magram kolxidisgaswvriv, `erT xazze~, yovelTvis ar-menias asaxelebs, magaliTad wers -`hirkaniis zRvasa da pontos Sorisaris didi nawili armeniisa, kolxi-da da mTeli kapadokia evqsinis pon-tomde da tibarenTa tomebamde~(strab. I I , 5, 31). kolxeTis CrdiloeT-iT sazRvravs zigebs, aqevelebs, he-nioxebs da sxvebs.

strabonma, cxadia, kargad icis raswers, magaliTad, iqve miuTiTebs geo-grafiuli `paralelebis~ Sesaxeb -`erastosTenes mixedviT es paraleligadis kariaze~ (I I , 5, 39) anda `cotaCrdiloeTiT aris paraleli, romelicgadis lisimaqiaze~ (I I , 5, 40) da sxva.

7. ̀ kolxidis zemoT mcxovrebi

albanebi da iberebi~

iberebis gaswvriv (dasavleTiT) he-nioxebi, svanebi da sxva tomebi cxov-roben, xolo kolxebis gaswvriv (aRmo-

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savleTiT) ki armenielebi, maSasadame,qarTuli tomebi kolxeTSi cxovrobd-nen kapadokielebisa da armenielebisgverdiT.

straboni kidev erTxel ubrundebasakiTxs, rom iberebi ara kolxebisgverdiT, aramed maT maRla cxovrobenda wers - `armenielebi da kolxidiszemoT mcxovrebi albanebica daiberebic, saWiroeben mxolod mmarT-velTa yolas da kargad morCilebenmas~ (strab. VI, 4, 2). maSasadame, dabe-jiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom stra-bonisTvis kolxeTi erqva ara dasav-leT saqarTvelos aramed iberiissamxreT-dasavleTiT mdebare miwa-wyals, amitom is `kolxidis zemoT~iyo moqceuli.

8. kolxida trapezuntTanaa

sxva adgilas ki straboni miuTiTebs,rom kolxeTi - trapezuntTan mdebar-eobda - is wers: `tavrebis mTianeTSiaris mTa trapezunti, Tanamosaxele imqalaqisa, romelic mdebareobs tibara-niasa da kolxidasTan~ (strab. VII, 4, 3).

9. kunZulebi kolxidis

sanapiros gaswvriv

dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireT-Si, rogorc cnobilia ar aris kunZule-bi, magram strabonis cnobiT kolxidissanapiros gaswvriv kunZulebi iyo, isi-ni ki imiT iyo cnobili, TiTqosda, aqmokla medeam Tavisi Zma - ̀ mTeli sana-piros gaswvriv aris afsirtidis kun-Zulebi, romlebTanac medeam mohklaTavisi Zma afsirte, romelic dae-devna medeas~ (strab. VII, 5, 5). maSasa-dame, es sanapiro trapezuntis mxaresmdebareobda.

10. iazonis laSqroba armeniaSi

strabonis azriT, iazonma ilaSqraarmeniaSic da wers: `iazonis laSqro-bas mowmoben iazonis taZrebi, magali-Tad abderaSi, iazonis taZari, parme-nionis mier agebuli~ (strab. XI, TaviXIV, 12). armeniaSi iazonis Tanamgzav-rebis pativsacemadac augiaT taZrebi.

saerTod, strabonis TvalsazrisiTarmenielebi iazonis laSqrobis Sem-degaa Camoyalibebuli, is wers - `Zve-li istoria am xalxis aseTia: armenos-ma armenionidan, Tesaliis qalaqidan,romelic mdebareobs ferasa da lari-sas Soris, ilaSqra iazonTan erTadarmeniaSi... vinc armenosTan erTadiyvnen, zogi dasaxldnen akiliseneSi,romelic uwin sofenebis gamgebloba-Si iyo, zogic sispiritisSi kalaqene-mde da adiabenemde armeniis sazRvrebsgareT. amboben, rom tansacmeli arme-nielebs Tesaliuri aqvT... xolo Tesa-lielebi grZel tansacmels atareben,radgan elinTa Soris yvelaze ufroCrdilo da susxian adgilebSi cxov-roben~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonisgeografia, gv. 194).

11. midielebi – medeas STamomavlebi

strabonis azriT armenielebi da mi-dielebi arian medeasa da iazonis STa-momavlebi. saerTod straboni miiC-nevs, rom medea iyo ara genetikurikolxi (e.i. ara egviptelTa Camomava-li), aramed Tesalieli, iseve, rogorciazoni iyo Tesalieli. Tesalielebi kistrabons miaCnia elinebad, amis Sesax-eb wers - `yovelive amis mixedviT ams-gavseben midielebsa da armenielebs,romelTac raRaca naTesaoba aqvT Te-salielebTan da maTTan vinc iazonisada medeas Camomavlebi arian~ (strabo-ni XI, Tavi XIV, 14).

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12. qarTvelebi armenielTa mier

dapyrobil iberiaSi

saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom imJamind-eli politikuri viTarebis gamo, tiba-renebic da qaldebic (Wanebi), araqszemcxovrebi iberebic armeniis poli-tikur-kulturuli gavlenis sferoSiiyvnen moqceulni, imis gamo, rom arme-niam iberiisagan miitaca miwa-wyali.

straboni wers: `mogviTxroben, romwarsulSi armeniis patara qveyanagafarTovda artaqsiasa da zari-adrias omebis Sedegad. isini iyvnenantioq didis mxedarTmTavrebi, misidamarcxebis Semdeg ki mefeebi gaxd-nen. maT erTad gaafarToves TavianTisamflobelo, CamoaWres ra irgvlivmcxovreb xalxebs olqebi. kerZod,iberebisagan miitaces pariadresmTiswineTi, xorZene da gogarene,romelic kiris meore mxaresaa, xali-bebs da mosinikebs CamoaWres kareni-ti da qserqsene, mcire armeniis mo-sazRvre nawilebi~ (straboni, ge-ografia, XI, 14, 5). am CamorTmeul (ukvearmeniaSi Semaval) miwebze mcxovrebqarTul tomebs, albaT garkveulwi-lad ukve armenizebulT, strabonipolitikur somxebad miiCnevda.

13. iazoni araqsTan

armeniaSi iazonma, strabonis cno-biT, araqsis wyals gauWra axali kal-apoti, riTac mudmivi datborvisaganixsna vrceli dablobi (T. yauxCiSvili,strabonis geografia, gv. 194).

14. fazisi - `armeniis mdinarea~

aseve, strabonisaTvis Woroxi - fazi-si - armeniis mdinarea, armeniis mdina-rea likosic. amitomac wers - ̀ qveyana-

Si (armeniaSi) bevri mdinarea, gan-sakuTrebiT cnobilia fazisi da li-kosi~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonisgeografia, gv. 190).

fazisi armeniis mdinared miiCnevastrabonis mier (strab. XI, Tavi XIV, 7).am cnobidan ki aSkaraa, rom fazisiaraa strabonisTvis dasavleT sa-qarTvelos mdinare. ase, rom ariyos, maSin dasavleT saqarTveloarmeniis nawilad CaiTvleba, raccxadi uzustobaa. fazisi armeniismdinared imitom miiCneva strabonismier, rom Woroxi moiazreba fazisisqveS. amitomac, kidev ramdenjerme am-bobs straboni, rom `fazisis saTavearmeniaSia~. (XI, II, 17).

strabonis es cnobebi ase unda gani-martos: mas Semdeg, rac armeniam,strabonisave cnobiT, iberias waarT-va vrceli olqebi - pariadres kalTe-bi, xorZene da gogarena, cxadia,samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelosmravali geografiuli punqti damdinare aRmoCnda armeniis xelSi.amitomac, rogorc iTqva, straboniscnobiT _ saTave samxreT-dasavleTsaqarTvelos mdinare fazisisa (e.i.Woroxi) moeqca armeniaSi da Sesabam-isad am armeniidan iRebda is saTaves(strab. XI, I I , 17).

15. erT regionSi mdebare -

trapezunti, farnakia, mcire armenia,

skidise, kolxidis zemoT mdebare

mosxuri mTebi, pariadre, Temiskira,

sadene, efeso, smirna, kvime da mirina

strabonis sxva cnobebic ufrogasagebi xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tukolxidis miwa-wylad ganvixilavTteritorias trapezunts da WoroxsSua. magaliTad, straboni wers - ̀ tra-

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pezuntisa da farnakiis zemoT cxov-roben tibaranebi, qaldebi da sane-bi, romelTac uwin uwodebdnen mak-ronebs, aqvea mcire armenia, am adgi-lebis axlos cxovroben apaitebi,uwindeli kerkitebi. am adgilebzegadaWimulia skidise, kldovani mTa,romelic uerTdeba mosxur mTebs,romlebic kolxidis zemoT mdeba-reoben. skidises mwvervalebi uWi-ravT heptakomitebs. pariadre - sa-denesa da TemiskirasTan mdebare ad-gilebidan mcire armeniamde vrcel-deba da hqmnis pontos aRmosavleTnapirs. yvela am mTebSi mosaxlenisrulad velurebi arian, xoloaRematebian sxvebs heptakomitebi...Zvelebi maT mosinikebs uwodebd-nen... exlandeli qaldebi Zveladxalibebad iwodebodnen. amaT Sorismdebareobs farnakia... saerTod amadgilebSi sanapiro metismetad viw-roa, radganac iqve aRmarTulialiTonebiT savse da tyiani mTebi...unda vifiqroT, rom am adamianebsuwin erqvaT alibebi, xalibebis nacv-lad... homerosi aliZonebs uwodebsxalibebs. zogni weren alaZonebs,zogni ki amaZonebs... amboben, rom ammidamoebSi zogi amaZonebis Tanamo-saxele qalaqia, rogorc magaliTadefeso, smirna, kvime da mirina~(strab. XII, Tavi III, 18-21).

maSasadame, Temiskiradan (Tanamed-rove Termedan) da ordudan (Tanamed-rove farnadan) Tanamedrove erzrumismimarTulebiT - trapezuntis zemoT(e.i. kolxeTSi) cxovrobdnen qaldebi,tibarenebi, sanebi (makronebi), apaite-bi anu kerkitebi, mosinikebi. am mTiane-Tis win sanapiro ki viwroa. aqedan na-Telia, rom saubari Seexeba ara dasav-leT saqarTvelos aramed md. kelkit-sa da Woroxs Soris moqceul regions.

mosxuri mTebi mdebareobdnen ara ime-reTSi (rogorc amJamad miiCneva), ara-med arzrumis mimarTulebiT - n. xa-zaraZis kvleviT.

strabonis cnobiT, kolxidis sana-piro zRvis doneze ki araa gadaSlili(rogorc, magaliTad, dasavleT saqar-TveloSi), aramed maRali mTianeTia dazemodan dahyurebs kolxeTs, mis ze-moT mdebareobs: `kolxidis maRlaZevs~ (strab, XII, 3, 17).

es cnoba, rom kolxidis sanapiro ma-Rali mTianeTia, miniSnebaa imisa, romstraboni kolxidis qveS gulisxmob-da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos,aramed Woroxis dasavleTiT mdebaregonio-trapezuntis regions, sadacmarTlac zRvis sanapiros uSualodemijneba maRali mTianeTi.

