1

Fw.-F. `mjm-imkvXw

]mTy-]-≤Xn

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-ime

2

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bv°p-th≠ncPn-kvSm¿ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv

A®Sn: ]n‚ v-B¿Svkv Hm^vsk‰v, ^dqJv 0495 2485210

3

BapJw

`mjm-im-kvX-Øn¬ Fw.-F. _ncpZXe-Øn-ep≈ k¿h-tXm-ap-J-amb ]T-\-Øn\v ]q¿W-cq-]-Øn¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Xbm-dm-°nb kne-_- m-Wn-Xv. _ncp-Zm-\-¥-c-X-e-Øn¬ mjm-imkvXw ]Tn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb ]pkvX-I-ßfpw kmt¶-XnIkw⁄m-k-ap-®-bhpw hen-sbm-c-f-hn¬ ae-bm-fØn¬ e`y-amWv F∂hkvXpX Cu ]In-bsb Xmc-X-tay\ Ffp-∏-am-°n.

A¬`p-Xm-h-l-amb _lp-hn-jb]k-‡n-bm¿∂ `mjmim-kvX-Øns‚ Cu]mTy]-≤-Xn-bpsS D≈-S°w \mep ska-Ã-dp-I-fn-te-Xmbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p∂p.

ka-Im-enI`mjm-im-kvX-Øns‚ ka-kvX-ta-J-e-I-sfbpw btYm-NnXw Bg-Ønepw ]c-∏n-eptam s]mXp-shtbm ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ X°-h-Æ-amWv Cu]mTy-]-≤Xn kwhn-[m\w sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. km¿h-eu-In-Ihpw k¿h-`m-jm-]-k-‡-hp-amb kmam-\y-X-Xz-ß-tfm-sSm∏w `mc-Xo-b-amb Z¿i-\-ß-fpw, `mc-Xob`mj-Iƒ°pw Zmhn-U-`m-j-Iƒ°pw F√m-‰n\pw tase ae-bm-f-Øn-epap≈ khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw kkq£vaw ]Tn-°m≥ kµ¿`-sam-cp-°n-bn-´p≠v.at\m-`m-jm-hn-⁄m-\w, kmaq-ly-`m-jm-im-kvXw, \c-hw-i-im-kvXw, am[y-a-]-T\w apX-emb F√m kΩp-J-Xm-ta-J-e-Ifpw (Interfaces) Bkq-Xn-X-amb`mjm-hn-I-k-\w, ae-bm-f-`m-jm-t_m-[-\-Øn-s‚bpw hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-s‚bpw`mjm-im-kvX-`q-an-I-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-hp-∂p. `mjm-im-kvX-Øns‚ an° afi-e-ß-fnepw Iºyq-´¿ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F]-Imcw F∂-Xn¬ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v th≠X ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w Cu tImgvkn¬e`y-am-hpw.

⁄m\-Øns‚ D¬∏m-Z-\-˛-hn-X-c-W-߃ `mjm-im-kvX-a-fi-e-Øn¬ ae-bm-f-am-[y-a-Øn-eqsS kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv a‰p taJ-e-I-fn¬ FX-amXw]k‡w F∂ ]cn-tim-[\ Cu tImgvkns‚ Zqc-hym-]-I-^-e-]-Z-amb

Dt]m¬∏-∂-am-Im≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v.

tUm. hn.B¿. ]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \mb¿A≤y£≥, `mjm-imkvX]T\t_m¿Uv

4

]T-\-t_m¿Uv AwK-߃tUm. hn.-B¿. ]t_m-[-N-µ≥\m-b¿ (A-≤y-£≥)tUm.-Sn.-_n. thWp-tKm-]me ]Wn-°¿s]m^. Pn.-sI. ]Wn-°¿tUm. \Sp-h´w tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥tUm. _n. iotZ-hntUm. Fkv cmtP-µ≥tUm. Ip™-ΩtUm. Fen-k-_Øv sj¿fntUm. Fw. io\m-Y≥ (I¨ho-\¿)

5

H∂mw ska-ÿLIN 1101 `mjm-im-kvXw ˛ km-am-\y-X-Xz-߃LIN 1102 kz\-hn-⁄m-\wLIN 1103 kz\na hn⁄m\wLIN 1104 cq]-hn-⁄m-\wLIN 1105 hmIy-hn-⁄m-\w ˛ 1

c≠mw ska-ÿLIN 1206 A¿∞-hn-⁄m\wLIN 1207 hmIy-hn-⁄m\w ˛ 2LIN 1208 kmaq-ln-I-`m-jm-imkvXwLIN 1209 -hym-I-c-W]m-c-ºcywLIN 1210 Zmhn-U-`m-jm-]T\hpw ae-bm-f-`m-jm-N-cn-Xhpw

aq∂mw ska-ÿ

LIN 1311 Iºyq-´¿ `mjm-imkvXw ˛ 1LIN 1312 hnh¿Ø-\-]-T\wLIN 1313 `mjm-t_m-[\w (sF—nIw)LIN 1314 at\m-`mjmhn⁄m-\obw (sF—nIw)LIN 1315 `mjm-imkvXhpw kmln-Xyhpw (Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSohv)LIN 1316 ssieo-hn-⁄m\w (Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSohv)LIN 1317 ae-bmf `mjm-kq-XWw (Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSohv)

LIN 1318 `mjbpw am[y-ahpw (Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSohv)

LIN 1319 ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nMv (Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSohv)

\memw ska-ÿ

LIN 1420 I-ºyq-´¿ `mjm-imkvXw ˛ 2LIN 1421 Iºyq-´¿ A[njvTnX \nL-≠p-hn-⁄m\wLIN 1422 Kth-j-W-co-Xn-im-kvXhpw ]_-‘-c-N-\bpwLIN 1423 ^o¬Uv `mjm-imkvXw (sF—nIw)LIN 1424 KW-am-XrImhn⁄m\w (sF—nIw)

6

H∂mw ska-ÿLIN 1101 `mjm-im-kvXw ˛ km-am-\y-X-Xz-߃LIN 1102 kz\-hn-⁄m-\wLIN 1103 kz\na hn⁄m\wLIN 1104 cq]-hn-⁄m-\wLIN 1105 hmIy-hn-⁄m-\w ˛ 1

7

LIN 1101 `mjm-imkvXw ˛ kmam-\y-X-Xz߃

bqWn‰v 1

`mj-bpsS \n¿h-N\w. a\p-jy-`m-j-bpsS kmam-\y-e-£-W-߃ ˛ `mjbpw`mj-Whpw XΩn-ep≈ hymh¿Ø-\w

`mjm-imkvXw ˛ kz`m-hw. e£yw, imkvXob-X-bpsS kz`mhw ˛ \n¿t±-im-fl-I-Xbpw hnh-c-Wm-fl-I-X-bpw.

`mj-bpsS LS-\m-kz- mhw kz\na˛cq-]na˛ hmIy-X-e-߃, mjbpw A¿∞hpw.

`mjm-im-kvX-Øns‚ B\p-Im-en-I-]-k‡n˛`mjm-\m-iw, mjm-]p-\-cp-÷o-h-\w,`mjm-kq-X-Ww, A[ym-]-\w, hnh¿Ø-\w, \nL-≠p-\n¿Ωm-Ww, mjm-t -Z-]-T\w.

bqWn‰v 2kao-]-\-co-Xn-Iƒ

GI-Im-en-Ihpw _lp-Im-en-I-hp-amb kao-]-\-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ Ncn-Xm-flI `mjm-imkvX XXz-߃ ˛ Zo¿L-Zq-c-Xm-c-X-ay-]-T\w (Nostratic Expansion)

`mjm-im-kvX-Øns‚ NcnXw ˛ eLp-]-cn-Nbw

`mjm-I-£yIƒ

`mjm-Ip-Spw-_-߃ C¥y-bnse mjm-Ip-Spw-_-߃˛ Zmhn-U-Ip-Spw-_-kz- m-hw.

`mjm-t£Xw ˛ Z£n-tW-jy≥ D]-`q-J-fi-Øns‚ `mjm-t£-XXzw.

bqWn‰v 3`mjbpw CX-c-hn-⁄m-\-im-J-Ifpw

`mjm-im-kvXhpw ntem-f-Pn-bpw. ntem-fPn F∂ kmt¶-Xn-I-\m-a-Øns‚ A¿Y-t`-Z-߃ ˛ Ncn-X-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬ `mjm-⁄m-\-Øn-\p≈ ]¶v.

8

`mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw ssieo-hn-Nmcw Nn”-hn-⁄m\w BJym-\-im-kvXw.

LS-\m-hm-Zhpw ˛ A\¥-c-Nn-¥-Ifpw.

`mjm-im-kvXhpw kmaq-ln-I-hn-⁄m-\hpw mjm-im-kvXhpw \c-hw-i-hn-⁄m-\hpw ˛ `mjm-im-kvXhpw \m´-dnhp]T-\-hpw.

`mjm-im-kvXhpw en]n-hn-⁄m-\hpw ˛ FX-Xcw en]n-Iƒ, en]n-hy-h-ÿ-bpsStbmKy-X. `mjm-im-kvXhpw ]pcm-hn-⁄m-\o-b-hpw.

bqWn‰v 4

hnhn[ taJ-e-Iƒ

hnIm-km-fl-I-`m-jm-imkvXw, inip-`m-jm-]-T\wat\m-`m-jm-imkvXw ˛ a\ pw `mjbpw\mUo-\n-jvT-`m-jm-im-kvXwkmaq-lnI`mjm-im-kvXwss[j-WnI`mjm-imkvXwlcn-X-`m-jm-imkvXwIp‰m-t\z-jW `mjm-imkvXw (Forensic Linguistics)

bqWn‰v 5B[p-\nI ho£-W-K-Xn-Iƒ

Kmwjn, A¬Øq-k¿, l_¿a-kv, qt°m, _m¿Øv, _lvXn≥, sehn-kvXmkv,Zdn-Z, InkvtX-h, e°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS ho£-W-K-Xn-I-fpsS kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

B≥Uq-kvIp-´n, F.]n., 2008, `mjm-im-kvX-kn-≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.Ip©p-Æn-cm-P, sI., `mjm-K-th-j-Ww.Ip©p-Æn-cm-P, sI., `mjm-Z¿i-\hpw Ncn-Xhpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v.]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \m-b¿, hn.B¿., 2012, `mjm-im-kvX-\nL≠p, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw:tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \m-b¿, hn.B¿., 2009, `mjm-im-kvX-Zr-jvSn-bn-eqsS, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, sI.-Fw., 1999, `mjm-h-tem-I-\w, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, sI.-Fw., 1999, `mjmimkvX-hn-thIw, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒhnZym-]o-Tw.]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, sI.-Fw., im¥ AK-kv‰n≥, 2010, B[p-\nI`mjm-im-kvXw,Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

9

io\m-Yv, Fw., 1991, ]m›m-Xy- m-jm-]-T-\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.k°-dnb, tPmfn, 2009, sI.-Fw. ]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿: `mjmKth-j-Ww PohnXw,Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.Akmajian, A., Demers. R.A., Farmer. A.K., & Harnish.R.M., 2001.†Linguistics: An

Introduction to Language and Communication. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The

MIT Press.

Andrew Radford, Martin Atkinson, 1999, Linguistics : An Introduction, Cambridge

University Press.

Antila, Raimo, 1972,†An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics, New

York: The Macmillan Co.

Arlotto, Anthony, 1972,†Introduction to Historical Linguistics, Boston: Houghton Mifflin

Co.

Bloomfield, Leonard., 1933,†Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Charles F Hockett, 1958, A Course in Modern Linguistics, New York: The Macmillan

Company.

Davis, G. W. and Iverson.G. K. (eds.), 1992,†Explanation in Historical Linguistics,

Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Fasold, R. & Connor-Linton, J.,†2006,†An introduction to language and linguistics,

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gleason, H.A., 1970,†An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics, New York: Holt,

Rinehart & Winston.

Henrich Hock, Hans. and Joseph, Brian D., 2009,†Language History, Language

Change, and Language Relationship: An introduction to Historical and Comparative

Linguistics, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Hale, Mark, 2007,†Historical Linguistics: Theory and Method, Blackwell Publishing.

Hall, Christopher, J., 2008,†Introduction to Language & Linguistics, Delhi: Viva books.

Hock, H.H., 1986,.†Principles of Historical Linguistics, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Lyons, John, 1986,†Language and Linguistics- An Introduction. Cambridge Univ. Press.

Makoni Sinfree , Geneva Smitherman (et, al), 2003, Black Linguistics: Language,

Society and Politics in Africa and The Americas, London: Routledge.

Pinker, Steven, 1981, Language and Linguistics,†Cambridge (UK): Cambridge

University Press.

Trask, R.L., 1996,†Historical Linguistics, Hodder Education Publishers.

Verma, S.K., and Krishnaswamy, N., 1993,†Introduction to Modern Linguistics, Delhi:

Oxford University Press.

10

LIN 1102 kz\-hn-⁄m-\w

bqWn‰v 1

kz\-\n¿h-N\w, kz\-hn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ hnj-b-]-cn-[n, kao-]-\-co-Xn-Iƒ: ih-Wm-kv]-Zw, Ah-b-h-\njvTw, kz\-`u-Xn-Iw, `mj-W-]Yw ˛ `mjWw D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°¬, izk-\-In-b˛D≈n-tet°m ]pd-tØt°m hmbp-]-hmlw F∂hymh¿Ø-\w, izmk-tIm-i-Pw, IWvT-Pw, hZ-\-Pw. \mZ-\-Inb, IrI-Øns‚]h¿Ø-\w-˛-\m-Zw, izmkw, a¥-Ww, a¿Ω-cw. A\p-\m-Z-\w-˛-\m-fn-Iƒ, A\p-\m-kn-Iw-˛-au-JnIw F∂ hymh¿Ø-\w. k‘m\w (articulation) ÿm\w-˛-Im-c-W-߃, coXn, kzc-ß-fn¬ hnhm-cw, Pnlzm-ÿn-Xn, hyRvP-\-߃, kzc-߃, am\-kz-c-߃, Zznkz-c-߃ (diphthongs), Xnkz-c-߃

bqWn‰v 2

Jfi-߃°-∏pdw ssZ¿Lyw, ÿmbn, CuWw, hyh-[m\w (juncture) B\p-jw-Kn-I-k-‘m\w (secondary articulation) B\p-\m-kn-Iyw, Xme-hyX XpS-ßnb cRvP-\-߃.

bqWn‰v 3

(IPA Nm¿´v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw hnhn-[-`m-j-I-fnse kz\-߃ tI´p- Xncn-®-dn™v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ioen-∏n-°pIbpw thWw).

bqWn‰v 4

kz\ kzcq] ]T-\- (Acoustic Phonetics) k-¶¬∏-߃ hni-Z-ambn ]cn-Nbn-∏n-°p-I. Iºyq-t´-j-W¬ kz\-hn-⁄m\w ˛ ]mY-anI ]cn-N-bw.

bqWn‰v 5

ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kz\-L-S\˛hni-Z-]-T-\w.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

B≥Uq-kvIp-´n, F.]n., 2008, `mjm-im-kvX-kn-≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´.vIp©p-Æn-cm-P, -sI., `mjm-K-th-jWw.]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \m-b¿, hn.B¿., 2012, `mjm-im-kvX-\nL≠p, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \m-b¿, hn.B¿., 2009, `mjm-im-kvX-Zr-jvSn-bn-eqsS, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v]t_m-[--N-µ≥ \m-b¿, hn.B¿., 1981, -- kz\-hn-⁄m\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.]`m-I-chm-cy¿, sI.Fw., 1981, kz\n-a-hn-⁄m-\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

11

]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, sI.-Fw., 1999, `mjm-h-tem-I-\w, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.

]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, sI.-Fw., 1999, `mjmimkvX-hn-thIw, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒhnZym-]o-Tw.

]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, sI.-Fw., im¥ AK-kv‰n≥, 2010, B[p-\nI`mjm-im-kvXw,Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

Abercrombie, D., 1967,†Elements of general phonetics, University of Edinburgh.

Ashby, Miechael. and Maidment, John., 2005,†Introducing Phonetic Science,

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Catford, J.C., 1988,†A Practical Introduction to Phonetics. Oxford: Oxford University

Press.

Chomsky, Noam and Halle Morris, 1968, The Sound Patterns of English, Newyork:

Harper & Row.

I.P.A., 1979,†International Phonetic Alphabet, Revised to 1996.

Johnson, K., 2003, Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics, 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Ladefoged, P. & Maddieson, Ian, 1996,†The Sounds of the World's Languages,

Blackwell.

Ladefoged, P., 1962,†Elements of Acoustic Phonetics,†Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.

Ladefoged, P., 2001,†Vowels and Consonants, Oxford: Blackwell.

Ladefoged, P., 2005, Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of

Ladefoged Peter, Jhonson Keicth, 2014. A Course in Phonetics, London: Wadsworth

Publishing

Languages, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell.

Laver, John, 1994,†Principles of Phonetics, Cambridge University Press.

Malmberg, Bertil, 1970, Manual of Phonetics, US: Elsevier Seimee Publishing.

Mohanan K.P., Tara Mohanan, 1984, Lexical Phonology of Consonant system in

Malayalam - Linguistic Inquiry Vol. 15, No. 4, The Massachusets Institute of Technology.

O' Connor, J.D.O' Connor, 1973, Phonetics, U.K. Penguin Books.

Odden , David Arnold , 2014, Introducing Phonology, Cambridge University Press.

Pike, K.L., 1944,†Phonetics, Aeritical Analysis of Phonetic theory and a Technique for

Practical Description of Sounds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan press.

Postal, M. Paul, 1968, Aspects of Phonological Theory, New York: Harper & Row.

