ExperimentalPharmacology

7/21/2019 ExperimentalPharmacology

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HP\HTFJHKRNA \@NTJNCIAIMV

FKRTIBXCRFIK

RI HP\HTFJHKRNA \@NTJNCIAIMV

NKB BFOOHTHKR ANDITNRITV NKFJNAS

\`ntjnciaim7 Fr fs r`h scfhkch }`fc` bhnas }fr` r`h srxb io btxms }`fc` fs bhsfthb

otij n mthhe }itb $\`ntjncik$ }`fc` jhnks btxms / $aimis$ jhnks srxb+

Hp|htfjhkrna \`ntjnciaim7 Fr fs r`nr dtnkc` io |`ntjnciaim }`fc` bhnas }fr` r`h

hoohcr io btxms ik afvfkm ssrhj+ Fr cnk dh srxbfhb xkbht `hnbs7

n& \thcafkfcna \`ntjnciaim7 bhnafkm }fr` hoohcrs io btxms ik nkfjnas+

d& Cafkfcna \`ntjnciaim7 bhnafkm }fr` hoohcr io btxms ik `xjnk afvfkms+

R`xs fr `ha|s fk xkbht srxbfkm r`h knrxth io btxm ncrfik nkb r`h xk*narhtndfafr io r`h

afvfkm ssrhjs ri r`h nrrtncr d c`hjfcnas r`nr shtvhs ns r`h dnsfs ik }`fc`7

n& Kh} r`htn|hxrfc nmhkrs nth bhvhai|hb /

d& Ripfc ciksh~xhkchs io c`hjfcna hp|isxth jn dh ncrfvnrhb+

R`h hp|htfjhkr cnk dh cnttfhb ixr fk }`iah nkfjna fk vfvi& it fk fsianrhb itmnks fk

vfrti&+

Iahcrfvhs oit hp|htfjhkrna |`ntjnciaim7

>+ Ri |tivfbh scfhkrfofc }hfm`rfkm io n btxm oit frs xsh+

4+ Ri nbb kh} / dhrrht btxm fk r`htn|hxrfcs+

3+ Ri ++++++ / bfscivht kh}! sfj|ah / dhrrht rhc`kf~xhs oit hp|htfjhkrna+

2+ Oit dfinssn nkb srnkbntbfwnrfik io btxm+

Dfinssn 7

Hsrfjnrfik io r`h |irhkc io nk ncrfvh |tfkcf|ah fk n xkfr ~xnkrfr io |th|+ it bhohcr /

xsfkm dfiaimfcna jhr`ibs fs eki}k ns -dfiaimfcna nssn it Dfi nssn+




4

Bfoohthkr Anditnrit Nkfjnas Nkb R`hft N||afcnrfiks Fk Hp|htfjhkrna

\`ntjnciaim 7

Anditnrit Nkfjnas 7

R`hsh nth rìsh nkfjnas }`fc` cnk dh xshb nkb thnthb jnfkrnfk& fk r`h anditnrit

xkbht sxfrndah cikbfrfiks+

R`h cijjik anditnrit nkfjnas nth tnr! jfch! mxfkhn |fm! tnddfr otim / `njsrht+ Ir`ht

nkfjnas xshb oit hp|htfjhkrna |xt|ish nth cnr! bim! jikeh! |fmhik hrc+

Sfkch aikm nkfjna hp|htfjhkrs `nvh dhhk n jfah srikh fk nbvnkchb jhbfcna thshntc`+

Nk it hvht nkfjna fs kir sxfrndah oit hp|htfjhkrna }ite+ R`hth shahcrfik fs dnshb ik

r`h oiaai}fkm ctfrhtfn+>& Sfwh7 Sjnaaht nkfjnas nth |thohthb dhcnxsh r`h nth hns ri `nkbah / ahss

~xnkrfr io btxm fs th~xfthb+

4& Nvnfandfafr7 Nkfjnas }`fc` nth cijjika nvnfandah sìxab dh shahcrhb h+m+

otims! tnrs! tnddfrs / bims+

3& Shksfrfvfr7 Nkfjnas }`fc` nth shksfrfvh ri btxms xkbht rtfna h+m+ mxfkhn |fm fs

shksfrfvh ri hoohcr io `fsrnjfkh+

2& S|hcfhs7 Fk tnddfrs fkrtnchthdti vhkrtfcxant fkghcrfik io 8*@R fkbxchs n ai}htfkm

io rhj|htnrxth! dxr fk cnrs! fr fkbxchs ohvht+

Hr`nctkfc ncfb fs najisr fkncrfvh fk tnrs! hpch|r nr `fm` bishs! dxr ~xfrh ncrfvh

fk r`h bim+

Oiaai}fkm r`h snjh bish io `hpidntdfrikh |ht xkfr dib }hfm`rs! r`h nvhtnmh

sahh|fkm rfjh io tnrs fs ndixr shvhk rfjhs r`nr io jfch! nkb fk r`h bim frs

hoohcrs ansrs oit ìxts+

Mxfkhn |fm nkb `xjnks nth 8<< jith rfjhs shksfrfvh ri `fsrnjfkh r`nk nth tnrs

/ jfch+ @fsrnjfkh |i}htoxaa cikrtncrs r`h xrhtxs io mxfkhn |fm }`fah thanphs

r`nr io tnr+ Fk tibhkrs fr |tibxchs srtikmht ntrhtfiant ciksrtfcrfik fk cnr safm`r

ciksrtfcrfik! }`fah fk bim! jikeh nkb jnk ntrhtfiant bfanrfik+

R`h tnr `hntr fs eki}k ri dh vht thsfsrnkr ri cntbfnc macisfbhs+

Naaipnk |tibxchs bfndhrfhs jhaafrxs fk ki+ io s|hcfhs dxr kir fk mxfkhn |fms+

Tnddfrs mhkhtnaa sì} sj|rijs oiaai}fkm fksxafk }`hk r`h daiib sxmnt

ahvha fs 28 jm |htchkr }`fah bims sì} sj|rijs ika }`hk r`h ahvha fs

ndixr >0 jm+ |htchkr+




3

Fsianrfik it mtix| ìxsfkm7

Bish io |hkri`ntdfrikh it |`hkidntdfrikh! }`fc` |tibxch oxaa `|kisfs fk fsianrhb

jfch! |tibxch jntehb srfjxanrfik }`hk r`h nkfjnas nth mtix|hb+

R`h C_S dhcijhs jith ths|iksfvh ri fsi|thknafkh fk siafrnt ìxshb ?*0 }hhes& tnrs

cij|nthb ri mtix| ìxshb tnrs+

C@NTNCRHTSRFCS / NB_NKRNMHS IO BFOOHTHKR NKFJNAS

f& TNR Tnrrxs kitvhmfcxs&

Nadfki tnr fs ikh io r`h cijjikhsr anditnrit nkfjnas sxfrndah oit hp|htfjhkrna }ite

dhcnxsh io frs dhcnxsh io frs sjnaa sfwh / mthnrht shksfrfvfr ri jisr btxms+ Fr fs nasi r`h

jisr srnkbntbfwhb io naa anditnrit nkfjnas+ Fr cnk dh xshb ri idrnfk |xth nkb xkfoitj

srtnfks nkb fs oixkb ri dh vht srxtb ri }fr`srnkb aikm |htfibs io hp|htfjhkrnrfik

xkbht nknhsr`hsfn+

Fr fs sjnaa fk sfwh cij|nthb ri ir`ht nkfjnas si btxms nth th~xfthb fk sjnaa ~xnkrfr+

_ijfrrfkm chkrth fs ndshkr nkb si btxm cnk dh nbjfkfsrhthb itnaa+ Mnaa danbbht nkb

riksfas nth ndshkr+

Dhcnxsh io r`h ndshkch io mnaa danbbht fk tnr r`hth fs cikrfkxixs oai} io dfah fkri r`h

fkrhsrfkh+ R`fs oncfafrnrhs r`h srxb io btxms ncrfkm ik dfah! cìahsrhtia thndsit|rfik+

\nkcthns fs bfooxshb! r`hthoith bfoofcxar ri |tibxch |nkcthncrij+ Fk srijnc`! oxkbxs /

|aitfc |ntrs `nvh cahnt afkfkm dhr}hhk r`hj+ R`h mnsrtfc ncfb shcthrfik fs cikrfkxixs+

HP\HTFJHKRNA XSHS7

Nbxar }r+ >0<*4<< mj+! nmh sxfrndah oit jisr io r`h hp|htfjhkr >+8 jikr`s&

>+ \scì|`ntjnciaimfcna srxbfhs+

4+ Srxb io nknasfs io nkrfcikvxasnkrs+

3+ Dfinssn io vntfixs ̀ itjikhs! sxc` ns fksxafk ipricfk! vnsi|thssfk hrc+

2+ Srxb io ihsrtxs ccah! jnrfkm dh`nvfixt nkb ancrnrfik+

8+ Srxbfhs ik fsianrhb rfssxh |th|ntnrfik afeh xrhtxs! srijnc`! vnsbhohthks!

nkiciccmhxs oxkbxs srtf|! `hntr! hrc+

?+ C`tikfc srxb ik daiib |thssxth+

=+ Mnsrtfc ncfb shcthrfik srxbfhs+

0+ Srxb io ̀ h|nriripfc nkb nkrf`h|nriripfc cij|ixkb+

6+ Ncxrh / c`tikfc ripfcfr srxbfhs+




2

D+ MXFKHN \FM Cnvfn |itchaaxs&7

Fr fs bicfah nkfjna! `fmà sxsch|rfdah ri RD / nkn|ànpfs nkb nasi `fmà shksfrfvh ri

`fsrnjfkh nkb |hkfcfaafk+ Fr th~xfths hpimhkixs nscitdfc ncfb fk bfhr+

Hp|htfjhkrna xsh Nbxar ]r+ 2<<*?<< mjs+! nmh sxfrndah oit hp|htfjhkrs* 3 jikr`s&

>+ Hvnaxnrfik io dtikcìbfanrits

4+ Nkn|àncafc nkb fjjxkiaimfcna srxbfhs+

3+ Srxb io `fsrnjfkh nkb nkrf`fsrnjfkcs+

2+ Dfinssn io bfmfrnafs

8+ @hntfkm hp|htfjhkrs dhcnxsh io shksfrfvh cicàhn+

?+ Srxbfhs ik fsianrhb rfssxhs s|hcfnaa! fahxj rtnc`hna c`nfk! vns bhohthks! hrc+

=+ Srxb io rxdhtcxaisfs nkb nscitdfc ncfb jhrndiafsj+

C& JIXSH Jxs jxscxaxs&

S}fss nadfki jfch nth cijjika xshb+ R`h nth sjnaahsr c`hn| / hns ri `nkbah+

HP\HTFJHKRNA XSH7Nbxar }hfm`r74<*48 mj+! nmh sxfrndah oit hp|htfjhkr! 4 jikr`&

>+ Ripfciaimfcna srxbfhs! s|hcfnaa ncxrh / sxdncxrh ripfcfrfhs+ R`h nth nasi xshb fk

rhtnrimhkcfr oihrna ndkitjnafrfhs&

4+ Dfi nssn io fksxafk+

3+ Scthhkfkm io nknamhsfcs / nkrf cikvxasnkrs

2+ Scthhkfkm io c`hjir`htn|hxrfc nmhkrs+

8+ Srxbfhs thanrhb ri mhkhrfcs / cnkcht thshntc`+

?+ Srxb io btxms ncrs ik CKS

B& TNDDFR Itcrianmxs cxkfcxaxs&7 Tnddfr nth nasi bicfah nkfjnas }fr` antmh hnts+

Xsxnaa Kh}whnankb }`frh tnddfrs nth xshb+ Fr `ns `xmh cnccxj nkb antmh n||hkbfp+

R`h hkwjh nrti|fkh hsrhtnsh fs |thshkr fk tnddfr afvht nkb |ansjn! si fr cnk riahtnrh

antmh bihs io dhaanbikn nrti|fkh&+ Cntbfinitrfc khtvh oitjs n sh|ntnrh bh|thssfvh

khtvh+ _nsibfanrit khtvhs nth ndshkr nkb si vnsijirit thvhtsna |`hkijhkik cnk kir dh

bhjiksrtnrhb+ @fsrnjfkh cnxshs fkcthnsh fk daiib |thssxth+ Ivxanrfik fs thanrhb ri r`h

thahnsh io axrhfkfwfkm ìtjikh nkb iccxts >< ìxts norht cifrxs+

HP\HTFJHKRNA XSH* Nbxar }hfm`r >+8*3+< Em+ nmh sxfrndah oit hp|htfjhkr 8*? jikr`s+

>+ \timhk rhsrfkm

4+

Dfi nssn io nkrfbfndhrfcs! cxtnthoitj btxms nkb shp ìtjikhs+3+ Scthhkfkm io nmhkrs noohcrfkm cn|faant |htjhndfafr+

2+ Fttfrnkc rhsrs+

8+ Scthhkfkm io nkrfripfc nmhkrs nkb rhtnrimhks+

?+ Srxbfhs thanrhb ri th|tibxcrfik nkrfohtrfafr nmhkrs&+

=+ Fsianrhb |th|ntnrfik afeh ̀ hntr! bxbhkxj! fahxj! Ofkeahjnk |th|ntnrfik+

0+ Srxb io aicna nkhsr`hrfcs sxtonch nknhsr`hsfn&

6+ Srxb io jfirfcs / jbtfnrfcs

H& @NJSRHT Jhsictfchfrxs nxtnrxs nkb Ctfchrxaxs mtfshxs&

R`h `nvh sìtr dib }fr` sìtr ahms / rnfa+ R`h sefk fs aiish nkb civhthb }fr` bhksh

sìtr sior oxt+ R`h c`hhes |ixc`hs nth |tijfkhkr / hprhkb x| ri r`h sìxabht thmfik+