16. tibarenebi, sanebi (makronebi),

apaitebi (kerkitebi), heptakomitebi

(mosinikebi) da qaldebi (xalibebi)

imaves wers straboni sxvaganac -`farnakiisa da trapezuntis maxlo-blad mdebare adgilebs zemoT ariantibarenebi da qaldebi vidre mci-re armeniamde. es ki sakmarisad mdi-dari qveyanaa. mas ganagebdnen Tavi-si dinastebi. eseni xan emegobrebi-an danarCen armenielebs, xan damo-ukideblad moqmedeben~. am arme-nielebis `qveSevrdomebi iyvnenqaldebi da tibarenebi, ise, rom tra-pezuntamde vrceldeba maTi xeli-sufleba~.

maSasadame, trapezuntisa da far-nakiis maxloblad cxovroben kolxi-dis tomebi tibarenebi da qaldebi, maTmcire armenia esazRvrebaT, magrampolitikurad armenielebis xel-

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qveiTebi arian, radganac armenieleb-is xelisufleba trapezuntamde dafarankiamde vrceldeba - straboniscnobiT (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonisgeografia, gv. 212).

17. miTridate evpatori

miTridate evpatorma armenielebsCamoarTva am adgilebis, e.i. kolxidis,mmarTveloba da `is gaxda kolxidisada yvela amaTi batoni~ (T. yauxCiS-vili, strabonis geografia, gv. 212),`yvela eseni“ ki qaldebi da sxva nax-senebi tomebia.

qalaqi farnakia - pontoSi mdeba-reobda, trapezuntis maxloblad.`kolxida da yvela eseni~ miTridate-saTvis dauTmia antipatros sisidesZes, mas latiSevi miiCnevs mcire arme-niis mefed (iqve, gv. 235).

aRwerilia kolxeTis es adgilebi daqalaqebi, romelTagan zogierTi iyo`didi armeniis sazRvarze~ (iqve, gv.212), magaliTad, aseTia qalaqi sinoria.ZiriTadad esaa pariadres kalTebi,daRaruli cicabo xeobebiT - vfiqrob,da cxadia - esaa pontos mTianeTi daara dasavleT saqarTvelo. aq gamoiq-ca pompeusisagan devnili miTridate,aqve daipyro dastirasTan akiliseneswyaluxvi mTa, evfratis maxlobladromelic akilisenes mcire armeniisa-gan hyofda, bolos is iZulebuli gax-da daetovebina Tavisi sadgomi akili-seneSi da gaqceuliyo zRvis mimarTu-lebiT, jer is gadalaxavda mimdgommTebs, Sesabamisad Cavidoda WoroxisxeobaSi e.i. kolxeTSi, iqidan is gada-sula bosforSi `pompeusma am adgi-lebTan mcire armeniaSi aaSena qala-qi nikopolisi~ (iqve, gv. 213).

18. piTodorosi - polemonisa da

arqelaes qvrivi

`tibarenebi da qaldeebi kolxida-mde, farnakiamde da trapezuntamdeupyria piTodoross~ Wkvian qals,piTodore traelis asuls, polemonismeuRleyofils, romlisganac miiRotaxti. misi Svili daayenes didi arme-niis basilevsad. Semdeg miTxovdamcire armeniis mmarTvel arqelaes dadaqvrivda. mas upyria aseve Te-miskirasTan, pariadresTan mdebareadgilebi, kabeira amasiasTan, sadacidga miTridates sasaxle - ase gad-mogvcems straboni. ase, rom aq arafe-ria naTqvami dasavleT saqarTvelosSesaxeb, misi msjeloba Seexeba isto-riul samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelostibarenebidan trapezuntamde, anukolxeTs.

riT aris yovelive es strabonis aR-weriloba, CvenTvis saintereso? saqmeexeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi saqar-Tvelos eklesiis iurisdiqcias, aseve`qarTlis cxovrebis~ viTarca saisto-rio wyaros avtoritets.

19. ̀ qarTlis cxovrebis~

avtoritets strabonis

cnobebi amtkicebs

amJamindeli istoriografiis mier`qarTlis cxovrebis~ viTarca wyarosavtoriteti dasavleT saqarTvelosmimarT mTlianad ugulebelyofilia.miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTlis cxov-reba dabejiTebiT mogviTxrobsqarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSidasavleT saqarTvelos ueWveliyofnis Sesaxeb, azon-farnavazis xa-nidanve, mainc mtkiced miiCneva, romvTqvaT farnavazi iyo mxolod aRmo-savleT saqarTvelos mefe. miT ufro

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ugulebelyofilia misi Semdgomi me-feebis Zalaufleba dasavleT saqar-Tveloze. Sesabamisad SeiTxza usafuZ-vlo sruliad axali istoria dasav-leT saqarTveloSi kolxeTis sax-elmwifos arsebobis Sesaxeb. am axalistorias afuZneben ZiriTadad stra-bonisa da prokofi kesarielis cno-bebze. sinamdvileSi ki, Tu am wyaro-ebs Zalas ar davatanT, wavikiTxavTswored imas, rac uweriaT am avto-rebs (strabons, prokofis da sxvebs)kargad davinaxavT, rom dasavleT sa-qarTvelo aris sul sxva qveyana, xo-lo strabonisa da prokofis kolxeT-lazika sul sxva qveyana. erTi mdeba-reobda iberiis gaswvriv dasavleTiT,meore ki iberiis samxreT-dasavleTiT,Tumca istoriuli saqarTvelos esorive mxare qarTveli xalxiT, qarTu-li tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

kolxeTis aRmosavleTiT mdebare-obda armenia da ara iberia. mxolodZaldatanebiT iqna miRebuli Tval-sazrisi, TiTqosda strabonis fazi-si aris rioni, maSin, roca strabonifasisis TiTqmis yoveli xsenebisdros armenias axsenebs, radganacmisi saTave (e.i. Woroxis da ara rio-nis saTave) armeniis mier iyo dapyro-bili strabonis dros.

20. fazisis saTave armeniaSia

armeniis ̀ qveyanaSi bevri mdinarea,gansakuTrebiT cnobilia fazisi dalikosi~ (strabonis geografia, iqve,gv. 190), `fazisi, didi mdinare,romelsac saTave armeniidan aqvs~(iqve, gv. 123).

fazisis saTave armeniaSia - `saTavearmeniidan aqvs, romelic Rebulobsglavkossa da hiposs, maxlobeli mTe-

bidan gamomdinareT~ (iqve, gv. 123).esaa erTi mTliani uwyveti winadadebastrabonisa, anu armeniis mTebidangamodis ara marto fazisi, aramed iqve,anu armeniis mTebis maxloblad gamo-edineba glavkosi da hiposi.

21. cxeniswylis saTavec

armeniaSia?

fazisis saTave armeniaSia - `saTavearmeniidan aqvs, romelic Rebulobsglavkossa da hiposs, maxlobeli mTe-bidan gamomdinareT~ (iqve, gv. 123).

CvenSi gavrcelebuli azriT glavko-si aris yvirila (iqve, gv. 275), xolohiposi - cxeniswyali (iqve, gv. 301).strabonis cnobiT, glavkosisa dahiposis saTaveebi armeniis mTebismaxlobeladaa, Tu es asea, anu maSincxeniswylisa (hiposis) da yvirilas(glavkosis) saTaveebic armeniis max-lobel mTebSi unda veZioT. magramCans, rom glavkosi da hiposi arianfazisis anu Woroxis Senakadebi,romelTa saTaveebi arian sper-arsi-anis mTebSi, romelTa maxlobelimiwa-wyali marTlac Sedioda arme-niaSi, radganac iberiisagan iyo mita-cebuli.

22. sarapana sxvaa, Sorapani ki sxva

straboni ar axsenebs sityva `Sora-pans~, is sarapanas Sesaxeb wers, magramqarTveli mTargmnelebi mas Sorapansuwodeben: `fazisze aRma curva Sei-Zleba Sorapanamde, am simagres Se-uZlia daitios mTeli qalaqis mo-saxleoba~ (iqve, gv. 123). g. grigoliaskvleviT, Sorapani anu sarapana arissparsuli sityva da niSnavs mniSvnelo-van gzaze mdebare mgzavrebisaTvis

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gankuTvnil mosasvenebels, es SeiZ-leba iyos raime simagre, qalaqi an pun-qti Sesabamisi dasasvenebeli adgi-lebiT da sawyobebiT. aseTi sarapane-bi ki saerTaSoriso gzebze mravaliiyo, daSorebulni erTmaneTisagan`erTi dRis gziT~ (20-30 km-iT).

saerTod ki strabonis ̀ sarapana~, Tuis qarTulad gamoiTqmoda rogorc`Sorapani~, ar unda veZioT mainc-damainc zestafonis SorapanTan. ase-Ti punqti, rogorc iTqva mravaliSeiZleboda yofiliyo. strabonisdros erTi aseTi `sarapana~ yofilafazisze (Woroxze), xolo prokofi ke-sarielis dros aseTi `sarapana~ yofi-la arsianis maRal mTaSi, sadac gadio-da artanuj-artaan-dvinis damakav-Sirebeli gza.

SeiZleboda Tu ara `aRma curva~foTidan zestafonis Sorapanamde?vfiqrob es SeuZlebeli iyo, Tundacimitom, rom didi manZiliT arian bolowertilebi erTmaneTs daSorebulni,garda amisa, Sorapani Zevs ara yviril-as, aramed Zirulas sanapiroze, sadacmdinare, Zalze Txeli da Zalze mdorenel-nela miikvlevs gzas yvirila-saken. saerTod, quTaisamde yvirilamdorea da ar hgavs Tavisi siCqariTim Zalze swraf faziss, rogorsacaRweren Zveli mwerlebi.

23. swraf da mquxare mdinareebze

gadebuli 120 xidi

strabonis sityviT md. fazisi sara-panasTan Cqara miRrialebs: `swrafida xmaura miemarTeba kolxidaSi, 120xidiT gadaisvleba~ (XI, III, 4). arc erTiuZvelesi xidis naSTi SorapanTan mo-Ziebuli ar aris (arc imereTSi), maSin

roca Woroxis xeoba savsea aseTi uZve-lesi TaRovani xidebiT. aqedanac Cans,rom strabonis fazisi aris md. Woro-xi, romlis sanapirozec strabonisdros yofila erT-erTi `sarapana anumniSvnelovan gzaze mdebare mgzavrTamosasvenebeli punqti~.