Raphael, L., Borden, G. and Harris, K., 2007,†Speech Science Primer, 5th edition,

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Stevens, K., 1998,†Acoustic Phonetics, Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

Vasanthakumari, T., 2000, Progress of Phonology, Trivandrum: Dravidian Linguistic

Assoication.

http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=DoulosSILfont

http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/

12

LIN 1103 kz\na hn⁄m\w

bqWn‰v 1

kz\na \n¿W-b\w ˛ ss]°ns‚ kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ ]qc-I-Xzw, _lp-ap-J-]q-c-I-Xzw, hyXybw ˛ anX-Xzw, kwc-N\m kujvT-hw, cq]m-¥-c-Ww, \n¿ho-cy-I-cWw, D]-kz-\-ß-fpsS AXn-hym-]-\w. A£cw (syllable) \n¿W-bn-°¬. ae-bm-f-Ønse A£-cßfpsS LS-\. _ehpw (stress) ÿmbnbpw (tone) kz\n-aXzw t\Sp-∂-Xv. Xmf-t`Zw ˛ _e-Im-e-Xm-fw, A£-c-Im-e-Xm-fw, kz\n-a-hn-\ymkw (phonotactics) kz\n-a-kw-bp‡w (cluster), kz\na \n¿W-b-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ A`ym-k-߃ 10 FÆw sNø-Ww.

bqWn‰v 2

hymh¿Ø-I-e-£-W-߃, tdma≥ Pm°-_vks‚ hn]-co-X-tPm-Un-Iƒ ]P-\-I-kz-\-]-In-b-co-Xn-Iƒ \nb-a-ßfpw ]p\¿te-J-\hpw kz\-]-In-b-bn¬.

bqWn‰v 3

kz\-]-In-bbpw hymI-c-Whpw hyh-[m-\hpw (junction) kz\n-a-hpw. kz\namA]-K-Y-\w, kz\na \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-Ww, kz\nanI en]y-¶\w

bqWn‰v 4

kz\n-a-\n¿W-b-Ønse B[p-\nI ]h-W-X-Iƒ

tImiob h¿W-hn-⁄m-\w, `mj-W-Kp-W-h¿W hn⁄m-\w, ]P-\I h¿W-hn-⁄m-\w, kzmib Jfi-h¿Whn-⁄m-\w, A\n-jv]m-Z\ h¿W-hn-⁄m\w.

bqWn‰v 5

ae-bmf h¿W-L-S\ ˛ hni-Z-]-T-\w.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Ip©p-Æn-cm-P, -sI., `mjm-K-th-jWw.]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \m-b¿, hn.B¿., 2012, `mjm-im-kvX-\nL≠p, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw:tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \m-b¿, hn.B¿., 2009, `mjm-im-kvX-Zr-jvSn-bn-eqsS, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v]t_m-[--N-µ≥ \m-b¿, hn.B¿., 1981, -- kz\-hn-⁄m\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.]`m-I-chm-cyb¿, sI.Fw., 1981, kz\n-a-hn-⁄m-\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

13

]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, sI.-Fw., 1999, `mjm-h-tem-I-\w, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.

]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, sI.-Fw., 1999, `mjmimkvX-hn-thIw, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒhnZym-]o-Tw.

]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, sI.-Fw., im¥ AK-kv‰n≥, 2010, B[p-\nI`mjm-im-kvXw,Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

Chomsky, Noam and Halle, M., 1968,†The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper.

David Arnold Odden, 2014. Introducing Phonology, Cambridge University Press.

Durand, Jacques, 1990, Generative and†Non-linear†Phonology, Routledge.

Fischer - Jorgensen, Eli:, 1975,†Trends in phonological theory:A historical introduction

Copenhagen; Akademisk Forlag.

Foley, J.,†1977, Foundation of Theoretical Phonology, Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Goldsmith, J. (Ed.), 1995,†The Handbook of Phonological Theory,†Cambridge:

Blackwell.

Goldsmith, J. (Ed.), 1999,†Phonological Theory: The Essential Readings, Cambridge:

Blackwell.

Harms, Robert, T., 1968,†Introduction to Phonological Theory, Prentice - Hall Inc.

Hawkins, Peter, 1991,†Introducing Phonology: Routledge.

Hockett, C.F., 1955,†A Manual of Phonology,†Baltimore: Waverly Press.

Hyman, Larry, 1975,†Phonology: theory and analysis, New York: Holt, Rinehart and

Winston.

Jensen, John, T., 2004,†Principles of Generative Phonolgy, Amsterdam: John

Benjamins.

Kenstowicz, M., 1994,†Phonology in Generative Grammar,†Cambridge: Blackwell.

Lass, R., 1984,†Phonology, Cambridge University Press.

Pike Lee, Kenneth, 1943, Phonetics: a critical analysis of phonetic theory and a

techniqe for the practical description of sounds, University of Michigan Press.

Malmberg, Bertil,1963, Manual of Phonetics, Dover Publications.

Mohanan, K.P., 1986,†The Theory of Lexical Phonology, Dordrecht: Reidel.

Mohanan, K.P., Tara Mohanan, 1984, Lexical Phonology of Consonant system in

Malayalam - Linguistic Inquiry Vol. 15, No. 4, The Massachusets Institute of Technology.

Pike Lee, Kenneth, 1947,†Phonemics, Ann Arbor.

Postal, P.M., 1968,†Aspects of Phonological Theory, New York: Harper & Row

Roea, Iggy, Johnson, Wyn, 1999,†A course in Phonology, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers

Trubetzkoy, N.S., 1969, English Trans, C Baltaxe, 1969,†Principles of Phonology,

Berkeley and Los Angeles. University of California Press.

14

LIN 1104 cq]hn⁄m\w

bqWn‰v 1

cq]hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ ]k-‡n. cq]w, cq]n-aw, D]cq]w, ss\U-bpsS cq]na\n¿W-b-X-Xz-߃, cq]-]-In-b-Iƒ. h¿W \n¿Wo-Xhpw cq]-\n¿Wo-Xhpw, cq]n-a-t`-Z-߃ ˛ kwbp-‡-cq]w (Portmanteau Morph), iq\y-cq-]n-aw, iq\y-D-]-cq-]w.[mXp˛]IrXn˛ ]Xybw˛ ]Zw.

cq]n-a-\n¿Wbw: ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\w.

bqWn‰v 2

]Z-\n¿ΩnXn ˛ cq]-kn-≤n, \njv]m-Z\w, Inb-mcq-]m-h-en, \ma-˛-hn-ti-jW cq]m-h-en, C\- hn-\ym-k-am-Xr-I, C\ ]Inb amXr-I, ]Z-∏-´n-I. cq]na hnI¬∏-߃(Morphological Alternations) ]Z-Øns‚ ew_-Xe-˛Xnc-›o-\-Xe _‘-߃.hm°p-I-fpsS A[n-Ia \njvT-L-S\ (hierarchical ordering). k¶-e-t\-Xc cq]-L-S\ (non-concatenative)

bqWn‰v 3

cq]hn⁄m-\hpw h¿W-hn-⁄m\hpw˛ ZznKp-Wo-I-cWw ˛ cq]-hn-⁄m-\hpwhmIy-hn-⁄m-\-hpw. \mao-I-cWw (nominalization), tImiob ]cn-I¬]\(Lexicalist hypothesis), h¿W-hn-Im-c-߃.

bqWn‰v 4

ae-bmf cq]--hn-⁄m\w ˛ cq]-L-S-\ ˛ cq]-kz-\n-anI ]In-b-Iƒ (Morpho

Phonemic Processes) ˛ k‘n, kamkw. hymI-c-WnI kwh¿K-߃. ae-bm-f-Øns‚ cq]-kn≤n khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 5

Iºyq-t´-j-W¬ cq]hn⁄m-\w. cq]na hni-I-e\ am]n\n, `mjW hn`m-Km\p_‘-\w. Iºyq- ¿ A[n-jvTnX cq]na hmIy-L-S\m]KY\w ae-bm-f-Øn¬.]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w: hymI-c-WnI kwh¿Kß-fpsS cq]-kn≤n Fgp-XpI.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \m-b¿, hn.B¿., 2012, `mjm-im-kvX-\nL≠p, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw:tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \m-b¿, hn.B¿., 2009, `mjm-im-kvX-Zr-jvSn-bn-eqsS, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, sI.-Fw., 1999, `mjm-h-tem-I-\w, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.

15

]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, sI.-Fw., 1999, `mjmimkvX-hn-thIw, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒhnZym-]o-Tw.]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, sI.-Fw., im¥ AK-kv‰n≥, 2010, B[p-\nI`mjm-im-kvXw,Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.Allerton, D.J., 1979,†Essentials of Grammatical Theory, London: Routledge & Kegan

Paul.

Anderson, S. R., 1992,†A - Morphous Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

Andrews†Carstairs-McCarthy,†1992, Current Morphology. London, New York:

Routledge.

Aronoff, M. & Fudeman, K., 2005, What is Morphology ? Oxford: Blackwell.

Aronoff, M., 1975, Word Formation in Generative Grammar, Cambridge: MIT Press.

Bauer, L., 2003,†Introducing Linguistic Morphology†(2nd†edition). Washington DC:

Georgetown University Press.

Bloomfield, L., 1933,†Language. New York. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas Company.

Elson, B.V., Pickett, 1967,†An Introduction to Morphology and Syntax. Santa Ano:

Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Gleason, H.A., 1976, An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics, New York: Holt, Miller,

George.A., Beckwith, R., Fellbaum, C., Gross D. and Miller, K., Introduction to Wordnet:

An On-line Lexical Database (Down loaded from website).

Haspelmath, M., 2002, Understanding Morphology, London: Hodder Arnold.

Hockett, C.F., 1958,†A Course in Modern Linguistics, New Delhi: Oxford & IBH.

Inkelas, S. and Zoll, C., 2005,†Reduplication: Doubling in Morphology. Cambridge

University Press.

Katamba, F., 1993,†Morphology, Basingstoke: MacMillan.

Matthews, P.H., 1972,†Inflectional Morphology. Cambridge University Press.

Matthews, P.H., 1993,†Morphology (Reprint), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Nida, E. A., 1967,†Morphology : The Descriptive Analysis of Words. Ann Arbor.

Shanmugam, S.E., 1971, Dravidian Nouns : A Comparative Study. Annamalai:

Annamalai University.

Spencer, A. and Zwicky, A. (ed), 2001,†The Handbook of Morphology, Blackwell.

Subrahmaniam, P.S., 1971, Dravidian Verb Morphology (A Comparative Study),

Annamalai: Annamalai University.

Varma, S.K. and Krishnaswamy, N., 1989, Modern Linguistics: an introduction, Delhi:

Oxford University Press.

Web link for network morphology: http://www.surrey.ac.uk/LIS/SMG/

surrey_morphology_group

16

LIN 1105 hmIyhn⁄m\w ˛ 1

bqWn‰v 1

hmIy-hn-⁄m\w ˛ \n¿h-N-\w. `mj-W-L-S-I-߃ eLp ]cn-N-bw. hymI-cWkwh¿K-߃ mc-Xob k¶¬]w BJym-Xw, D]-k¿Kw, \n]m-Xw, ]m›mXyk¶¬]w ˛ ]Zw, ]Z-kw-lnX, hmIymwKw, hmIyw F∂nh. hmIy-hn-`m-K-߃[¿am-fl-I- hm-Iy-L-S-I-߃˛ I¿Øm-hv, I¿Ωw, Inb. LS-\w-- -A-¥xtI-µo-IrXw_m-ly-tI-µo-IrXw.

bqWn‰v 2

LS-\m-flI kao-]\w ew_-X-e- _‘w, Xnc-›o-\-Xe _‘w. k∂n-lnX LS-Im-]-K-Y-\w. ]P\I hymI-c-Ww˛ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-߃. km¿h-eu-InI hymI-cW Nn¥, P∑-kn-≤n-hm-Zw. ]cym]vXn (adequacy) ˛ \nco-£-W-]-cw, hnh-c-W-]-cw, hni-Zo-I-c-W-]-cw. am\I kn≤m-¥w, hnI-knX am\I kn≤m-¥w, ]cn-jvIrXhnIknX am\I kn≤m¥w.

bqWn‰v 3

cN-\m-¥-c-Ww, Ne-\w˛ BK-aw, tem]w, BtZi ]In-b-Iƒ, D -L-S-\, S˛LS\,hn -P\ D]-hn- -P\ \nb-a-߃, tImi-\n-b-a-߃, \nb-a- -]-cn-am-X, cW _‘\kn≤m-¥w, X-bar kn≤m¥w, eLp-X-aXm ]≤Xn.

bqWn‰v 4

ae-bm-f-Ønse hmIy-c-N\m LS\, kap®-bw, ]qc-Ww, AwK-hm-Iy-ß-fpsS hymI-cW [¿Ω-߃, apJy-hm-Iy-co-Xn, kw_-‘-hm-No-I-c-Ww, ]qc-Io-I-c-Ww, \mao-I-cWw.

bqWn‰v 5

Iºyq-´¿ `mjm-imkvX taJ-e-Iƒ, kzm`m-hnI `mjm kwkvI-c-Ww, hn`-h-ti-Jc `mjm-im-kvXw.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

B\-µ≥, sI.F≥., 2003, `mjm-im-kvX-Ønse tNmwkvIn-b≥ hnπ-hw,Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.]`m-Ic hmcn-b¿, sI.Fw., 2010, B[p-\nI `mjm-im-kvXw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw:tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.]t_m-[-N-µ≥\m-b¿, hn.B¿., 2009, `mj -imkvX ZrjvSn -bn -eq -sS,Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.]t_m-[-N-µ≥\m-b¿, hn.B¿., 2012, mjm -imkvX \nL-≠p, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

17

t__n Fw.G. (F-Un), 2001, tNmwkvIn, \q‰m-≠ns‚ a\- m£n, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.\ºq-Xncn, C.-hn.-F≥., 1997, hmIy-L-S\, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

Baker, C.L., 1978, Introduction to Generative - Transformational Syntax, New

Jersey.Prentice-Hall,†Inc., Englewood Cliffs.

Baker, C.L.,1996,†English Syntax. MIT Press.

Brown, E.K. & Miller, J.E., 1980,†Syntax: A linguistic Introduction to Sentence Structure,

London.Hutchinson & Co. Ltd.

Burton-Roberts,†N., 1997,†Analysing Sentences: An Introduction to English

Syntax,†Longman Publishing Group.

Carnie, Andrew, 2007, Syntax: A Generative Introduction,†Blackwell.

Chomsky, N., 1957, Syntactic Structures, The Hague : Mouton.

Chomsky, N., 1965,†Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, Cambridge, MIT Press.

Chomsky, N., 1972,†Language and Mind, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch.

Chomsky, N., 1976,†Reflections on Language, London: Temple Smith.

Chomsky, N., 1981,†Lectures on Government and Binding, Dordrecht: Foris.

Chomsky, N., 1981,†Principles and Parameters in Syntactic Theory, Oxford Blackwell

Chomsky, N., 1986,†Barriers, Cambridge, MIT Press.

Cinque, G. & R.S. Kaynes (eds.), 2005, Oxford handbook of Comparative Syntax,

UK:CUP

Cook, V. J. and M. Newson, 1998, Chomsky's Universal Grammar†(Second Edition),

Blackwell.

Culicover, P.W., 1982,†Syntax†(2nd ed.), New York: Academic Press Inc.

Fabb, N., 1994,†Sentence Structure, London: Routledge.

Haegman, Liliane,1998, Introduction to Government and Binding Theory, Blackwell.

Mathews, P.H., 1981,†Syntax, Cambridge University Press.

Radford, A., 1983,†Transformational Syntax, Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics.

Tallerman, Maggie, 2005, Understanding Syntax, Hodder Arnold.

Webelhuth (ed), 1995, Government and Binding Theory and Minimalist program,

America: Linguistic Society of America.

18

c≠mw ska-ÿLIN 1206 A¿∞-hn-⁄m\wLIN 1207 hmIy-hn-⁄m\w ˛ 2LIN 1208 kmaq-ln-I-`m-jm-imkvXwLIN 1209 -hym-I-c-W]m-c-ºcywLIN 1210 Zmhn-U-`m-jm-]T\hpw ae-bm-f-`m-jm-N-cn-Xhpw

19

LIN 1206 A¿∞-hn-⁄m\w

bqWn‰v 1

hnhn[ Xcw A¿Yw˛ hnh-cm-Wm¿Yw˛ssh-Im-cn-Im¿Yw- -k-º¿°-]-c-amb A¿Yw,Bi-bhpw kqNn-Xm¿Y-hpw, A`n-t[-bm¿Yhpw em£-Wn-Im¿Y-hpw, `mjm¿Y-Ønse imkvXo-b-X, A¿Y-k-¶¬∏-\-ßsf kwK-ln-°p∂ coXn-Iƒ, A¿YLS-I-ß-fpsS A]-K-Y\w.

bqWn‰v 2

A¿Y _‘-߃ ˛- ]-cym-b-Xzw. _lz¿YI-X, hn]-co-X-Xzw, ka-\m-a-X, At[m-\m-a-X, D]-cn-\m-a-X, AwK-\m-aw, \nb-Xw, A\n-b-Xw, kmam-\ymw-iw, hnti-jmw-iw, A¿Y-t£Xw.

]Xn-tbmKw kmZr-iyw, Zznap-Jw, sshcp-≤yw, tiWo-Ir-Xw, tiWo-Ir-tX-Xcw.

A¿Y-k-tµ-lw, tImim¿Y k¶o¿ÆX

A¿Y-]-cn-Wm-aw, ]I-c-W-hn-⁄m-\w, `mj-W-]-hrØn, hy⁄n-Xw, kqN-Imw-iw, KW-_-‘-߃˛Aw-K-Xzw, tbmKw, kwK-aw, FÆw, D]-K-W-߃, GI-Zw.-

bqWn-‰v 3

hmIy-Øns‚ A¿Yw-˛-K-l\amb A¿Y-L-S-\-˛-]q¿h-[m-c-W-˛-hm-kvX-hn-I-X-˛-k-Xy-hn-cp-≤w-˛-kw-bp‡]kvXm-hw-˛-bp-‡n-k-l-Xzw-˛-k-Xym-k-Xy-hn-tcm-[w, ]Im-c-hpw ]Im-c-X-bpw, Ime-˛-]-Im-c-˛-]-£-hy-h-ÿ, Zqc-˛-ÿ-e-˛-Ime kqN-I-߃,kwtbm-P-I-߃, BJym-Xw, ]c-nam-Wn-Iw, Nc-߃.

bqWn‰v 4

i_vZ-t_m-[-kn-≤m-¥-߃ `mc-X-Øn¬. kvt^mS-kn-≤n,

A¿Y-Øns‚ kmwKXyw hymI-c-W-Øn¬. A¿Y-t_m-[hpw hnhn[ Z¿i-\-ßfpw.A`n-[, e£-W, -hy-RvP\

20

bqWn‰v 5

Iºyq-´¿ A[n-jvTnX A¿Y-hn-⁄m-\wskam‚nIv sh_v, th¿Uv s\‰vA¿Y k∂n-Kv[X Iºyq-´¿ Xe-Øn¬ (Word sense disambiguation)

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Ip©pÆn cmP, sI., `mjm-Nn-¥-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.]t_m-[-N-µ≥\m-b¿, hn.B¿., 2012, `mjm-im-kvX-\n-L-≠p, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw:tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.thZ-_‘p, A¿Y-hn-⁄m\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿, Sn.-_n., 2014, mjm¿Yw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.ë

Allwood, J. et al. 1997, reprint, Logic in Linguistics, Cambridge: CUP.

