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CHANGE MIDDLE VOWELS: In a few words, the mid-word owe!s are "han#ed to form the $!%ra!&

SINGULAR PLURAL

mouse mice /ma s/

foot feet /fit/

tooth teeth /ti/

goose geese /gis/

louse lice / la s/

SING'LA( )O(M *NO CHANGE+: In a few words, the sin#%!ar form is %sed for oth sin#%!ar and $!%ra!&

SINGULAR PLURAL

fish fish

deer deer

sheep sheep

shrimp shrimp / r mp/

series series / s r-i/

species species / spi- i! -si/

mea"s mea"s

Irregular Plural Nouns(less common plural markers)Borrowed words -i, -en, -a, -es, -ae

LAIN WO(DS:In words orrowed from Latin, the Latin $!%ra! forms are %sed&

SINGULAR#US PLURAL $ i

"a"t%s "a"ti cactuses

focus / fo %s/ foci / fo sa ! -%a / &focuses'

fu"gus / f (-gs/

fu"gi / f "-d a ! f (-ga /

"ucleus / "u-%li-s/ "uclei / "u-%li- a /

stimulus stimuli

s)lla*us / s l--*s/ s)lla*i / s l--*a /

SINGULAR#+N! #U, PLURAL $A

$henomenon Greek / Latin $henomena /f -" -m-"/

criterio" Greek / Latin criteria

*acterium Latin *acteria

curriculum Latin curricula

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datum Latin data /de-t! d-t! d -t/

medium Latin media

memora"dum Latin memora"da

SINGULAR#A Plural $A.

form%!a/ f rm)l/ Latin formulas / form%!ae/ f rm-)-li/

erte*ra Latin erte*rae

SINGULAR#I0! #.0 Plural $I1.S! $.S!

appe"di2 / p "-d %s/ Latin a$$endi"es/ i.es / p "-d-si/

i"de2 Latin indi"es/ i"de2es

OLD ENGLISH WO(DS O( G(EE/ WO(DS: In some words, the $!%ra!s are deried *"ome+ from o!der!an#%a#e forms&

SINGULAR PLURAL $.N

ma" /m"/ from Middle English men/m "/

3oma" / 3 m"/ 3ome" / 3 m "/

child /t a ld/ childre" / t l-dr"/

o2 o2e" / %s"/

SINGULAR $IS from Gree% PLURAL $.S

ana!0sis Greek ana!0ses

*asis Greek *ases

crisis Greek crises

emphasis Greek emphases

h)pothesis Greek h)potheses

oasis /o e s s/ Greek Egyptian oases /o e si/

pare"thesis /p r "- -s s/ Greek pare"theses /p r "---si/

thesis / i-s s/ Greek theses / i-si/

1L'(AL 2 ONE /IND

4e *ought fish5

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4e hae fr%it5

6he mar%et sells shrim$5

4e tasted "heese5

1L'(AL 2 VA(IEIES

4e *ought seera! 3inds offishat the mar%et54e *ought different 3inds of fish at the mar%et54e *ought a ariet0 of fish at the mar%et574e *ought fishesat the mar%et5 &error'S"ientifi" "onte.t: 1oral reef fishes! catalog of fishes! 8all the fishes of the sea8

4e hae different 3inds of fr%it54e hae seera! 3inds of fr%it54e hae a ariet0 of fr%it574e hae fruits5 &dialectal ariatio"'S"ientifi" "onte.t: 9ruits of South America! fruits that are rich i" a"ti-o2ida"ts! 8the fruits of our la*or8: 3e *oughtfruits a"d egeta*les&parallel plurals'

6he mar%et sells different 3inds of shrim$56he mar%et sells seera! 3inds of shrim$56he mar%et sells a ariet0 of shrim$576he mar%et sells shrimps5 &u"commo" usage i" Amer5 ."g5: dialectal ariatio" e2ists'S"ientifi" "onte.t: 86he Secret 4orld of Shrimps8! 9resh3ater Shrimps! 8shrimps a"d pra3"s8 &parallel plurals'

4e tasted seera! 3inds of "heese54e tasted different 3inds of "heese54e tasted a ariet0 of "heese&4e tasted seeral cheeses5 (ok - noncount noun)S"ientifi" "onte.t or to$i"s: 86he 1heeses of Greece8: Agi"g 1heeses: a list of cheeses

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