24. fazisi sanaosno mdinare iyo

`fazisze aRma curva SeiZlebodaSorapanamde~ (strabonis geografia,gv. 123). es cnoba, Cveni fiqriT, ufroSeexeba Woroxs, aq ZvelTaganve iyonaosnoba da mravalma mkvlevarma, maTSoris e. veidenbaumma, g. yazbegma, dad. baqraZem da sxvebma aRweres naosno-ba Woroxze.

d. baqraZis cnobiT `Woroxze aRma-daRma 200 satvirTo da samgzavronavi dacuravda baTumidan arTvi-namde~. maSasadame, Cveni azriT, stra-bonis `sarapana~ iyo Woroxispiraromelime punqti, aqvea uamravi Zvelixidi. md. Woroxi yovelTvis sanaosnoiyo, vidre sabWoTa kavSirma masze, vi-Tarca sasazRvro mdinareze, naosnobaar akrZala 1926 wels, naosani menavee-bi ki daapatimra, rogorc kontraban-distebi. XIX s-Si g. yazbegis, e. veiden-baumisa da sxvaTa aRweriT WoroxzesaqonliT datvirTuli 200-mde navimimodioda arTvinidan baTumamde dapiriqiT.

rac Seexeba zestafonis Sorapans damasTan gamaval md. Zirulas, iq naos-noba SeuZlebelia, radganac ZirulasinamdvileSi mcire da mdore nak-adulia da arc yvirilaa sanaosno,saerTod iqaurTaTvis naosnoba ucno-bi saqmea.

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25. oTxi dRis gza

`sarapanidan saurme (e.i saWapa-no) gziT, fexiT 4 dReSi miisvlebamtkvramde~ (iqve, strabonis geo-grafia, gv. 123).

rogorc aRiniSna, erTi dRis gza20-30 kilometria, mTian regionSiufro naklebi. maSasadame, sarapan-adan mtkvramde oTxi dRis gza anu 60-80 km yofila.

Zvelad saurme gza iSviaTobas war-moadgenda da gulisxmobda mniSvnelo-van gzas, magaliTad iseTs, rogorzecmdebareobda konstantine porfiroge-netis dros artanuji, es iyo sparseT-Savi zRvis damakavSirebeli saerTa-Soriso gza, romelic Woroxis xeobisgavliT Sav zRvas dvinTan da sparseT-Tan akavSirebda. am gzis erT-erTmonakveTs Woroxidan mtkvramdegulisxmobs straboni.

anu aq, oTxi dRis gzaSi igulisxme-ba arTvin-artanuj-artaanis saurmegza, romelic moqmedi iyo vaxtanggorgaslis drosac, am gziT usarge-bliaT wm. mociqulebs da sxvebs. e.i.arTvinidan mtkvramde 4 dRis savaligza yofila fexiT.

26. qalaqi fazisis SesarTavTan

fazisis SesarTavTan yofila qala-qi ̀ garSemortymuli mdinariT, tbiTda zRviT~ (iqve, gv. 123).

foTi marTlac garSemortymuliamdinariT, tbiTa da zRviT, amitomacis miiCneva fazisad, magram ara mxo-lod foTs hqonia aseTi geografiu-li garemo.

e. veidenbaumis aRweriT WoroxisSesarTavTan, mis marcxena mxaresdidi tbebi yofila. maSasadame, am ad-gilzec erTad yofila Tavmoyrilitba, zRva da mdinare.

Woroxis SesarTavTan, mis marcxenamxares, amJamadac erTi didi da ram-denime momcro zomis tbori aris da,amitom, SesaZloa, aq mdebareobdaZveli qalaqi fazisi. albaT aq igu-lisxmeboda amJamindeli gonios ax-los, TviT uSualod SesarTavTan mde-bare romelime punqti.

aRsaniSnavia, rom adgilobrivi mo-saxleobis gadmocemiT, gonios wingaedineboda Woroxis erT-erTi diditoti, romelic Semdeg gadaketes. sa-fiqrebelia, rom momavalSi arqeo-logebma am adgilas (goniosTan) qalaqfazisis naSTi aRmoaCinon kidec.

saerTod, mTeli es Txroba strabonsaqvs TavSi, romelSic mimoixilavs`mcire armenias~. foTi ki Sorsaa mcirearmeniidan. mas, ese igi, mcire armenias,strabonis dros ganagebda arqelae.

strabonis cnobili fraza, rom q.fazisis garSemo akravs zRva, mdinareda tba Seesabameba ara mxolod foTs,aramed, rogorc iTqva, aseve WoroxiszRvasTan SesarTavis adgilsac. aq, e.i.Woroxis zRvasTan SesarTavTan XIXsaukuneSic iyo (e. veidenbaumis cno-biT) da amJamadac aris (adgilobrivituristuli rukebis mixedviT) sakmaozomis tbori. ase, rom paliastomisgarda sxva tbac arsebobda, oRondWoroxis SesarTavis dasavleT (mar-cxena) sanapiros mxares. sxvaTaSorisaq apirebda cnobili troas aRmomCeniSlimani arqeologiuri gaTxrebis daw-yebas.

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27. sazRvao gza fazisidan

am qalaq fazisidan q. amisomde dasinopamde yofila sami an ori dRiszRviT samgzavro gza. asea strabonisZveli gamocemebis mixedviT, `uka-nasknel gamocemebSi es wakiTxva dama-jereblad Secvlilia ̀ 8 an 9 dRis samg-zavro~ - wers T. yauxCiSvili (iqve,strabonis geografia, gv. 123). CemiazriT Zveli wakiTxva SesaZloa swo-ric iyos, radganac fazisi ufroWoroxia da ara rioni, amitomacWoroxidan amisomde ufro mokle gzaa.`fazisidan amisomde da sinopamdeiyo 2-3 dRis savalia gemiT~- asea yve-laze uaxles rusul TargmanSic -“Ïëàâàíèå îòñþäà äî Àìèñà è Ñèíîïûçàíèìàåò 2 èëè 3 äíÿ èç-çà òîãî, ÷òîçåìëÿ íà ìîðñêèõ áåðåãàõ òîïíàÿ è âycòüÿx ðåê áîëîòèñòàÿ” (straboni,geografia, 1964, gamomcemloba `nau-ka~. rus. enaze, gv. 472).

aq sainteresoa is, rom q. fazisi romyofiliyo q. foTi, maSin gemiT mgza-vrobas, cxadia, meti dro dasWirde-boda.

28. rbili sanapiro

Woroxis SesarTavi iseTivea, rogo-radac aRwers straboni fazisisSesarTavs - ̀ sanapiro rbilia~ e.i. Wao-biania. xolo Woroxidan rizes mi-marTulebiT sanapiro dabali da qvi-Siania.

29. kolxuri seli

`kargi nayofebi icis, garda Taf-lisa (metwilad mwarea) da moipovebanavTsaSeni yovelive masala, radganizrdeba aq mravali tye da mdinaree-biTac Camoitaneba, amuSaveben blo-

mad sels, kanafs, cvilsa da fiss.xolo selis damuSaveba ganTqmulicki aris. qveynis gareTac ki gaaqvT~(iqve, strabonis geografia, gv. 124).

Woroxis xeobaSi arTvinamde mSve-nieri tyeebia. aseve mkvlevarTa cno-biT XIX saukuneSi Woroxze arTvinidanbaTumSi didi raodenobiT CahqondaTnavebiT daxerxili xis masala. aq, e.i.erge-liganis xeobaSi aseve amuSavebd-nen (XIX s-Sic) ganTqmul selis qso-vilebs, romelic liganis gareTaciyideboda.

30. fazisis, glavkosisa da hiposis

maRla levkoTeas samlocvelo

mosxebis qveyanaSi

`moxsenebul mdinareebs zemoTmosxebis qveyanaSi mdebareobslevkoTeas samlocvelo, friqsesmier agebuli da misi samisno, sadacverZs ar swiraven msxverplad. odes-Rac is mdidari iyo, xolo Cvensdros... gaZarcvuli~ (iqve, strabonisgeografia, gv. 124). e.i. es samlocvelomosxebis qveyanaSia, moxsenebulimdinareebis zemoT, romeli mdinaree-bi axsena aq strabonma? - fazisi, glav-kosi da hiposi. Tu glavkosi da hiposiarian yvirila da cxeniswyali, maS maTsaTaveebTan unda veZioT Cven `mosxe-bis qveyana~. mdebareobda viTom mesx-eTi cxeniswyalis maRla? ZalzesaeWvoa, magram, Tu ki Cven glavkosadvigulisxmebT `liganisxevs~ anu imer-xevs, hiposad ki iqve gamdinare wyals,maT maRla, anu arsianis qedTan mar-Tlac mesxeTis qveyana - kola-artaa-nia, iqve SavSeTi da samcxea, qvemoT kitaoa. ai, aq iyo `mosxebis qveyana~ n. xa-zaraZis kvleviTac. aq unda veZioT (daara imereTSi) levkoTeas taZari. msgav-si toponimi amJamadac aris javaxeTSi,

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esaa sofeli `koTelia~. mosxebis anmesxebis qveyana iyo aseve WoroxTanaxlos mdebare klarjeTi anu ar-tanujis mxare. is, strabonis dros,arsianis qedamde kolxebis xelSiyofila. marTlac, straboni wers, rommosxebis qveynis mesamedi nawilieWiraT kolxebs.

31. sam nawilad gayofili

mosxebis qveyana

`mosxebis qveyana, romelSic arissamlocvelo, sam nawils Seicavs:erTi misi nawili aqvT kolxebs, meoreiberebs da mesame armenielebs~ (iqve,strabonis geografia, gv. 125). sad Sei-Zleba iyos is `mosxebis qveyana~,romelic sam nawiladaa gayofilikolxebs, iberebsa da armenielebsSoris? cxadia, esaa istoriuli mesx-eTi - samcxe, javaxeTi, kola, tao-ba-siani da SavSeT -artanuj -klarjeTi.am Tvalsazrisisaa T. yauxCiSvilic (iq-ve, gv. 258). kolxeTis gavlena vrcel-deboda arsianis qedamde, rac imas niS-navs, rom strabonis epoqaSi Woroxi-dan arsianamde mesxeTis nawili (klar-jeTi) kolxebis xelSi iyo. meore naw-ili - e.i. samcxe-javaxeTi-kola-ar-taani da SeiZleba SavSeTic - iyo iberi-isa, xolo - koladan vrceli miwebitao-TorTum-basianis CaTvliT somx-ebs miusakuTrebiaT. amis gamo, mesxe-Ti sam nawilad aRmoCnda gayofili.