Bolinger, DJovanovich, 1975, Aspects of Language, New York: Harcourt Brace.

Chandler, Daniel, 2004, Semantics: The Basics, Routledge.

Fellbaum, C. (ed.), 1988,†WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database. Cambridge,

Massachusets: MIT Press.

Hurford, James, R. and Heasley, B., 1983,†Semantics - A†course - book,†CUP.

Jackson, H., 2002,†Lexicography: An Introduction, London: Routledge.

Jeffrey, C. Richard, Semantics.

Keith, A., 2009,†Encyclopedia of Semantics, Elsevier.

Kempson, R., 1977,†Semantic Theory,†Cambridge Univ. Press.

Leech, G.N., 1974, Semantics, Penguin Books.

Lehrer, A., 1974,†Semantic Fields and Lexical Structure, Linguistic : Society of America.

Lyons, John, 1977,†Semantics: Vol. I and II, Cambridge: CUP.

Lyons, John, 1995, Linguistic†Semantics: An Introduction, Cambridge: CUP.

Saeed, John, I. 2003,†Semantics, Wiley Blackwell.

Singh, R.A., 1982, (reprint 1991)†Introduction to Lexicography, Mysore: CIIL.

Svensen, Bo, 2009,†A Handbook of Lexicography: The Theory and Practice of

Dictionary - Making,†Cambridge: CUP.

Zgusta, Ladislar, 1971, Manual of Lexicography, (Janua Linguarum, Series Maior 39)

Prague: Academia; The Hague: Mouton.

21

LIN 1207 hmIy-hn-⁄m\w ˛ 2

bqWn‰v 1

]P\I hymI-c-Ww˛ tNmwkvInb≥ kn≤m-¥-߃ - X Bar kn≤m-¥w - eLp-X-aXm]≤Xn ˛ _‘ \njvT hymI-cWw (Relational grammar), tImiob [¿a-\njvT hymI-cWw (Lexical functional grammar), kmam-\o-IrX ]Z-kw-lnXm hymI-cWw (Generalized PSG), io¿j-N-enX ]Z-kw-lnXm hymI-cWw (Head -driven

PSG)

bqWn‰v 2

]Z-kw-lnXmcN-\m-hym-I-cWw ˛ FIvkv _m¿ Xnbdn, io¿jw-˛-]q-c-Iw-˛-\n-bm-aIw (Head-complement-specifier) ZznapJ hn`-P\w (binary branching), \ma-]-Z-kw-ln-X-bpsS A]-K-Y-\w. hn`‡n ]Xy-b-ßfnse A]-hm-Z-߃ (Exceptional

Case Markers)-

bqWn-‰v 3

cN-\m-¥-c-Ww˛ Ne-\w (Movement), Trace, wh-- Ne\w, I¿Ø-cn- -I¿Ω-Wn, kw_-‘-I-c-Ww, BJym-I-c-Ww, kvImwªnMv (Scrambling), A\p-_-‘\w (Adjunction),BtZiw (Substitution), io¿j-˛-io¿j Ne\w,

bqWn‰v 4

cN-\m-¥-c-Ww˛ Ne\ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ˛ tdmkv \n_-‘-\-Iƒ, Iam-\p-krX ]Z-hn-\ymkw (Govt. & Proper Govt.), hn`‡n kn≤m¥w (Case theory), _‘\kn≤m¥w (binding theory), A\zm-tZ-ihpw k¿h-\m-a-hpw, Xo‰m kn≤m-¥w, Xo‰mkqNIw, ]mcn-am-Wn-Iw, ]mcn-am-Wn-tIm-∂-a-\w, ta¬]me \n_-‘\ (Cross over

constraint)

bqWn‰v 5

hmIy-L-S-\m-]-K-Y-\w˛ Iºyq-´¿h¬Ir-Xw.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

B\-µ≥, sI.F≥., 2003, `mjm-im-kvX-Ønse tNmwkvIn-b≥ hnπ-hw,Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.\ºq-Xncn, C.-hn.-F≥., 1997, hmIy-L-S\, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.]t_m-[-N-µ≥\m-b¿, hn.B¿., 2009, `mj -imkvX ZrjvSn -bn -eq -sS,Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.]t_m-[-N-µ≥\m-b¿, hn.B¿., 2012, mjm -imkvX \nL-≠p, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

22

]`m-Ic hmcn-b¿, sI.Fw., 2010, B[p-\nI `mjm-im-kvXw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw:tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.t__n, Fw.G. (F-Un.), 2001, tNmwkvIn, \q‰m-≠ns‚ a\- m£n, Xncp-h-\¥]pcw: tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

Adger, D., 2004,†Core Syntax. A Minimalist Approach, Oxford: OUP

Carnie, A., 2007,†Syntax: A Generative Introduction, Blackwell.

Chomsky, N., 1957, Syntactic Structures, Mouton: The Hague.

Chomsky, N., 1965,†Aspects of the theory of Syntax, Cambridge: MIT Press.

Chomsky, N., 1972,†Language and Mind, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch.

Chomsky, N., 1976,†Reflections on Language, London: Temple Smith.

Chomsky, N., 1981.,†Lectures on Government and Binding, Dordrecht, Holland: Foris

Publications.

Chomsky, N., 1981., Principles and Parameters in Syntactic Theory, In N.Hornstein

and D. lightfoot (eds.),†Explanations in linguistics.†London: Longman.

Chomsky, N., 1986.,†Knowledge of language: Its nature, Origin and Use, New York:

Prager.

Chomsky, N., 1986,†Barriers, Cambridge: MIT Press.

Chomsky, N., 1995,†Minimalist programme, Dordrechet, Holland: Foris Publications.

Cinque, G. and R.S. Kaynes (eds.), 2005, Oxford Handbook of Comparative Syntax,

UK: CUP.

Cook, V.J. and Mark Newson,1998, Chomsky's Universal Grammar (Second Edition),

Blackwell.

Culicover, P., 2009,†Natural Language Syntax, UK: CUP.

Freidin, R., 1994,†Foundations of Generative Syntax, U.S.A.: MIT Press.

Haegeman, Liliare, 1991,†Introduction to Government & Binding Theory, Wiley

Blackwell.

Horrocks, Geoffrey, 1987,†Generative Grammar, Routledge

Horstein, N., J. Nunes and Kl. Grohmann, 2005,†Understanding Minimalism,

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Poole, Geoffrey, 2002, Syntactic Theory, Palgrave Maerillan

Webelhuth, Gert. (ed.), 1995,†Government and Binding Theory and the Minimalist

Program: Principles and Paranetersin Synaetic Theory. Wiley Blackwell.

23

LIN 1208 kmaqlnI`mjmimkvXw

bqWn‰v 1

kmaq-lnI `mjm-imkvXw: ]T-\-ta-J-e-Iƒ, ]T\ hym]vXn, `mj-W-k-aq-lw,`mjmXn¿Øn-Iƒ, mj-W-ti-J-cw, kwth-Z-\ssh- -hhpw mjm-ssh- -h-hpw. mj-W-L-S-I-ßfpw \nb-aßfpw˛ Paul Grices‚ XXz-߃˛ kw`m-j-W-\njvThyRvP\ (Conversational Implicature)˛ ]I-cW ]T-\w-˛-]-I-c-W-\njvTss\]pWn˛-]-I-c-W-\n-jvT-amb acymZ (Politeness Principles of Leech) ˛ A[n-Im-chpw kJyhpw `mj-bn¬˛ `mj-W-co-Xn-I-fnse kmwkvIm-cnI `n∂-X-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 2

`mjm-hy-Xn-bm-\-߃ (Variation)-˛ `mjbpw kzXz-hpw˛ hn]p-eo-IrX tImUpw]cn-anX tImUpw -(elaborated and restricted code)˛ kmaq-lnIAkaXzw `mj-bn¬˛ `mjbpw kmaq-lnI tiWnbpw˛ `mj-bnse kmaqlnI a\-imkvX Xe-߃˛Zr-V-aqew (Stereotype)-(ae-bm-f-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ ]T\w)

bqWn‰v 3

`mjm-t`Zw ]T\NcnXw, ]ckv]cKlWw, mjmt`Z߃ D≠mIp∂Xn\p≈ImcW߃, kmaqlnIw, kmwkvImcnIw, q]IrXn, mjmt`Z߃, e£Zzo]vaebmfw.

bqWn‰v 4

`mjbpw `mjmkº¿°ßfpw˛Zzn`mjobX, _lp`mjobX, tImUvam‰w,tImUvk¶e\w, BZm\]Zm-\-߃, mjm]cn]me\w, mjmhyXnbm\w, k¶-c- m-j, sh¶-e- m-j, ]nPn-\o-I-c-Ww, Intbm-fo-I-c-Ww, s]mXp- m-j, Cc- -sam-gnØw(Diglossia). `mjm-kq-X-WØns‚ ]k-‡n.

bqWn‰v 5

kmaq-ln-I-`m-jm-imkvX ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ˛ kmwªnßv, ZØ-ti-J-cWw, D]-I-c-W-߃ (Tools), kmaq-lnI`m-jm-imkvX Nc-߃ \n›-bn-°¬, tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂coXn. ZØ-hn-i-I-e-\hpw hymJym-\hpw. ]mcn-am-WnI hni-I-e\w (Quantitative

Analysis), Nc-ß-fpsS \nb-a-߃˛ \c-hw-i-hn-⁄m-\ob coX-im-kvXw ˛ KpWm-fl-I-hn-i-I-e\w (Qualitative Analysis)(^o¬Uv h¿°nepw ZØ-ti-J-c-W-Ønepw ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn-bn-cn-°Ww)

24

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Djm\ºqXncn∏mSv, kmaqlnI`mjmhn⁄m\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

Djm\ºqXncn∏mSv, aebmfØnse kwt_m[\m]ZßfpsS kmaqlnI]›mØew.

Kncojv, ]n.Fw., tIc-f-Ønse BNmc`mj.

Kncojv, ]n.Fw., 2000 A[nImchpw `mjbpw, tImgn-t°mSv ]m∏n-tbm¨

tkmatiJc≥ \mb¿, `mjmt`Zhn⁄m\obw.

Annamalai, E., Caste and Variation in Language Use, IJDL 15.1. Dravidian Studies

Selected papers, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas.

Arends, Jacsjues, Muysken, Pieter. and Smith, Norvel. (eds.), 1995,†Pidgins and

Creoles: An Introduction,†John Benjamins Publishing.

Beal, J. C., 2006,†Language and Region, London and New York: Routledge.

Bhatia, T. and Kachru, B. (eds.),†The Handbook of Bilingualism, Wiley Blackwell.

Chambers, J.K, 1995,†Sociolinguistic Theory, Wiley- Blackwell.

Chambers, J. K. and Trudgill, P., 1980,†Dialectology, UK, USA, Australia: Cambridge

University Press.

Coulmas, F. (ed.), 1997,†The Handbook of Sociolinguistics,†Blackwell.

Dittmar, N., 1976,†Sociolinguistics: A critical survey of theory and application, London:

Arnold.

Fasold, Ralph, 1984,†The Sociolinguistics of Society, Basil Blackwell.

Francis, W. N., 1983,†Dialectology: An Introduction, London and New York: Longman.

Franklin, C.,1974, Contact and Convergence in South Asian Languages, South Worth.

Giglioli, P.P, 1977, Language and Social Context, Penguin Books.

Gupta, R.S. & Aggarwal, K. (ed.), 1998,†Studies in Indian Sociolinguistics, Delhi:

Creative Publishers.

Itagi, N. H. and Singh, S.K., 2002,†Linguistic Landscaping in India, Mysore: Central

Institute of Indian Languages.

Karunakaran, K., 1982, Sociolinguistic Patterns of Language Use,Annamalai Nagar.

All India Tamil Linguistics Association.

Kunjunni Raja, K., Language Stratification and Social Hierarchy, (History of Malayalam

Language: Book Ed. by K.M. Prabhakara Variyar).

Kunjunniraja, K,, Language of Social Hierarchy, Annals of Oriental Research, Madras

University.

Labov, W., 1994,†Principles of Linguistic Change, Vol. 1, Internal Factors, Wiley.

Labov, W., 2001,†Principles of Linguistic Change, Vol. 2, Social Factors, Blackwell.

25

Mesthrie, R., 2001,†Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics, Oxford: Elsevier

(Pergamon) Section 1.

Meyerhof, M., 2006, Introducing Sociolinguistics, London: Routledge.

Pandit, P.B., 1972, India as a Socio Linguistic Area, Poona University.

Panicker, G.K., 1985, Minority Language Situation in Kerala, IJDL.

Petyt, K. M., 1980,†The Study of dialect: An Introduction to Dialectology, London:

Andre Deutsch.

Pride, J.B. & Holmes, Janet, 1986, Sociolinguistics: Selected Readings, Penguin Books.

Romaine, Suzanne, S. Romaine, 1988,†Pidgin and Creole languages, Longman

Publishing Group.

Romaine, Suzanne, S. Romaine, 1989, Bilingualism, Oxford: Blackwell.

Sreevalsan, T., 2011, Linguistic Convergence - Konkani Malayalam Language

Contact Situation, Lap Lambert Academic Publishing.

Stockwell, P., 2002,†Sociolinguistic Variation and Change, Edinburgh University Press.

Subramoniam, V.I., 1974,†Dialect Survey of Malayalam, Trivandrum: University of

Kerala.

Thomason, S., 2001,†Language Contact: An Introduction, Washington DC:

Georgetown University Press.

Thomason, Sarah Grey, and Kaufman, Terrence, 1992,†Language contact,

Creolization and genetic Linguistics, University of California Press

Trudgill, P., 1976,†Sociolinguistics, Penguin Books.

Wardhaugh, R., 1992,†An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, New York: Oxford, Blackwell

Inc.

Weinreich, U., 1968,†Languages in Contact, The Hague. Mouton.

Winford, Donald, 2003,†An Introduction to Contact Linguistics, Blackwell Publishing

Ltd.

26

LIN 1209 hym-I-c-W-]m-c-ºcyw

bqWn‰v 1

-kw-kvIr-Xw- -th-Zmw-K-߃- ]mWn-\o-b-Øn-\p-ap-ºv, ]mWn-\o-b-]m-c-º-cyw AjvSm-[ymbn: hrØn, hm¿Øn-Iw, `mjyw-˛-I¿Xym-b-\≥, ]X-RvP-en, `¿Xr-l-cn,[¿aIo¿Øn, `t´m-Pn-Zo-£n-X¿.

bqWn‰v 2

`mc-Xob hymI-c-W-Øn\v tIc-fo-b-kw- m-h-\-Iƒ - -ta¬]Øq¿, sF.-kn.-Nm-t°m,G.-B¿.- cm-P-cmPh¿Ω. hym-I-cWw a‰p C¥y≥ `mj-I-fn¬˛sXm¬Im-∏nbw,\∂q¬, hoc-tNm-gn-bw, B‘-i-_vZ-Nn-¥m-a-Wn, Ihn-cm-P-am¿Kw Ch-bpsS ]cn-Nbw. Xangv ]mc-º-cyhpw ae-bmf`mj hymI-cW ]mc-º-cyhpw.

bqWn‰v 3

eoem-Xn-e-I-Ønse tIc-f-`mjm hnNn-¥-\w. ]m›mXy k¶-ev]-ß-fpsS kam-th-iw˛ae-bm-f-hym-I-c-WØn\v hntZ-i-an-j-\-dn-am-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ A¿tWmkv]mXn-cn, B©-tem-^m≥kn-kv, t^m¨ta-b¿, tPmk-^v]n-‰v, Km¿Øp-ssh-‰v-˛-Kp-≠¿´v.

bqWn‰v 4

ae-bmf hymI-c-W-w˛ tPm¿Pv amØ≥, ]m®p-aqØ-Xv, tImhpÆn s\Sp-ßm-Sn,tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n, tij-Kn-cn-]-`p F∂n-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ.