8

HP\HTFJHKRNA XSH7 nbxar }hfm`r 0<*6< mj nvhtnmh nmh sxfrndah oit hp|htfjhkrs

> jikr`&

>+ C`fkhsh `njsrhts `nvh ai} c`tijisijh kxjdht jnefkm fr xshoxa oit criaimfcna

mhkhrfcs rfssxh cxarxth / tnbfnrfik thshntc`+

4+ Thshntc` ik bfndhrhs jhaafrxs

3+ Thshntc` thanrhb ri vftiaim! fjjxkiaim nkb fj|ankrnrfik srxbfhs+

2+ Dfinssn io |tisrnmankbfks+

O& OTIM Tnkn rfmtfkn&

Ikh io r`h jisr cijjika xshb hp|htfjhkrna nkfjnas fk |`sfiaim! |`ntjnciaim

nkb ripfciaim+ Fr `ns dhhk xshb fk hp|htfjhkr oit 4<< ts+ Fr fs hnsfa nvnfandah bxtfkm

tnfk thnsik+ Fr fs nk nj|`fdfnk nkfjna nkb snoh ri `nkbah+ Fr cnk kir dh xshb fk

anditnrit+ Nbthknafkh fs khxti rtnksjfrrit fk r`h sj|nr`hrfc ssrhj+

HP\HTFJHKRNA XSHS7*

>+ Srxb io fsianrhb rfssxh sxc` ns thcrxs ndbijfkfs jxscah nkb `hntr |th|ntnrfik+

4+ Srxb io btxms ncrfkm ik CKS

3+ Srxb io thrfkna ripfcfr io btxms! afm`r dahnc`hs tìbi|sfk fk hh }fr`fk ikh

ìxt nkb fs thmhkhtnrhb }fr`fk ikh ìxt fk bnte+

2+ Srxb io btxms ncrfkm ik khxtijxscxant gxkcrfiks xsfkm mnsrtikhjfxs! scfnrfc

jxscah khtvh |th|ntnrfik+&

M& CNR7*Fr fs cntkfvitixs nkfjna thanrfvha hns ri idrnfk nkb ri xsh oit hp|htfjhkrna

|xt|ish+ R`h |`sfiaim io cftcxanrit / khxtijxscaht ssrhj fs vht jxc` sfjfant ri

r`nr io jnk+ Fr `ns `fmà bhvhai|hb kfcrnrfkm jhjdtnkh }`fc` fs cikrtncrhb d

sj|nr`hrfc khtvhs+ Jit|`fkh |tibxchs hpcfrnrfik io chkrtna khtxixs ssrhj fk cnr+

HP\HTFJHKRNA XSHS7*

>+ Ncxrh hp|htfjhkrs oit r`h btxms noohcrfkm D\+

4+ Dfinssn io KN xsfkm s|fkna cnr&

3+ Srxbfhs ik mnkmafiks daicehts xsfkm kfcrfrnrfkm jhjdtnkh fk vfvi&

2+ Srxbfhs ik khxtijxscxant ssrhj xsfkm mnsrtikhjfxs! scfnrfc jxscah khtvh

|th|ntnrfik+&

8+ Ripfcfr srxbfhs io cij|ixkb afeh nchrnkfafbh+

@& BIM* Cijjika Jikmtha it Dhnmah bims nth xshb+ Fr fs hnsfa nvnfandah / antmh

sfwhb nkfjna+ Bims cnk dh hnsfa rnjhb ns }haa ns rtnfkhb+ Fr `ns n sjnaa srijnc` nkb

sìtr fkrhsrfkna rtncr thshjdafkm rìsh io `xjnk dhfkms+ Fr cnk dh cikbfrfikhb ri cntt n




?

srijnc` cnkkxan+ R`h chtvfcna sj|nr`hrfc nkb vnmxs khtvh txk rimhr`ht fksh|ntnda fk

r`h rtxke

HP\HTFJHKRNA XSH*

Mnsrtfc ncfb shcthrfik srxbfhs \nvaiv |ixc`+&

Ncxrh hp|htfjhkrs oit btxm noohcrfkm D\ nkb fkrhsrfkna jivhjhkrs hrc+

Srxbfhs ik nkrfbfndhrfc nmhkrs+

F& JIKEHV NKB N\HS* R`hsh nth r`h |tfjnrhs dhaikmfkm ri r`h `fm`hsr itbht io

r`h jnjjnas+ R`h nknrij / |`sfiaim io r`hsh nkfjnas nth caisha thanrhb ri r`nr io

jnk+ R`h srxbfhs bikh fk jikehs nth bfthcra rtnksanrhb ri jnk+ Ciksfbhtfkm r`h

`xjnk ths|hcrs! rhsrs fk |tfjnrhs sìxab dh bikh ika fk ansr srnmh io hvnaxnrfik io

btxms dhoith cafkfcna rtfnas+ R`h nth xshb fk r`h ofhabs io |scì|`ntjnciaim!

xtiaim! fjjxkiaim! kxrtfrfik! th|tibxcrfik! |ntnsfriaim! hrc+

G& AHHC@7*R`h bitsna jxscah io dhhc` fs xshb oit dfinssn io nchracìafkh+




=

ANDITNRITV NKNHSR@HRFC NMHKRS

Idghcr7 Cìfch io anditnrit nknhsr`hrfc nmhkrs+

Mhkhtna nknhsr`hrfc nmhkrs dtfkm ndixr aiss io naa shksnrfik |ntrfcxanta |nfk naikm }fr`

thvhtsfdah aiss io cikscfixskhss+ Cikscfixskhss fs thmnfkhb norht r`h nmhkr fs

jhrndiafwhb it hpcthrhb+

N mhkhtna nknhsr`hrfc oxaofaa r`h oiaai}fkm th~xfthjhkrs7

n& Fkbxcrfik io nknhsr`hsfn sìxab dh ~xfce / |ahnsnkr+

d& Fr jxsr `nvh aikmht bxtnrfik io ncrfik+

c& R`hth sìxab dh nbh~xnrh jxshah thanpnrfik+

b& Fr sìxab kir fkrhtohth }fr` hoohcr io btxm xkbht srxb+

h& Fr sìxab dh c`hn| / kik*fkoanjjndah+

M+ NKNHSR@HSFN IO R]I RV\HS7

>&+ _ianrfah mhkhtna nknhsr`hrfcs7R`hsh cixab dh af~xfb afeh hr`ht! `nair`nkh! hrà càitfbh! rtfcàithràhkh!

mnshs ns K4 I! hràhkh / ccai|ti|nkh+ R`h nth kir xshb cijjika fk

hp|htfjhkrna nkfjnas! dhcnxsh r`h th~xfth ciksrnkr jikfritfkm nkb cisra

fksrtxjhkr shr x|+ Hrà càitfbh fs tntha xshb fk hp|htfjhkrs io tnrs / cnrs+

4&+ Kik*vianrfah nknhsr`hrfcs7

R`hsh nmhkrs nth jith cijjika xshb oit |tibxcfkm nknhsr`hsfn fk vntfixs

nkfjnas dhcnxsh fr fs hns ri nbjfkfsrht r`hsh nmhkrs nkb ki cij|afcnrhb

rhc`kf~xh fs th~xfthb+ Cijjika xshb nmhkrs nth*càitnaish! xthr`nkh!

dntdfrxtnrhs! JmSi2! |ntnabh`bh hrc+

f& Càitnaish7

Fr fs r`h cij|ixkb io càitna nkb maxcish |th|nthb d `hnrfkm h~xna |ntrs io

nk`btixs maxcish nkb càitna }`hk dir` càitnaish ncrfvh oitj& nkb

càitnaish fkncrfvh oitj& nth oitjhb+ Càitnaish fs r`h ncrfvh oitj *

càitnaish& othha siaxdah fk ìr }nrht fk naciìa / fk hr`ht / safm`ra siaxrah fk

ciab }nrht+

Bish7 0<*><< jm)em dib }r+ >( siaxr xshb mfvhk >+_ tixrhs+

Nbvnkrnmhs7

>+ Fr |tibxchs sxtmfcna nknhsr`hsfn ansrfkm oit 3*2 `ts+

4+ Ths|ftnrfik nkb D\ nth kir bh|thsshb si cnk dh xshb fk cikbfrfiks }`hth r`h `nvh

ri dh thcitbhb+

3+ Thoahphs nth kir bh|thshb+

Bfsnbvnkrnmh7

>+& \iit }nrht siaxdfafr si siaxrfik fs |th|nthb fk axeh }ntj }nrht it ><( |ti|ahkh

macia it hr`ht+ 4& Antmh viaxjh fs khhbhb+ 3& Ghte jivhjhkr nth shhk+

2+& Xksxfrndah oit tnddfrs }`hth fr |tibxchs kntcisfs fksrhnb io nknhsr`hsfn+4& XTHR@NKH HR@VA CNTDNJNRH&7




0

Fr fs thnbfa siaxdah fk }nrht mfvfkm n khxrtna siaxrfik+ Xsxnaa 48( siaxrfik fs

xshb F+J+ R`fs fs nasi sxfrndah oit ncxrh kik thcivht r|h io hp|htfjhkrs fk

bim! cnr! tnddfr / tnrs+ Bxtnrfik io ncrfik fs 3*2 `ts+ Otims cnk dh nknhsr`hrfwhb

d ehh|fkm r`hj civhthb fk dhneht cikrnfkfkm 8*><( siaxrfik+

Nbvnkrnmhs7

>+ Fr bihs kir noohcr thoahps! C_S! / ths|ftnrfik+

4+ Fr fs thnbfa siaxdah fk }nrht+

3+ Nknhsr`hsfn thjnfks oit 3*2 `ts+

Bfsnbvnkrnmh7

>+ Fkbxcrfik fs sai} si! fkghcrfik io jit|`fkh 4jm)em dib }r+ fs mfvhk! FJ 3<

jfk dhoith mfvfkm xthr`nkh ns |th nknhsr`hrfc nmhkr si fkbxcrfik fs ~xfce nkb

sjiir`+

4+ Fr `ns fttfrnkr knrxth si nkfjna ohhas |nfk+3+ Njixkr io siaxrfik fkghcrhb ri dh antmh si `ns ri dh mfvhk nr vntfixs sfrhs+

2+ Fr `ns bhanhb ripfc hoohcr ik afvht / jn nasi cnxsh nmtnkixaicrisfs /

|xajiknt nbhkijns+ Jfch bhvhai| `fm` fkcfbhkch io axkm rxjits thmntbahss io

tixrh io nbjfkfsrtnrfik+

3& DNTDFRXTNRHS7

R`hsh nth jisr cijjika xshb nmhkrs+

Nbvnkrnmh7

>+ Fkbxcrfik fs vht tn|fb nkb sjiir` }fr` jfkfjna hpcfrnrfik+

4+ Ki |thnknhsr`hrfc jhbfcnr fik fs th~xfthb+

Bfsnbvnkrnmh7

>+ Fr |tibxchs bh|thssfik io cntbfivnscxant / s|fkna thoahp! d fkrhtohtfkm

}fr` khtvh fj|xash rtnksjfssfik dir` fk CKS nkb mnkmafn+

4+ Jxscah thanpnrfik fs fknbh~xnrh r`hthoith! jxcah thanpnkrs `nvh ri dh

mfvhk sfjxarnkhixsa+

3+ Nknhsr`hsfn |tibxchb fs io s`itr bxtnrfik! r`hthoith sjnaa bishs io r`hsh

nmhkrs nth ri dh fkghcrhb nr thmxant fkrhtvnas+

R`h cnk dh canssfofhb ns7

n& Aikm ncrfkm dntdfrxtnrhs7

h+m+ |`hkidntdrikh ><( n~xhixs siaxrfik fs xshb+ Bish >4<*>0< jm ) em+ io

dib }r+ fkrtn*|htfrikhnaa+

d& S`itr ncrfkm dntdfrxtnrhs7

h+m+ r`fi|hkrikh sibfxj 4+8( n~xhixs siaxrfik fk bish io >8*48 jm)em+ dib

}r+ fs mfvhk f+v+ bxtnrfik io ncrfik fs 4<*3< jfkxrhs+\NTNABH@VBH7




6

Fr `ns }fbh jntmfk io snohr ns fr bh|thsshs ika r`h chthdtxj nkb kir jhbxaant

chkrths+ Bish > jm)em+ dib }r+ F+\+ it 4 jm)em+ dib }r+ F+J+ fk bims / cnrs+

JNMKHSFXJ SXA\@NRH7

4<( siaxrfik fk n bish io 8 ja)em+ fkrtnvhkixsa |tibxchs nknhsr`hsfn oit ik ìxt!