32. sazRvari kolxidasa da

iberias Soris

maSasadame, sazRvari kolxidasa daiberias Soris aq, SemdgomdroindelSavSeT-klarjeTSi gadioda arsianisqedze, aq unda yofiliyo iberiis qala-

qi friqsopolisi - ideesa. p. ingoroy-va fiqrobda, rom is taosTan mdebare-obda. sadRac am arealTanaa diosk-uria, radganac straboni mosxebisqveynis dayofis aRweris damTavrebisSemdegve ubrundeba mas.

33. svanTa laSqari

dioskuriaSi savaWrod Cadiodnensvanebic, yvela tomze aRmatebulnisimamaciT da ZaliT (iqve, T. yauxCiS-vili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv.126). `floben isini irgvliv yve-lafers upyriaT kavkasionis mwver-valebi, romlebic dioskuriis zemoTaris. hyavT maT basilevsi da sabWo300 mamakacisagan Semdgari, rogorcamboben hkrefen laSqars 200 000 ka-cis raodenobiT, marTlac mTelixalxi meomaria, magram araorganize-buli~.

34. svanuri oqro

`amasTanave amboben, rom zamTrisniaRvrebs oqro Camoaqvs, xolo bar-barosebi agroveben oqros dax-vretili varclebiT da banjgvlianityavebiT. aqedan momdinareobs miTioqros sawmisian verZze~...

35. svanebs iberebsac uwodebdnen

`Tu ar deben iberebs msgavs saxelsdasavlelebisas, romelTac aqvToqros sabadoebi orive mxares~ (iqve,T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia,1957 gv. 126).

saubaria svanebze, magram ra kavSiriaqvT maT iberebTan? am kavSiris Sesax-eb straboni wers garkveviT da gasage-

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bad, magram gaugebaria misi qarTuliTargmani, magaliTad, mTargmneliwers - `...Tu ar deben iberebs msgavssaxels~ da a.S. ras niSnavs `deben~?Semdgomi frazac gaugebaria.

radganac qarTuli Targmani gauge-baria, amitomac gamoviyeneT strabo-nis rusulenovani gamocema, sadacaRniSnuli fraza srulad gasagebia –“Íåêîòîðûå Hàçûâàþò èõ òàêæå

èáåðèéöàìè – îäèíîêîãî ñ çàïàäíèìè– îò çîëîòûõ ðîññûíåé, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ â

îáåèõ ñòðàíàõ” (XI, 2, 19). e.i. aseve zo-gierTebi svanebs uwodeben iberi-elebs - dasavleTis iberTa saxelismsgavsad, radganac orive qveyanaSiaris oqros marcvlebi, romelicmdinareebs CamoaqvT da maT agrove-ben, ramac safuZveli daudo oqrossawmisis miTs.

maSasadame, svanebis qveynis saxelic- iberiaa, dasavleTis iberiis qveynissaxelis msgavsad, radganac oriveganoqros marcvlebi CamoaqvT mdinareebs.

straboni wers: `svanebs zogierTe-bi iberebs uwodeben~, es martivi fra-za CvenSi gaugebrad iTargmna, amito-mac Zvirfasi cnoba saqarTvelos Se-saxeb ZiriTadad gamouyenebelia.

36. svanebis sacxovrisi

svanebi didi tomia - 200 000 mebrZo-li hyavT. esaa yvela brZolisunarianimamakaci, rac SesaZloa iyo mTeli mo-saxleobis mesamedi an meoTxedi, anusvanebis saerTo ricxvi naxevarmil-ionze meti yofila. aseTi mravalri-cxovani xalxi, cxadia mcire terito-riaze ver icxovrebda. sad cxovrobd-nen svanebi? dioskuriis maRla mdebaremTebTan, kolxebis maRla, cxovrobd-

nen aseve qveynis siRrmeSi - mTielitomebis mezoblad.

dioskuria - Cveni kvleviT, trape-zuntis mxares mdebareobda of-rizesqvemoT. mis sanapiro viwro zolismaRla mTebSi, Cans qaldebis, tibare-nebis, mesxebis regionSi, kolxebismaRla cxovrobdnen svanebi. Semde-gdroindel SavSeT-aWara-guriis mTi-aneTSi mcxovrebTac, Cans im dros, sva-nebis saxeliT icnobdnen. maSasadame,svanebi gagrZelebiT cxovroben rio-nis xeobidan vidre of-rizemde (di-oskuriamde). cxadia, daaxloebiT 0,5-0,8 milioniani xalxi mcire terito-riaze ver moTavsdeboda. isini buneb-rivia Tanamedrove svaneTSic cxov-robdnen. maT qveyanaSi Camohqondamdinareebs oqros marcvlebi dasav-leTis iberiis msgavsad, da maTac ibe-rebs uwodebeno, werda straboni. asea,Tu ise, iberia dasavleT saqarTve-losac erqva, radganac iq mcxovrebiseT did toms, rogoric iyvnen svane-bi - zogierTi Zveli istorikosi ibere-bis saxeliTac icnobda.

strabonis es cnoba eTanadeba Cvenserovnul wyaros - `qarTlis cxovre-bas~, romlis cnobiTac egrisi anudasavleT saqarTvelo farnavazis Sem-deg, mudam qarTlis samefos nawilsSeadgenda, da mas qarTli anu iberiaewodeboda, aRmosavleT saqarTvelosmsgavsad.

37. iazoni

kolxeTze subrisas, cxadia strabo-ni axsenebs iazons da friqses. kolx-eTidan gadasula iazoni armeniasa damidiaSi (iqve, strabonis geografia,gv. 124). Tu kolxeTi dasavleT sa-qarTvelo iyo, armeniisa da midiisa-

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ken mgzavrobisas iazonisaTvis bune-brivi iqneboda iberiis gziT wasvla,maSin roca dasavleT saqarTvelodanarmeniaSi Sesasvlelad trapezuntisaxlo regionis gavla iyo saWiro, ami-tom unda vifiqroT, rom swored arme-niis uSualo mosazRvre trapezuntismomijnave regions uwodebda kolxeTsstraboni.

38. kolxeTi - pontos erTi nawili

rogorc iTqva, strabonis droskolxeTs piTodorida marTavda,romelmac orjer moaswro daqvriveba.saerTod, is iyo pontos dedofali.meuRle iyo pontos mefis polemonisa,misi gardacvalebis Semdeg SeirTo ar-qelausma - kapadokia-somxeTis erTinawilis mefem.

miTridate pontoeli ufro adreflobda kolxeTs, sadac gamgebladTavisi megobari moafreni (strabonisbiZa) gagzavna. miTridates dacemisSemdeg ki kolxeTi polemons gadaeca,misi sikvdilis Semdeg misi meuRle`mefobda kolxebze, trapezuntze,farnakiaze da zemoT mcxovreb bar-barosebze~ (iqve, T. yauxCiSvili,strabonis geografia, 1957 gv. 125).farnakia - pontos qalaqi iyo, tra-pezuntis madloblad (iqve, gv. 298)TemiskarasTan axlos, mis maRlacxovrobdnen tibarenebi, qaldebida sanebi. miiCneva, rom farnakia ufroqaldebis (e.i. xalibebis) miwaze mde-bareobda (iqve, gv. 298). aq naxsenebi`sanebi~ Cans, rom Wanebi an svanebia.

maSasadame, dedofali marTavda pon-tosa da trapezuntis regionis miwas,maT Soris kolxeTs, romelic fazisa-mde (e.i. Woroxamde aRwevda).

39. sanebis tomi qaldebis gverdiT

sanebis tomi qaldebis gverdiT Sesa-Zloa iyo Wanebi an svanebis tomis naw-ili (tomTa sacxovrisi mkveTrad Se-icvala bizantia-sparseTis omis drosda mis Semdeg VI-VI I saukuneebSi. es omijer lazikisaTvis, Semdeg ki svaneTisgamo mimdinareobda. svanebi omis ga-damwyvet momentSi sparselebs mi-emxrnen, rac maT ar apatia am omSi sab-olood gamarjvebulma bizantiam, racgamoixata imiT, rom svanebi iZule-bulni gaxdnen gadasaxlebuliyvnenufro CrdiloeTiT, miuaxlovdnen maTamJamindel sacxovriss. maqsime aRm-sareblis epoqaSi isini ukve gadasax-lebulni Canan ufro CrdiloeTiT).

40. iberia dasavleT saqarTveloSi

da `Sua iberia~

dasavleT saqarTveloSi iberiisyofnas strabonic adasturebs, oRondarapirdapir. magaliTad is wers, romkavkasiis erT-erTi qedi moemarTebaCrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken, hkveTsiberias da uerTdeba mosxebis mTebs.straboni wers didi kavkasionis qedisSesaxeb: ̀ zogi toti am mTisa moemar-Teba samxreTisaken, gars ertymisSua iberias da erTvis armeniismTebs da mosxebisad wodebulT,agreTve skidises da pariadres~(straboni, XI, II, 15).

romelia is qedi saqarTveloSi,romelic miemarTeba CrdiloeTidansamxreTisaken da uerTdeba mesxeTis(mcire kavkasiis) mTianeTs? esaa erTa-derTi qedi - lixisa anu suramisa.maSasadame, strabonis cnobiT, lixisqedi Suaze kveTda zogadad iberias daamasTanave, mis erT nawils - `Sua ibe-rias~ sazRvravda.

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Tu iyo `Sua iberia~, cxadia iyo misisxva araSua nawilebic - iberiis dasav-leTi da aRmosavleTi regionebi. Tulixis qedi da kavkasionidan samxreTi-saken mimarTuli meore qedi `Sua ibe-rias~ ertymoda gars, maSin `Sua ibe-ria~ Sida qarTli yofila, romelsacmarTlac ertymian gars kavkasiis qe-didan gamomavali samxreTisaken mima-rTuli surami-lixisa da saguramo-qarTlis qedebi; Tu es asea, maSin ibe-riis dasavleTi nawili - dasavleTsaqarTveloa, xolo aRmosavleTinawili - kaxeTia, aqedan gamomdinaredasavleT saqarTvelo iberiis na-wilad moiazreba strabonis mierac.maSasadame, dasavleT saqarTvelomcxeTis samefos nawilad iTvlebo-da, xolo kolxeTi ki - pontos same-fosi , romelic iberiis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebareobda da Woro-xamde aRwevda.

strabonis am cnobiT, `qarTlis cxo-vrebisa~ da `moqcevai qarTlisais~ mo-nacemebi marTldeba, rom mcxeTis(qarTlis) samefos dasavleTi sazR-vari aRwevda md. egriswylamde mefeaderkis, e.i. strabonis epoqaSi.