F¬.hn. cma-kzman Aø-cpsS hymI-c-W-Nn-¥-Iƒ, tKmZ-h¿abpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ. kwkvIr-X-kzm-[o\w ae-bm-f-hym-I-cW cN-\-bn¬. tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n°p tij-ap-≈ hna¿i\ ]T-\-߃

bqWn‰v 5

ae-bm-f-hym-I-c-W-w- -B-[p-\n-I- m-jm-im-kvX-Zr-jvSn-bn-eqsS˛hn-h-c-Wm-fl-I-hym-I-c-W-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, cN-\m-¥-c-W-hym-I-c-W-w˛a-e-bmf hymI-cW t_m[-\-N-cn-Xw.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

A¿tWmkv, ]mXncn, 1993 B¿tØ-a-e-hm¿, cRvPna ]ªn-t°-j≥kvB‚-Wn, kn.-F¬., tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-`mjyw, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _p°vkv.Cf-b-s]-cp-amƒ, sXm¬Im-∏nbw (hym-Jym-\w).Cf-b-s]-cp-amƒ, hoc-tNm-gnbw (hym-Jym-\w).Cf-b-s]-cp-amƒ, t\an-\mXw.\∂q¬

27

Ip©p-Æn-cm-P, sI., ae-bm-f-`m-j-sb-°p-dn®v F√nkv', `mjmKth-j-Ww.Ip™-≥]n-≈, Cfw-Ip-fw, ]n.F≥, 1975 eoem-Xn-eIw (k-hym-Jym-\w), tIm´-bw,\mj-W¬ _p°vÃmƒ.Ip™-≥]n≈, iqc-\m´v, eoem-Xn-eIw (k-hym-Jym-\w).IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿, F≥.hn., ta¬∏Øq-cns‚ hymI-c-W-]-Xn-`.IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿, F≥.hn., kwkvIrX-Øn\v tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS kw`m-h-\.tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-°m-Zan, kwkvIr-X-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw 1, 2.tImhpÆn, s\Sp-ßmSn, 1878 tIc-f-Iu-ap-Zn, Xe-t»-cn.Kp≠¿´v, sl¿a≥, ae-bm-f-`mjmhymI-cWw.tKm]n-\m-Y≥\m-b¿, F≥., kwkvIr-X-hym-I-c-W-k-¶¬∏-߃-˛-tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-Øn¬.KwKm-[-c≥ \mb¿, \∂ø`-´s‚ B‘-i-_vZ-Nn-¥m-a-Wn, ]fp-I¬.tPm¿Pv amØ≥, 1863 ae-bm-◊-bpsS hymI-c-Ww, tIm´-bw.tPmk^v, ]n.sP., ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw InkvXym-\n-I-fpw.\ºq-Xn-cn, C.hn.-F≥, 1978 tIc-f-`m-jm-hym-I-cWw, tIm´bw, \mj-W¬_p°vÃmƒ.]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿. sI.-Fw, ae-bm-f-hym-I-c-W-k-ao£, ipI-]p-cw, h≈-tØmƒhnZym-]oTw.tacn, F≥.sI., ae-bm-f-hym-I-c-W-kn-≤m-¥-߃- tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\o-bØn\pti-jw,Id‚ v _p°vkv.cXv\w, kn.F≥., in£m-th-ZmwKw.cho-µ≥, sI.F. (-k-ºm), `mjbpw kaq-lhpw.cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, G.B¿, 1918 i_vZ-tim-[n-\n, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, hn.-hn. _p°v Unt∏mcmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, G.B¿, 2000 tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn.-_p-°vkv.cmtP-µ≥, F≥., ae-bm-f-hym-I-c-W-N-cn-Xw.cmtP-µ≥, kn., hm°ns‚ hgn-Iƒ,thWp-tKm-]m-e-]Wn-°¿ (k-ºm), thZ-hm-Mvabw.thWp-tKm-]m-e-]Wn-°¿, hymI-c-W-]-T-\-߃ (a-e-bm-f-hn-a¿i-\w).tij-Kn-cn-]`p, 1983 hymI-c-W-an-Xw, Xr»q¿, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.kmw, F≥., tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-hn-a¿i-\hpw a‰pw.kpIp-am-c-]n-≈, sI., ssIc-fo-i-_vZm-\p-im-k\w.Allen, W.S., 1953, Phonetics in Ancient India, Oxford University Press (London Oriental

Series).

Andronov, M.S., 1996, A Grammar of the Malayalam Language in Historical Treat-

ment, Weisbaden: Harrassowitz.

Asher, R.E. & Kumari, T.C., 1997, Malayalam - Descriptive Grammars, London:

Routledge,

Ezhuthachan, K.N., 1975, The history of the grammatical theories in Malayalam, Vol.

I, Dravidian Linguistic Association.

Frohnmeyer, L.J., 2004 A Progressive Grammar of the Malayalam Language, New

Delhi, Chennai. Asian Educational Services.

Lyons, John, 1968, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics, Cambridge University Press,

Ramaswamy Aiyar, Grammar in Lilatilakam.

Robins, R.H, A short History of Linguistics, Longman Linguistics Library, Routledge.

28

LIN 1210 Zmhn-U- mjm]T-\hpw ae-bmf`mjmNcn-Xhpw

bqWn‰v 1

Zmhn-U-`m-jIfpw Ah kwkm-cn-°p∂ ]tZ-i-ßfpw ˛ hn`-P-\hpw ]c-kv]-c-_-‘-hpw. imJm hn`-P-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-߃˛ Z£nW˛a≤y˛D-Ø-c-im-J-Iƒ. Z£n-W-Zm-hn-U-im-Jbpw ae-bm-f-hpw. eoem-Xn-e-Iw- -\n-co-£-Ww, F√n-kns‚ \nco-£-Ww. Im¬Uz-ens‚ Xmc-X-ay-hym-I-c-Ww.

bqWn‰v 2

Zmhn-U-`m-jm-]-T\w Im¬Uz-en\p tijw˛F-a-t\m-˛-_-tdm-˛-Ir-jvW-aq¿Øn.]n.-F-kv. kp_-“-Wyw, Fkv.-hn. j¨ap-Jw, Bµ-t\m-hv, Ian¬skz-e-_n¬.

bqWn‰v 3

kwL-km-ln-Xyw ][m-\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ-˛ ]q¿∆-tI-c-f-`m-j-˛-km-am-\ym-h-tem-I\w˛-a-e-\m-´p-h-g-°-߃-˛-]mIv Xangv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v ae-bm-f-`m-j-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]g-a-Iƒ. ae-bm-f-Øns‚ X\-Xp-]-cn-Wm-a-߃. 9˛mw \q‰m-≠n-\p-ap-ºp≈ enJn-X-߃ ˛ ]pfn-am-s¶m-ºv, FS-bv°¬ enJn-X-߃, ]´Ww enJnXw ˛\ne-ºq¿ enJnXw ˛ 9˛11 \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse `mjm-en-Jn-X-߃, ae-bm-fw, tIcfwF∂o ]Z-ß-fpsS \njv]Øn.

bqWn‰v 4

B´-]-Imcw Ia-Zo-]nI ˛ `mjm-Iu-S-eobw ˛ cma-N-cnXw ˛ IÆ-»-Ir-Xn-Iƒ ˛aWn-]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-Iƒ. IrjvW-KmY cma-I-Y-∏m v Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS `mjm-]m-[m\yw ˛ ]mc-º-cy-KZyw ˛ anj-\-dn-K-Zyw.

bqWn‰v 5

sX°≥ ˛ hS-°≥ ]m´p-I-fnse `mj ˛ ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ, ae-bm-f-`mj FgpXm≥D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ en]n-Iƒ.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

B‚-Wn, kn.F¬, 2011, `mjm]T-\-߃, Xr»q¿, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan.

29

Ip™≥]n-≈, Cfw-Ip-fw, 1953 tIc-f- m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃, tIm´bw\mj-W¬ _p°vÃmƒIrjvW-]n-≈, F≥., 2008 ssIc-fn-bpsS IY, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _p°vkv.tKmZ-h¿Ω, sI., tIc-f-`m-jm-hn-⁄m-\obw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, tIcf k¿h-I-em-im-e.tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, \Sp-h´w, ae-bmfw ¢m nIv `mj, ]g-°hpw hy‡n-Xz-hpw.tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, \Sp-h´w, tijvT`mj ae-bmfw, Nn¥ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.\ºq-Xn-cn, C.-hn.-F≥., 2002, tIc-f-`m-jm-N-cn-Xw, Xr»q¿, Id‚ v _p°vkv.\mb¿, Fkv.sI. (hn-h), Zmhn-U-`mjm hymI-cWw (hmeyw 1Dw 2 Dw).]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿, D≈q¿, Fkv., tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xw, hmeyw ˛ 1.]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿, sI.-Fw., ae-bmf hymI-cW kao-£, ipI-]p-cw, h≈-tØmƒhnZym-]oTw.]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿, sI.Fw. (k-ºm), ZmhnU `mjm-im-kvX-]-T-\-߃.cmL-h≥, kn., 2003 Xpfp-\m-Spw `m-jbpw \m´-dn-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcwcmP-cm-P-h¿-Ω, G.-B¿., tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ˛ ]oTnI.cma-N-µ≥\m-b¿, ]∑\ (k-ºm.), 2010, kºq¿W-a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xw,tIm´bw Id‚ v_p°vkv.cma-N-µ≥, ]pXp-t»cn, tIc-f-N-cn-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-tc-J-Iƒ.j¨ap-Jw, Fkv.hn., tIc-f-]m-Wn-\ob]oTn-Im-]-T\w.j¨ap-Jw, Fkv.hn., eoem-Xn-eIw ˛ kmaq-ln-I-`m-jm-im-kvX-Zr-jvSn-bn¬.kuay-t__n, ae-bm-f- m-jm-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn\v F¬.-hn.B-dns‚ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ.Agesthialingom, S. & Seenivasa Varma .G.(ed), 1980, Auxiliaries in Dravidian,

Annamalai Nagar, Annamalai.

Agesthialingom, S. & Kumaraswamiraja, N., 1978, Dravidian Linguistics (Seminar

Papers), Annamalai University.

Agesthialingom, S. & Kushalappa Gowda.K.,(ed), 1974, Dravidian Caste Systems,

Annamalai Nagar, Annamalai University.

Agesthialingom, S. & Rajasekharan Nair.N., 1981, Dravidian Syntax, Annamalai Nagar,

Annamalai University.

Agesthialingom, S. & Shanmugam, S.V. (ed), 1972, Third Seminar on Dravidian

Linguistics, Annamalai University.

Michail Sergeevich Andronov, 1970,†Dravidian Languages,†Moscow: Nauka

Publishing House (Central Department of Oriental Literature).

Burrows, Thomas.D, Emeneau, Murray Banson 1998, Dravidian Etymological

Dictionary, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.

Burrow,Thomas.D., 1968, Collected Papers on Dravidian Linguistics, Department of

Linguistics, Annamalai Nagar: Annamalai University.

Caldwell, Robert, 1913, A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian

Family of Languages, Asian Educational Services, 31, New Delhi: Hauz Khas Village.

Chatterji, S.K., 1965, Dravidian, Department of Linguistics, Annamalai University.

Emeneau, M.B., 1970,†A Sketch of comparative Dravidian Phonology, Annamalai

Nagar: Annamalai University.

30

Emeneau, M.B., 1967, Collected Papers on Dravidian Linguistics, Ethnology and

Folk Tales, Annamalai University.

Govindankutty Menon, A., 1972, From Prot Tamil Malayalam to West Coast Dialect,

Indo Iranian Journal.

Joseph, P.M., 1989, The word Dravida,†International Journal of Dravidian

Linguistics†18.2:†134-142.

Krishnamurti, Bhadriraya, 2003,†The Dravidian Languages. United Kingdom:

Cambridge University Press.

Krishnamurti, Bhadriraya, 2001, Comparative Dravidian Linguistics: current

perspectives, Oxford University Press.

Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju, 1992, Dravidian Languages, IJDL Vol. 21, Trivandrum:

Dravidian Linguistics Association.

Prabhakaravariyar, K.M. (ed), History of Malayalam Language, University of Madras.

Ramachandran, P., 1973,†Language of Middle Malayalam. Trivandrum: Dravidan

Linguistic Association of India.

Ramaswamy Aiyar, L.V., 1978, A Primer of Malayalam Phonology, Dravidian Linguistics

Association.

Ramaswamy Aiyar, L.V., The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology, Moutan, Indo-

Iranian Journal.

Retnamma, K.,1994, Early Inscriptional Malayalam, Thiruvananthapuram, DLA

Publications.

Sekhar, A.C., 1953, Evolution of Malayalam, Poona, Decan College, Postgraduate

and Research Institute.

Shanmugam, S.V., 1971,†Dravidian Nouns: Comparative Study, Annamalai Nagar:

Annamalai University.

Shanmugam, S.V., 1971, Dravidian Nouns: A Comparative Study, Annamalai:

Annamalai University.

Sjoberg, A.F., 1971, Austin A, Symposium on Dravidian Civilization, New York: Jenkins

Publishing Company, The Pemberton Press.

Steever (ed.), 1998,†The Dravidian Languages, London, New York: Routledge.

Subrahmanyam, P.S., 1983, Dravidian Comparative Phonology, Annamalai Nagar:

Annamalai University.

Subrahmanyam, P.S., 1992, Dravidian Comparative Grammar, Department of

Linguistics, IJDL, Vol. 67, University of Kerala.

Subrahmanyam, P.S., 1971, Dravidian Verb Morphology: A comparative Study,

Annamalai: Annamalai University.

Vaidyanathan, S. (ed), 1980, Studies in Dravidian Linguistics, Department of

Anthropological Linguistics, Punjabi University.

Zvelebil, Kamal, V. 1990,†Dravidian Linguistics- an introduction, Pondicherry:

Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture.

31

aq∂mw ska-ÿ

LIN 1311 Iºyq-´¿ `mjm-imkvXw ˛ 1LIN 1312 hnh¿Ø-\-]-T\wLIN 1313 `mjm-t_m-[\w (sF—nIw)LIN 1314 at\m-`mjmhn⁄m-\obw (sF—nIw)LIN 1315 `mjm-imkvXhpw kmln-Xyhpw (Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSohv)LIN 1316 ssieo-hn-⁄m\w (Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSohv)LIN 1317 ae-bmf `mjm-kq-XWw (Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSohv)LIN 1318 `mjbpw am[y-ahpw (Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSohv)LIN 1319 ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nMv (Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSohv)

32

LIN 1311 Iºyq´¿ `mjmimkvXw ˛ 1

bqWn‰v 1

s]mXphn⁄m\w, lm¿Uvshb¿, tkm^v‰v shb¿, Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃw,Um‰t_kv amt\Pvsa‚ v XpSßnbp≈ ]mYanI Imcyßfn¬ s]mXp[mcW.Iºyq´dpw mjbpw, Iºyq´¿ mjmimkvXw, hnImk ]cnWma߃, Iºyq´¿`mjmimkvXtaJeIƒ, A\p_‘ taJeIƒ, [mcWm\njvT`mjmkmt¶XnIhnZy ˛ C∂se C∂v \msf.

bqWn‰v 2

`mjmkt¶X\ kwLS\mhyhÿIƒ (Language coding - Encoding)`mjmtiJcWw ˛ hmbvsamgn ]Xn\n[m\kwhn[m\w.

tZiob A¥¿tZiobam\I߃, bqWntImUv ]cnNbw FgpØn\mbp≈tkm^v‰v shbdpIƒ, Iot_m¿Uv ]h¿Ø\hpw aebmfen]nbpw, en]n]Xn\n[m\w ˛ aebmf kz\nI ˛ enJnX k∂nthi ]hrØn]cnNbw.

bqWn‰v 3

A¬KcnXw ˛ \nbaßfpw XXzßfpw t]ƒ ˛ ss]ب t]mKmapIfpsS]cnNbw \nthiw (input) \n¿KXw (output) ChbpsS ^b¬ ImcyirwJe ˛A]KY\kwkvIcW ]h¿Ø\߃ BtcmlW ˛ AhtcmlW ˛ Xncb¬kwhn[m\߃ (tool kit) kzm`mhnI`mj. apIfn¬ ]d™ ImcyßfneqsS]h¿Øn]cnNbw.

bqWn‰v 4

`mjbpw kmt¶XnIXbpw, hmbvsamgn, hcsamgn kmt¶XnIX `mjWw Xncn-®-dn -b¬ (Speech recognition) ]`mthZnkw`cWn (Photocopies storage)ZriyNn”KlWw (Optical Character Recognition OCR) A£c ˛ hymIcW ˛en]n ˛ tImiob ˛ hn\ymk ˛ ]cntim[\mcoXnIƒ.

bqWn‰v 5

kzm`m-hn-I-`m-jm-kw-kvI-cWw (Natural Language Processing) en]y-¥-c-W-hy-h-ÿ. `mjm-]-K-Y-\-]-In-b-bpsS hnhn-[-L-´-ß-fpsS ]cn-N-bw. SmKnMv coXn-Iƒ, `mj-W-hn-`m-Km-\p-_-‘\w (POS tagging) ëSoI (Annotation) coXn-Iƒ.

33

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

ANypXv i¶¿, Iºq¿´¿ ]T-\w.Hcp kwLw teJI¿, Iºyq´¿ hn⁄m\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f, `mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v.Akshar Bharati, Vineet Chaithanya, Rajeev Sangal, 1995. Natural Language

Processing: A Paninian Perspective, New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India.

Basu, A. and Singh, U.N. (ed.), 2005,†Proceedings of the Second Symposium on

Indian, Morphology, Phonology & Language Engineering. Mysore: CIIL.

Biber, D. et al. 1998, Corpus Linguistics Investigating language structure and use,

Cambridge University Press.

Christopher, D., Manning and Hinrich Schutze, 1995, Cambridge Foundations of

Statistical Natural Language Processing,MA, MIT Press.

Dash, N.S., 2005, Corpus Linguistics and Language Technology. New Delhi: Mittal

Publications.

Dutoit, T., 2001,†An Introduction to†Text-to-Speech†Synthesis. Kluwer Academic

Publishers.

Fernando, C.N., Pereira and Stuart M.Shieber. 1987. Prolog and Natural-Language

Analysis, CA, USA: Center for the study of Language & Information-Stanford.

Gerald Gazdar and Christopher, S. Mellish, 1989, Natural Language Processing in

PROLOG: An introduction to computational Linguistics Addision - Wesley.

Hausser, R., 1999,†Foundations of Computational Linguistics, Springer.

Hays, D.G., 1967,†Introduction to Computational Linguistics, New York: American

Elsevier Publishing Company.

Hopcroft, John, E., Rajeev Motwani, Jeffrey D. Ullman, 2006, Introduction to Automata

Theory, Languages and Computation (3rd Edition), Boston MA: Addision Wesley.

Jurafsky, Dani, James H. Martin, 2000, Speech and Language Processing: An

Introduction to Natural language Processing, Computational Linguistics and Speech

Recognition, Prentice Hall Series in Artificial Intelligence, Prentice Hall.

Mitkov and Nicolas, 1997,†Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, John

Benjamins Publishing Company.

Noble, H.M., 1988,†Natural Language Processing,†Blackwell.

Pereira, F. and Grosz, B. (ed.), 1994,†Natural Language Processing, MIT Press.

Rajapurohit, B.B., 1994,†Technology and Languages. Mysore: CIIL.

Rolph, G., 1994,†Computational Linguistics, Cambridge University Press.