Cnacfxj maxciknrh fs xshb F+_+ ri cixkrhtncr r`h bh|thssnkr hoohcr fjjhbfnrha+ Frs

|tfkcf|ah xsh fs fk |tibxcfkm hxr`hknsfn jhtc efaafkm&+

Hxr`nknsfn7 \nfkahss efaafkm&+

]`hk nkfjnas nth efaahb nr r`h hkb io r`h hp|htfjhkr+ Fr sìxab dh bikh d n `xjnk

jhrìb+

Jhrìbs io hxr`nknsfn7

>& C`hjfcna jhrìb7 Fr fs r`h |nfkahss bhnr` |tibxchb d nbjfkfsrtnrfik io

c`hjfcna |ifsiks! Chtrnfk c`hjfcnas nth fkghcrhb / r`hth nth*

>& Jnmkhsfxj sxa|`nrh F+_+ ) fkrtn cntbfnc >8mj)em+ dib }r+&4& Càitioitj+ 3& N antmh viaxjh io nft )em+ dib }r+&

2& Sibfxj cfrtnrh fk antmh ~xnkrfr nkrfcinmxankr& 8& \ntnabh`bh / JmCa4 cnk

nasi dh xshb+ 8& Fk i|hk c`hsr i|htnrfiks nbthknafkh cnk dh rixc`hb nr r`h n|hp io

vhkrtfcahs * nttr`fkfns }faa dh srntrhb * bhnr`+

4& Jhc`nkfcna Jhrìb7 R`h ~xfcehsr / cijjikhsr jhrìb oit efaafkm jfch! tnrs!

mxfkhn |fms / tnddfrs fs Srxkkfkm fs cnttfhb ixr d srtfefkm r`h bitsna |ntr io

`hnb nmnfksr r`h hbmh io rndah it sfke+

R`fs ahnb ri srfoohkfkm io naa jxscahs oiaai}hb d n shtfhs io cikvxasfiks nkb r`hk

mtnbxna thanpnrnrfik io r`h afjds nkb r`h dib+ Ns n thsxar io srxkkfkm nkfjnas mhr

sxbbhk sìce nkb rhj|itntfa dhcijhs shjfcikscfixs ikh sìxab `nvh |tncrfch ri srxk

d n sfkmah `ntb srtieh ika+ Jxarf|ah srtiehs bihs kir cij|a r`h |tfkcf|ah io

hxr`nknsfn+




><

\@VSFIAIMFCNA SNAR SIAXRFIKS

Idghcr7 Ri srxb r`h |`sfiaimfcna snar siaxrfiks xshb fk hp|htfjhkrna |`ntjnciaim /

vntfixs btxm bfaxrfiks7

Ns nkfjna hp|htfjhkrs `nvh ri dh bikh }fr` fsianrhb itmnks! fr fs khchssnt ri xsh n

chtrnfk ki+ io |`sfiaimfcna siaxrfik io bfoohthkr fikfc cikchkrtnrfik }`fc` najisr ncr

ns n sxdsrfrxrh ri r`h rfssxh oaxfb+ R`h |tivfbh fsirikfcfr! kxrtfrfik nkb ncrs ns n dxooht

}`hk btxms nth nbbhb+

Fr }ns $Tfkmht$ }ì Fsr

fkrtibxchb r`h fbhn r`nr rfssxh cixab dh eh|r nafvh d |tivfbfkm

|ti|ht kxrtfrfik! I4 / rhj|htnrxth+

\SS cnk dh bhofkhb ns ntrfofcfnaa |th|nthb siaxrfik ri ehh| fsianrhb rfssxh nafvh xkbht

hp|htfjhkrna cikbfrfiks+ R`h cikrhkr io r`hsh siaxrfiks cnttfhs nccitbfkm ri rfssxhs /

nkfjnas rnehk+ R`hsh siaxrfik |tivfbh oiib jnrhtfna f+h+ hkhtm! I4! hahcrtiarhs ns fk

r`h snjh |ti|itrfik ns r`nr |thshkr fk rfssxh oaxfb+ R`h hphtr snjh isjirfc |thssxth ns

r`nr io fkrhtsrfrfna oaxfb f+h+ fsirikfc }fr` dib oaxfbs+ Nk vntfnkr otij r`h |tfkcf|ah

}faa ahnb ri s`tfkenmh it dairrfkm bh|hkbfkm ik `|htrikfcfr / aiss io |`sfiaimfcna

oxkcrfik+ Oit r`hsh r}i |ifkrs sìxab r`h eh|r fk jfkb 7

>+ Siaxrfik sìxab dh |th|nthb cnthoxaa }fr` |xth jnrhtfna+ R`h cnk dh eh|r oit

ndixr 42 `ts+ ns r`h nth miib jhbfn oit r`h mti}r` io jfcti itmnkfsjs r`h jxsr

dh thotfmhtnrhb nkb sìxab dh othsà |th|nthb norht 42 `ts+

Oiaai}fkm |ifkrs sìxab dh cnthoxaa kirhb nr r`h rfjh io |th|ntnrfik io siaxrfik 7

f&+ Dnankch io cnrfiks7 Ndsiaxrh ~xnkrfr io hnc` fik nkb |th|ntrfik njikm hnc`

ir`ht hs|hcfnaa }fr` cn%4

/ E%

jxsr dh jnfkrnfkhb+ R`h cijjik cnrfiks nkb

r`hft sfmkfofcnkch nth 7

n& Kn%fiks7 Ths|iksfdah oit jnfkrhknkch io hpcfrndfafr! cikrtncrfvfafr

tr`fjfcfr io jxscahs nkb khtvhs+

d& E%fiks7 ths|iksfdah oit fkcthnsh thanpnrfik io `hntr fkcthnshb

khxtijxscxant rtnksjfssfik nkb hpcfrndfafr io khtvhs+

c& Cn%%

fiks7 fkcthnsh oitch io cikrtncrfik / rikh io `hntr nkb bhcthnsh

hpcfrndfafr io khtvixs rfssxhs+

4+ Jm%4

fiks 7 ths|iksfdah oit cikrtncrfik io sjiir` jxshahc+

f&+ |@ io siaxrfik ) thncrfik io siaxrfik 7 |@ io vntfixs \SS vntfkm otij

=+3*=+0 bh|hkbfkm x|ik itmnk+ Nr ai}ht |@ vnaxh rikh io |th|ntnrfiks

rhkb ri bhcthnsh / hoohcr io btxm fs nasi narhthb+ |@ noohcrs rfssxh bfthcra




>>

nkb d fikfwnrfik+ Nr `fm`ht |@ fikfwnrfik fs ahss nkb ahnbs ri naenafkfr /

r`xs fj|tivhs cntbfnc / sjiir` jxscah ncrfvfr+ Bxtfkm hp|htfjhkr r`hth

cnk dh nccxjxanrfik io jhrndiafrh }`fc` jn c`nkmh r`h |@+ Dxoohtfkm

nmhkrs afeh @CI*3 / \I

*2 nth nbb fk snafkh siaxrfik nkb siaxrfiks nth

c`nkmhb oth~xhkra+

ff&+ Maxcish7 Fkrtibxchb d $Aiceh$ nkb shtvhs ns nk hkhtm sixtch! fkcthnshs

cikrtncrfafr io rfssxh+ Fr fs kir hsshkrfna ciksrfrxhkr oit nj|`fdfnks rfssxh

dxr fkbfs|hksndah oit jnjjnafnk rfssxhs+

fff&+ Bfsrfaahb ]nrht 7 Fr ncrs ns n vh`fcah ri bfssiavh vntfixs fkmthbfhkrs+

fv&+ Cikrtia io rhj|htnrxth7 Fk itbht ri mhr ciksfsrhkr hoohcr! fr fs fj|itrnkr

ri jnfkrnfk r`h rhj|htnrxth io \SS! |ntrfcxanta oit jnjjnafnk rfssxh+ Oit

fksrnkch! }`hk rhj|htnrxth io siaxrfik fs dhai} 3=<C rikh io fkrhsrfkh fs

bhcthnshb! fkcthnshb r`h cikrtncrs dhcijh sjnaaht / cikrtncrs nkb

thanpnrfik rfjh fkcthnshs+ ]`hthns! nj|`fdnfnk rfssxhs sxtvfvh oit aikmht

rfjh nr tiij rhj|htnrxth ika+

v&+ Nthnrfik7 Nft! I4 it I4 % 8( CI4 fs khhbhb oit r`h |ti|ht oxkcrfikfkm io

r`h rfssxhs+ Dhsfbhs |tivfbfkm I4 oit r`h rfssxhs! r`h srthnj io mns dxddahs

nasi srfts r`h siaxrfiks fk r`h dnr` r`hthd oncfafrnrfkm bfooxsfik io r`h

btxms+

R`h siaxrfik fk r`h dnr` s`ixab dh c`nkmhb oth~xhkra dhcnxsh |tiaikm

nthnrfik rhkbs ri narht |@+

Bfoohthkr |`sfiaimfcna snar siaxrfiks nkb r`hft xshs 7

f&+ Tfkmht aice-s siaxrfik7 Fr fs xshb fk fsianrhb tnddfr `hntr |htoxsfik+

ff&+ Otim-s Tfkmht-s siaxr7 Xshb fk otim-s thcrxs ndbijfkfs jxscah nkb ahhc`

bitsnafs jxscah |th|ntnrfik+

fff&+ Rtibh-s siaxrfik7 Fr fs xshb fk hp|htfjhkr io tnddfr fkrhsrfkh / mxfkhn |fm

fahxj+

fv&+ Bh* gnaik-s siaxrfik7 Xshb fk tnr xrhtxs! bxibhkxj ciaik hp|htfjhkr+

v&+ Ethd-s @hkshahfr siaxrfik 7 Xshb fk mxfkhn |fm rtnc`hna c`nfk |th|+ / tnddfrs

nitrfc srtf| |th|ntnrfik+




>4

Cij|ikhkrs io \`sfiaimfcna Snar Siaxrfik7

S+

Ki+

Snars fk m)a Tfkmht

siaxrfik

Otim-s

tfkmht

siaxrfik

Rtibh-s

siaxrfik

Bhfnaik-s

siaxrfik

Ethd-s *

@hkshahfr

siaxrfik

Jc

H}hk-s

siaxrfik

>+ Knca 6+<< ?+8< 0+<< 6+<< ?+6 =+?<

4+ ECa <+24 <+>2 <+4< <+24 <+38 <+24

3+ CnCa4 <+42 <+>4 <+4< <+<? <+40 <+42

2+ Kn@CI3 <+8< <+4< >+<< <+8< 4+>< 4+><

8+ Jmca4+

?@4I

* * <+>< * * *

?+ JmSI2

=@4I

* * * * <+46 *

=+ Kn@4\I2 * <+<> <+<8 * * <+>2

0+ E@4\I2 * * * * <+>? *

6+ Maxcish >+< > it 4 >+<< <+8< 4+<< 4+<<

><+ Nthnrfik I4 nft I4 ) nft I4%8(

CI4

I4%8(

CI4

I4

Sjiefkm io Btxj7

Ejimtn|` |n|ht fs }tn||hb sjiirà tixkb r`h btxj }fr` nb`hsfvh+ Hfr`ht cina mns

dxddafkm r`tixm` dhkwhkh it n jfprxth io dhkwhkh nkb Ehtishk >76 Tnrfi& cnk dh xshb

ri mhr n dance siir+ R`h btxj sìxab dh tirnrhb nr n thnsikndah s|hhb ri idrnfk r`fk nkb

xkfoitj dance siir+

Ofpfkm io r`h rtncfkm ik sjiehb |n|hts7

Ofpfkm fs bikh d bf||fkm fk nk io r`h oiaai}fkm siaxrfik / naai}fkm ri bt7*

n& >8< mj |i}hthb njdht thsfk it ciai|ìk fs bfssiavhb fk > art+ io hrà naciìa!>< ja+ io machtfkh nbbhb ri fr! vntfkm njixkr io ciaaibfik nbbhb nccitbfkm ri r`h

maissfkhss th~xfthb+

d& Mtnkxant }`frh s`haanc fs bfssiavhb fk naciìa rfaa n antmh njixkr io fr thjnfk

xkbfssiavhb / r`h }ìah siaxrfik naai}hb ri thjnfk oit n }hhe it jith+ R`h cahnt

sx|htknrnkr fs bhcnkrhb / eh|r fk }haa citehb dirrah ri |thvhkr hvn|itnrfik io

naciìa+

C& Nk ~xfce btfkm s|ftfr vntkfs` bfaxrhb ><*>4 rfjhs }fr` jhrànrhb s|ftfr / n

vht sjnaa njixkr io cnsrit ifa nbbhb ri mfvh s`fkh+




>3

Btxm Bfaxrfiks7 Fk |`ntjnciaimfcna hp|htfjhkrs btxms nth xshb fk vht jfkxrh

~xnkrfrfhs f+h+ cnk dh otncrfiks io jm it m+ R`hsh sjnaa njixkrs cnk-r dh }hfm`hb

nccxtnrha hvhk fk nknarfcna dnankch nkb `hkch sxdsrnkch nth xsxnaa }hfm`r fk antmht

~xnkrfrfhs nkb bfssiavhb fk siavhkrs+Mhkhtnaa srice siaxrfiks nth |th|nthb }`fc` nth >(+ Siaxrfik / oxtr`ht bfaxrhb

nccitbfkm ri bish th~xfthb >(+ siaxrfik fs |th|nthb d bfssiavfkm ><<jm+ io r`h btxm fk

><ja io bfsrfaahb }nrht+

Btxm Bfaxrfiks7

( io siaxrfik Srthkmr` jm) m

>( >7><< ><<jm)><ja it ><jm)ja

><( >7>< ><<jm)ja+

><<( >7> ><<<jm)ja it >m)ja +

<+>( >7><<< > jm)ja

<+<>( >7><!<<< <+>jm)ja it ><<¸m)ja+

<+<<>( >7><<!<<< <+<>jm)ja it ><m)ja+

<+<<<>( >7><!<<!<<< <+<<>jm)aja it >¸m)>ja+




>2

FKSRTXJHKRS

>+ BNAH-S ITMNK DNR@* it fsianrhb itmnk dnr`

Fr fs nk n||ntnrxs xshb oit srxbfkm r`h hoohcrs io btxms) c`hjfcna sxdsrnkchs ik

fsianrhb rfssxhs fk vfrti+

R`h n||ntnrxs ciksfsr io

f& Nk fkkht manss rxdh it itmnk dnr` cikrnfkfkm \SS nkb rfssxh nkb cikkhcrhb ri

thshtvfit r`tixm` |iar`hkh it txddht rxdh+

ff& Nthnrfik cxj rfssxh ìabht rxdh ri ìab rfssxh nkb sx||a I4 ) nft ri |htoxsfik

oaxfb+

fff& Nk ixrht dnr` jnbh x| io manss)|hts|hp ofaahb }fr` }nrht r`h rhj|htnrxth io

}`fc` fs c`hcehb }fr` r`h `ha| io r`htjijhrhts / jnfkrnfkhb nr 3=¼ oit naa

jnjjnafnk hp|htfjhkrs+

fv& N ahvht oit thcitbfkm r`h ths|ikshs io r`h rfssxh ik n ejimtn|` btxj+

v& R`h fsianrhb itmnk dnr` jhnkr oit thshntc` |xt|ish nasi |isshsshs nk fkdxfar

}ntjfkm bhvfch r`h r`htjisrnr! n oaxfb }ntjfkm chaa nkb n srfttht jhnkr oit

nxrijnrfc rhj|htnrxth cikrtia io r`h }nrht io r`h ixrht dnr`+

vf& R`h hkrfth nsshjda fs jixkrhb ik rtf|ib srnkb+

4+ S@HTTFKMRIK-S THSHNTC@ EVJIMTN\@

Fr fs r`h fksrtxjhkr ik }`fc` |`sfiaimfcna ths|ikshs sxc` ns cikrtncrfik nkb

thanpnrfik io jxscah nth thcitbhb+

Fr ciksfsr io n `hnv dnsh nkb n vhtrfcna s`nor+ @hnv dnsh mfvhs srndfafr ri

btxj+

Fr `ns

f& dnsh aiios ahms&7 }fr` nbgxsrndah ahvhafkm scth} ri ehh| btxj ìtfwikrna ik

r`h xkhvhk sxtonch+

ff& sfbh ìios* ri rxtk r`h btxj ik frs sfbh si r`nr s`nor dhcijh ̀ itfwikrna+

fff& Mhnt tibs* nttnkmhjhkr }fr` mhnt / caxrc` ri idrnfk bhsftndah s|hhb io btxj+

fv& Btxj cafkbht* fs n dtnss it ftik cafkbht ntixkb }`fc` |n|ht fs }tn||hb nkb

sjiehb oit thcitbfkm io rtncfkms

3+ AH_HTS*

Fr fs r`h bhvfch d vftrxh io }`fc` ths|iksh io fsianrhb rfssxh cnk dh thcitbhb

nkb jnmkfofhb+

\tfkcf|ah7

f& Oxactxj* r`h |ifkr ntixkb }`fc` r`h ahvht jivhs ik r`h ahvht ìabht fs r`h oxactxj+




