Fundamental process of disease
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Transcript of Fundamental process of disease
FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES OF DISEASE
J.J. NELSON RN,CMA
PATHOLOGY
• The study of changes caused by disease.
• The branch of medicine concerned with the structural and functional changes caused by disease
• Homeostasis is measurably disturbed
Definitions:
HYPERTROPHY
ATROPHY
Definitions
• CYTOLOGY
• HISTOLOGY
DISEASE• SIGNS: objective• SYMPTOMS: subjective• SYNDROME: both• ASYMPTOMATIC: without S&S
POSION IVY ALLERGYWhat are the signs? Symptoms?
Merck Manual
•Description of disease•Etiology•Signs and symptoms•Diagnosis•Treatment•Prognosis
PROGNOSIS
• ACUTE
• CHRONIC
• TERMINAL
PREDISPOSING CAUSES OF DISEASE
• GENETICS: Family history of Coronary Artery Disease, cancer, diabetes and renal disease are known hereditary risk factors .
• ENVIRONMENT: interacts with heredity. Where a person lives/works can increase the changes of disease. e.g. black lung disease, lead poisoning.
• AGE: Some disease definitely increase as the age increases. e.g. breast cancer
• SEX: Certain diseases are more common in women (e.g. breast cancer, Osteoporosis, Lupus) and others in men (e.g. gout, Parkinson's disease , color blindness, hemophilia)
Predisposing Factors cont. LIFESTYLE: Occupations, habits & life styles can have negative cumulative effects that impose threats to health. e.g smoking alcohol, stress, lack of exercise)
DIET: Important to mention separate from lifestyle. The improper diet may be quantity or quality.
PREDISPOSING FACTORS OF DISEASE CONT.
• INADEQUATE PROTECTION: inadequate clothing, improper sanitation, auto accidents, power tools.
• INFORMATION GAP: Knowing the wrong information is often more dangerous then lack of information. Can you think of examples?
• EMOTIONAL STATE:
• There is empirical evidence that • unhappy people are unusually• disease and accident prone. • =STRESS
DIRECT CAUSES OF DISEASE
• Obviously some things directly cause disease.
• Treatment of disease is directed toward the etiology. What if the etiology is unknown?
• Then the treatment is PALLIATIVE in nature. Palliative means the treatment is directed towards the syndrome as the etiology is unkown.
DIRECT CAUSES:
• LACK OF OXYGEN• DYSPNEA:labored or difficult breathing
• ANOXIA: lack of oxygen
• ISCHEMIA: lack of adequate amounts of oxygen to the tissues cells.
• POISON: Ingested or inhaled. Includes insect and snake bites•
Direct Causes cont.
• IMMUNE DISORDERS: Due to a breakdown in the body's defense system
• ALLERGY: hypersensitivity to a substance ordinarily harmless.
• AUTOIMMUNE: Inappropriate or excessive response of the body’s defense system that allows the immune system to be destructive. e.g rheumatoid arthritis.
• IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS: results from a depressed or absent immune system. E.g following radiation, or with AIDs.
OTHER DIRECT CAUSES
• NEOPLASM: “new growth”
– BENIGN: not cancerous
– MALIGNANT: cancerous
– METASASIS: capacity to spread
–BY DIRECT EXTENSION
–BY BLOOD STREAM
–BY LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
DIRECT CAUSES CONT.
•INFECTION•NORMAL FLORA•COMMUNICABLE DISEASE•LOCAL INFECTION•SYSTEMIC INFECTION
S&S OF INFECTION: RED, SWOLLEN, WARM PAIN , FEVER, DRAINAGE, ENLARGED LYMPH GLANDS
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
• A disease that can be transmitted from one person to another.
• VECTOR: a carrier of disease; an insect, rodent, or small animal that transmits disease
COLD TRAUMA
• FROSTBITE
• HYPOTHERMIA
• CELL DAMAGE DEPENDS ON: moisture, pre-existing condition, age.
HEAT EXPOSURE
• HEAT CRAMPS
• HEAT EXHAUSTION
• HEAT STROKE
• BURNS– Degrees– Desquamation
BURNS
FRACTURES
WOUNDS
• Can be classified as open or closed.– LACERATION– PUNCTURE– INCISION
WOUND Cont.
• AMPUTATION
• AVULSION
• ABRASION
• CONTUSION
• HEMATOMA
NORMAL BODY DEFENSES
• What can the body do to try and maintain body homeostasis?– Species resistance– Mechanical/Chemical barriers
Skin HairSweat MembraneSebaceous secretions CiliaCerumen Saliva & TearsHair Acid
Other Body Defenses
• Fever…vasodilation
• Cold….vasoconstriction
• Inflammation
• Phagocytosis
• Active Immunity
• Passive Immunity
SHOCK
• TYPES:– Hypovolemic– Surgical– Cardiogenic– Neurogenic– Septic– Psychogenic
S&S Shock
• Vasoconstriction
• Skin color
• Vital Signs
• Decrease urine
PAIN
• Pain threshold vs. Pain tolerance
• ANESTHESIA– General– Nerve Block– Local – Analgesic– Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulator– Neurosurgical
IMMOBILITYIs not a body defense, rather has a
catastrophic effect on the human body…muscle weakness anorexia
contractures urinary stasis
decubitus ulcers psychological effects
thrombus/embolus
edema
Respirations decrease
CONTRACTURES
DECUBITUS ULCER OF SACRUM
EDEMA
FUNDAMENTAL PROCESS OF DISEASE
• The human body isamzing. The process of homeostasis and disease balances on a fine line
• As a HCW our job is teach patients to prevent a disturbances of homeostasis and/or treat the disease/injury.