Sangal, R.et. al. (ed.), 2003,†Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing.

Mysore: CIIL.

Taylor, P., 2009,†Text to Speech Synthesis.†Cambridge University Press.

Website Links:

http://ai-depot.com/intro.html

http://library.thinkquest.org/2705/istory.html

http://liceu.uab.es/~joaquim/speech_technology/tecnol_parla/recognition/refs_

reconeixement.html

http://www.athel.com/corpus.html

http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/~hansu/what_is_cl.html

http://www.logos-ca.com

34

LIN 1312 hnh¿Ø\]T\w

bqWn‰v 1

hnh¿Ø\w, k¶¬]w, \n¿hN\Ønse ]iv\߃ tkmX`mj, e£y`mj,hnh¿Ø\kn≤m¥ßƒ, hnh¿Ø\w mjmkqXWØns‚ mKsa∂ \nebn¬,hnh¿Ø\\bw. hnh¿Ø\samgn, hnh¿Ø\coXnIƒ, A¥¿`mjmhnh¿Ø\w.

bqWn‰v 2

]cmh¿Ø\w, kaKhnh¿Ø\w, en]y¥cWw, en]n]cnh¿Ø\w,`mKnIhnh¿Ø\w, ]cnanXhnh¿Ø\w, hymIcWnI hnh¿Ø\w,tImiobhnh¿Ø\w, kmlnXy˛kmt¶XnIhnh¿Ø\ßfpsS khntijXIƒ.

bqWn‰v 3

hnh¿Øt\m]IcW߃ ˛ hnh¿Ø\]Inb, kaaqeyX ]iv\߃,]mTkaaqeyX, hnh¿Ø-\-k-a-aq-ey-X, hymIcW kaaqeyX, ssienkaaqeyX,cq]XpeyXm]cn`mj, Ne\mflI XpeyXm]cn`mj.

bqWn‰v 4

hnhcWmflI]cnh¿Ø\w. ]InbmhnhcWamb hnh¿Ø\w,at\mhn⁄m\ob hnh¿Ø\]T\w, hnh¿Ø\kmaqlyimkvXw,b¥]cn`mj, khntijXIƒ, ]k‡n.

bqWn‰v 5

aebmfØnep≠mbn´p≈ ]cn`mjIƒ ˛NcnXw, t_m[\ khntijXIfpw.Xangn¬ \n∂p≈Xv, Cw•ojn¬ \n∂p≈Xv, kwkvIrtXXc A\y`mjIfn¬\n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø\߃ ˛ ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\߃. aebmfØn¬ \n∂vCXc`mjIfnte°p≈ hnh¿Ø\w, imkvXhnh¿Ø\w, kmaqlnIimkvXhnh¿Ø\w XmcXayw sNøpI.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Imct»cn, Fw.F≥., aebmfnbpw ]cn`mjbpw, BtemN\.tImin, sI.F., `mjbpw `mjm¥cWhpw.tPm¿P,v sI.Fw., kmlnXymZm\w.]e teJI¿, hnh¿Ø\w, tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v.]t_m[Nµ≥ \mb¿, hn.B¿., hnh¿Ø\Øns‚ `mjmimkvX`qan.

35

]t_m[Nµ≥ \mb¿, hn.B¿., hnh¿Ø\Nn¥Iƒ.kvIdnb k°dnb, Pb kpIpamc≥, F., 1997, X¿Pa: kn≤m¥hpw ]tbmKhpwaebmfØn¬, Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ t^m¿ Iw]m-cn-‰ohv ÃUo-kv.

Andreyev, M.D., 1964, ëLinguistics Aspects of Translation Proceedings of the 9th

International Congress of Translation.

Asher, R.E. (ed.), 1994,†The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford:

Pergamon.

Backer, Mona, 1992, In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation, Routledge.

Baker, M., 2001,†Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London & New York:

Routledge.

Barwell, K., Introduction to Culture and Translation.

Bassnett-McGuire, S, 1980,†Translation Studies, London & New York: Methuen.

Bell, R.T., 1991,†Translation and Translating Theory and Practice, UK: Longman.

Catford, J.C., A Lingustic Theory of Translation An Essay in Applied Linguistics.

Catford, J.C., 1967,†A Linguistic Theory of Translation, UK: OUP.

Edwin, Gentzler, 2001, Contemporary Translation Theories, Routledge.

Eugene, A. Nida, 1969, On Translation, City University of Hongkong Press.

Jeremy, Munday, 2001, Introducing Translation Studies, Theories and Applications,

Routledge.

Newmark, P., 1981,†Approaches to Translation, Headington: Pergamon Press.

Nida, E.A. & Taber, C.R., 1969,†The Theory & Practice of Translation, UK: Oxford

University Press.

Peter, Newmark, 1981, Approach to Translation, Pergamon Press.

Russel Taber, Charles, 1969, The Theory and Practice of Translation, Published for United

Bible Societies.

Smith, A.H. (ed), 1958, Aspects of Translation, Secker and Warburg.

Somers, H. (ed.), 2003,†Computers and Translation: a translator's guide, Amsterdam/

Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Steines, George, 1998, After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation, Oxford

Paperbacks.

Theodore, S., 1969,†The Art of Translation, London: Jonathan, Cape Thirty Bedford

Square.

Toury, G., 1995,†Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond, Amsterdam/

Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publication Company.

Van Eynde, F. (ed.), 1993,†Linguistic Issues in Machine Translation, London: Pinter

Publishers.

Venuti, L. (ed.), 2000,†The Translation Studies Reader, UK: Routledge.

36

LIN 1313 `mjmt_m[\w (sF—nIw)

bqWn‰v 1

`mjm-t_m-[-\hpw mjm- y-m-k\-hpw, t_m[\ am[yaw, mjm-k-am¿P-\hpw mjm-`y-k-\-hpw, `mjm-t_m-[-\-co-Xn-Iƒ, kn≤m-¥-߃, Zm¿i-\n-I-ho-£-W-K-Xn-Iƒ,`mjm-t_m-[-\-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-I-`m-jm-im-kvX-k-µ¿`w, amXr-`m-j-bpw (H-∂mw-`m-j) c≠mw-`m-j-bpw, c≠mw `mjm-`y-k-\-X-¥w.

bqWn‰v 2

`mjm-t_m-[\ A`y-k-\-co-Xn-Iƒ: h¿Æ-]m-T-co-Xn, ]Z-]m-T-co-Xn, im-hy-co-Xn, mjm-˛D]-tbm-K-co-Xn, a\-xim-kvX-co-Xn.

bqWn‰v 3

`mjm-]-T-t\m-]-IcW߃, ]T-\klmb \n¿anXn, ]mNo-\-`m-jm-t_m-[-\-co-Xn,hmbvsam-gn, am[y-a-`mj Cßs\ Hmtcm-∂n\pw ]tXyIw ]tXy-I-ap≈ kma-Kn-IfpsS -\n¿Ωm-W-co-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, mjm-e-t_m-d- -dn, Iºyq- ¿\njvTt_m[-\-co-Xn-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 4

`mjm-tim-[\w, ]cn-tim-[-\-bpsS hnhn-[-co-Xn-Iƒ, mjm-ti-jn-]-cn-tim-[-\-I-ƒ,Kl-Ww, mj-W-ti-jn, Fgp-Xm-\p≈ Ign-hv, hmb-\m-ti-jn, hymI-c-W-]-cn-tim-[-\, mjm-tim-[\ aqey-\n¿W-b-co-Xn, tZiob sSÃnMv k¿hokv (NTS) ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]cn-Nbw.

bqWn‰v 5

km£-c-Xbpw t_m[-\hpw, BZn-hmkn km£-c-Xm ]iv\-߃, t_m[-\-km-a-Kn-Ifpw kmaq-ln-I-]-›m-Ø-e-hpw, mjm- ym-k-\-ssh-I-ey-߃, kz\w -kz\naw-˛-cq-]w-˛-hm-Iyw, tImiw, A¿Yw, kµ¿`w, F∂o Xe߃ A\p-k-cn-®p≈ ]cn-tim-[\.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

chn, Ccn-©-bw, 2000, `mjm-`y-k-\-Øn-s\mcp `qanI, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

37

Agnihotri, Rajesh. & Khanna, A.L. (ed), 1995, English Language Teaching in India:

Issues and Innovations, Sage Publications.

Agnihotri, Rama Kant, Khanna.A.L (ed), 1994, Second Language Acquisition:

Sociocultural and Linguistic Aspects of English in India, Sage Publications. Pvt. Ltd.

Braidi, Susan, Braidi.S.M.,1990, Acquisition of Second Language Syntax, Hodder Higher

Education.

Brown, H. Douglas, 1994, Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to

Language Pedagogy, Prentice Hall, Regents.

Brown, H. Douglas, 2007, Principles of Language Learning And Teaching, Longman

Publishing Group.

Bruke, N., 1960, Language and Language Teaching - Theory and Practice.

Brumfit, C., 1984, Communicative Methodology in Language Teaching, Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Cook, V., 1993, Linguistics & Second Language Acquisition, Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Cook, V., 2011,†Second Language Learning and Language Teaching,†Arnold.

Ellis, Rod, 1991,†Instructed Second Language Acquisition: Learning in the Class Room,

Oxford: Wiley - Blackwell.

Halliday, M.A.K., Angns Mcintosh, Peter Strevens, 1964,†The linguistic sciences and

language teaching, Longman.

Hughes, Arthur, 1989,†Testing for language teachers, Cambridge University press.

Klein, W., 1986,†Second Language Acquisition,†Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

Kumaravadivelu, B., 2005, Understanding Language Teaching:From Method to Post

Method Routledge.

Lado, Robert., 1961,†Language testing : The Construction and use of foreign

language tests.,Longmans.

Lado, R., 1960, Language Testing.

Lado, R., 1983, Language Teaching : A Scientific Approch.

Mekey, W.F., 1965,†Language Teaching Analysis, Longmans, Tatalle Grow - Hill

Prabhu, N.S., 1987, Second language pedagogy, Oxford University Press.

Richards, J.C., 1974, Error Analysis: Perspectives on second language acquisition,

London, Longman.

Saville- Troike, Muriel., 2005, Introducing Second Language Acquisition, New York:

Cambridge University Press.

Stern, H.H., 2001 (11th†impression),†Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching,

UK: Oxford University Press.

Wilga, M.Rivers, 1968,†Teaching Foreign language Skills, Chicago: The Univ. of

Chicago Press.

38

LIN 1314 at\m- mjm hn⁄m-\obw (sF—nIw)

bqWn‰v 1

\mUob `mjm-im-kvXw. a\p-jy-`m-j-bpsS Poh-im-kvX-]-c-amb ASn-ÿm-\w.`mjbpw akvXn-jvI-hpw. skdn-_¬ tUman-\≥kv, ]m¿izo-I-c-Ww, akvXnjvI`mj-bpsS hnhn[ tamU-ep-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 2

at\m- m-jm-hn-⁄m-\w. mjbpw ss[j-Wn-I-Xbpw at\m- mj hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ssk≤m-¥nI Xe-߃. ]co-£-Wm-fl-IX (Empiricism), ioe-kn-≤m¥w(Behavioursm), ]mc-º-cy-hmZw (Nativism), ss[j-WnI]m-c-kv]cyw (Interactionist

Theory), P∑-kn-≤-X, km¿h-eu-In-I-hm-Zw, \n¿Wm-bI -L´ kn≤m-¥w.

bqWn‰v 3

`mjm-k-am¿P-\w, `mjm-k-am¿P-\-L-´-߃, `mjm-k-am¿P-\-]-In-b˛ ]q¿h-`m-jm-hn-Im-kw, h¿W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb hnIm-kw, hm°v, hmIyw, A¿Yw F∂o Xe-ß-fn-ep≈ hnIm-kw, hymI-cW]c-amb hnIm-kw, `mjm kam¿P-\-Øn¬ Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fpsS kzm[o-\w, c≠mw mjm-]-T-\-Øn¬ H∂mw mj-bpsS ]¶v, Zzn`mjmkam¿P-\w. Fgp-Øv, hmb-\-˛-c≠mw L´ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 4

`mjm-kw-kvI-c-Ww-˛-[m-c-Wm-hr-Øn, ]mY-anI [mcW (Primary Comprehension),`mtjm¬]m-Z-\w, ]mY-anI [mc-W-bpsS L´-߃, hmIy-ß-fp-sSbpw hyh-lm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw ]mY-anI [mc-W, ]mY-anI [mc-Wbpw `mtjm¬]m-Z-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w, `mj-bp-sSbpw tImi-Øn-s‚bpw am\-knI hym]m-cw, sa‚¬seIvkn-°≥, `mj-bnse h¿W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb Inb-Ifpw `mjW kvJen-X-ß-fpw. `mjm-ssh-I-ey-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xnepw ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xnepw. `mjm-im-kvX-Øns‚ ho£Ww.

bqWn‰v 5

`mjm sshI-ey-߃, mjm tem]w, \mahn-kvarXn, hymI-c-Wn-Im-Lm-Xw, ]mcm-b-W-mLm-Xw, hn°v, -kvIotkm^o\n-b, am\-knI sshI-ey-ap-≈-h-cpsS `mjm]iv\-߃. hm¿[-Iy-Ønse `mjm\jvSw, _[n-c-cpsS `mjmsshI-ey-߃,As - vsa‚ v, ]cn-lm-c-߃.

39

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

]t_m[Nµ≥ \mb¿, hn.B¿., 2012, mjmimkvX \nL-≠p, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿, sI.-Fw., 1978, mjbpw a\-imkv-X-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.chn, Ccn-©-bw, 2000, `mjm-`y-k-\-Øn-s\mcp `qanI, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.kpP-dmWn amXyp, 2007, akvXn-jvI-`m-j, IÆq¿: ssIcfn _pIvkv.Bavin, E.L. (ed.), 2009, Child Langauge, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chomsky, N., 2006, Language and mind, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Crystal, D., 1981, Clinical Linguistics, Springer-Verlag.

Grodzinsky, Y., et al., 2000, Language and the brain, New York: Academic Press.

Shyamala, V., 1993, Language Acquisition: Theory and Practice, Thiruvananthapuram:

DLA Publications.

Michael Spivey, MareJoanisse, Ken Me Roe, et. al., 2012, Psycho Linguistics.

Cambridge: Cambridge Unviersity Press.

Capone, Singleton Nina, Shulman, Brain. B, 2014, Language Development:

Foundations, Processes and Clinieal Application, Burlington, MA Jones Bartlett

Learning.

40

LIN 1315 `mjm-im-kvXhpw kmln-Xyhpw(Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSohv)

bqWn‰v 1

`mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw, kmln-Xy-Ønse `mj, kmln-Xy-`m-jmhni-I-e-\hpw`mjm-im-kvXhpw. LS-\m-]-c-amb Nn¥-Iƒ, skmkyq¿, tdma≥ bm°q-_vk≥,sehn-kvXm-kv, ]mKnse `mjm-im-kvX-\n-co£W߃.

bqWn‰v 2

kmln-Xy-cq-]w cq]-\n-jvT-hmZw, ASn-ÿm-\-k-¶¬]-߃. LS-\m\¥-c-`mjmimkvXm-[n-jvTn-X -km-ln-Xy-kn-≤m-¥-߃, _m¿Øns‚ LS-\m-hm-Z-km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]-Ww, _‡ns‚ emh-Wy-hn-⁄m-\w. e°m≥, pt°m, sZdn-Z, A¬-Øqk¿ ˛ Nn¥m-]-cn-N-bw.

bqWn‰v 3

ssien hn⁄m-\w. ASn-ÿm-\-k-¶¬]-߃ Hu]-Nm-cn-Iw, kam-tem-N-\m-]-cw,BI-kvan-Iw.

bqWn‰v 4

hyh-lmcw ASn-ÿm-\-Nn-¥-Iƒ, kmln-Xy--hy-h-lm-c- kn-≤m-¥-߃, cN-\m-cq-]w, ]mTw, ]mTo-b-[¿Ωw, ]mTm-¥-c-k-µ¿`hpw ]mTy-_m-ly-k-µ¿`hpw, hyh-lm-cm-]-K-Y-\w.

bqWn‰v 5

LS-\m-hmZ]c-Nn-¥-Iƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬, LS-\m-[n-jvTn-X -a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]-Ww, ka-K-amb At\z-j-Ww.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

ANyp-X-\pÆn, NmØ-\mØv, hmMvabw.ANyp-X-\pÆn, NmØ-\mØv, ssien-hn-⁄m-\w.

41

A\n¬, h≈-tØmƒ, tUm., h≈-tØm-fns‚ Imhy-ssi-en.IrjvW-hm-cnb¿, F≥.hn., h≈-tØm-fns‚ Imhy-in¬∏w.tPm¿Pv, kn.sP. (F-Un), B[p-\n-Im-\-¥-c-km-ln-Xy-kn-≤m-¥-߃.-]`m-I-c-hm-cnb¿, sI.-Fw., Ihn-X-bnse `mj.cho-µ≥, ]n.]n., an-j¬ ^qt°m.cmL-h-hm-cnb¿, hS-°≥]m-´p-I-fpsS ]Wn-bme.cmtP-µ≥, kn., skmkyq¿-˛-L-S-\m-hm-Z-Øns‚ BNm-cy≥.cma-Ir-jvW≥, tZi-aw-Kew, 1986, Imhy-`m-j-bnse ]iv\-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.ioP≥, hn.kn., IpdpØn-˛-H-c¿∞m-\-¥-c-\ymkw' A¿Ym-¥c-\ym-kw.ioP≥, hn.kn., hna¿i-\m-fl-I-kn-≤m-¥w.Christopher Norms, 2002, Deconstruction: Theory and Practice, Routledge.

Culler, D. Jonathan, 1997, Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction, USA: OUP.

Culler, D. Jonathan, 2002, Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, LInguistics and The Study

of Literature, Routledge.

David UN Robert, Contemporary criticism.

Jakobson, Roman, 1990, Language in Literature, Linguistics and Poetics, Harvard Uni-

versity Press.

Lodge, David, Wood, Nigel, 2008, Modern Criticism and Theory: A Reader, Routledge.

Monay, Lois.A, Me Nay, 1994, Foucault : A Critical Introduction, Polity Press.