>8

ff& Sraxs* fs r`h }tfrfkm |ifkr }`fc` thcitb r`h rtncfkm ik r`h sjiehb |n|ht io r`h

btxj+ Fr fs hfr`ht jnbh io chaaxaifb |ntc`xjhkrs |n|ht! naxjfkfxj oifa it r`fk

|ìrimtn|`fc it p*tn ofaj+

Jnmkfofcnrfik* R`h oxactxj O& sìxab dh si |anchb r`nr r`hth fs sijh jnmkfofcnrfik

io r`h ncrxna cikrtncrfik ths|iksh&+ Fk itbht ri nc`fhvh r`fs! r`h bfsrnkch dhr}hhk r`h

}tfrfkm |ifkr nkb r`h oxactxj O& sìxab na}ns dh mthnrht r`nk r`h bfsrnkch dhr}hhk

oxactxj nkb |ifkr io nrrc`jhkr io rfssxh R&+ D nbgxsrjhkr io r`hsh thanrfvh bfsrnkchs

otij r`h oxactxj nk bhmthh io jnmkfofcnrfik cnk dh idrnfkhb+

R`hthoith ahssht r`h fk`hthkr cikrtncrfafr io rfssxh `fm`ht r`h jnmkfofcnrfik khhbhb it

vfch*vhtsn

Knjh io rfssxh jnmkfofcnrfik

>+ Mxfkhn |fm fahxj 8*>< rfjhs

4+ Tnr xrhtxs 2*? rfjhs

3+ Otim thcrxs ndbijfkfs jxscah >< rfjhs

2+ Tnr oxkbfc srtf| >? rfjhs

Nbgxsrjhkr oit r`h ainb it rhksfik

R`h jxscah |th|ntnrfik `ns ri dh |ti|hta thanphb }frìxr noohcrfkm r`h kitjna rikh

nkb t`r`fjfc ncrfvfr si r`nr hoofcfhkr cikrtncrfiks nth nc`fhvhb }`hk srfjxanrhb nkb fr

nasi thanphs ri frs oxaa ahkmr` norht }ntbs+ R`fs fs nc`fhvhb d r`h oiaai}fkm }n7*

Shahcr r`h |ti|ht ahkmr` io aikmht nkb sìtrht ntj norht ofpfkm jnmkfofcnrfik oit

|ntrfcxant rfssxh nkb ofp r`h oxactxj+

Dnankch r`h ahvht d |xrrfkm r`h }r |ansrfcfk& nr r`h hkb it sìtrht ntj nkb jnte r`h

|ifkr io rfssxh nrrnc`jhkr+

Nr h~xfbfsrnkch f+h+ r`h bfsrnkch dhr}hhk r`h O /R otij r`h O& ik r`h aikmht ntj io

ahvht r`h bhsfthb ainb th~xfthb oit |ntrfcxant rfssxh+ R`h rhksfik ainb& |thsctfdhb oit

vntfixs cijjika xshb rfssxhs fs ns oiaai}s 7

>+ mxfkhn |fm fahxj > mj

4+ mxfkhn |fm rtnc`hn <+4 mj

3+ mxfkhn |fm vns bhohthks <+8mj

2+ tnr ciaik <+8 mj

8+ tnr xrhtxs >+< mj

?+ tnr oxkbxs >+< mj

=+ otim thcrxs ndbijfkfs jxscah >+8 mj




>?

R`h }tfrfkm ahvhts nth afm`r fk }hfm`r! tfmfb nkb nth mhkhtnaa jnbh x| io }iib

srtn}&! afm`r naxjfkfxj it srnfkahss srhha+ R`h ahvhts nth io 4 r|hs

f& Fsirikfc r|h* f+h+ c`nkmh fk ahkmr` bxh ri cikrtncrfik fs thcitbhb }`fah r`h

rhksfik ik r`h jxscah thjnfks r`h snjh h+m+ sfj|ah ahvht otikrna }tfrfkm ahvht+

ff& Fsijhrtfc r|h*R`hsh ahvhts nth xshb xkbht s|hcfna cftcxjsrnkchs oit fksrnkch!

}`hk n r}frc` fs |tibxchb d srfjxanrfkm n jxscah sxs|hkbhb dhr}hhk r}i

tfmfb |ifkrs!ikh dhfkm n srtikm s|tfkm! r`h jxscah bihs kir sìtrhk dxr ika

cthnrhs n oitch it rhksfik } f̀c` fs thcitbhb5 r`h r}frc` fs nasi jxc` onsht fk

ncrfik+ h+m+ \nrik-s nxpirikfc ahvht }faa shtvh |xt|ish }haa+

Bfoohthkr r|hs io ahvht

f& Sfj|ah ahvht* sfbh}n }tfrfkm&7 Fr fs sfj|ahsr r|h io ahvht jnbh x| }iib

srtn}&! srnfkahss srhha it naxjfkfxj+ N chaaxaifb }tfrfkm rf| sraxs& fs nrrnc`hb

nr r`h hkb io r`h aikmht ntj+ R`h cikrtncrfiks nth thcitbhb ns cxtvhb afkhs+

ff& Otikrna }tfrfkm ahvht }tfrhs otikrnaa&* R`fs ahvht fs bhsfmkhb fk sxc` n }n

r`nr r`h }tfrfkm |ifkr tirnrhs othha ndixr frs npah+ R`fs `ha|s fk thbxcfkm r`h

rhksfik dhr}hhk r`h sjiehb |n|ht nkb r`h thcitbfkm rf|+ R`h cikrtncrfik nth

thcitbhb ns srtnfm`r afkh+

fff& Srntafkm-s it @hntr Ahvht7*R`fs ahvht fs xshb ri thcitb r`h cikrtncrfik io `hntr+

R`h bfoohthkchs dhr}hhk r`fs / ir`ht fsirikfc ahvhts fs r`nr oxactxj afhs nr ikh

hkb dhikb r`h |ifkr io nrrnc`jhkr+ Fr ciksfsr io n otnjh cnttfkm n afm`r ahvht

ntj }fr` ìahs nkb kirc`hs sx||itrhb d n ofkh nbgxsrndah kfceha sfavht s|tfkm

nrrnc`hb ri nk nbgxsrndah ìie+

fv& Xkfvhtsna ahvht Dtibfhs&7 Fr fs n ahvht io vhtsnrfah xrfafr r`hth fs nk nbgxsrndah

s|tfkm sx||itr }`fc` cixkrhts r`h |xaa ik r`h }tfrfkm ntj+ R`h s|tfkm `ha|s fk

dtfkmfkm r`h |xaahb }tfrfkm ntj dnce ri frs itfmfkna |isfrfik+ R`fs ahvht fs

jnfka xshb oit thcitbfkm sxbbhk th|hrnrfvh cikrtncrfik io jxscahs)jivhjhkrs

io n |ntr io r`h dib h+m+ cikrtncrfik io n mnsrtikhjfxs jxscah fk ths|iksh ri

scfnrfc khtvh srfjxanrfik+

2+ IKC@IJHRHTS7*

R`hsh nth xshb ri srxb viaxjh c`nkmhs io itnmnks bxh ri r`h hoohcr io btxm

f+h+ jhnsxth daiib viaxjh c`nkmhs fk n |ntrfcxant itmnk&+ R`hsh `nvh ri dh

cikkhcrhb ri Jnth-s rnjdixt it |fsrik thcitbht+

\tfkcf|ah7 }ites ik bfs|anchjhkr io nft+




>=

R|hs7*>& S|ahhk ik ikcìjhrht 4& Efbkh ikcìjhrht

3& @hntr ikcìjhrhts 2& Fkrhsrfkh ikcìjhrht

R`h nth jnbh io jhrna nccitbfkm ri itmnk s`n|h / nth afeh}fsh cnaahb s|ahhk

efbkh hrc+

]`hk nk itmnk thanphs fk r`h ikcijhrht r`hk r`h |fsrik io r`h |fsrik thcitbht

jivhs x|! }`hth ns fr jivhs bi}k }`hk r`h itmnk cikrtncrs+

8+ GNCESIK-S HKRHTIMTN\@*

Fr fs r`h bhvfch xshb oit thcitbfkm r`h jivhjhkrs io nk fsianrhb shmjhkr io

fkrhsrfkh $fk sfrx$ R f̀s `ns dhhk knjhb norht frs bfscivhtht+ Fr ciksfsr io7*

n& ìaai} jhrnaafc rxdh ndixr >8 cj fk ahkmr` nkb >8 cj fk bfnjhrht+

d& ìie }habhb nr frs ai}ht hkb

c& n |xaah ofphb nr r`h ai}ht hkb+

Ikh hkb io nk fsianrhb shmjhkr io fkrhsrfkh ‑fk sfrx‚ fs ìiehb nr frs ai}ht hkb

nkb r`h ir`ht hkb fs cikkhcrhb ri n }tfrfkm ahvht }fr` r`hth io n r`thnb }`fc`

|nsshs ivht r`h |xaah+

R`xs! r`h cikrtncrfik io aikmfrxbfkna jxscahs io r`fs shmjhkr io fkrhsrfkh nth

rtnksjfrrhb ri r`h thcitbfkm ahvht+

Sfkch r`h r}i hkbs io fsianrhb shmjhkr io fkrhsrfkh nth rfhb x| fk ahkmr` }fsh

ons`fik! fr thcitbs r`h ths|ikshs io r`h aikmfrxbfkna jxscahs io fkrhsrfkh }frìxr

nk thcitb io r`h cikrtncrfiks io r`h cftcxant jxscah+&

?+ JNTHV-S RNJDIXT7

i Fr fs nk n||ntnrxs xshb oit thcitbfkm bhafcnrh |thssxth c`nkmhs fk n mnshixs ciaxjk+

i Fr fs |ntrfcxanta xshoxa oit thcitbfkm r`h ths|ftnrit hpcxtsfiks fk nknhsr`hrfwhb

nkfjnas+

i Fr ciksfsr io *

n& jhrnaafc ìaai} rxdh ndixr 3*2 jj fk bfnjhrht nkb ndixr >< jj fk ahkmr`

cikkhcrhb fkrhtknaa ri n ìaai} bfsc)cx|+&

d& n rfm`ra ofrrhb sior txddht bfn|`tnmj civhtfkm r`h hkrfth x||ht i|hkfkm io bfsc)

cx|+

c& n }tfrfkm bhvfch }`fc` jivhs }fr` hnc` x| / bi}k jivhjhkr io r`h

bfn|`tnmj nkb jntes fr ik r`h ejimtn|` |n|ht+

i R`h i|hk hkb io r`h jhrnaafc rxdh fs cikkhcrhb ri r`h rtnc`hna cnjxan }fr` r`h `ha|

io |iar`hkh rxdfkm+




>0

i R`h |thssxth c`nkmhs fk r`h ìaai} |nssnmh io r`h ssrhj nth rtnksjfrrhb d r`h

bfn|`tnmj ri r`h }tfrfkm ahvht }ìsh jnmkfofcnrfik cnk dh nbgxsrhb d c`nkmfkm

r`h |isfrfik io r`h }tfrfkm rf| io r`h ahvht+

i C`nkmhs fk r`h ths|+ tnrh nkb bh|r` nth hnsfa thitbhb d Jnth-s rnjdixt+

=+ \FSRIK THCITBHT7

i Fr fs xshb ri thcitb r`h safm`rhsr daiib viaxjh c`nkmhs fk r`h itmnk hnsfa+

i Fr ciksfsr io nk fkrhtkna mtixkb manss rxdh fk }`fc` nk naxjfkxj |fsrik }ites vht

sjiirà r`tixm` ixr frs hkrfth srtieh+

i R`h |fsrik fs oxtr`ht nrrnc`hb nkrhtfita ri r`h ahvht nsshjda+

i R`h ai}ht hkb io r`h |fsrik thcitbht fs cikkhcrhb ri r`h ikcìjhrht d jhnks io nk

nft rfm`r |thssxth rxdh+

0+ JHTCXTV JNKIJHRHT7

i @m jnkijhrht! itfmfknaa bhsfmkhb d \ifssxaafc fk >040! }ns jibfofhb d Cnta

axb}fkm fk >02= ri naai} mtn|`fc thcitb ri dh idrnfkhb otij n oainr ik r`h @m si

r`nr |timthssfvh c`nkmhs fk r`h daiib |thssxth cixab dh srxbfhb+

i Bxh ri fkhtrfn io @m ciaxjk! r`h nsshjda bihs kir thmfsrht nccxtnrha r`h tn|fb

c`nkmhs io |thssxth fk r`h ntrht }fr` hnc` `hntr dhnr }`fc` n||hnt ns

cij|ntnrfvha sjnaa oaxcrxnrfik+

i R`hsh oaxcrxnrfik dhcijh antmh }`hk r`h `hntr dhnr fs sai} dhcnxsh r`h jnkijhrht