`moqcevais~ cnobiT, ufro adre, azo-nis dros, arian-qarTlidan Camosulixalxi dasaxlda dasavleT saqarTve-loSic da amitom azonis samefo md.egriswylamde vrceldeboda. `mo-qcevais~ cnobiT, azonis samefos Crdi-lo-dasavleTi sazRvari md. egriswya-li iyo. am qarTlis samefos sazRvradam uZveles wyaroSi, iseve, rogorc`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ - ̀ egriswyali~ixsenieba. maSasadame, am wyarosaTvisacegriswylispireTis mosaxleoba (egri-selebi) nawili iyo arian-qarTlisxalxisa.

41. kolxida mosxebis mTebis

qvemoTaa

straboni, rogorc vTqviT, kolxeTsuwodebda qarTveli xalxiT dasaxle-bul im ekonomikurad ganviTarebul damowinave regions, romelic mdebareob-da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramedtrapezuntis mxares, is wers kidec:`mdebareobs kolxida kavkasionisada mosxebis mTebis qvemoT~ (strabo-ni, wigni XI, Tav II, 1).

mosxebis mTebi arzrum-arsianismTianeTia.

mosxebis mTebi - pariadres uerTde-boda: ̀ mis nawils uwodeben pariadres,misi meore nawili aris mosxebis mTe-bi, gars ertymian armenias iberebamde~(straboni, XI, Tavi XI I , 4).

sxvagan wers - `am tomebs gars artyiakavkasioni da aRwevs armenielebamde,uerTdeba agreTve mosxebisa da kol-xebis mTebs~ (XI, XIV, 1).

maSasadame, mosxebis mTebi da arme-niis mTebi erT regionSi mdebareobd-nen, mosxebis mTebs uerTdeboda Suaiberiidan gamomavali lixis qedi,romelic, marTlac, arsianis mTaTasistemas uerTdeba.

straboni, rogorc iTqva, wers -kavkasiis qedis `zogi toti moemarTe-ba samxreTisaken, gars ertymis Suaiberias da erTvis armeniis mTebs damosxebisad wodebulT~, kvlav undaiTqvas, rom mxolod suramis qedi gamo-dis kavkasiidan CrdiloeTidan samxre-Tisaken. maSasadame, strabonTan lapa-rakia suramis qedze, romelic ̀ Sua ibe-riaSi~ gadioda. kidev erTxel rom vTq-vaT, straboni wers - es totebi garsertymian Sua iberias da uerTdebianarmeniis da mosxebis mTebs. maSasada-me, im qveyanas, romelsac axla hqvia

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`Sida qarTli~ straboni uwodebs`Sua iberias~, mxolod mas ertymiangarSemo CrdiloeTidan samxreTisak-en mimarTuli mTebi (maT Soris gan-sakuTrebiT suramis qedi, romelicuSualod uerTdeba mosxebis mTebs),romelnic miemarTebian Crdilo-eTidan samxreTisaken. erT-erTi ase-Ti ki, rogorc ramdenjerme iTqva -suramis qedi, meore ki TianeT-sagu-ramos qedi momarTuli CrdiloeTi-dan samxreTisaken, maSasadame, `SidaqarTli~ strabonis mier iwodeboda`Sua iberiad~.

42. qarTlis cxovrebis ̀ Sua-qarTl~

aris strabonis ̀ Sua iberia~

`zogi toti moemarTeba samxreTisa-ken, gars ertymis Sua iberias daerTvis armeniis mTebs da mosxebisadwodebulT~ (straboni, XI, I I , 15).

hqonda Tu ara strabons raime wyaroimisaTvis, raTa exmara termini `Suaiberia~?

iqneb strabonis periodSi iberiaSiarsebobda mxare `Sua iberiis~ saxel-wodebiT?

am kuTxiT Zalze sainteresoa is, romam termins (`Sua iberia~) icnobs`qarTlis cxovrebac~. aq mas aseTi sax-eli aqvs - `Sua qarTli~.

kerZod, masSi naTqvamia, rom, rocamovida aleqsandre, man jer daipyro`Sua qarTlis~ cixeebi da Semdeg ki ka-xeTis cixeebi, maT Semdeg ki egrisi. me-matiane vrclad CamoTvlis ̀ Sua qarT-lis~ cixe-simagreebs mesxeTidan -xunanamde, Tumca ki ar CamoTvlis ka-xeTisa da egrisis cixeebs, radganac,rogorc Cans, strabonis msgavsad, amwyaros, qarTlis mTavar nawilad misi

`Sua~ miaCnia, sxva nawilebad ki kaxeTida egrisi. aseve unda gavigoT strabo-nis cnoba, rom es qedi (lixi-suramisa)`Sua iberias~ sazRvravda anu strabo-nis azriT dasavleT saqarTvelo dakaxeTi iyvnen iberiis nawilebi,

sityva-sityviT ki wyaroSia - ga-Zlierda aleqsandre, movida `da pov-na cixe-qalaqni ese Zlierni Sua-qarTl (wunda, xerTvisi... Tuxarisi...urbnisi, kaspi, ufliscixe... sarkine...rusTavi da deda-cixe samSvilde da...xunani) da kaxeTisa qalaqni~ (q.c. I,1955, gv. 18). azonma `daipyra qarTlsazeda egrisica~ (q.c. I, gv. 19).

strabonis ̀ Sua iberia~ qarTlis cxo-vrebis `Sua qarTlia~.

43. qarTuli tomebi zRvispireTSi

saerTod, straboni, dasavleT saqar-Tvelos zRvis sanapiros da kolxidissanapiros erTmaneTisagan ganarCevs.is CamoTvlis tomebs qalaq batadan,romelsac zogi mecnieri TanamedrovenovorosiiskTan aTavsebs (T. yauxCiS-vili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv.274) Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT - ker-ketebi, aqeelebi da henioxebi, miTri-dates omebis aRmweri mwerlebi ki ase-Ti TanmimdevrobiT - aqeelebi, zige-bi, henioxebi, kvlav kerketebi, mo-sxebi, kolxebi, Semdeg amaT zemoT -fTirofagebi, svanebi da sxva pataratomebi (iqve, gv. 120).

44. kolxebi samxreTSi cxovrobdnen

am CamonaTvalidan Cans, rom kolxe-bi - erT-erTi tomia aRniSnulTaSoris da isini cxovroben yvela to-mis qvemoT, samxreTSi. Sesabamisad,kolxeTic samxreTiTaa, Tu kerZod sad

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- amas TviTon zomebiT aRwers strabo-ni - misi TvalsazrisiT mdinarefazisidan bosforamde aris 4.000stadioni (bosforSi mimavalma miTri-datem fazisidan es gza gaiara), Tu erTstadions vivaraudebT 178 metrad,rogorc miRebulia, maSin md. fa-zisidan bosforamde aris 712 km. ammonakveTis TiTqmis 482 kilometrianizoli zRvispireTSi eWiraT zemoCa-moTvlil qarTul tomebs.

kerZod, `batadan kerketebis sana-piromde, romelzedac aris navTsa-yudelebi da soflebi daaxloebiT 850stadionia, Semdeg aqeelTa sanapiro500 stadioni, mere henioxTa sanapiro1000 stadioni, xolo pitiuntis (sana-piro) dioskuriamde 360~ (iqve, T.yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia,1957 gv. 120).

maSasadame, batadan (e.i. miaxloebiTnovorosiiskidan) kerketebis tomseWira sanapiros 151 km (850 stadioni),aqeelebs eWiraT 89 km (500 stadioni),henioxebs eWiraT sanapiros 178 km (1000st.), Semdeg iyo pitiunti, saidanacdioskuriamde iyo 64 km (360 st.), sulam tomebs eWiraT sanapiros 482 km.

marTlac, amdenivea istoriuli sa-qarTvelos SavizRvis sanapiro, ker-Zod, saZiebo sistema `googl-planetazemlias~ mixedviT saxmeleTo manZiliTanamedrove novorosiiskidan xofam-de (Zvel xufaTamde) aris daaxloebiT460 kilometri. strabonis cnobebi da-majerebelia.

45. pitiunti of-rizesTanaa

aRniSnul kilometrebs Tu gadaviy-vanT Cvens realobaSi, maSin, gamodis,rom strabonis ̀ didi pitiunti~ arisara afxazeTis biWvinTa, aramed rize-

ofTan axlos mdebare pitiusa-piti-unti. swored aq miuTiTebdnen pitiun-tis mdebareobas n. adonci da p. ingor-oyva. maSasadame, aRniSnul 482 kilo-metri bata-novorosiiskidan aris aramanZili afxazeTis biWvinTamde, ara-med reze-ofis maxlobel pitiusamde.aqedan aiTvleboda kolxida (strabo-nis cnobiT), anu kolxebis sacxovrisi.

46. kerketebi da qarTul tomTa

saxelebis fuZeebi - ̀ erg~ da ̀ arg~,

(egr-isi, m-arg-veTi, m-arg-ali, gur-ia)

`batadan kerketebis sanapiromde,romelzedac aris navTsayudelebi dasoflebi daaxloebiT 850 stadionia~.

strabonis orive wyaros cnobiT (er-Tia artemidore, meore ki miTridatesambebis aRmwerni), Savi zRvis sanapi-ros didi monakveTi bata-novorosis-kidan 151 km (850 stadioni) eWira ker-ketebis toms, TiTqmis, albaT, Tan-amedrove soxum-oCamCiremde. kerkete-bi Cvenma istorikosebma etimologi-urad daukavSires Cerqezebs (es dakav-Sireba Cven Seusabamod migvaCnia, rad-ganac TviT `pravaslavnaia enciklo-pedias~ cnobiTac ki, adiRe-CerqezebiSavizRvispireTsa da saerTod Crdi-lo kavkasiaSi gamoCndnen Temur-len-gis laSqrobebis Semdeg, roca aq manstepebis tomebi gadmoasaxla). saer-Tod ki sityva `Cerqez~ Turqul sit-yvad miiCneva.

etimologiurad sityva `kerketi~gacilebiT axloa sityva `gerget-Tan~, gerg anu georg - qarTvelTa eT-nikur saxelTan (`gerg~ da sufiqsi`eti~). Crdilo kavkasiaSi `georg~tomebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb sxva anti-kuri avtorebic weren. safiqrebelia,rom `kerket~ igivea, rac `georget~.

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amasTanave `gerg~ fuZe-ZirTan undaiyos dakavSirebuli qarTuli tomebissaxelebis fuZeebi - ̀ erg~, ̀ arg~, aqedanegr-isi, m-arg-veTi, m-arg-ali, gur-iada sxva.

kerket - erT-erTi regionaluri sax-eli unda yofiliyo georgebis qarTu-li tomisa. miT umetes, rom kerket-kerkitebi qaldea-WaneTTanac cxov-robdnen.