42

LIN 1316 ssieo-hn-⁄m\w (Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSohv)

bqWn‰v 1

`mjbpw hn\n-a-b-hpw˛ hmsam-gn, hc-samgn am\-I-`m-j, Imhym-flIw, sshIm-cn-Iw, imkvXobw ˛ em£-Wn-Im¿Yw, kmam-\ym¿Yw, khn-ti-jm¿Yw˛ ssien-˛-\n¿h-N-\w˛ ASn-ÿm\ k¶-ev]w˛ ]m›mXy ]uckvXy kn≤m-¥-߃.

bqWn‰v 2

ssien-bpsS `mjm-imkvXw ˛ `mjm-hy-Xn-bm-\hpw ssien-bpw, `mjm-k¿Km-fl-I-X, Im¬]-\n-I-X-bpw `mjbpw ˛ `mjm-[¿a-߃: kzbw ]Im-i\w(Expressive), Bh¿P\w (Appealing), ]mXn-\n[yw (Representative), kmaq-lnIw(Social), Bi-bo-I-cWw (ideational), ]mT-]cw (textual), emh-Wym-flIw(aesthetic)

bqWn‰v 3

kµ¿`w, ]mT-\n-jvTw, ]mT-_m-lyw, ]mT-\njvTw:˛kz\, kz\n-a, cq]n-a, hmIy,tImi, te-J-\-hn-⁄m-\-]-cw. ]mT-_m-ly-k-µ¿`w: Imew, ]tZ-iw, `mj-W-kz-`m-hw, h‡m-hv, teJ-I≥, timXm-hv, hmb-\-°m-c≥, ]c-kv]-c-_-‘hpw hy‡n-Xz-hpw, kvXo]p-cp-j-t`-Zw, ]mbw, hnZym-`ym-kw, kmaq-lnI ]Zhn XpS-ßn-b-h.ssieo-hn-ti-j-߃ ˛ A]-cn-Nn-Xo-I-cWw ˛ ]pct£]Ww ˛ kwLm-S\w ˛kmlnXykuµ-cyhpw `mjm-im-kvX-hpw.

bqWn‰v 4

ssieo-hn-⁄m-\-kmw-JnIw ˛ Iºyq-´-d[njvTnX ssieo-hn-⁄m-\w.

bqWn‰v 5

Nn”-hn-⁄m-\hpw ssieo-hn-⁄m-\-hpw, ssieo-hn-⁄m\w kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-Øn¬, hyh-lmc ssieohn⁄m-\w, hmIym¿Yw, ]Zm¿Yw,- Imhym-flI hyh-lm-cw, kqN-I-tI-fn, BJym-\-hy-h-lm-cw, BJym\ kµ¿`w, BJym-\-I-e.

43

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿, ae-bm-f-ssien.]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \mb¿, 2002, ssien `wKn-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf `mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v.cmP-cmPh¿Ω, G.-B¿., kmln-Xy-kmlyw.cma-Ir-jvW≥, tZi-aw-Kew, 1986, Imhy-`m-j-bnse ]iv\-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´vBeard, Adrian, 2001, Texts and Contexts: An Introduction to Literature and Language

Study, London: Routledge.

Birch, D. and OíToole, M., 1988, Function of Style, London: Pinter Publishers.

Bradford, R., 1997, Stylistics, London: Routledge.

Carter, Ronald. (ed), 1982, Language and Literature: An Introductory Reader in

Stylistics. London: Harper Collins Publishers Ltd.

Carter, Ronald. and Stockwell Peter (ed), 2008, Language and Literature Reader,

Abingdon, UK: Routledge.

Chatman, Seymour (ed.), 1971, Literary Style: A Symposium, Oxford University Press.

Gargesh, R., 1990, Linguistics Perspective of Literary Style, Delhi: University of Delhi.

Genette, Gerard, 1980, Narrative Discourse, Itchaca: Cornell University Press.

Leech, G.N., 1969, A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry, London: Longman.

Riffaterre, Michael, 1978, Semiotics of Poetry, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Sebeok, T.A , 1960, Style in Language, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Sharma, V.P., 1990, Stylistics of Figurative Language, Delhi: University of Delhi.

Srivastava, R.N., 1993, Studies in Language and Linguistics, Vol II (Stylistics), Delhi:

Kalinga.

Turner, C.W., 1973, Stylistics, Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Verdonk, Peter, 2002, Stylistics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

44

LIN 1317 ae-bm-f- m-jm-kq-XWw (Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSohv)

bqWn‰v 1

`mjbpw kaq-lhpw ˛ `mj-bpsS kmaq-ln-I-h¿Ko-I-c-Ww, [¿Ω-߃, `mj-I-fpsS kmaq-ln-I-ÿm-\w, `mjm-ssh-hn-[yw, `mjm-kq-X-Ww. F¥v, F¥n\v?

bqWn‰v 2

`mjm-kq-X-W-kn-≤m-¥-߃, ASn-ÿm-\-k-¶¬]-߃, kao-]-\-߃, ka-Im-eo-I-]-k-‡n, Bkq-X-W-]-iv\-߃, C¥y-bnse `mjm-kq-X-W-k-ao-]-\w.`mjm-hn-I-k-\w, `mjm-\-ho-I-c-Ww, `mjm-am-\-Io-I-c-Ww.

bqWn‰v 3

`mjbpw Bkq-X-Whpw, `mjm-\-bw: `mjm-t`-Z-Øns‚ ]iv\-߃, Bkq-X-W-Ønse sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ, `mtj-X-c-kmlNcy-ßfpw `mjm-kq-X-Whpw hnhn[]cn-lm-c-i-a-ß-fpw.

bqWn‰v 4

C¥y-bnse `mjm-ssh-hn-[yw, `mjm-tZ-io-b-Xbpw D]-tZ-io-b-X-bpw, `mjbpwA[n-Im-c-hpw, `mjm-kq-X-W-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X, `mjm-kq-X-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-\n-e-]m-Sp-Iƒ, `mjm-kq-X-Whpw kmaq-ln-I-]p-tcm-K-Xnbpw, `mjm-kq-X-W-Øn¬ ]men-°p∂ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-ج.

bqWn‰v 5

`mjm-kq-X-W-Øns‚ tIc-fob-i-a-߃, NcnXw, `mjm-kq-X-W-Øns‚ tIc-fo-b-]-k-‡n, \ne-hn-ep≈ ia-߃, `mjm-kq-XWw Fß-s\-bm-I-Ww,GsXms° taJ-e-I-fn¬ Bkq-XWw \n¿_-‘-am-Wv, ASn-ÿm-\-hy-h-ÿ-I-fpsS tImUo-I-c-Ww. Bkq-X-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-tc-Jm-\n¿Ωm-Ww.

45

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Imc-t»cn, Fw.F≥., sXfn-a-e-bm-fw.Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿, ae-bm-f-ssi-en, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan ]n‚nßv B≥kv]ªn-jnßv Iº-\n.]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \mb¿, ae-bm-f-`mj ae-bm-fn-tbm-fw.]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿, sI.Fw., samgn-h-gn-Iƒ.ae-bmfw A®-Snbpw FgpØpw Hcp ssì ]pkvX-Iw, 1991, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.cN-\-ssI-∏p-kvX-Iw.tkXp-cma≥, sI., 2011, ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, tImgn-t°mSv, amXr-`qan _p°vkv.Annamalai, E., 1979, Language Movements in India, Mysore Central Institute of In-

dian Languages.

Annamalai, E. (ed.), 1986, International Institute in Language Planning: Proceedings

of an Institute, Mysore, Central Institute of Indian Languages .

Rajasree & Jayaram, Official Language Policy of States.

46

LIN 1318 `mjbpw am[y-a-hpw (Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSohv)

bqWn‰v 1

`mjbpw hn\n-a-b-hpw. hn\n-a-b-co-Xn-Iƒ, `mj -˛ hn\n-a-b-am-[yaw F∂ \ne-bn¬, kaq-lhpw am[y-ahpw, hnhn-[-X-cw-˛-Zr-iy-im-hy-˛-A-®-Sn-am-[y-a-߃, am[y-a-`m-jm-\n¿h-N-\w.

bqWn‰v 2

s]mXp-P\am[y-a-ßfpw kaq-lhpw ˛ hn\n-a-b-kn-≤m-¥-߃. Zriy-im-hy-am-[y-a-߃. am[y-a-ß-fnse mtjm-]-tbm-Kw, khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, B[p-\n-I-am-[y-a-߃˛ `mj-bpsS khn-ti-j-amb D]tbmKw.

bqWn‰v 3

hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ B[p-\n-I-X. s]mXp-P-\-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS kmaq-ln-I-]-k-‡n,s]mXp-P-\-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS hf¿®, timXm-hv, hmb-\-°m-cs‚ sshhn-[yw, hnhn-[-Xcw kmaq-ln-I-hn-`m-K-߃ ˛ hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ s]mXp-ÿew F∂ \ne-bn¬.

bqWn‰v 4

hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-I-`m-jm-kvXw. mtjm]-tbm-K-ssi-en, hn\n-a-bw -am-[y-am-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬. hn\n-a-b-co-Xn-Iƒ, `mj-bpsS kz`m-hhpw [¿Ωhpw s]mXp-P-\-am-[y-a-߃ `mj-bn¬ krjvSn-°p∂ am‰w. kmaq-ln-I-am-‰-Øn¬ am[y-a-˛-`m-j-bv°p≈ ]¶v.

bqWn‰v 5

hn\n-a-bhpw B[p-\o-I-c-W-hpw, hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ B[p-\n-I -]-h-W-X-Iƒ, hn\n-a-b-k-aq-l-߃. C‚¿s\-‰v. Zzn`m-j-˛-_-lp-`m-jm -k-µ¿`-ß-fn-ep≈ `mj-bpsSsXc-s™-Sp∏v, C‚¿s\‰v `mjm-imkvXw, lkz-k-tµ-i-߃ (SMS), hmsam-gn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

47

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Hcp Iq´w teJ-I¿, am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf`mjm-C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.\tc-µ≥, sI.Fw., 2006, i≤, ipI-]p-cw, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]oTw.am¿t°mkv, hn.]n. (F-Un), `mjm-\-ho-\-]-T-\-h-gn-Iƒ.hnem-kn\n, 2013, kz.te, tImgn-t°mSv, ]q¿Æ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.thWp-tKm-]≥ \mb¿.Fkv.-hn, 2014, (F-Un), ae-bm-f-`m-jm-N-cn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, amfp-s_≥ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.Alan Bell, 1991, The Language of New Media, Basil Balckwell.

Barker, Christopher, 1997, Global Television: An Introduction, Wiley - Balckwell.

Boardman, Mark, 2005, The language of Websites, London, USA, Canada: Routledge.

Crystal, David, 2006,†Language and the Internet. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

DeFleur, Melvin.L. and Houghton Mifflin, Dennis, Everette.E, 1993,†Understanding

mass communication.

Durant, Alan, Lambrou, Marina,†2009,†Language and Media: A Resource Book for

Students,†London: Routledge.

Everette, Dennis, E., 1991, Journalistic Objectivity - in the Possible Media debates:

Issues in Mass Communication, Longman .

Fowler Roger, 1991, Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press,

Routledge.

Goddard, A., 2002, The Language of Advertising: Written Texts, Routledge.

Jackson, K., 1998,†The Language of Cinema, Routledge.

Mc Luhan, Marshall,1964, Understanding Media: The extension of Man, Cambridge:

The MIT Press.

McLuhan, Marshall, 1964,†Understanding Media, New York: McGraw Hill.

Mc Quail, Denis, Me Quail, 1983, Mass Communication Theory, London: Sage

Publications.

Monovich, Lev, 2002,†The Language of New Media, MIT Press.

Thornham, Sue, Marris, Paul, Bassett Caroline (ed), 1996, Media Studies : A Reader,

Edinburgh University Press.

48

LIN 1319 ae-bmfw Iºyq- nMv (Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSohv)

bqWn‰v 1

ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nMv˛ Ncn-Xhpw hnIm-k-hpw. ae-bmfw F≥tIm-Unw-Kvtkm^v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ, ae-bmfw F≥tIm-UnwKv hyh-ÿ. ae-bmfw Iot_m¿Uv.kzX¥ ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nw-Kv. ae-bmfw t^m≠p-Iƒ˛ bqWn-tIm-Uv, t\m¨bqWn-tIm-Uv, ae-bmfw F≥tIm-UnwKv t\cn-Sp∂ ]iv\-߃. ae-bmfw C≥]p-´nwKv ˛ ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-N-bw. Text Editors ˛ hyXykvX \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 2

`mjm Iºyq-´nMv kma-Kn-Iƒ: UnPn-‰¬ ]mT-߃, `mj-W-ti-J-c-߃, Isø-gpØp tiJ-c-߃, BwKy-`mjm Nn¥-Iƒ, ]mT-`m-jW kwhn-[m\w, `mjW]Xy- n-⁄m\w, kzbw t]cnX mjW Xncn-®-dn-b¬ kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ ]k‡n.

bqWn‰v 3

ae-bmf `mjm-kw-kvI-c-Ww, ae-bmf `mjm kwkvI-cWØn\p≈ hnhn-[-Xcwtkm v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ, Iºyq-t -j-W¬ cq]-hn-⁄m-\w, ae-bm-f-Ønse hymI-cWkwh¿K-ß-fpsS Iºyq-´¿ A[n-jvTnX h¿Ko-I-c-Ww, `mjm kwkvI-cW ]In-b-bpsS hnhn[ L -߃. mj-W-]-Xy- n-⁄m-\w, UnIvtS-j≥, Nm≥kv ssd‰nwKvXncn-®-dn-b¬. tkm^v‰vshb¿, ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-Nbw: Imth-cn.

bqWn‰v 4

hn`-h-ti-J-c -`mjmimkvXw, SmKnw-Kv, A£c hymI-cW ]cn-tim-[-\, cq]nahni-I-e\ am]n-\n ˛ F∂n-h-bn¬ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ t\´-߃, sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ.\nL-≠p, t•mk-dn, C≥U-Ivkv, Xnt m-dkv XpSßnb I≠‚ v tIm¿∏-kp-I-fpsS Xøm-dm-°¬.

49

bqWn‰v 5

b¥-hn-h¿Ø-\w ae-bm-f-Øn¬, ae-bmfw thUvs\-‰v. samss_¬ Iºyq-´nwKvD]-I-c-W-߃: sUkvIvtSm-∏v, sk¿h¿ A[n-jvTnX Iºyq-´nMv. C‚¿s\‰vt]mt´m-t°mƒ, IDNS.

bqWn‰v 6

ae-bmf \nL≠p \n¿am-Ww. ae-bmf ]Z-ß-fpsS A£c Ia-hn-\ymkw \nL-≠p-hn¬. ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nMns‚ ]m[m-\yw, sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ. ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Un-b. hn°n KŸ-im-e, hn°n ]mT-im-e, hn°n \nL-≠p. tªmKp-Iƒ, \h-am-[y-a-߃. Szn‰¿, t^kv_p-°v, en¶vSv C≥, KqKn¬ +, bqSq-_v, C -tP¿W-epIƒ,amkn-I-Iƒ, ssl∏¿ en¶p-Iƒ, D≈-S-°w.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Hcp kwLw teJI¿, Iºyq´¿ hn⁄m\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v.Bharati Akshar, Chaithanya Vineet, Sangal Rajeev, 1995, Natural Language Process-

ing: A Paninian Perspective, New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India.

Manning Christopher, D. and Schutze Hinrich, 1995, Foundations of Statistical Natural

Language Processing, Cambridge , MA: MIT Press.

Pereira Fernando, C.N., and Shieber Stuart M. , 1987, Prolog and Natural - Language

Analysis, CA, USA, Center for the study of Language & Information-Stanford.

Gazdar Gerald and Mellish Christopher S., 1989, Natural language processing in

Prolog : an introduction to computational linguistics Addison - Wesley.

Hopcroft, John E., Motwani Rajeev, Ullman Jeffrey D., 2006, Introduction to Au-

tomata Theory, Languages and Computation (3rd Edition), Boston MA: Addison

Wesley.

Jurafsky, Daniel, Martin, James H., 2000, Speech and Language Processing: An Intro-

duction to Natural language Processing, Computational Lingustics and Speech Rec-

ognition, (Prentice Hall Series in Artificial Intelligence), Pearson.

50

\memw ska-ÿ

LIN 1420 I-ºyq-´¿ `mjm-imkvXw ˛ 2LIN 1421 Iºyq-´¿ A[njvTnX \nL-≠p-hn-⁄m\wLIN 1422 Kth-j-W-co-Xn-im-kvXhpw ]_-‘-c-N-\bpwLIN 1423 ^o¬Uv `mjm-imkvXw (sF—nIw)LIN 1424 KW-am-XrImhn⁄m\w (sF—nIw)

51

LIN 1420 Iºyq- ¿ `mjm-imkvXw - 2

bqWn‰v 1

hn`-h-ti-J-c -`m-jm-imkvXw (Corpus Linguistics) km[y-X-Iƒ, hnhn-[-Xcw ]Z-ti-J-c-ß-fpsS ]cn-N-bw, hc-sam-gn-˛-hm-samgn ]Z-ti-J-c- \n¿Ωn-Xn-bnse ]iv\-߃, hni-I-e-\ -co-Xn-im-kvXw, SmKvsk-‰p-I-fpsS hnIm-kw. hnhn-[- Xcw SmKvsk-‰p-Iƒ, ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج.

bqWn‰v 2

kzm`m-hn-I- kw-kvI-c-W-Ønse \qX-\ -]-h-W-X-Iƒ. SmKnwKv ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ, mjm-]-K-Y-\-]-iv\-߃, SoIm-\n¿Ωm-Whpw ]iv\-ß-fpw. ae-bm-f-`m-jm- kw-kv°-cWw.

bqWn‰v 3

A£-c-˛-hym-I-c-W -]-cn-tim-[\ ae-bm-f-Øn¬, cq]m]-K-Y\n (Morphological

Analyzer): \n¿Ωm-W-co-Xn-Ifpw ]iv\-ßfpw ae-bm-fsØ ap≥\n¿Øn a\- n-em-°¬. Iºyq-´¿ A[n-jvTn-X- cq-]n-a-˛hm-IyL-S-\m-]-K-Y\w ae-bm-f-Øn¬.

bqWn‰v 4

b¥-hn-h¿Ø\w. b¥-`m-j, b¥-Km-lyw, b¥-hn-h¿Ø-\ -N-cn-Xw, b¥-hn-h¿Ø-\-]-In-b, \nL≠p ]cn-tim-[-\, e£y-]m-tTm¬∏m-Z\w, ]p\]-km-[-\w,]c-]-km-[-\w, b¥-hn-h¿Ø-\-Ønse `mjm-]-iv\-߃, C¥y-bnse b¥-X¿÷-a-i-a-߃ ˛ BwKe`m-c-Xn, A\p-`m-c-Xn, A\p-km-c-I, amX, b¥wap≥\n¿Øn a\- n-em-°¬.

bqWn‰v 5

thUvs\‰v \n¿Ωm-W-co-Xn, ae-bm-f-Ønse thUv s\‰v ia-߃, ka-\m-a-X,_lz¿Y-IX, hnI¬]\w XpS-ßn-bp-≈ A¿Y-]-iv\-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂coXnbpsS hne-bn-cp-ج ˛ ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nMv ˛ ia-߃ ˛ Um‰m-s-sa-\n-Mv.Hcp Ah-tem-I-\w.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

atl-jv, awK-em´v, Iºyq-´¿ `mjm-im-kvXw.kp\nX, Sn.hn., C˛-a-e-bmfw ssk_¿ ae-bmfw C‚¿s\‰v ae-bm-fw.Arnold doug, Lorna Balkan, Siety Meijer, R. Lee, Humphreys, Louisa Sadler, 1994,

Machine translation: An Introductory Guide, Ncc, London: Blackwell.