fs jith khnta cn|ndah io ehh|fkm x| }fr` r`h sai} tnrh+

i R`xs nsshjda mfvhs xs ika n rtxh nkb vnaxndah thcitb io r`h jhnk ntrhtfna

|thssxth+

i R`h @m jnkijhrht ciksfsrs io n manss X+ rxdh 8 jj& dith }fr` r}i vhtrfcna afjds

ndixr 3< cj fk `hfm`r }`fc` nth `nao ofaahb }fr` @m+

i Sfkch r`h @m fs bfs|anchb h~xnaa x| fk ikh afjd nkb bi}k fk ir`ht! fr fs idvfixs

r`nr nk bfs|anchjhkr ns thcitbhb jxsr dh jxarf|afhb d r}i ri idrnfk r`h ncrxna

|thssxth fk rhtjs io @m ciaxjk+

i Ri idvfnrh r`fs! n jfaafjhrht scnah }fr` bixdahb vnaxh fs ofrrhb! }fr` r`h jnkijhrht

si r`nr r`hsh cnk dh thnb io bfthcra fk jj x| ri 48< jj @m+

i Ik r`h sxtonch io r`h @m fk ikh afjd fs n cafkbtfcna oainr io vxacnkfrh otij }`fc` n

srfoo ofkh }fth tfshs dhntfkms ik frs x||ht hkb n sraxs }tfrfkm |nfkr& }`fc` }tfrhs

ik r`h rtnvhafkm sxtonch io sjiehb |n|ht+




>6

i R`h ir`ht afjd io r`h jnkijhrht `ns n sfbh rxdh }`fc` fs cikkhcrhb r`tixm`

fkhprhksfdah |thssxth it thsfsrnkch& rxdh jnbh x| io r`fce txddht io |iar`hkh ri nk

ntrhtfna cnkkxan+

i R`h x||ht hkb io r`fs afjd fs nasi cikkhcrhb }fr` n thshtvift dirrah cikrnfkfkm sijh

nkrfcinmxankr oaxfb }`fc` cnk dh |xj|hb fkri r`fs afjd nkb r`tixm` r`h

fkrhtcikkhcrfkm rxdh ri r`h ntrhtfna cnkkxan+

6+ NTRHTFNA CNKKXAN7*

i Fr fs n sjnaa manss n||ntnrxs xshb fk nkfjna hp|htfjhkrs ri cnkkxanrh nk ntrht

xsxnaa cijjik cntirfb it ohjitna& oit thcitbfkm r`h daiib |thssxth fk

nkhsr`hrfwhb nkfjnas h+m+ bim! cnr! tnddfr / tnrs+

i Fr ciksfsrs io `iaai} dxad cikkhcrhb ri r`thh ntjs! i|hk fkri r`h cnvfr io dxad+

i R`h sjnaa maidxant ntj fs dhvhaahb nr frs ixrht hkb ri `ha| fk frs fkshtrfik fkri r`h

ntrht+ R`h sfwh ahkmr` / r`fcekhss& io r`fs ntj bh|hkbs ik r`h sfwh io r`h ntrht ri

r`h cnkkxanrhb+

i R`h antmht r`fceht ntj fs xshb oit cikkhcrfkm r`h cnkkxan }fr` r`h @m jnkijhrht+

i R`h sjnaa r`fceht ntj fs xshb oit oaxs`fkm ixr nkb oit thjivfkm r`h daiib cair otij

r`h cnvfr io r`h cnkkxan fo fr iccxts ir`ht}fsh fr fs canj|hb }fr` r`h `ha| io |xkc`

caf|+

i Bxtfkm r`h hp|htfjhkr r`h hkrfth cnkkxan fs ofaahb x| }fr` n siaxrfik cikrnfkfkm

sibfxj cfrtnrh it `h|ntfk ns nkrfcinmxankr+

><+ _HKIXS CNKKXAN*

Fr fs sjnaa `iaai} manss rxdh ndixr 2*8 cj fk ahkmr` / 3*2 jj fk bfnjhrht nkb

fs xshb oit cnkkxanrfkm n vhfk oit F+_+ nbjfkfsrtnrfik io btxms) oaxfbs bxtfkm

hp|htfjhkr ik bim! cnr! / tnddfr hrc+

Nr ikh hkb r`hth fs sjnaa maidxant |tighcrfik }fr` dhvhaahb ixrht hkb `ha| frs fkshtrfik

fkri r`h vhfk+

R`h dnsh io r`fs |tighcrfik fs r`fkkht ri thrnfk r`h rfhb r`thnb fk |anch / |thvhkr

saf||nmh io r`h cnkkxan ixr io r`h vhfk+

N |fhch io txddht rxdh fs saf||hb ik r`h ir`ht r`fceht hkb io r`h cnkkxan nkb fs

canj|hb }fr` n |xkc` caf| ri |thvhkr dnce oai} io daiib+

R`h cnkkxan fs ofaahb x| }fr` snafkh norht cnkkxanrfkm r`h vhfk+




4<

>>+ RTNC@HNA CNKKXAN*

Fr fs n sjnaa jhrnaafc rxdxant bhvfch jhnkr oit cnkkxanrfkm rtnc`hn oit

Ntrfofcfna ths|ftnrfik

Oit thcitbfkm io ths|ftnrfik fk nkfjnas

R`h nth io oiaai}fkm r|hs

>+ Srtnfm`r

4+ W* s`n|hb

3+ $V$ s`n|hb

$Srtnfm`r$ nkb $W$ s`n|hb rtnc`hna cnkkxan nth xshb }`hkhvht ths|ftnrfik fs ri dh

thcitbhb+

Ikh hkb io r`hsh cnkkxan fs fkshtrhb fkri axjhk io rtnc`hn nkb r`h nkir`ht hkb fs

cikkhcrhb ri Jnth-s rnjdixt }fr` r`h `ha| io txddht rxdh+

R`hsh cnkkxan `nvh nbgxsrndah safr! r`fs fs xshb ri nbgxsr r`h hkrt io nft+

$V$ s`n|hb rtnc`hna cnkkxan fs xshb }`hkhvht ntrfofcfna ths|ftnrfik fs ri dh mfvhk+

Srhj io r`fs $V$ cnkkxan fs fkshtrhb fkri r`h axjhk io rtnc`hn ixr io r`h thjnfkfkm

r}i ntjs ikh fs cikkhcrhb ri r`h ixrahr io r`h ths|ftnrfik |xj| nkb nkir`ht ikh ri

r`h fkahr io r`h |xj| }fr` r`h `ha| io txddht rxdfkm+

Bh|hkbfkm ik r`h sfwh io rtnc`hn! sjnaa it antmh rtnc`hna cnkkxan jn dh xshb fk

nkfjnas afeh bim! cnr! tnddfr mxfkhn |fm / tnr+

>4 JXT\@V-S BTF\*

Fr fs sjnaa manss `iaai} shnahb n||ntnrxs xshb oit nsshssfkm r`h tnrh io oai} io n af~xfb

daiib it btxm siaxrfik& fk n rtnksoxsfik ssrhj+

Fr ciksfsr io n caishb cafkbtfcna dib ndixr 2cj fk ahkmr` nkb > cj fk bfnjhrht nkb

fs cikkhcrhb ri r}i r`fkkht rxdhs nr frs r}i hkbs+

R`h x||ht fk|xr rxdh |tighcrs fkri r`h dib cnvfr io r`h Jxt|`-s btf|+ Sxc` r`nr r`h

tnrh io fk|xr io oaxfb cnk dh hnsfa idshtvhb+

R`h x||ht hkb fs cikkhcrhb ri r`h dirrah cikrnfkfkm daiib it |htoxsfik oaxfb }`fah r`h

ai}ht hkb fs cikkhcrhb ri khhbah }fr` r`h `ha| io |iar`hkh rxdfkm+ R`fs ai}ht hkb fs

xshb ri btnfk ixr r`h hkrfth cikrhkr io r`h dib io Jxt|`-s btf|+

R`fs fksrtxjhkr `ns dhhk th|anchb d |iar`hkh shrs }fr` sfjfant bhsfmk nkb oxkcrfikfk bfs|isndah F_ |htoxsfik shrs+




4>

>3 DXAA BIM CANJ\*

Ns r`h knjh fj|afhs fs n sjnaa canj| jhnkr oit rfm`ra cij|thssfkm n ìaai}

rxdh)srtxcrxth gxsr afeh r`h gn}s io dxaa bim+

Xsxnaa hj|aihb oit iccaxbfkm nk fsianrhb ntrht)vhfk bxtfkm ntrhtfna nkb vhkixs

cnkkxanrfik fk nkfjna hp|htfjhkrs+

Fr fs jnbh x| io srnfkahss srhha ciksfsr io 4 srxtb |tikms cikkhcrhb }fr` hnc` ir`ht

nr r`h dnsh fk n ctisshb ons`fik sxc` r`nr r`h gn}s io r`h canj| i|hk x| }fr` r`fs

ctisshb |itrfik fs |thsshb }fr` ofkmhts+

R`h fkkht oanr sxtonch io hnc` |tikm `ns shttnrfik oit rfm`r mtf| io r`h vhssha nkb nasi

ri jfkfjfwh rfssxh bnjnmh ri r`h vhssha }naa+

Oit jith |thcnxrfiknt jhnsxth r`hsh -gn}s- io r`h canj| jn dh civhthb }fr`

txddht rxdfkm ri |thvhkr rfssxh bnjnmh+

>2+ _IK OTHV-S @NFT NSR@HSFIJHRHT*

Fr ciksfsrs io `nft |thohtnda io ìtsh it kaik `nft }`fc` fs nbgxsrndah ri

fkcthnsh it bhcthnsh r`h rhksfik+

Fr fs xshb ri shh rixc`! bhh| rixc` oit rixc` shksnrnrfik fk aicna nknhsr`hsfn

>8+ Stfkmhs*

f& Sfj|ah Manss Stfkmh

Fr fs nasi eki}k ns D/B stfkmh+ D/B srnkb oit Dhcerik / Bfcefksik! }ì

jnkxoncrxthb fr+

Fr fs manss stfkmh }fr` ìaai} oainrfkm |fsrik+

Nvnfandah fk 4cc!8cc!><cc!8<cc / ><< cc cn|ncfr+

Srhtfafwhb d nxricnavfkm+

f& Khhbah* R`h D/B khhbah `ns n dhvha! dib / sìxabht+ R`h khhbah r`fcekhss

vntfhs+ R`h ai}ht r`h kxjdht r`h r`fceht r`h khhbah+

Srhtfafwhb d difafkm oit `nao nk ìxt it d nxricanvfkm+

Fk r`h DB stfkmhs r`h khhbah cnk dh aicehb d n||afkm n jhrnaafc ahvht aice ri r`h

kiwwah+

R`hsh DB manss stfkmhs nth antmha th|anchb d |ansrfc bfs|isndah stfkmh nkb

khhbah+




44

ff& Rxdhtcxafk Stfkmh

Fr }ns xshb fkfrfnaa oit r`h rxdhtcxafk rhsr \B\ it |xth |tirhfk bhtfvnrfvh rhsr&

r`hthoith r`h knjh rxdhtcxafk }ns mfvhk+

Ki} n bns fr fs xshb oit jnk ir`ht shksfrfvfr rhsr h+m+ ah|tijfk rhsr+

Fr fs > ja cn|ncfr stfkmh nkb bfvfbhb fkri7

><< |ntrs `nvfkm oxtr`ht sxd bfvfsfiks f+h+ jfkfjxj+<> ja btxm cnk dh mnfhk

8< h~xna oxtr`ht bfvfsfik <+<4 ja jfkfjxj btxm cnk dh mfvhk+ it

>?+ TNR @IABHT*

Fr fs n jhrna fksrtxjhkr xshb fk hp|htfjhkrs }`hth tnr rnfa fs xshb

Ri scthhk r`h

f& Nknanmhsfc ncrfvfr io btxms!

ff& Ciaahcrfik io daiib otij tnr rnfa+

Fk ciksfsr io ìaai} cafkbtfcna rxdh+

Nr ikh hkb r`hth fs sjnaa tixkbhb biit }fr` n ìah r`tixm` }`fc` r`h rnfa io r`h tnr

cijhs ixr+

R`h ir`ht hkb io r`h ìabht fs caishb nkb |htoitnrhb }`fc` |tivfbhs nft oit ths|ftnrfik+




43

JVBTFNRFC / JFIRFC HOOHCR IO BTXMS IK TNDDFR-S HVH+

Idghcr Ri srxb r`h jbtfnrfc / jfirfc hoohcr io ri|fcnaa n||afhb btxms ik

tnddfr-s hh+

Hp|htfjhkrna Nkfjna7 Tnddfr * 4+8 Em fk }r+&

Hp|htfjhkrna Th~xfthjhkr5 * Ritc`! Scnah (?‚sjnaa&! Cirrik! @nft nhsr`hsfijhrht!