47. aqeelTa sanapiro

`Semdeg aqeelTa sanapiro 500 sta-dioni~.

kerketebis Semdeg 89 kilometri-ani zoli (500 stadioni) eWiraTaqeelebs. strabonis da sxva avtoreb-is cnobiT, aqeelebi arian war-moSobilni argonavtebis razmis wevrTesilielebisagan, `amboben, rom iaz-onis laSqridan fTielma aqavelebmadaasaxles aqauri aqaia, xolo la-konelebma - henioxebi, romlebsac mar-Tavdnen rekasi da amfistrate diosk-urebis meetleebi. henioxebma amaTganmiiRes saxeli~ (iqve, T. yauxCiSvili,strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 118).

aqeelebi da henioxebi qarTuli tome-bi arian, radganac pliniusis azriTmsgavsadve argonavtebisagan Camoya-libdnen iberebi, albanelebi, Crdilosomxebi da midielebi - erTi Tesaluriwarmomavlobis xalxebi (ix. mitropo-liti a. jafariZe, dedaRvTismSobeliSemwe qarTuli enisa, 2008, gv. 5-30).aqeelebi da henioxebi, `argonavtuliwarmoSobis~ gamo, TanamonaTesavenigamodian iberebisa. marTalia, stra-bonis TvalsazrisiT iberebi gadmo-saxldnen dasavleTis iberiidan (espa-neTidan), magram sxva mwerlebis cnobe-

biT ise Cans, rom iberielebisa da al-banelebis mmarTveli dinastiebi (daalbaT xalxebic) Camoyalibdnen kol-xeTSi argonavtebis laSqrobis Semdeg.aseve, Crdilo somxeTSi mcxovrebixalxis warmoSobas, rogorc aRiniSna,argonavtebis wevr armeniosTan akav-Sirebdnen (iqve, gv. 5-30). `moqcevaiqarTlisais~ cnobiTac, egriswylamde(e.i. egrisSic `hereTidan egriswyla-mde~) dasaxlda arian-qarTlidan Camo-suli xalxi (safiqrebelia, rom Crdi-lo somxebi eTnikurad gansxvavdebod-nen samxreTSi mcxovreb somxebisaganda tomobrivad albanelebsa da ibe-rebs enaTesavebodnen).

48. henioxTa sanapiro

`mere henioxTa sanapiro 1000 stadi-oni~.

sanapiros yvelaze didi nawili 178kilometri (1000 stadioni) eWiraThenioxebs.

henioxebis saxels etlTan, e.i. cxe-nosnobasTan akavSirebdnen. aq Seu-Zlebelia ar gavixsenoT, rom cxensZvel qarTulad hune erqva, Tu esdakavSireba SesaZlebelia – sitya`hune~ ̀ xi~-sufiqsis darTviT TiTqos-da gvaZlevs `henioxs~ - rac albaT`cxenosnebs~, `cxenosans~ niSnavs. sa-erTod ki sityva `cxeni~ SesaZloa si-tyva `mesxenTan~ - `mesxTan~ iyos ax-los. SesaZloa, es tomi cxenosnobiTiyo ganTqmuli, marTlac mesxebiT da-saxlebul kapadokias `kargi cxenebisqveyana~ erqva.

strabonis meore wyaros Tanaxmad kibatadan - dioskuriamde cxovrobdnen`henioxebi, kvlav kerketebi, mosxebi,kolxebi~.

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49. pitiuntis sanapiro

`xolo pitiuntis (sanapiro) diosk-uriamde 360~.

kolxebis sacxovrisi ganisazRv-rulia dioskuriidan qvemoT. `dios-kuriis Semdeg danarCeni sanapirokolxidisa aris da mis momdevno tra-pezuntTan qmnis mniSvnelovanmoxrilobas~.

rizesTan Wanebis (e.i. kolxebis) to-mebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb miuTiTebdaprokofi kesarieli, romlis cnobiTacrizesTan Wanebs ebrZodnen romaelijarebi Wanive Teodores meTaurobiT.

dioskuria Cans mdebareobda of-rizesa da trapezunts Soris.

Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi rkalismoxriloba, strabonis cnobiT, iwye-boda batadan da mTavrdeboda piti-untTan da dioskuriasTan. marTlac,Tu rukas davxedavT, vnaxavT, rom esrkali mTavrdeba sadRac rizesTan.

straboni wers - `es sanapiro mi-emarTeba aRmosavleTisaken dauyurebs samxreTs, xolo batadannel-nela brundeba, Semdeg Semo-brundeba dasavleTisaken da srul-deba pitiuntTan da dioskuriasTan~(iqve, T. yauxCiSvili, strabonisgeografia, 1957, gv. 121). esaa SavizRvis morkalulobis aRwera no-vorosiiskidan trapezuntisaken.

strabonis pitiunti – am mxriv aTi-na-rizes sanapiroa, radganac iq SavizRvis aRmosavleTi nawilis sanapirosrkali mTavrdeba.

straboni dioskurias trapezuntisregionSi aTavsebs, roca ganagrZobsaRweras Savi zRvis sanapiros morka-lulobisa: `dioskuriis Semdeg dan-

arCeni sanapiro kolxidisa aris damis momdevno trapezuntTan qmnismniSvnelovan moxrilobas, Semdegpirdapir miemarTeba da qmnis mar-jvena gverds pontosas, romelicuyurebs CrdiloeTs~ (iqve, gv. 121).

maSasadame, kolxeTi iwyeboda di-oskuriasTan (trapezuntis maxlo-blad), romelic aTina-pitiuntidandaSorebuli iyo 64 km-iT. am arealSiastrabonis kolxeTi da ara dasavleTsaqarTvelos centrSi. aRsaniSnavia,rom misi pirveli wyaro - `artemi-dore~ saerTod ar axsenebs tomebisCamonaTvalSi kolxebs, xolo meorewyaro - `miTridates ambebis aRmwer-ni~ kolxebs asaxelebs tomebis Ca-monaTvalis boloSi, CamoTvla ki iw-yeba bata-novorosiiskidan TiTqmistrapezuntamde.

ase, rom strabonis kolxeTi mde-bareobda iberiis samxreT-dasav-leTiT, anu iberiis qvemoT, iberia kikolxeTis ̀ zemoT~.

meore mxriv - md. fazisi kolxeTismdinarea, dioskuriac - kolxeTisqalaqia. es adgili `kavkasionis qvemo-Taa~. kavkasionis qveS, am SemTxvevaSi,straboni ise, rogorc, sxva mravaliZveli avtori, gulisxmobs e.w. `mcirekavkasions~, sadac ganlagebulia ar-sian-karCxalis didi mTianeTi. aqveaistoriuli provincia `sakavkasiZeo~da amJamadac ki, karCxalis ferdob-zea punqti saxelwodebiT ̀ kavkasori~(Tumca, cxadia, strabonisaTvisacZiriTadi `kavkasia~ aris `didi kavka-siis qedi~), erastosTenes TqmiT, ad-gilobriv mcxovrebTa mier kaspiadwodebuli `zogi toti am qedisa moe-marTeba samxreTisaken, gars ertymisSua iberias da erTvis armeniis mTebs,da mosxebisad wodebulT, agreTve

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skidises da pariadres. yvela eseniarian tavris nawilebi, romelic hqmnisarmeniis samxreT nawils~ (iqve, gv. 122).`dioskuria amisTana ubeSi mdebare-obs da uWiravs ukiduresi aRmosav-leTi punqti mTeli zRvisa~ (iqve, gv.122). maSasadame, dioskuriis maxlo-blad armeniisa da mosxebis mTebiyofila. Tu dioskuria soxumia,rogorc miCneulia amJamad (iqve, gv.276), maSin gamodis mis axlos iyo arme-niisa da mosxebis mTebi da is iyo `uki-duresi aRmosavleTi punqti mTelizRvisa~, rac ase ar aris. amitom diosk-uria ufro samxreTiT unda veZioT.

dioskuriasTan axsenebs strabonifaziss (iqve, gv. 122), radganac miiC-nevs, rom qveyana fazisidan (e.i. Worox-idan) Temiskiramde - zogadad kolxe-Tia (e.i. arsebobda konkretuli kolx-eTic). ase gvesmis Cven strabonis fra-za, rom aRniSnuli mTianeTis nawilebivrceldebian Temiskiramde dawyebulikolxididan (iqve, T. yauxCiSvili,strabonis geografia, 1957 gv. 122).`dioskuria amisTana ubeSi mdebare-obs~ - wers is, e.i. mis win Savi zRvisukiduresi aRmosavleTi nawili mde-bareobs, xolo ukan ki kavkasiis mTiane-Tisa da armeniis tavris mwvervalebiaaziduli.

50. dioskuria - mdebareobda Savi

zRvis ̀ yvelaze Cavardnil ubeSi~

anu 41-e paralels (ganeds) qvemoT

straboni wers: `dioskuriada aseTubeSi mdebareobs - uWiravs mTelizRvis yvelaze aRmosavleTi wer-tili, es ube evqsinis pontos yve-laze ̀ Cavardnil adgilad~ iTvleba,xolo iq curva miCneulia yvelazeuSoresad, amitom ase unda gavigoT

cnobili leqsi: `fazisze, romelicxomaldebisaTvis bolo wertilia~,da ara ise TiTqos, iambis avtorsmxedvelobaSi hqonda mdinare damasTan mdebare Tanamosaxele qala-qi. ufro ki ise, rom qveynis am erTinawiliT, man mTeli kolxida gamox-ata, radganac mdinaridan da qala-qidan `Cavardnil adgilamde~ pir-dapiri xaziT aranakleb 600 sta-dionia~ XI, 2, 16 (straboni, geografia,1964, gamomcemloba `nauka~, rus.enaze, gv. 472).

(maSasadame, fazisidan dioskuria-mde 600 stadionze meti manZili iyo(str, XI, 2, 16).

ras niSnavs dioskuriasTan dakav-Sirebuli strabonis sityvebi - `yve-laze Cavardnili ube~, `Cavardniliadgili~?

strabonis arc erT qarTul Targman-Si es sityva `Cavardniloba~, `Cavard-nili ube~ ar Cans, magram rusulSi asea- `ona sCitaetsia `vpadinoi~ evksin-skogo ponta~ (straboni, geografia,1964, rus. enaze, gv. 472), an `ot reki igoroda do vpadini~ (iqve, gv. 472) dasxva. „Îíà ñ÷èòàåòñÿ “âïàäèíîé” Åâêñè-íñêîãî Ïîíòà” (Ñòðàáîí, Ãåîãðàôèÿ,1964, èçä. “Íàóêà”, ñòð. 472).

cxadia, laparakia zRvis iseT ubeze,romelic gansakuTrebiT dabla mde-bareobda Savi zRvis sxva ubeebTan Se-darebiT. maSasadame, dioskurias-Tan ube Savi zRvis yvelaze dabalwertilSi mdebareobda.