52

Charik Eageze and Drew MC Donaltt, 1986, Introduction to Artificial Intelligence:

Addision Wesley Series in Computer Science Addison Wesley.

Dash, N.S., 2005, Corpus Linguistics and Language Technology With Reference to

Indial Languages New Delhi: Mittal Publications.

Grishman, Ralph, 1994,†Computational Linguistics : An Itroduction Cambridge

University Press.

Hays, D.G., 1967,†Introduction to Computational Linguistics, New York: American

Elsevier Publishing Company.

Hutchins, W.J., 1986,†Machine Translation past, present & future,†Ellis Horwood ltd.

Jurafsky, Daniel and Martin, James, H., 2000, Speech and Language Processing:

An Introduction to Natural Language Processing Computational Linguistics and

Speech Recognition, (Prentice Hall Series in Artificial Intelligence) Pearson.

Mitkov and Nicolas, 1997,†Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, John

Benjamins Publishing Company.

Mitkov, Ruslan (ed.), 2003,†The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics,

Oxford University Press.

Noble, Hugh.M., 1988,†Natural Language Processing,†Blackwell, Scientific

Publications.

Oates, B.J., 2007,†Researching Information systems and computing.†New Delhi: Sage

Publications.

Pereira, F. & B. Grosz. (ed.), 1994,†Natural Language Processing, MIT Press.

Rajapurohit, B.B., 1994,†Technology and Languages, Mysore: CIIL.

Sangal, R., et.al. (ed.), 2003,†Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing,

Mysore: CIIL.

Sampson Geoffrey, Me Carthy, Diana (ed), 2004, Corpus Linguistics : Readings in a

Widening Discipline, London Continunm.

Stefan Th. Gries, 2008, Quantitative Corpus Linguistics with R: A Practical Introduction,

Routledge.

Website Links:

http://ai-depot.com/intro.html

http://library.thinkquest.org/2705/istory.html

http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/~hansu/what_is_cl.html

http://www.computing.dcu.ie/~plambert/Lam_Bib_03.htm

http://www.logos-ca.com

53

LIN 1421 Iºyq- ¿ A[n-jvTn-X -\n-L≠p hn⁄m-\w

bqWn‰v 1

\nL-≠p-\n¿Ωm-Ww, \n¿h-N\w, Ncn-Xw. `n∂-k-ao-]-\-߃. ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ. ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-߃, ]e-Xcw \nL-≠p-°ƒ˛G-I-Im-enIw _lp-Im-en-Iw, Ncn-Xm-fl-Iw, \nb-¥n-Xw, `mjm-t`Z \nL-≠p-°ƒ, ae-bm-f-Ønse \nL-≠p-°ƒ.]cn-Nbw, kao-]-\-ß-fpsS hni-I-e-\w.

bqWn‰v 2

Iºyq-´dpw \nL-≠p- \n¿Ωm-W-hpw. Hm¨sse≥ UnIvjW-dn-Iƒ. Ce-IvtSm-WnIv \nL-≠p-°-fpsS \n¿Ωm-W-co-Xn-Iƒ, kzm`m-hn-I- m-jm-kw-kv°-c-W-Øn¬\nL-≠p-°-fpsS ]¶v, UnIvjWdn \n¿Ωm-W-t]mPIvSpIƒ.

bqWn‰v 3

b¥-Kmly ˛ b¥-]m-cm-bW ˛ \nL-≠p-°ƒ. LS-\m-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, ]Zm¿∞-ssI-Im-cyw. Zzn`m-jm-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, GI-cq-]-X,_lz¿YIX, A¿Y-K-k-\w, XpS-ßn-b hmK¿Y ]-iv\-߃.

bqWn‰v 4

]c-º-cm-K-X- \n-L-≠p-\n¿Ωm-Whpw Iºyq-´¿ A[n-jvTn-X- \n-L≠p \n¿Ω-mW-hpw, hnhn-[-Xcw \nL-≠p-°ƒ Iºyq-´-d-[n-jvTnX \nL-≠p-°-fpsS LS-\bpwkwhn-[m-\hpw, A¿Y-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[m-\w. ]Zm¿∞-_-‘- \n-L-≠p-°ƒ.thUvs\‰v ]cn-N-bw.

bqWn‰v 5

Iºyq-´¿ A[n-jvTn-X- \n-L-≠p-°-fpsS \n¿ΩmW-coXn, ]Z-ti-J-c-Ww. ]Zw-sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v. hymI-c-W-h¿Kw \n›-bn-°¬. D®m-c-Ww, \ncp‡w Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-ج,D]-te-J-I-߃, A¿Yw, ]cym-bw, hn]-co-Xw, D≤-c-W-I-ao-I-c-Ww.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Kp]vX≥\mb¿, Fkv., 2003, hmK¿YhnNmcw. Xncp-h-¥-]pcw: tIcf mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.]e teJ-I-∑m¿, \nL-≠p-\n¿ΩmWw.thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿, `mjm¿∞w.tkma-ti-J-c≥\mb¿. ]n., 1982, \nL≠phn-⁄m-\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.Allen, J.F (ed), Special Issue of Computation Linguistics, 13:34.

54

Amsler, R.A., 1984, Annual Review of Information Science and Technology.

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ence, Vol. 19, AP. 161-209.

Atkins, B.T.S. Zampolli.A, (etc), 1995, Computational Approaches to the Lexicon,

Oxford.

Boguraev Branimir.K, Lexical Knowledge: Acquisition and representation.

Boguraev Branimir & Briscoe, Ted., (eds),1989, Computational Lexicography for

natural Language Processing, London: Longman Publishing group.

Briscoe, Ted., Copestake Ann & Paiva.Valeria de. (eds), 2006, Inheritance, Defaults

and the Lexicon, Combridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cignoni, L. Peters. C. (eds), 1990, 91. Computational Lexicography: Special edition

dedicated to Bernard Quemada, Pisa, Giardini Edition.

Walton Evens, Matha, 2009. (ed), Relational Models of the Lexicon : Representing

Knowledge in Semantic Networks, Cambridge University Press.

Singh, R.A., An Introduction to Lexicography, Mysore: CIIL.

Sirvedair, John Mettardy, 1987, Looking up: An account of the COBUILD Project in

lexical Computing, Collin.

Walker, D, Zampolli.A, Calzolari.N.(eds), 1991, Automating The Lexicon: Research

and Practice Multilingual Environment, OUP.

Williams. M.E. (ed), 1984, Machine Readable dictionaries, New York.

Zampolli, Antonio, Calzolari, N., Palmer, Martha Stone. (eds), 1994, Current issues in

Computational Linguistics, Oxford University Press.

55

LIN 1423 ^o¬Uv `mjm-imkvXw (sF—nIw)

bqWn‰v 1

`mjbpw `mj-I-k-aq-lhpw `mjm-kw-kv°m-c-hpw, `mj-I-fpsS kmaq-ln-IhpwkmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb ASn-Ø-d. kmwkvIm-cn-I-hn-\n-abw mj-bn-eq-sS, Poh¬`m-j-Iƒ, mj-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI -k-µ¿`hpw mjm-]-tbm-K-ß-fpw, mjm-]-tbm-K-]-cn-k-c-Øns‚ ]k-‡n, mjm-k-aq-l-ß-fpsS hni-I-e-\w. mj-I-fpsS HutZym-Kn-I -]-cn-K-W-\.

bqWn‰v 2

^o¬Uv m-jm-im-kvX-\n¿∆-N\w mjm-im-kvX- o¬Uv h¿°v F¥v. F¥n\v?^o¬Uv m-jm-im-kvX-Øns‚ ]k-‡n, o¬Uv h¿°ns‚ Xøm-sd-Sp-∏v, o¬Uvh¿°n-\m-bp≈ ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ, o¬Uv h¿°nse ]iv\-ßsfbpw kmwkvIm-cnI s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Itfbpw, A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°epw XcWw sNøepw.

bqWn‰v 3

^o¬Uv h¿°nse ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-߃, ^o¬Uv h¿°v coXn-Iƒ, ZØ-ti-J-c-W-co-Xn-Iƒ, ]cn-tim-[-\m-I-a-߃, ^o¬Uv Xnc-s™-Sp-∏v, tNmZym-hen Xøm-dm-°¬ ˛ \nco-£-W-co-Xn, t\´-ßfpw ]cn-an-Xn-I-fpw, tNmZym-hen D]-tbm-Kn-°¬ ˛ t\´-ßfpw ]cn-an-Xn-I-fpw, apJm-ap-J-co-Xn ˛ t\´-ßfpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw,sXc-s™-Sp∏v ka-bØv Inbm-fl-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°¬.

bqWn‰v 4

Bth-Z-I-s‚ mjm-ti-J-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-I-fpsS ]cn-N-bw, Imc-W-߃,`mjm-\-jvS-Øns‚ tIc-fo-b-k-µ¿`w, `mjm-t]m-j-W-i-a-߃.

bqWn‰v 5

`mjm-tUm-Iyp-sa-t‚-j≥. tUmIyp-sa-t‚-j≥ coXn-Iƒ, Zriy-˛im-hy -km-a-Kn-I-fpsS ZØw, NnX-߃, ]mT-hn-h-c-ßfpw kam-l-c-Whpw˛A]-K-Y-\hpw coXn-I-fpw, `mjm-B¿t°hv \n¿Ωm-Ww, kmt¶-Xn-I-kw-hn-[m\˛D-]-tbm-Kw, km[y-X-Iƒ.

56

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Abbi, Anvita, 2001, A Manual of Linguistic Field Work and Structures of Indian

Languages, Germany: Lincon Europa, Muencben.

Bowern, C., 2008,†Linguistic Fieldwork, Palgrave: Macmillan.

Crowley, T., 2007,†Field Linguistics. A Beginner's Guide, Oxford: OUP.

Duranti, Alessandro, 1997, Ethnographic Methods out of Linguistic Anthropology,

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Franz, Boas, 1966, Introduction ot the Handbook of American Indian Languages,

Language Culture and Society,Waveland Press.

Hymes Dell.H., 1964, Language in culture and society : A reader in linguistics and

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Milroy, Lesley, 1987,†Observing and Analysing Natural Language. A Critical Account

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Payne, Thomas Edward, 1997,†Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguists,

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Samarin, W.J., 1967,†Field Linguistics: Guide to Linguistic Field Work, New York: Holt,

Rinehart and Winston.

57

LIN 1424 KW-am-Xr-Im-hn-⁄m\w (sF—nIw)

bqWn‰v 1

LS-\m-k-hn-ti-j-Xsb ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ `mjmh¿Ko-I-cWw ˛ `mjbpwkm¿h-eu-InI hymI-c-Whpw ˛ ASn-ÿm\ k¶-ev]-ßfpw amXr-I-I-fpw.

bqWn‰v 2

`mjm km¿h-eu-In-I-X, km¿h-eu-In-I `mjm e£-W-߃, P\n-X-Iw, taJ-em-]-cw, XpS-ßnb KW-am-XrIm h¿Ko-I-cW coXn-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 3

tNmwkvInbpw `mjmkm¿h-eu-In-I-X-bpw˛ ]cn-amXm k¶ev]w ˛ km¿h-eu-InI ]Z-Iaw ˛ cq]-\njvT km¿h-eu-InIw (Formal Universal), kw⁄m- km¿h-eu-InIw (Substantive Universal), kmwJnI km¿h-eu-InIw (Statistical Universal)

bqWn‰v 4

kz\, cq]na KW-am-Xr-I-Iƒ, alm-]m-Ww, A\p-\m-knIoI-c-Ww, aq¿[-\y-c-RvP\w, kzc-K-W-am-XrI (Sqs_‰vkvtImbv), ]pcp-j≥, hN-\w, enwKw, hn`‡n,]£w, Imew XpS-ßn-bh ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ h¿Ko-I-c-Ww.

bqWn‰v 5

hmIy-L-S\m KW-am-XrI˛]Z-I-a- K-W-am-XrI.

io¿j- ]Zw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ io¿jmZn (Head First) io¿jm¥y (Head

last) CXymZn Z£n-tW-jy≥ `mj-I-fpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h-߃ kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw,C¥y Hcp `mj t£Xw, kwkvImc KW-am-XrIm]cn-Nbw. _‘-kp-NI ]Z-߃, h¿W ]Z-߃. ae-bm-f-Øns‚ KW-am-XrIm khn-tij-X-Iƒ.

58

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Arora, H. and Subbarao, K.V., 1989, Convergence and Syntactic Reanalysis: The

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Comrie, Bernard, 1989, Language Universals and Linguistic Typology : Syntax

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Croft, William, 1990, Typology and Universals, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Ferguson, C.A. and E.A. Moravcsik.(eds.), 1978, Universals of Human Languages,

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Langauge, Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter.

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language, Austin: University of Texas Press.

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Seiler, Hansjakob, 1978, Language universals, Tubingen: Nars.

59

Shibatani, Masayoshi and Bynon Theodora (ed.), 1995, Approaches to Language

Typology, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

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60

]co£ ˛ ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-߃; hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

A[y-b\ am[y-ahpw ]co-£-bpw

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ CX-c-`m-j-I-sfm-gn-®p≈ GXp tImgvkn-s‚bpw A[y-b\ am[yaw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bm-bn-cn-°pw. ]co-£bpw aebmfØn-em-bn-cn-°pw.

]_-‘w, t]mP-Œv, o¬Uvh¿°v dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xpw ae-bm-fØn-em-bn-cn-°pw.

]co£ hyhÿ

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse F√m ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw ska-ÿ hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Iao-I-cn®v \nc-¥-c- B`y-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿W-bw \SØn, tNmbvkvt_bvkvUv sIUn‰v B‚ v ska-ÿ (CBCS) hyhÿbmWv ]n≥Xp-Scp∂Xv.

aqey\n¿Wbw

B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw 20%

a[yska-ÿ ]co£ 20%

ska-Ã-d¥y ]co£ 60%

B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw

]T-\-an-Ihv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xpw aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-Øp-∂Xpw c≠p-X-c-Øn-emWv.XpS¿]-cn-tim-[-\-I-fn-eqsSbp≈ A`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Øepw ska-ÿ Ah-km\]co-£m-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-ep-w. Hcp tImgvkvImem-h-[n-°p-≈n¬ \nc-¥-c-ambn HcphnZym¿∞nsb hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v 40 am¿°m-Wv. tImgvkv \S-Øp∂ A[ym-]-I¿ XmsgImWn-°p∂ Xe-ßfn-emWv A`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج \S-tØ-≠-Xv.

lmP¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v

a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co£ ˛ 20 am¿°v

Ass ≥sa‚ v ˛ 10 am¿°v

skan-\m¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v

BsI -˛ 40 am¿°v

61

lmP¿

lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-hmsW-¶n¬ ska-ÿ A¥y-]-co-£- Fgp-Xm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-X-√.

Hmtcm hnj-bhpw ]Tn-∏n°p∂ A[ym-]-I¿ lmP¿ kq£n°p∂Xm-Wv.

lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-™-h-cpsS t]cv t\m´okv t_m¿Un¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-w.

IrXy-amb saUn-°¬ k¿´n-^n-°-‰ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ amXta ]co-£-sb-gp-Xm≥ Cfhv A\p-h-Zn-°pI-bp-≈q. lmP¿ 65% Øn¬ Ipd-hp-≈-h¿°v HcpImc-W-h-imepw ]co-£- Fgp-Xm≥ A-\p-hmZw sImSp-°p∂X√.-

a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co£

ska-ÿ ]Ip-Xn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Hcp B`y-¥c ]co£ \S-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Ass ≥sa‚ v

a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co-£bv°v apºmbn hnZym¿∞n Ipd-™Xv c≠v Ass ≥sa-‚pIƒ FgpXn ka¿∏n®ncn-°-Ww.

skan-\m¿

F√m ska-Ã-dnepw F√m- hn-j-b-Ønepw hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS skan-\m¿ \n¿_-‘-amWv.