Scfssits! Bti||ht! Tnddfr ̀ iabht cnmh&

Btxms 7 Kitjna snafkh <+6(

\faicnt|fkh >*4(

H|`hbtfkh 2(

Nrti|fkh <+8*>(

\`hkah|`htfkh 8(

Paicnfkh <+8(

\tfkcf|ah

Aicna ncrfik io n antmh kxjdht io btxms fk nk hh cnk dh nc`fhvhb }fr`ixr ssrhjnrfc

hoohcr d r`h n||afcnrfik io btxms ns hh bti|s it hh ifkrjhkr+ Jisr io r`hsh btxms

dhaikm ri nkrfjfctidfna! nxrikijfc it aicna nknhsr`hrfc mtix|s+ R`h hh fs sx||afhb

dir` d sj|nr`hrfc / |ntnsj|nr`hrfc khtvhs+

R`h ftfs `ns r}i r|hs io jxscahs

>+Bfanrit |x|faanh tnbfna jxscah&

4+S|`fkcrht |x|faanh cftcxant jxscah&

Cftcxant jxscah `ns |ntnsj|nr`hrfc sx||a }`fah tnbfna jxscah `ns sj|nr`hrfc

sx||a+ R`h cfaafnt jxscah fs nasi sx||afhb d |ntnsj|nr`hrfc khtvhs / }`hk fr

cikrtncrs! r`h cfaafnt dib jivh fk}ntbs / oit}ntbs+ Dhcnxsh io r`fs r`h ahks dxamhs

oit}ntbs / hh fs nccijjibnrhb oit khnt vfsfik+ R`h i||isfrh hoohcr fs |tibxchb d

r`h thanpnrfik io cfaafnt jxscahs thsxarfkm fk |ntnasfs io nccijjibnrfik ccai|ahmfn&+

]`hk r`h |x|fa bfanrhs r`h ftfs oiabs dnce khnt r`h i|hkfkm io r`h cnkna io sc`ahjk /

r`h btnfknmh io n~xixs `xjixt fs bhcthnshb r`hthd fkcthnsfkm fkrtnicxant |thssxth nkb

ciksrtfcrfik io |x|fa d i||isfrh ncrfik r`nr }faa fkcthnsh btnfknmh / thbxch fkrtn

icxant rhksfik+

Ri|fcnaa n||afhb btxms cnk noohcr r`h hh d c`nkmfkm cikgxkcrfvna cikmhsrfik!

|x|faant sfwh! citkhna shksfrfvfr / fkrtn icxant |thssxth+ @i}hvht r`h hoohcr io btxms

ik \x|faant sfwh! Afm`r Thoahp A+T+& / Citkhna Thoahp C+T& cnk dh srxbfhb hnsfa+




42

>+ \x|faant sfwh* Cnk dh jhnsxthb d |ancfkm n rtnks|nthkr |ansrfc scnah fk otikr io

r`h hh! ns caish ns |issfdah+

4+ AT* Hafcfrhb d bfthcrfkm r`h afm`r io n ritc` ri}ntbs r`h |x|fa otij dnce+ R`h

|isfrfvh ths|iksh sì}s ciksrtfcrfik io |x|fa+

3+ Citkhna Thoahp* Shksfrfvfr io citkhn fs rhsrhb d rixc`fkm citkhn mhkra }fr` n

ofkh cirrik }fce)`nft nhsr`hsfijhrht otij r`h sfbh / kir otij r`h otikr io r`h

hh+\isfrfvh ths|iksh sì} dafkefkm io r`h hhafbs+

\`sisrfmjfkh fs n thvhtsfdah cìahkhsrtnsh fk`fdfrit }`fc` fkcthnshs r`h hkbimhkixs

nchracìafkh! r`fs fkrxtk srfjxanrhs r`h cftcxant jxscah io ftfs ri |tibxch |x|faant

ciksrtfcrfik }frìxr |tibxcfkm aiss io afm`r thoahp / citkhna thoahp+

H|`hbtfkh / \`hkah|`tfkh* Srfjxanrh r`h tnbfna jxscah io r`h ftfs! r`fs |tibxchs

bfanrnrfik io |x|fa }frìxr nk hoohcr ik afm`r thoahp / citkhna thoahp+

Nrti|fkh* Nk nkrfjxscntfkfc nmhkr! daice r`h hoohcr io hkbimhkixsa thahnshb+ NC` fk

r`h cftcxant jxscah io r`h ftfs+ R`fs nasi cnxshs srfjxanrfik io cfafnt jxscah+ R`fs

|tibxchs jbtfnsfs / s|nsj io nccijjibnrfik ahnbfkm ri ccai|ahmfn dxr }frìxr

|tibxcfkm aiss io citkhna thoahp+

Cfafnt jxscah fs |thshkr fk r`h hh jnfka sx||afhb d |ntnsj|nr`hrfc khtvhs / }hne

sj|nr`hrfc sx||a+ R`fs fs ths|iksfdah oit nccijjibnrfik+ Nkrfcìafkhtmfc btxms hm+

nrti|fkh cnxshs |ntnasfs io cfafnt jxscah! rfm`rhkfkm io sxs|hksit afmnjhkrs! r`h ahks

fs oanrrhkhb / oicna ahkmr` fkcthnshs+ Hh fs ofphb oit ont vfsfik eki}k ns -|ntnasfs io

nccijibnrfik- it ccai|ahmfn

HP\HTFJHKRNA SHR X\ \TICHBXTH&Ikh tnddfr fs xshb ri srxb r`h ncrfik io ikh btxm+ Bfoohthkr tnddfrs nth th~xfthb ri

srxb r`h ncrfik io vntfixs btxms+ R`hft hh ans`hs nth rtfjjhb }fr` scfssits! ns r`h

fkrhtohth }fr` hafcfrnrfik io citkhna thoahp)cikgxkcrfvna thoahp+

\anch n tnddfr fk r`h tnddfr ìabht dip+ Ehh|fkm frs `hnb ixrsfbh+

Idshtvh sfwh io r`h |x|fa! AT / CT fk dir` r`h hhs Uhpnjfkh r`h AT d ìabfkm

r`h ritc` fk otikr io r`h hh jivfkm afm`r dhnj ri / oti otij dnce ri otikr&!

hpnjfkh r`h citkhna thoahp d rixc`fkm sfbh io r`h citkhn }fr` ìtsh `nftnhsr`hsfijhrht it cirrik }fce+




48

Ikh hh io r`h tnddfr fs xshb TH& ns -cikrtia- oit r`h hp|htfjhkr+

Fksrfaa oh} bti|s io kitjna snafkh fk tfm`r hh / nrti|fkhBtxm& fk ahor hh rhsr hh&+

Thcitb r`h |x|faant sfwh! AT / CT norht >< jfks io btxm fksrfaanrfik / rndxanrh

r`h idshtvnrfik Th|hnr r`h rhsr }fr` ir`ht btxms |faicnt|fkh! h|`hbtfkh hrc&

IDSHT_NRFIK RNDAH

Btxms Sfwh io \x|fajj& Afm`r Thoahp Citkhna Thoahp Thjntes fkohthkch&\faicnt|fkh 4( TH AH TH AH TH AH Jfirfc ths|iksh fs shhk

cnxsfkm ciksrtfcrfik io

|x|fa! ki hoohcr ik AT) CT+

cixab dh n \ntnsj|nrì*

jfjnrfc btxm+

D N D N D N D N D N D N

8 8 8 4 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

Nrti|fkh >( 8 8 8 >< \ \ \ Nd \ \ \ | Jbtfnrfc hoohcr fs shhk f+h+

bfanrnrfik io |x|fa& ki

c`nkmh fk CT AT fs aisr+ Si

|issfdfafr io |ntnsj|n*

rìarfc btxm

H|`hbtfkh 2( 8 8 >< \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ Jbtfnrfc hoohcr fs shhk+ CT

nkb AT dir` thjnfkxknoohcrhb+ @hkch!

|issfdfafr io n

sj|nrìjfjhrfc btxm+

D* Dhoith btxm fksrfaanrfik * \* \thshkr

N* Norht r`h btxm fksrfaanrfik * Nd* Ndshkr

Bhofkfrfiks

Jbtfnrfcs7 R`hsh nth r`h btxms }`fc` cnxshs bfanrfik io r`h |x|fa+

Jfirfcs7 R`hsh nth r`h btxms! }`fc` |tibxch ciksrtfcrfik io r`h |x|fa+

Ccai|ahmfc7 R`hsh nth r`h btxms! }`fc` cnxsh aiss io r`h nccijjibnrfik d

cnsfkm |ntnasfs io r`h cfafnt jxscah+

Bfscxssfik Hoohcr io Btxms&

\faicnt|fkh 7 Fs n |ntnsj|nrìjfjhrfc btxm+ Fr ncrs bfthcra+ Fr cnxshs cikrtncrfik

%%& io cftcxant jxscah io r`h ftfs / ahnbs ri bhcthnsh fk sfwh io |x|fa ciksrtfcrfik io

|x|fa&+

\`sisrfmfkh Hshtfkh&7 Fs fkbfthcra ncrfkm btxm fr fs nkrfcìafkhrhtnsh nmhkr+ Fr

bhcthnshs r`h jhrndiafsj io NC`+ @hkch fkcthnsh r`h cikchkrtnrfik io NC` aicnaa+

R`xs! cnxshs jfisfs+ snjh ns |ntnsj|nrìjfjhrfcs&+




4=

JVBTFNRFC NKB JFIRFCS _F_N*_ICH ^XHSRFIKS&

^+ > ]`nr nth jbtfnrfcs9 Knjh sijh jbtfnrfc nmhkrs

Nks+ Rìsh btxms }`fc` cnxsh bfanrnrfik io |x|fa! nth cnaahb jbtnrfcs+ R`h

cijjika xshb jbtfnrfcs nth

n+ Nrti|fkh * @nvfkm sai} nkb aikm ansrfkm ncrfik+

d+ @ijnrti|fkh * ahss |irhkr r`nk nrti|fkh sìtr bxtnrfik io ncrfik

c+ Ccai|hkrianrh! rti|fcnjfbh+

b+ Sj|nrìjfjhrfcs – h|`hbtfkh! nbthknafkh! |`hkah|`htfkh+

^+ 4 Bfscxss r`h jhc`nkfsj io jbtfnsfs! }`nr bi ix xkbhtsrnkb d ‑Ncrfvh

jbtnsfs nkb \nssfvh jbtfnsfs‚9

Nks+ R`hth nth r}i r|hs io jxscahs |thshkr fk r`h ftfs

n& Bfanrit |x|faanh it tnbfna jxscah! fs sx||afhb d dir` nkb ξ nkb δ thch|rits

fkkhtvnrhb d sj|nr`hrfc khtvhs+

d& S|`fkcrit |x|faanh it cftcxant jxscah! fr fs `nvfkm jxscntfkfc cìafkhtmfc

thch|rit fkkhtvnrhb d |ntnsj|nr`hrfc khtvhs+

Ri|fcna fksrfaanrfik io sj|nr`hjfjhrfc fk r`h hh cnxshs srfjxanrfik io tnbfna jxscah

io ftfs nkb cnxshs jbtfnsfs dhcnxsh r`hth fs ciksrtfcrfik io jxscah! fr fs cnaahb -ncrfvh

jbtfnsfs- r`fs fs kir nssicfnrhb }fr` ccai|ahmfn+

]`hk nkrf cìafkhtmfc btxms! afeh nrti|fkh fksrfaahb aicnaa fk r`h hh fr cnxshs |ntnasfs

io cftcxant jxscah io r`h ftfs nkb r`hth fs xki||ishb ncrfik io bfanrit |x|faanh it tnbfna

jxscahs+ R`fs cnxshs bfanrfik io |x|fa r`fs fs cnaahb -|nssfvh jbtfnsfs- dhcnxsh fr fs

cnxshb d |ntnasfs io jxscah+ R`fs fs nssicfnrhb }fr` ccai|ahmfn+

^+ 3 ]`nr fs ccai|ahmfn9

Nks 7 Jbtfnsfs cnxshb d nrti|fkh fs nssicfnrhb }fr` |ntnasfs io cftcxant jxscah+ R`fs

|tibxchs rfm`rhkfkm io r`h sxs|hksit afmnjhkr! thsxarfkm fk oanrrhkfkm io ahks

}fr` n ciksh~xhkr fkcthnsh fk r`h oicna ahkmr` io r`h ahks+ R`xs! r`h fkbfvfbxna fs

ndah ri shh r`fkms cahnta ika nr n aikm bfsrnkch bxh ri ofpfkm io ahks oit ont

vfsfik+ @h fs xkndah ri ciksrtfcr r`h |x|fa bxh ri |ntnasfs io cftcxant jxscah oit

vfh}fkm io khnt idghcrs it fk ths|iksh ri dtfm`r afm`r |ìri|ìdfn& r`fs

|`hkijhkik fs eki}k ns aiss io nccijibnrfik it ccai|ahmfn+




40

^+2 Knjh sijh btxms }`fc` |tibxchs jbtfnsfs }fr` ccai|ahmfn9

Nks+ Sj|nrìjfjhrfcs! vfw+ nbthknafkh! |`hkah|`htfkh! ccai|hkriahrh ahss ccai|ahmfn&+

^+ 8 Knjh jbtfnrfc nmhkr }`fc` |thohtthb fk c`fabthk9

Nks+ Nrti|fkh nkb ̀ ijnrti|fkh+

^+? Knjh jbtfnrh nmhkr fk habhta

Nks \`hkah|`htfkh! rti|fcnjfbh! sj|nrìjfjhrfcs+

^+ = ]` nrti|fkh fs kir |thohtthb fk habhta9

Nks+ Dhcnxsh io nmfkm |tichss habhta `nvh s`naai} nkrhtfit c`njdht io hh+ Si! }`hk