Tu Cven rukas davxedavT, mTeli Sa-vi zRvis aseTi yvelaze dabali wer-tili, yvelaze samxreTiT mdebareube anu ̀ yvelaze Cavardnili ube~ mde-bareobs Tanamedrove punqt sur-menesTan, rizesa da trabzons Soris,ufro zustad ofsa da araklis Soris.

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marTlac, zustad rizesa, trabzonsada stambolze gadis 41-e paraleli ro-melic erTmaneTTan aerTebs Savi zRvisyvelaze samxreTiT mdebare werti-lebs. Savi zRvis samxreT sanapirossxva punqtebi am paralelis maRla mde-bareoben, magram arsebobs ori gamo-naklisi, erTia am 41-e paralelis dab-la mdebare aRniSnuli surmenes `Ca-vardnili~ ube, romelic kargad Cansrukaze (ofsa da araklis Soris). meoreaseTi 41-e paralelis qvemoT mdebareubea ordu-giresunis ube trabzonisdasavleTiT, magram, Cans am or `yve-laze Cavardnil ubes~ Soris, ufro`Cavardnilad~ strabonis dros iTv-leboda arakli-surmenes ube (romel-ic amJamadac, marTlac ufro samxre-TiT mdebareobs) - Cans, aq, surmenesaxlos mdebareobda dioskuriada(dioskuria).

dioskuria aranakleb 600 stadio-niT, anu 106 kilometrze meti man-ZiliT iyo daSorebuli faziss anuWoroxis SesarTavs, xolo (diosk-uria), rogorc iTqva, 360 stadioniT(64 km-iT) iyo daSorebuli pitiun-tidan.

51. kolxidis sanapiro

rogorc iTqva, kolxebis sacxovrisiganisazRvrulia dioskuriis qvemoT.`dioskuriis Semdeg danarCeni sana-piro kolxidisa aris da mis momdevnotrapezuntTan qmnis mniSvnelovanmoxrilobas~. marTlac, aRniSnulsurmenedan (sadac Cven vaTavsebT di-oskurias) trapezuntamde sanapiromoxrilia, im mxriv, rom is miemarTebaara dasavleTiT, aramed Crdilo-dasavleTiT, miemarTeba maRla. dablaki, ̀ Cavardnil~ ubeSi, tovebs surmene-

dioskurias. es ube of-rizes axlos,maT dasavleTiT mdebareobs.

zogadad kolxeTi iyo qveyanafazisidan (Woroxidan) trapezun-tamde, aqedan gamomdinare misi naw-ilia `sanapiro pitiuntidan trape-zuntamde~ (iqve, T. yauxCiSvili, stra-bonis geografia, 1957, gv. 283), magramkonkretuli `kolxeTis sanapiros~qveyana ganlagebuli iyo dioskuri-idan (arakli surmenedan) trapezun-tamde.

SavizRvispireTs, trapezuntidandioskuriamde, erqva ̀ kolxidis san-apiro~. radganac werda: `dioskuri-is Semdeg danarCeni sanapiro kolx-idisa aris~.

`dioskuriasTan miedineba md. qaresi~.

52. ̀ fazisi - xomaldebisaTvis

bolo wertili~

`fazisze, romelic xomaldebi-saTvis bolo wertilia~ - werdnenstrabonamdec cnobili avtorebi, raigulisxmeba am sityvebiT?

miiCneoda, rom mTel aRmosavleTSavizRvispireTSi yvelaze Soreuliporti, anu bolo samarSruto sanaos-no wertili iyo qalaqi fazisi.

es imas niSnavs, rom sxva portebiufro axlos iyvnen berZnul cen-trebTan, magaliTad, trapezusidanCrdilo-aRmosavleT sanapirosakengasuli gemi jer dioskuriasa da pi-tiusas Sexvdeboda, bolos ki, yvelazebolos fazisis portSi Securdeboda.rac imas niSnavs, rom fazisidan bata-mde arcerTi sxva porti ar mdeba-reobda, is unavsadguro sanapiroyofila strabonamde, amitomac iyo

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fazisi `xomaldebisaTvis bolo we-rtili~, Tumca umniSvnelo `navTs-ayudelebi~ kerketebis sanapirozecmdebareobdnen.

53. manZilebi punqtebs Soris

(dioskuriada aris Tanamedrove

surmene, pitiunti ki aTina-pazaria)

strabonis cnoba, rom ̀ batadan ker-ketebis sanapiromde, daaxloebiT850 stadionia, Semdeg aqeelTa sana-piro 500 stadioni, mere henioxTasanapiro 1000 stadioni, xolo piti-untis (sanapiro) dioskuriamde 360~- albaT ase unda gavigoT:

dioskuriidan pitiuntamde iyo360 stadioni da aseve iwodebodakidec - `pitiuntis sanapiro~ (di-oskuria, rogorc iTqva, 360 stadio-niT (64 km-iT) iyo daSorebuli piti-untidan), am ukanasknelidan 1000stadioni iwodeboda `henioxTa san-apirod~, romelsac mosdevda `aqe-elTa sanapiro~ (500 stadioni),aqedan batamde `kerketebis sana-piro~ 850 stadionze grZeldeboda.

`mdinaridan da qalaqidan (fazi-sidan) `Cavardnil adgilamde~pirdapiri xaziT aranakleb 600 sta-dionia~ (XI, 2, 16).

Tanamedrove rukaze manZilebi stra-bonis monacemebiT aseT saxes miiRebs:Woroxis SesarTavidan (fazisidan)rizemde aris daaxloebiT 106 kilo-metri (600 stadioni), magram diosk-uria ̀ Cavardnil~ ubeSi mdebareobda.aseTi ube mdebareobs rizes dasavle-TiT surmenesTan. Woroxidan am `Ca-vardnil~ ubemde ki daaxloebiT 140kilometramdea, es 600 stadionze me-tia, magram strabonic amas miuTiTeb-

da rom manZili fazisidan dioskuri-amde `600 stadionze aranaklebi iyo~,maSasadame, dioskuria rizesa dasurmenes Sua, ufro surmenes ̀ Cavar-dnil~ ubesTan mdebareobda.

dioskuriadan pitiuntamde 360 sta-dioni anu 64 km iyo. surmenedan daax-loebiT 64 kilometris daSorebiTaapunqti aTina pazarTan (ardeSenTan)Sesabamisad, albaT, pazari (Caieli) anaTina iwodeboda pitiuntad.

e.i. sanapiros trabzonidan surme-nemde ewodeboda `kolxidis sana-piro~, surmenedan daaxloebiT paz-aramde `pitiuntis sanapiro~, ro-melsac moyveboda henioxTa, aqeel-Ta da kerketebis sanapiroebi daax-loebiT novorosiiskamde.

damatebiT, albaT, SesaZloa vTqvaT,rom qarTveli tomebiT, WanebiTa dabiZerebiT dasaxlebul sanapirozemdebare am pitiuntis kaTedridanunda yofiliyo 325 wels I msofliosaeklesio krebis monawile pitiun-teli episkoposi da ara afxazeTisbiWvinTidan. aRsaniSnavia, rom es uka-naskneli (biWvinTa) pitiuntad miiCniesmxolod misi saxelis bgeriTi msgavse-bis gamo iqaur qarTul toponim `bi-WvinTasTan~. afxazeTis biWvinTa kimudam qarTul eklesiasTan iyo dakav-Sirebuli da ara bizantiurTan.

(bgeriT msgavsebasTan dakavSirebiTisic SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom ardaSen-rizes regionSi gvxvdeba mravali to-ponimi `pazaris~ saxelis mqone, maga-liTad ofis samxreTiT ̀ dernepazari~,ofis CrdiloeTiT zRvispirze `es(ki)-pazari~, ofisave samxreTiT, ispirTanaxlos, Woroxispirze `pazariolu~ daTviT qalaqi `pazari~, romelsac Cvenpitiuntad miviCnevT aTina-ardaSen-

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Tan erTad. pazaris saxelis mqone pun-

qtebi aseve md. kelkitis SesarTavis

regionSic mdebareobda. saxeli pazari

imiTaa saintereso, rom miagavs sityva

faziss. eparqias lazikeSi, aseve erqva

`fazisisa~).

p. ingoroyvas azriT klavdi pto-

lomes geografiaSi naxsenebi navsad-

guri `pitiusa~ (da aseve `hvisis nav-

sadguri~) mdebareobda trapizonsa

da rizes Soris (p. ingoroyva, giorgi

merCule, 1954, gv, 253). misive kvleviT

sxvadasxva avtorebis mier naxsenebiPitius, Pitiusa, Pithia ofTan axlosmdebareobda. is wers _ `V saukunisdasawyisis ZeglSi, romelsac ewodebaNotatiae Dignitatum pontos provincia-Si, trapizonis mxareSi dasaxelebulihvisis navsadguri (Usi porto) arissurmene, xolo piTia (Pithia) - arisofi~ (iqve, gv. 253).

misgan gansxvavebiT, rogorc aRiniS-na, me vTvli rom strabonis mier nax-senebi dioskuria mdebareobda sur-menesTan, xolo pitiunti-pazarTan.

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daskvna

kolxeTi mdebareobda ara iberiisdasavleTiT, aramed mis samxreT-dasavleTiT. Sesabamisad iberia`kolxeTis maRla~ mdebareobda,rogorc wers straboni. Tu ase iyo,maSin marTldebian ZvelqarTuliwyaroebi (`qarTlis cxovreba~ da`moqcevai qarTlisai~), romelTa da-bejiTebuli mtkicebiT farnava-zidan vaxtang gorgaslamde qarT-lis samefo moicavda dasavleT sa-qarTvelosac da misi sazRvari aq md.egriswyalze gadioda (Semdeg kiCrdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiTufro ganivrco).