AXXp hn-jbw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I¿ tNmZy-ap-≠m-°m\pw ]co£m ]cn-tim-[-I-cm-Im\pw A¿l-cm-Wv.

hIp-∏-≤y-£≥, AXXv hnj-bw ]-Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I≥, Uo≥ ip]m¿isNøp∂ ]pd-ta-\n-∂p≈ Hc-≤ym-]-I≥ F∂n-h-c-S-ßp∂ ]m\en\mWv sshhm,]mŒn-°¬ F∂o ]co-£-I-fpsS \S-Øn∏v Npa-X-e.

tNmZy°S-em-kns‚ LS\

Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw Xøm-dm-°p∂ tNmZy-°-S-em-kn¬ hnhn[ mK-߃ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. H∂mw `mK-Øn¬ Hcp am¿°v hoX-ap≈ 10 tNmZy-߃.

c≠mw `mK-Øn¬ A©p-am¿°p-ho-X-ap≈ 8 tNmZy-߃.

aq∂mw `mK-Øn¬ 10 am¿°v hoX-ap≈ aq∂p tNmZy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v cs≠-Æ-Øn-\p-Ø-c-sa-gp-X-W-sa∂mWv \n_-‘-\-.

]co£m kabw ˛ 60 am¿°n-\m-bp-≈ ]co-£m-k-abw aq∂p aWn-°q-dmbn \nP-s∏-Sp-Ønbn-cn°p-∂p.

a[yska-ÿ ]co-£bv°v samØw kne-_kns‚ 50% ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈XmWv tNmZy-t]-∏-¿. A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-hn-[-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw tNmZy-t]-∏¿.

62

ska-Ãd¥y ]-co-£-bv°p≈ tNmZym-h-en-bn¬ kne-_kv apgp-h≥ Dƒs∏-Spw.kne-_-knse F√m bqWn-‰p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tNmZy-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

bp.-Pn.kn. \njvI¿jn-°p∂ ]Imcw tNmZym-henbpsS 50% ]pd-Øp-\n-∂p≈A≤ym-]-I-cmIpw Xøm-dm-°pI. IqSmsX, _mly-aq-ey-\n¿W-b-hpw \n¿_-‘-am-Wv.

]mŒn-°¬ hnj-b-ß-fpsS aqey-\n¿W-b-Øn\v 50-% -A-≤ym-]-I¿ ]pd-Øp-\n-∂p-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°pw.

t]mPŒv dnt∏m¿´v/]_‘w XpS-ßn-bh B`y-¥c˛-_m-ly-aq-ey-\n¿W-b-Øn\vhnt[-b-am-°-pw.

`n∂-tijn hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ°p≈ ]co£m klm-bw

aq∂p aWn-°q-dp≈ ]co-£-bn¬ Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ kabw A[n-I-ambn ImgvN-˛-ihW ]cn-an-Xn-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v e`n-°pw.

]m m-Im≥ th≠ 40% am¿°v GsX-¶nepw kml-N-cy-Øn¬ e`n-°msX h∂m¬Cu hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v G.O. (Ms.)No:13/2013/H.Edn. Dated 16.01.2013 ]Imcw samØwam¿°ns‚ 25% tamU-td-j≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-XmWv.

k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ a‰v B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw bYm-k-abw ]co£m hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øpw.

tKUv \n›-bn-°¬

B`y-¥c -˛- _mly aqey\n¿W-b-Øn-\p-tijw AXXv hn`m-K-ß-fnse A≤ym-]-I-k-an-Xnbpw ]pd-Øp-\n-s∂-Øp∂ ]cn-tim-[-Icpw tN¿∂ kan-Xn-bmWv HmtcmtImgvkn-s‚bpw icm-i-cn-am¿°v \nP-s∏-SpØn tKUv \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. O, A+, A,

B+, B, C+, C, F, AB F∂n-ßs\ hyXykvX tKUp-I-fp≠v. F tXm¬hnsb kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. C bpw AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-ep≈ tKUp-Ifpw hnP-bsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.XpS-¿∂p≈ aqey-\n¿W-bhpw ska-ÿ Ah-km\ ]co-£m-^-ehpw kwbp-‡-ambn IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv tKUv Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. H∏w Xs∂, Hcp hnj-b-Øn¬ Pbn® Ip´n-I-fpsS am¿°ns‚ icm-i-cn-bpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°pw.

tKUv tKUv t]mbn‚ v % am¿°v

O 10 100 %

A+ 9 90 - 99.9 %

A 8 80 - 89.9 %

B+ 7 70 - 79.9 %

B 6 60 - 69.9 %

C+ 5 50 - 59.9 %

C 4 40 - 49.9 %

F 0 Less than 40

AB 0 Absent

63

tKUv t]mbn‚pw, sIUn‰v t]mbn‚pw Xmsg-Im-Wn°pw ]Imcw IW-°n-se-Sp-°-Ww.

Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ icm-icn tKUv Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ coXn

Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw/tImgvkn\pw t\Sp∂ tKUns\ AXXv hnj-b-Øns‚sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆwsIm≠v KpWn-®p-In-´p∂ ^eamWv B hnj-b-Øns‚sIUn-‰v t]mbn‚ v. F√m hnj-b-ß-fn-ep-ambn e`n-°p∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ vsamØw t\Snb sIUn-‰p-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p-∂-XmWv SGPA.

SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average)

Hcp ska-Ã-dnse icm-icn tKUv t]mbn‚ v (SGPA) IW-°m-°p-∂Xv Xmsg-]-dbpw ]Im-camWv.

Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw t\Sp∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ v Iq´n In´p∂ ^esØ Bska-Ã-dn¬ t\Sp∂ samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In- p∂ e-amWv SGPA.

SGPA (Si) = S (Ci x Gi) / SCi

Ci - Hmtcm tImgvknsebpw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw.

Gi - Hmtcm tImgvknepw t\Sp∂ tKUv.

Thus, SGPA = 120/20= 6

CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average)

Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw t\Sp∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ns\ Bska-Ã-dn¬ t\Snb SGPA AXp-hsc t\Snb samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsSFÆwsIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p∂ ^e-amWv CGPA.

CGPA =S(Ci x Si)/SCi

Si - tImgvkns‚ SGPA

Ci - ska-Ã-dnse samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw

Course Credit Grade letter Grade point Credit Point (Credit x Grade)

Course 1 4 A 8 4 x 8 = 32

Course 2 4 B+ 7 4 x 7 = 28

Course 3 4 B 6 4 x 6 = 24

Course 4 4 C+ 5 4 x 5 = 20

Course 5 4 C 4 4 x 4 = 16

20 120

Semester - 1 Semester - 2 Semester - 3 Semester - 4

Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20

SGPA : 6.9 SGPA : 7.8 SGPA : 5.6 SGPA : 6.0

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CGPA 10, 9 -t\Sp∂ hnZym¿-∞n-Iƒ°v UnÃn-wKvj-t\m-Sp-IqSnb ^Ãv¢mkpw,9¬ Xmsg 6.5 hsc ^Ãv¢mkpw 5 apX¬ 6.5 hsc hcp -∂-h¿°vsk°‚ v¢mkpw, 4 apX¬ 5 hsc-bp-≈-h¿°v tX¿Uv ¢mkp-amWv e`n-°p-I.

]co-£m- e]Jym-]\w

]co-£-I-gn™v km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ c≠m-gvN-°p-≈n¬ hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ ]co-£m-^ew ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-pw. ew]kn-≤o-I-cn-®v, aq∂p ]hr-Øn-Zn-h-k-߃°p-≈n¬ ]cm-Xn-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ tcJm-aqew ]cmXn Adn-bn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kz¥w DØ-c-°-S-emkv ImWm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ]cm-Xn- D∂-bn® hnZym¿∞nsb A≤ym-]I kan-Xn-bpsS ap∂n¬hnfn-®p-h-cpØn ]cmXn t\cn¬tI´v hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ DNn-X-amb ]cn-lmcwImWpw. XpS¿∂pw hnZym¿∞n°v ]cm-Xn-bp-s≠-¶n¬, CBCS sk√n¬ ]cmXn\¬Imw. CBCS Ub-d-IvS¿/]co-£m-I¨tSm-f-dpsS \S-]Sn A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

am¿°v jo‰v/tKUv Im¿Uv

k¿h-I-em-imebpsS kotem-Sp-Iq-Snb AwKo-IrX am¿°v jo‰v/tKUv Im¿UvF√m ska-Ã-dn-s‚bpw dnk¬‰mbn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v \¬Ipw. am¿°v jo‰n¬/tKUv Im¿Un¬ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ hnh-c-߃ c≠p-`m-j-bn¬ (ae-bm-f-Øn-epw,Cw•o-jn-epw) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-pw.

s]mtam-j≥

B`y-¥c ]co-£bpw a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co-£-bpw FgpXm-Ø-h¿ tImgvkv]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xmbn Icp-Xp-I-bn-√. Ahsc A¥y ]co£ Fgp-Xm-\-\p-h-Zn-°-p-Ibn√. AØcw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]p\x-]-th-i\w t\S-Ww. ASpØ ska-Ã-dn¬ B tImgvkp-s≠-¶n¬ AXn¬ tNcmw, As√-¶n¬ ]pXnb tImgvkn¬tNtc-≠n-hcpw.

e`n-°p∂ tKUv sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-k-cw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°n√.

tImgvkv Pbn-°p-hm≥ 50% am¿°v e`n-t°≠-Xm-Wv. tXm‰ hnj-b-ß-fpsS tKUv,tKUv Im¿Un¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xm-Wv.

]p\x]-cn-tim-[\

DØ-c-°-S-emkv ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[\ Bh-iy-am-b-h¿ ]co-£m-^ew ]kn-≤o-I-cn®v Hcm-gvN-bv°p-≈n¬ \n›nX ^ok-S®v cko-Xn-s\m∏w I¨tSm-f¿°vAt]£ \¬IWw. B ]cn-tim-[-\m-^ew A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

]co£m Xnb-Xn-Iƒ

F√m -]-co-£-I-fp-sSbpw Xnb-Xn-Iƒ A°m-Z-anIv Ie-≠-dn¬ t\ctØ ]Jym-

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]n-°pw. Hcn-°¬ Ie-≠-dn¬ ]Jym-]n® ]co-£m- Xn-b-Xn-Iƒ am‰p-∂-X-√.

]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ

Xmsg ]d-bp-∂ Imcy-߃ ]co£mIa-t°-Sp-I-fmbn IW-°m-°p∂Xm-Wv.

1. A°m-Z-anIv Ie-≠-dn¬ ]Jym-]n® ]co-£m- Xn-b-Xnbpw, ]co£m kabhpw\n¿_-‘-amtbm kzm[o\w sNep-Øntbm am‰m≥ ian-°p-I.

2. ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏- n-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I-sctbm A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm`oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, \n¿t±-i-߃ A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.

3. ]co£m kq]-≠ns\ [n°-cn-°pI, A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI.

4. ]co£m kq]-≠n-s\-tbm, ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I-sc-tbm, A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm kzm[o-\n-°pI.

5. kpK-a-amb ]co£m \S-Øn-∏n\v hnLm-Xw kr„n-°pI.

6. ]co-£-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\-km-a-Kn-Iƒ, samss_¬ t^m¨, a‰v Ce-IvtSm-WnIv D]I-cW-߃ F∂nh A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX ]co£m apdn-bn¬sIm≠p-h-cn-I.

7. ]I¿Øn Fgp-Xp-I, Is≠-gp-Xp-I, DØ-c-°-S-emkv At\ym\yw ssIam-dpI,ssIam-dm≥ ian-°p-I, ]co-£-sb-gp-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°p-I,\n›nX ka-b-Øn\p ap≥]v ]co£m apdn-bn¬ ]th-in®v tai-bnepw Nph-cnepw Ccn-∏n-S-Ønepw Ipdn-∏p-I-sf-gp-Xp-I, ]co£m thf-bn¬ N¿®-sN-øpI,Bƒam-dm´w, \n¿±njvS ÿm\-Øp-\n∂pw A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX amdn-bn-cn-°pI,]co£ _ln-jvI-cn-°pI hgn ]co-£bpsS kpK-a-amb \S-Øn-∏n\v hnLm-X-ap-≠m-hp-∂ as‰-s¥-¶nepw ]hrØn-Iƒ F∂nh A®S°ewL-\-ambnIW-°m°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-ambn _‘s∏´ F√m hnj-b-ßfpw ]co-£m A®-S° kan-XnbmWv ssIImcyw sNøp-I. ]co£m tIµ-Øn¬ GsX-¶nepw kml-N-cy-Øn¬, kºq¿W Iat°Sv \S-∂p-sh∂v t_m[y-s∏-´m¬, B ]co£ Akm-[p-hm-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw sshkv Nm≥k-e¿°p≠v. ]p\x-]-co£ \n¿t±-in-°m\pwIa-t°-Sn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc A®-S-°-\-S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°m\pw sshkvNm≥k-e¿°v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v.

]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-I-fpsS XohXb\p-kcn®v in£m-\-S-]-Sn-IƒkzoI-cn-°p∂XmWv

1. taen¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øn-√m-sb-∂p-d-∏p-\¬Ip∂km£y-]Xw hnZym¿∞n-sb-s°m≠v H∏n-Sp-hn®v hm-ßp-∂Xm-Wv.

2. Ia-t°Sv \S-Ønb hnj-b-Ønse am¿°pw, tKUpw Akm-[p-hm-°p-I.

3. B ska-Ã-dnse apgp-h≥ ]co-£-I-fnepw am¿°pw tKUpw Ipd-hp hcp-

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ØpI.

4. Ia-t°Sv \S-Øn-b hnj-b-Øn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ tKUv \¬Ip-I.

5. B ska-Ã-dnse F√m ]co-£-I-fnepw Ipd™ tKUv \¬IpI.

6. B ska-Ã-dnse XpS¿∂p≈ ]co-£-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂sXm-gn-hm-°pI.

7. AUvan-j≥ Akm-[p-hm-°pI.

8. \n›nX Ime-tØ°v as‰mcp ÿeØpw ]T-\-]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-°mØXc-Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°pI.

9. ÿnc-ambn Hcn-SØpw ]th-i\w e`n-°m-Ø-X-c-Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-ime hnZym-`ymkw \ntj-[n-°p-I.

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p≈ am¿K-tcJ

1. ska-ÿ Ah-km-\-]-co£ Fgp-Xm≥ 75% lmP¿ \n¿_-‘-am-Wv, Hmtcmhnj-b-Øn\pw Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw 75% lmP¿ Cs√-¶n¬ ]co£ Fgp-Xm-\p≈ tbmKyX D≠m-hn-√. ]pXnb ska-ÿ ^ok-S®v ska-ÿBh¿Øn-°ms\ C°q-´¿°v A\p-hm-Z-ap-≈q. G-sX-¶nepw hnj-b-Øn\v75% lmP-dn¬ Ipd-hp-s≠-¶n¬ B hnjbØn¬ ]T\w ho≠pw Bh¿Øn-t°-≠n-hcpw.

2. Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ Ipd-™Xv 16 sIUn‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hsc ASpØska-Ã-dn-te-°p≈ ÿm\-°-b‰w A\p-h-Zn-°n-√.

3. apJy tImgvkp-I-fn-epw, sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fnepw ska-ÿ Ah-km\ ]co-£-bn¬ tXm¬°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kπn-sa‚dn ]co£ A\p-h-Zn°pw.

4. kπn-sa‚dn ]co£bnepw tXm‰m¬ tImgvkm-h¿Øn-°ms\ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≈q. AXm-b-Xv, ho≠pw B`y-¥c -hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. B tImgvkv Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v ]ns∂ \S-Øp-tºmƒ B hnZym¿∞ntN¿∂v ]Tn-°-Ww. sF—nI hnj-b-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ ]gb tImgvkv hn´v]pXnb tImgvkv sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°pw.

5. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hcpw tImgvkv tXm‰-hcpw tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn At]-£n-°-Ww. k¿h-I-em-ime \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-amtb tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≈q. hIp-∏-≤y-£-\mWvC°m-cy-Øn¬ Xocp-am\w ssIs°m≈pI.

6. Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ kml-N-cy-߃ ]cn-K-Wn®v Fw.F. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-\mbn 8 ska-ÿ hsc amXsa \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn A\p-h-Zn-°p-bp-≈q. k¿h-I-em-im-ebv°v t_m[yw-h-cp∂ Imc-W-ß-f-Sn-ÿm-\-am°n Bbn-cn°pw A\p-aXn \¬IpI. Sn.kn. hmßn Ign-™n-´p-s≠-¶n¬Cu Cfhv A°q-´¿°v _m[-I-ambn-cn-°n-√.

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7. sF—n-I-hn-j-b-߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv A°m-Z-anI D]-tZ-i-I-cp-sS \n¿t±-i-]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

8. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 20 sIUn-‰n¬ IqSp-X¬ apJy-hn-j-b-߃ ]Tn-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°n-√. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 8 sIUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ sF—n-I-hn-j-b-߃ amXtaXnc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°q.

9. ]_-‘-apƒs∏sS apJy-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 60 sIUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ hnj-b-߃\n¿_-‘-ambpw ]Tn-®n-cn-°-Ww. sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 12 sIUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ hnj-b-߃ ]Tn-t°-≠Xv \n¿_-‘-am-Wv. samØw 72 (60+12)sIUn‰v t\SWw. ]T-\-an-Ihv ]pe¿Øp-∂-h¿°v 80 sIUn-‰p-hsc A\p-h-Zn-°pw.

10. B`y-¥c/_mly ^e-sØ-kw-_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ ^ew ]kn-≤o-I-cn®v aq∂p Znh-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ tcJm-aqew hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°-Ww.

11. B`y-¥c e-sØ-°p-dn®v A[ym-]-I-tbm-K-Øn-\p-tijw hIp-∏-≤y£s‚Xocp-am-\-apW-≠m-Ipw. AXv A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

12. _mly^esØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-I-fn-t∑-ep≈ hIp-∏-≤y-£s‚ Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ AXr-]vXn-bp-≈-h¿°v ta¬\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°mbn ]cmXn CBCS Ub-d-IvS¿/]co£m I¨tSm-f¿°v \¬Imw. Ub-d-IvS¿/]co£m I¨tSm-fdpsS Xocp-am\w C°m-cy-Øn¬ A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

13. ska-ÿ Imem-h[n Xocp-∂-Xn-\pap≥]v A≤ym-]-Isc hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°vaqey-\n¿Wbw \S-Øm-≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-Ipw. hIp-∏-≤y-£≥- \n›n-X- mdwhnX-cWw sNøpw.

14. \n›nX hnj--b-ß-sf-°p-dnt®m ]mTy-]-≤n-Xn-sb-°pdn-t®m hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p≈ A`n-]mbw/\n¿t±iw hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

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