}h xsh nrti|fkh fr cnxshs jbtfnsfs }fr` ccai|ahmfn fr jn |thcf|frnrh manxcijn+

Nasi fr jn cnxsh ssrhjfc nbvhtsh hoohcrs! h+m thrhkrfik io xtfkh+

^+ 0 ]` nrti|fkh sxdsrfrxh nth |thohtthb ivht nrti|fkh9

Nks+ Jbtfnsfs cnxshb d nrti|fkh fs aikm ansrfkm+ Nasi fr cnxshs ccai|ahmfn+ Sijh

rfjhs fr jn cnxsh shvhth nbvhtsh hoohcrs fo ndsitds ssrhjfcnaa s|hcfnaa! fk

c`fabthk+ Si! nrti|fkh sxdsrfrxrhs nth |thohtthb ivht nrti|fkh+

^+ 6 Cnk cicnfkh fs xshb oit i|r`najfc |xt|ish9

Nks+ Cicnfkh fs n aicna nknhsr`hrfc nmhkr cnxshs jbtfnsfs bxh ri thch|rit ncrfik+ Fr

fs kir xshb oit r`fs ncrfik |xt|ish dhcnxsh fr cnxshs citkhna khctisfs+ Nasi fr fs n

btxm io ndxsh nkb ahnbs ri srtikm |scìaimfcna bh|hkbhkch+ Fr nasi srfjxanrh

CKS Ir`ht ssrhjfc hoohcrs nth shhk afeh tfsh fk D\! rnc`cntbfn! hrc+

^+ >< Hkxjhtnrh r`h r`htn|hxrfc xshs io jbtfnrfcs 9

Nks n& Oit r`h thotncrfik nkb ir`hts i|`r`najfc hpnjfknrfiks afeh thrfkisci| oxkbisci|+

d& Ri dthne nb`hsfik dhr}hhk ftfs nkb citkhn it ftfs nkb ahks! xshb narhtknrfvha

}fr` jfirfcs+

c& Fk fkoanjjnrit cikbfrfiks io hh ri thafhvh |nfk+

C)F io jbtfnrfcs – Manxcijn

^+ >> ]`nr nth jfirfcs9 Knjh sijh jfirfc nmhkrs+

Nks+ Rìsh btxms }`fc` cnxsh ciksrtfcrfik io |x|fa nth cnaahb jfirfcs+ Cijjika xshb

jfirfcs nth 7

\faicnt|fkh – iccxshtr

\`srisrfmjfkh! khisrfkmjfkh

Cntdncìa

* nbthkhtmfc nkrnmikfsr+

Nbthkhtmhtfc khxtik daicehts




3<

^+ >8 Knjh r`h btxm }`fc` |tibxchs jfisfs d chkrtna ncrfik9

Nks7 Jit|`fkh

^+ >? ]faa jit|`fkh |tibxch jfisfs }`hk n||afhb aicnaa fk r`h hh9

Nks+ Ki! dhcnxsh jit|`fkh cnxshs jfisfs bxh ri frs ncrfik ik H+\ kxcahxs io 3tb

ctnkfna khtvh }`fc` fs frs chkrtna ncrfik+ Jit|`fkh bihs kir `nvh aicna jfirfc

ncrfik+

^+ >= Hkxjhtnrh r`htn|hxrfc xshs io jfirfcs9

Jfirfcs nth xshb fk r`h rthnrjhkr io manxcijn

Narhtknrfvha }fr` jbtnrfcs! r`h nth xshb ri |thvhkr nb`hsfiks it ri dthne

nb`hsfik fk ftfrfs+

Ri cixkrhtncr r`h jbtfnrfc hoohcr io nrti|fkh nkb ir`hts+




34

R`h |thshkch io citkhna thoahp fs mtnbhb ns %! %%! %%%   norht hvht ofvh jfkxrhs+

><jfk! >8jfk! 4<jfk! 48jfk! nkb 3<jfk nkb rndxanrhb+

Btxm 8jfk ><jfk >8jfk 4<jfk 48jfk 3<jfk

F CIKRTIA TH& >

FF PVHAICNFKH AH& >

Rfjh io fksrfaanrfik io btxm – p shc

Ik shr io ncrfik *vh dafkefkm ths|iksh& * p> shc

Bfsn||hntnkch io nknhsr`hsfn %vh dafkefkm ths|iksh& * p4 shc

Bxtnrfik io nkhsr`hsfn p4 – p>!

FKOFARTNRFIK NKHNSR@HSFN

R`h aicna nkhsr`hsfn ncrfvfr io n btxm norht fkofartnrfik fkri r`h S+C+ rfssxh it

fkrtnbhtjnaa cnk dh srxbfhb fk mxfkhn |fm it tnddfr+ Nk nthn io sefk ndixr 2cj fk

bfnjhrht ik r`h dnce io r`h nkfjna ik hfr`ht sfbh io r`h vhtrhdtna ciaxjk fs s`nvhb

cnthoxaa }fr`ixr bnjnmfkm r`h h|fbhtjfs+ R`h siaxrfik io r`h rhsr btxm <+8ja io <+8(

paicnfkh& fs fkghcrhb fkrtnbhtjnaa ik ikh |nrc` }`fah ir`ht |nrc` shtvhs ns n cikria+

R`h |nfk thncrfiks fk ths|iksh ri |tfce }fr` n s`nt| khhbah fs thcitbhb nr fkrhtvna io

ofvh jfk hnc`+ Oit hnc` shr io idshtvnrfik 8 |tfces nth jnbh fk hnc` s|ir nr thmxant rfjh

fkrhtvna nkb |timthssfvh bfsn||hnthkch nkb thn||hntnkch ri r`h shksnrfik nth thcitbhb

nkb rndxanrhb ns oiaai}+

Onfaxth ri s~xhne

Btxm 8jfk ><jfk >8jfk 4<jfk 48jfk 3<jfk

C R C R C R C R C R C R

F CIKRITA TH& >

FF PVAICNFKH AH& >

Rirna ki io |tfce srfjxanrh nth 48*3<+ R`h ctfrhtfn io |tibxcrfik io nknhsr`hsfn fs onfaxth

io r`h nkfjna ri s~xhne R`h ki io rfjhs r`h nkfjna onfahb ri s~xhne fs rnehk ns r`h

nknsr`hrfc scith+




32

CAFKFCNA THAH_NKCH

Ri|fcna n||afcnrfik io aicna nknhsr`hrfc fs iorhk |tncrfchb kir ika oit |tibxcfkm aicna

nknhsr`hsfn oit jfkit aicna sxtmfcna |tichbxths dxr nasi oit r`hft aicna nknamhsfc hoohcr

fk chtrnfk |nfkoxa cikbfrfik+ Sxtonch n||afcnrfiks / fkofartnrfik fk r`h rfssxh |tibxchs

nknhsr`hrfc hoohcr nr r`h sfrh io n||afcnrfik+ Iorhk r`h siaxrfik io nbthknafkh fs jfphb

}fr` AN nmhkr ri thrntb r`h ndsit|rfik / r`hthoith fkcthnsh r`h bxtnrfik io r`h AN

nmhkr+ Fkofartnrfik io r`h nknhsr`hrfc nmhkr ntixkb n khtvh |tibxchs nknhsr`hrfc hoohcr fk

r`h nthn io r`h bfsrtfdxrfik io r`h khtvh |htjfrrfkm jith hprhksfvh sxtmfcna fkrhtohthkch+

@i}hvht! nbh~xnrh |thcnxrfik jxsr dh rnehk ri nvifb khtvh bnjnmh+

R`h xsh io AN oit s|fkna nknhsr`hsfn rìxm` hprhksfvha xshoxa! dxr th~xfth jith

cnxrfik }`fah nbjfkfsrtnrfvh+ `|ht ditfc siak+ `hnvfht r`nk CSO& io n aicna

nknhsr`hrfc! `hnb hkb io r`h |nrfhkr sìxab dh tnfshb si r`nr r`h siaxrfiks srn fk r`h

ai}ht jisr |ntr io s|fkna r`hcn }frìxr |tibxcfkm nk ths|+ fksxoofcfhkc+ Ik r`h

cikrtnt! }`fah nbjfkfrtfkm `|iditfc siaxrfik Afm`rht r`nk CSO& io n A+N+! r`h `hnb

hkb io r`h |nrfhkr sìxab dh ai}hthb si r`nr r`h AN siaxrfik srns ika fk ai}ht |ntr

|anchb ndivh r`h ai}ht io `hntr& io r`h s|fkna r`hcn+

Ansra |thcnxrfiks vfw |thvhkrfik io fkohcrfik! `hjitt`nmh! khtvh bnjnmh! hrc+ jxsr dh

rnehk cnth io }`fah nbj+ s|fkna nknhs+

AICNA NKNHSR@HSFN

AN btxms daice khtvh cikbxcrfik! }`hk n||afhb aicnaa ri khtvh rfssxh+ R`h ncr d

|tibxcfkm srndfafwnrfik io khxtikna jhjdtnkh r`xs |thvhkrfkm fkfrfnrfik / |ti|nmnrfik

io ncrfik |irhkrfna+ \nfk shksnrfik fs daicehb oftsr tn|fba& oiaai}hb d ir`ht

jibnafrfhs h+m+ rhj|5 |thssxth! rixc +̀ Kik jhafknrhb ofdths nth daicehb ~xfcea r`nk

jcafknrhb ofdths+ Ofdths io sjnaa khtvhs daicehb oftsr r`nk r`fce ofdths+ Khtvhs io r`h

N+K+S+ nth nasi daicehb d A+N+ nbthkhtmfc khtvhs daicenmh |tibxch ntrhtfiant

bfanrnrfik / `|irhksfik+ Cìafkhtmfc daicenbh jn |tibxch nrik io thcrxj / xtfknt

danbbht+ ]`hk ndsitdhb r`h |tibxch nbvhtsh hoohcrs it C+K+S+ sj|rijs+

* Aicna nknhsr`hrfc nmhkrs }fr` `fm` af|fb siaxdfafr / }nrht siaxdfafr |tibxchs

tn|fb ikshr io ncrfik+ Nasi xshoxa fk sxtonch nknhs h+m+ Njhrìcnfkh /

phaicnfkh+

* AN afeh |ticnfkh }fr` ai} af|fb siaxdfafr nth kir xshoxa ns S+N+

* Sijh AN afeh phaicnfkh / |ticnfkh |tibxchs jhjdtnkh srndfafwfkm hoohcr ik

jicntbxfj nasi / `hkch r`h nth xshb fk r`h rthnrjhkr io cntbfnc ntt`r`jfns+




3?

_F_N*_ICH ̂ XHSRFIKS

^+ >+ Bhofkh r`h rhtj aicna nknhsr`hrfc nmhkr9

Nks+ Aicna nknhsr`hrfcs nth btxms }`fc` x|ik ri|fcna n||afcnrfik it aicna fkghcrfik

cnxsh thvhtsfdah aiss io shksit |htch|rfik io |nfk fk n thsrtfcrhb nthn io r`h

dib+ R`h daice r`h mhkhtnrfik / cikbxcrfik io khtvh fj|xash nr naa |ntrs io

khxtiks+

^+ 4+ ]`nr nth r`h vntfixs jhr`ibs io |tibxcfkm aicna nknhsr`hshn jhkrfik ikh

hpnj|ah io r`h btxm xshb oit hnc` r|h9

Nks+ _ntfixs jhr`ibs io |tibxcfkm AN nth7

f& Sxtonch nknhsr`hsfn * Rhrtncnfkh! afmkicnfkh! Dhkwicnfkh

ff& Fkofartnrfik nknhs+ * Afmkicnfkh! Dx|fvncnfkh

fff& Cikbxcrfik daice * Afmkicnfkh

fv& S|fkna nknhsr`hsfn * Afmkicnfkh! dx|fvncnfkh! rhrtncnfkh

v& H|fbxtna nknhsr`hsfn * Afmkicnfkh! dx|fvncnfkh

vf& Fkrtnvhkxixs thmfikna nknhsr`hsfn* Afmkicnfkh

^+ 3 Jhkrfik r`thh xshs io phaicnxfkh ns sxtonch nthnsr`hrfc 9

Nks+ Hh* Rikijhrht!

Jixr` / r`tinr * srijnrfrfs!

Nkna cnkna nkb thcrxj* xthr`tn cnr`hrtfwnrfik!

Ofssxth! |nfkoxa |fah xthr`tn! oit bfanrnrfiks! cnr`hrhtfwnrfik+

^+2 Jhkrfik r`thh cijjik sfbh hoohcrs io s|fkna nknhsr`hsfn9

Nks+ @hnbnc`h! `|irhksfik! ths|+ |ntnasfs! cnxbn h~xfkn skbtijh! sh|rfc

jhkfkmfrfs! hrc+

^+8 Knjh aicna nknhsr`hrfc xshb fk cntbfnc ntt`r`jfn9

Nks+ Afmkicnfkh fs xshb fk vhkrtfcxant ntt`r`jfn+

^+? @i} cnk ix |tiaikm r`h bxtnrfik io ncrfik io AN 9

Nks+ ]h cnk |tiaikm r`h bxtnrfik io ncrfik io AN d xsfkm fr }fr` vnticiksrtfcrit+