Sesabamisad, dasavleT saqarTvelo,ara bizantiur, aramed qarTul sax-elmwifoebriv sivrceSi ido dadaarsebisTanave qarTul saeklesioiurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, rasac miu-TiTeben kidec wyaroebi.

iv. javaxiSvilis sidiade Cans iqidan-ac, rom man eklesiis wiaRSi ZvelTa-ganve danergil Teorias - wmida ninosdroidan qarTuli eklesiis erTiano-bis Sesaxeb _ upirobod dauWira mxari,ufro metic, is mis erTgul mcveladiqca, am Teorias misca didi Sefaseba,miiCnia mTeli qarTveli xalxisa da missaukeTeso SvilTa naRvawad, saukune-Ta brZoliT miRweul monapovrad.

amave dros, misTvis kargad iyo cno-bili sxva Teoriebic am sferoSi. ma-galiTad, misi moRvaweobis periodSizogierTi mecnieri ayalibebda Teor-ias, TiTqosda, Tavdapirvelad dasav-leTi saqarTvelo imyofeboda kon-stantinopolis sapatriarqos iuris-

diqciis qveS. iv. javaxiSvilma es axaliTeoria miiRo rogorc erT-erTi mim-dinare samuSao Teoria, romelic em-sgavseboda Teorias - dasavleT saqar-Tvelos antioqiis iurisdiqciis qveSyofnis Sesaxeb.

rogorc iTqva, misTvis zogadad,rogorc mecnierisaTvis, misaRebi iyomxolod Teoria qarTuli eklesiisTavdapirveli erTianobis Sesaxeb,radganac is miaCnda ̀ mTeli qarTvelieris mier Sesisxlxorcebul Semec-nebad~, romlis mospobis ufleba, misiazriT, aravis hqonda, arc maT vincdasavleT saqarTvelos konstantino-polur iurisdiqcias uWerda mxars daarc antioqiuris momxreT.

iv. javaxiSvilma ganixila saqar-Tvelos eklesiis mTlianobis winaaR-mdeg mimarTuli qmedebebi, kerZod, iswers: `XV saukunis 70-ian wlebSi sa-qarTveloSi antioqiel-ierusali-meli patriarqi mixeili Camovida...rasakvirvelia, umTavresad Sewiru-lebisa da fulis Sesagroveblad iyogarjili~ (iv. javaxiSvili, t. I I I , gv. 447).mas dauweria `mcneba sasjulo~, sadacaRniSnuli aqvs, rom winaT qarTlisa daafxazeTis kaTalikosni antioqiis pa-triarqisagan iyvnen damokidebuli damaTgan hqondaT miRebuli xeldasxma.qarTuli eklesiis mermindeli TviTm-wysoba da saeklesio TviTmmarTvelo-ba antioqiel-ierusalimel patriarqsukanono movlenad hqonda gamocxade-buli~ (iqve, gv. 447).

aseTi qmedeba aRaSfoTebs iv. javax-iSvils, mas miaCnia, rom antioqiels

26

araviTari samarTlebrivi ufleba argaaCnda afxazeTis sakaTalikosos mi-marT. Tavisi msjelobis sayrdenad mi-iCnevs qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSiZvelTagan arsebul samarTlebrivdokuments, gamocemuls ruis-urb-nisis krebis mamebis mier, rom Tavda-pirvelad anu I-IV ss-Si, andria mo-ciqulisa da wmida ninos epoqaSi,Camoyalibda ara ori sxvadasxva ek-lesia, aramed erTi, sruliadsaqarTvelos momcveli eklesia,rom orive ganmanaTlebelma, ro-gorc andriam, ise wmida ninom, mxo-lod erTi eklesia Camoayalibes,rom isini moRvaweobdnen ara sxva-dasxva saxelmwifoebriv arealze,aramed erT geopolitikur sivrce-Si, rom wm. andriam saxareba iqada-ga ̀ yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTvelois-asa~, xolo wmida ninom ki gananaT-la `yoveli savseba yovelTa qar-TvelTa naTesavisa~. maSasadame, maTerTi eklesia Camoayalibes da am ek-lesiam avtokefalia ZvelTaganvemoipova, rom mxolod Semdeg am er-Tiani eklesiis wiaRSi Camoyalibdaori saeklesio administraciuli er-Teuli _ qarTlisa da afxazeTissakaTalikosoebi, rom isini, marTa-lia, administraciulad TavisTavadisaeklesio erTeulebi iyvnen, magramqmnidnen erT qarTul saeklesiomTlianobas, radganac gaaCndaT saer-To saeklesio samarTali, saerTosjuliskanoni, saerTo saeklesiotradiciebi da liturgiis saerToqarTuli ena. administraciuli Ta-visTavadoba afxazeTis sakaTaliko-sos miuRia qarTlis sapatriarqosagan,rodesac IX s-Si qarTvelTa mefe bag-ratma ̀ ganaCina kaTalikosi afxazeTs~.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, CvenTvises faqti warmoadgens istoriul ma-galiTs.

rogorc cnobilia, amJamad Cvenioficialuri istoriografiis miermiiCneva, rom Tavdapirvelad dasav-leT saqarTvelo IV-IX ss-Si 500 wlismanZilze, TiTqosda, imyofeboda kon-stantinopolis sapatriarqos iuris-diqciaSi. es Teoria Zalze saSiSia sa-momavlod, radganac iseTive samar-Tlebriv uflebamosilebas aniWebskonstantinolis sapatriarqos, ro-goric TavisTavze miiwera antioqiel-ma patriarqma mixeilma.

I I I msoflio krebis me-8, aseve moci-qulTa 35-e da I I msoflio krebis me-2kanonis ZaliT, sxvis eklesiaSi Se-Wrili meore eklesia valdebulia aRa-dginos Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba.

am kanonebidan gamomdinare, TukidasavleT saqarTveloze Tavis ufle-bamosilebas Tavdapirvelad axor-cielebda konstantinopoli, mas undadaubrundes kidec es saeklesio er-Teuli.

vfiqrob, iv. javaxiSvili mxars ardauWerda Cvens istoriografiaSi am-Jamad gabatonebul Teorias dasav-leT saqarTvelos konstantinopo-lis iurisdiqciaSi 500-wlovani yof-nis Sesaxeb. piriqiT, is am Teorias mi-iCnevda `mTeli qarTveli xalxisbrZoliT monapovris~ uaryofad dais mxars dauWerda ruis-urbnisiskrebis samarTlebriv aqts, romdasavleT da aRmosavleT saqar-TveloSi I-IV ss-Si Camoyalibda er-Tiani eklesia, rom wmida andriasa dawmida ninos RvawliT dafuZnebuliqarTuli eklesia Tavidanve erTianiiyo, Tumca misTvis es da sxva same-cniero Teoriebic aRniSnul saki-Txze cnobili iyo.

iv. javaxiSvili werda: `giorgimTawmideli da gansakuTrebiT efrem

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mcire, ruis-urbnisis 1103 wlissaeklesio krebis yvela sulisCamdg-meli da nikoloz kaTalikosi amtki-ceben, rom andria mociqulma iqada-ga `yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloi-sasa~, xolo Semdgom qristianobakvlav aRadgina wmida ninom, romlissaswaulTmoqmedebam da qadagebam`miizida yoveli savseba yovelTaqarTvelTa naTesavisa~. nikolozkaTalikosic, wmida ninos saerTomociqulad da ganmanaTlebladTvlida `Cven qarTvelTaisa~(`saswaulni sveticxovlisa~). erTisityviT, andria mociqulic da wmi-da ninoc saerTo qarTuli eklesiisdamaarseblad da mTeli eris gan-manaTleblad iyvnen cnobilni.saqarTvelos sxvadasxva nawilebiscalke mqadageblebis gamoZebnissurvilic ar hqoniaT, radgan isinimTliani da ganuyofeli saqarTve-los ganmtkicebisa da aRorZinebi-saTvis iRvwodnen. antioqiel-ieru-salimeli patriarqi mixeili, sworedam qarTvel saxelovan mecnierTamier Seqmnilsa da mTeli qarTvelierisagan Sesisxlxorcebul Semec-nebas spobda~ (iv. javaxiSvili, Txz.,t. III, gv. 340).

samwuxaroa, rom Zvel qarTvel sa-xelovan mecnierTa (iv. javaxiSvilisSefaseba) mier boZebul Semecnebasspobs zogierTi axali qarTveli mec-nieri, Tanac iseTi umaRlesi saerTa-Soriso saeklesio organodan,rogoricaa `pravoslavnaia encik-lopedia~.

magaliTad, Zveli qarTuli wyaroeb-is sawinaaRmdegod `pravoslavnaia en-ciklopedia~-s me-13 tomis avtorebi(gv. 200) noticiebze _ bizantiur kaTe-draTa nusxebze _ dayrdnobiT miiCn-

even, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi IXs-mde arsebuli saepiskoposoebi kon-stantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi imyo-febodnen. TiTqosda, ̀ egrisis samefo-Si, I noticiis mixedviT, arsebobdalazikis eparqia, romlis centri iyofazisis (foTis) samitropolito oTxisaepiskoposo kaTedriT _ rodopoli-si (varcixe), saisini (caiSi), petra(cixisZiri), zigana (ziganisi, gudava)(`pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~, t. XI I I ,gv. 200, rus. enaze). TiTqosda, Semdgomisini qarTulma eklesiam konstanti-nopols CamoaSora.

vSiSobT, rom es araswori Teoria,gavrcelebuli mTel msoflioSi `pra-voslavnaia enciklopediis~ mier, didsafrTxes Seuqmnis samomavlod saqar-Tvelos teritoriul da saeklesiomTlianobas.

sinamdvileSi, lazikis aRniSnulisaepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen tra-pezuntis olqSi _ qalaq ziganas re-gionSi, iqve iyo rodopolisis kaTe-drac. amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs ara mxo-lod msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli mec-nieri n. adonci, aramed, amJamad, sa-berZneTSi dabeWdili zogierTi sae-klesio rukac.

qarTuli wyaroebis dabejiTebulimtkicebiT, mudam, farnavaz mefisdroidanac, dasavleT saqarTveloyovelTvis Sedioda qarTlis samefossazRvrebSi vidre md. egriswylamde(vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg vidre md.klisuramde). amitomac miiCneoda, romam sasazRvro mdinareebis aqeT, dasav-leT saqarTveloSi, konstantinopolsarasodes iurisdiqcia ar gaaCnda,mxolod am mdinareebis iqiT (nikofsi-isaken) mdebare teritoria Sediodabizantiis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi,VI I I s-mde. amitomac, rodesac Cven vam-

28

tkicebT, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo-Si konstantinopols ar gaaCnda Tavi-si iurisdiqcia, cxadia, igulisxmeba amsasazRvro mdinareebis aqeT mdebaredasavleT saqarTvelos teritoria.rogorc cnobilia, md. egriswylad mi-iCneva md. RaliZga (oCamCiris raionSi),xolo md. klisurad _ md. kelasuri(soxumTan).

dasavleT saqarTveloSi konstan-tinopolis iurisdiqciis momxremecnierebi TavianT mtkicebas safuZ-vlad udeben strabonisa da sxva av-

torebis cnobebs, TiTqosda, isinikolxeTsa da lazikas dasavleTsaqarTvelos uwodebdnen. vfiqrob,Cemi kvleva strabonisa aCvenebs, romstrabonis kolxida mdebareobda aradasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramedqarTvelTa istoriul qveyanaSi –samxreT dasavleT saqarTveloSi. am-itomac straboni ara Tu ewinaaRmde-geba ZvelqarTuli wyaroebis cno-bebs dasavleT saqarTvelosTandakavSirebiT, aramed ganamtkicebskidec maT.

Ñòðàáîí, Ãåîãðàôèÿ, èçä. “Íàóêà”1964;

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redaqtori i. gorgiZe

gadaeca warmoebas 01.11.2011. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 20.11.2011. qaRaldis zoma

60X84 1/8. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 3. tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli ̀ teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77