Jisr cijjika xshb vnsiciksrfcrit fs nbthknafkh+

^+= ]`nr fs r`h itbht io aiss io shksnrfik d AN9

Nks+ Nxrikijfch ofdths nth jith sxsch|rfdah r`nk sijnrfc khtvhs! itbht io daicenbh

|nfk! rhj|+! shksh! rixc`! bhh| |thssxth+ Ns oit ns oit rikmxh* dfrrht rnsrh fs aisr

oftsr s}hhr! sixt! snar rnsrh! ansr io naa+

^+ 0 Bfoohthkchs dhr}hhk MN / AN




3=

^+ 6 ]`nr fs r`h jhc`nkfsj io AN9

Nks+ R`h bhcthnsh r`h sibfxj |htjhndfafr / `nvfkm jhjdtnkh srndfafwfkm ncrfik+

^+>< Jisr cntbfiripfc AN9

Nks+ Cicnfkh / dx|fvncnfkh

^+ >> Aicna nkhsr`hrfc }`fc` fs `nvfkm ika sxtonch nkhsr`hrfc ncrfvfr9

Nks+ Cicnfkh

^+>4 AN bihs kir `nvh sxtonch nknhsr`hrfc ncrfvfr fs9

Nks+ \ticnfkh

^+>3 Fs Aicna nknhsr`hsfn btxm ncrfik cnk dh shhk d ir`ht btxms9 Knjh r`h

btxm mtix|s9

Nks+ Nkrfcìafkhmfc! Nkrf`fsrnjfkfc! |ti|tnkiaia! ~xfkfkh càit|tijnwfkh+

^+>2 ]`fc` AN bihs kir th~xfthb nbthknafkh oit |tiaikmnrfik io frs ncrfik+ 9

Nks+ Dxctfcnfkh+

^+>8 Jisr |irhkr / jisr ripfc AN nmhkr fs9

Nks+ Cicnfkh

^+>? Knjh aicna nknhsr`hrfc nmhkr cnxshs Jbtfnsfs9

Nks+ Cicnfkh cnxshs jbtfnsfs d daicefkm r`h thx|rneh io nbthknafkh otij r`h khtvh

hkbfkm / `hkch fkcthnshs r`h aicna cikc io nbthknafkh sj|nrìjfjhrfcs&

}`fc` cnxshb bfanrnrfik io |x|fa+

^+>= Knjh btxm }`fc` daice Kn% c`nkkhas9

Nks+ f& ^xfkfkh ff& Cntbfnc macisfbhs fff& Nkrfntt`r`jfc btxm+

^+>0 Knjh AN }`fc` cnxshs jhr`njhaimaidfknhjfn9

Nks+ \tfaicnfkh frs jhrndiafrhs&




23

Nks+ Dhcnxsh io rtnxjn bxtfkm bfsshcrfik! r`h jxscah mihs fkri n srnrh io s|nsj+

Nbbfrfikna }hfm`r io <+8*>mj& fs n||afhb si r`nr! r`h jxscah thanphb |ti|hta

nkb thmnfk frs itfmfkna ahkmr` si dhrrht cikcrncrfah ths|ikshs nth thcitbhb+

^+>> Knjh r`h btxm }`fc` nth |irhkrfnrfkm r`h ncrfik io NC`9

Nks+ Btxms |irhkrfnrfkm r`h ncrfik io NC` nth nkrfc`H R}i mtix|s io nkrfc`H btxms7

n& Thvhtsfdah – hm khisrfjfkh nkb |`sfisrfmjfkh+

d& Ftthvhtsfdah – itmnki|ìs|`nkxs cij|ixkb+

^+ >4 ]`fc` fs jisr sxfrndah ahvht oit r`h hp|r9

Nks+ Mfjdna afvht fs r`h dhsr dxr }h xsh r`h sfj|ah srtn} ahvht dhcnxsh fr fs hnsfa

nvnfandah+

^+ >3 ]`fc` fs r`h jisr shksfrfvh rfssxh oit NC` dfinss9

Nks+ Ahhc` bitsnafs jxscah+

^+ >2 Hkxjhtnrh r`h r`htn|hxrfc xshs io |`sisrfmjfkh nkb khisrfmjfkhNks+ n& \`sisrfmjfkh >+ nrti|fkh |ifsikfkm 4+ Manxcijn

d& Khisrfmjfkh >+ Jnsr`hkfn mtnvfs 4+ \isr i|htnrfvh |ntnafrc fahxs

3+ Xtfknt thrhkrfik \isr I|htnrh& 2+ Cidtn dfrh+

^+>8 ]` khisrfmjfkh fs |thohtthb ivht |`sisrfmjfkh fk r`h rthnrjhkr io

jnsr`hkfn mtnvfs9

Nks+ Khisrfmjfkh fs n |irhkr btxm nkb `nvfkm bxna ncrfik ncr ns |ntrfna nmikfsr& Nasi

fr bihsk‖r ctiss DDD si! Ki chkrtna ncrfik it nbvhtsh hoohcrs iccxt nkb `nvfkm

|htf|`htna ncrfik ika+

^+ >? Knjh r`h btxm xshb fk nrti|fkh |ifsikfkm9

Nks+ \`sisrfmjfkh <+8*4jm& F_! th|hnrhba xshb+

^+ >= ]` NC` fs kir xshb cafkfcnaa9

Nks+ n& Dhcnxsh NC` jhrndiafwhb tn|fba d |ansjn |shxbi cìafkhsrhtnsh nkb

rtxh C`H nr r`h sfrh io ncrfik KJG&+

d& Nasi kik shahcrfvfr io ncrfik

c& @nvfkm vntfixs ssrhjfc nbvhtsh hoohcrs+

^+>0 ]`nr fs r`h nkrfbirh io bfoohthkr r|hs io SJTs9

Nks+ f& b*RC – Fkcthnshs r`h cikchkrtnrfik io NC` nmikfsr& xsh

nkrfcìafkhsrtnsh+

ff& Sxccfka cìafkh – daiib rtnksoxsfik fs r`h ika rthnrjhkr dhcnxsh

sxcckacìafkh fs jhrndiafwhb d |shbic`H ika! }`fc` fs |thshkr fk

|ansjn+ R`hft fs ki s|hcfofc nkrfbirh+

^+>6 Knjh vntfixs btxms |tibxcfkm khxtijxscxant daicenbh9 Mfvh r`thh

r`htn|hkrfc xshs io |htf|`htnaa ncrfkm SJTs9

Nks+ n& Bfthcra ncrfkm – Bnkrtiahkh! ~xfkfkh+

d& Cij|hrfrfvh daicenbh – Mnaanjfkh! bRC! |nkcxtikfxj! hrc+c& \htsfsrhkr bh|iantfwnrfik* sxccfkacìafkh+




2=

FSIANRHB TNDDFR FAHXJ \TH\NTNRFIK

Idghcr 7 Ri srxb r`h hoohcrs io vntfixs btxms ik fsianrhb tnddfr fahxj |th|ntnrfik+

N||ntnrxs 7 Bnahs itmnk dnr`! rxdhtcxafk stfkmh! r`htjijhrht! sri| }nrc` bfsshcrfkm

fksrtxjhkrs / dhneht! |f|hrrhs hrc+

Nkfjnas Xshb 7 tnddfrs

Btxms Btxm Cikc Bish

>+ Nc`+ >7><!<<< <+>*<+3 ja+

4+ Nbthknafkh >7><!<<< <+>*<+3 ja+

3+ Dnca4 4( <+>*<+3 ja+

2+ Nrti|fkh >7><!<<< <+>*<+3 ja+

\ntnjhrhts ri dh srxbfhb 7

>+ Nj|afrxbh 7 Fr fs thcitbhb ns `hfm`r io cikrtncrfik+

4+ Rikh 7 Ndfafr io rfssxh ri jnfkrnfk frs sfwh nkb s`n|h+ Fr fs r`h |ntrfna srnrh io

cikrtncrfik nr thsr+

\tichbxth 7 Bfvfbhb fkri r`thh srh|s 7*

>+ \th|+ io itmnk dnr`+

4+ Ofpfkm io fahxj-

3+ Thcitbfkm io idshtvnrfiks+

>+ \TH\NTNR IO ITMNK DNR@ 7

R`h ixrht c`njdht io itmnk dnr` fs cahnthb nkb ofaahb }fr` }ntj }nrht nkb

rhj|htnrxth fs jnfkrnfkhb nr 3=¼C r`tixm`ixr r`h hp|htfjhkr+ R`h fkkht rfssxh

dnr` fs ofaahb }fr` Rtibh sia+ R`h siaxrfik fs nhtnrhb d |nssfkm r`h srthnj io

nft+ R`h otikrna |ifkrfkm ahvht fs ofphb ik jhrna tib io itmnk dnr`+

4+ Ofpfkm io fahxj7

N `hnar` tnddfr fs eh|r onsrfkm oit 42 `ixts+ R`hk fr fs srxkkhb d dai} ik r`h

`hnb / naai}hb ri dahhb d cxrrfkm r`tinr+ Ndbijhk fs i|hkhb nkb fahxj fs

fbhkrfofhb! ohchs thjivhb nkb |anchb fk \hrtf bfs` cikrnfkfkm rtibh siaxrfik+

R`h fkrhsrfkh fs cahnkhb d |nssfkm rtibh siaxrfik fk axjhk }fr` `ha| io

|f|hrrh+ Mhkra cxr r`h |fhchs 4+8 cj& io axjhk+ R`h hkbs io |fhch io fkrhsrfkh

nth rfhb }fr` r`thnb nkb fs jixkrhb fk Bnah-s itmnk dnr` d rfkm frs ikh hkb ri

cxtvhb nkb io I4 bhafvht rxdh / r`h ir`ht nkb fs rfhb ri r`h hkb io otikrna

}tfrfkm |ifkr ahvht+ Fkkht dnr` fs ofahb }fr` rtibh siaxrfik }`fc` fs nhtnrhb d

I4 bhafvht nkb r`h rhj|htnrxth fs jnfkrnfkhb nr 3=¼C `ha| io }ntj }nrht+




20

'r`h fahxj io tnddfr fs shahcrhb dhcnxsh r`fs |itrfik mfvhs jnpfjxj cikrtncrfik+

3& Thcitbfkm io idshtvnrfik

Fk fkrhsrfkhs r}i r|hs io jxsshas nth oixkb 7*

>+ Cftcxant

4+ Aikmfrxbfkna

Kitjnaa fkrhsrfkhs `nvh r`thh r|hs io jivhjhkr 7*

>+ \hkbxant

4+ Shmjhkrna

3+ \htfsrnasfs

2+ Nkrf|htfsrnasfs

Fk r`fs hp|htfjhkr ika |hkbxant jivhjhkr nth thcitbhb+ Srndafwh r`h rfssxh oit 4<*3<

jfkxrhs nkb r`nk ahvht s`ixab dh dnankchb+ Dtfkm }tfrfkm |ifkr io ahvht caishb ri

sjiehb sxtonch io btxj+ Btxj fs srntrhb nr > thv)?2 jfkxrhs+ N sjnaa cikrtia rtncfkm fs

thcitbhb+ R`hk <+>ja io btxm fs nbbhb ri siaxrfik io fkkht c`njdht io Bnah-s itmnk

dnr`+ Hoohcr io btxm fs kirhb oit 3< shc+ nkb norht thcitbfkm btxj fs sri||hb+ / rfssxh fs

mfvhk }ns` 3*2 rfjhs d rtibh siaxrfik r`hk fr fs naai}hb ri thcivht oit 3*2 jfkxrhs+

Srntr btxj nmnfk / rneh cikrtia rtncfkm+ R`hk nbb khpr btxm / idshtvh frs hoohcr+

Jibfofcnrfik io hoohcr io NC` / DnCa4 d nrti|fkh fs thcitbhb d |tfit nrti|fkfwfkm r`h

rfssxh+

R}i r|hs io btxms ncrfkm ik fkrhksrfkh nth srxbfhb 7*

>+ S|nsjimhkfc btxms }`fc` fkcthnsh s|nsj io fkrhsrfkh d fkcthnsfkm frs rikh /

nj|afrxbh+ R|hs io btxms nth *

n+ fkbfthcra ncrfkm btxms * r`hsh ncr r`tixm` thch|rit h+m+*NC`! `fsrnjfkh! 8

@R+

d+ Bfthcra ncrfkm btxms * h+m+ DnCa4! jit|`fkh / hprtncr io |isr |fr+ mankb+

4+ S|nsjiarfc btxms * }`fc` bhcthnshs s|nsj io fkrhsrfkh d bhcthnsfkm rikh /

nj|afrxbh+ R|hs nth*

n+ Fkbfthcra ncrfkm h+m+ nbthknafkh! nrti|fk+

d+ Bfthcra ncrfkm h+m+ |n|nvhtfkh! kfrtnrhs+

Sfmkfofcnkch 7

>+ Ri eki} }`hr`ht btxm fs s|nsjimhkfc it s|nsjiarfc

4+ Ri bfoohthkrfnrh dhr}hhk bfthcra it fkbfthcra ncrfkm btxms+




26

Cafkfcna Fj|itrnkch

>+ S|nsjimhkfc btxms nth xshb fk |ntnarfc fahxs / thrhkrfik io xtfkh+

4+ S|nsjiarfc btxms nth xshb fk vntfixs ciafcs nkb bsjhkittìhn+

\thcnxrfiks 7

>+ Rfssxh sìxab dh `hab mhkra! kir dh ivht srthrc`hb+

4+ Ciksrnkr <4 ) Nft sx||a sìxab dh r`hth+

3+ Rhj|+ io dnr` sìxab dh jnfkrnfkhb nr 3=<

C+

2+ S|hhb io btxj sìxab kir dh c`nkmhb bxtfkm hp|htfjhkr+

8+ \f|hrrh sìxab dh }ns`hb dhoith nbbfkm btxm+

?+ Ahvht sìxab dh dnankchb dhoith srntrfkm hp|htfjhkr+

=+ Khpr btxm sìxab dh nbbhb ika }`hk kitjna rtncfkm fs thcitbhb+

Idshtvnrfik Rndah 7

S+Ki+ Btxms Rikh Nj|afrxbh Fkohthkch

>+ NC` fkcthnshs bhcthnshs s|nsjimhkfc btxm

4+ Nbthknafkh bhcthnshs bhcthnshs s|nsjiarfc btxm

3+ DnCa4 fkcthnshs afrrah it ki

c`nkmh

s|nsjimhkfc btxm

2+ Nrti|fkh bhcthnshs bhcthnshs s|nsjiarfc btxm

8+ Nrti|fkh % NC` ki ths|iksh shhk ki ths|iksh

shhk

S|nsjimhkfc ncrfik io

NC` fs daicehb d

nrti|fkh d daicefkm

jxscntfkfc thch|rits+

?+ Nrti|fkh % DnCa4 fkcthnshs afrrah it ki

c`nkmh

S|nsjimhkfc ncrfik fs

kir daicehb ns fr fs

bfthcra ncrfkm+




8<

BFSCXSSFIK IO TNDDFR FAHXJ \TH\NTNRFIK

^+ > ]`nr fs r`h nfj io hp|htfjhkr ik tnddfr-s fahxj 9

Nks Ri shh r`h vntfixs hoohcrs io bfoohthkr btxms ik r`h fsianrhb tnddfr fahxj f+h+ }h

thcitb r`h cikrtncrfik eki}k ns s|nsjimhkfc ths|iksh nkb thanpnrfik fs

s|nsjiarfc ths|iksh nkb r`hft xsh fk bfoohthkr cikbfrfiks+ h+m+ s|nsjimhkfc *

|ntnarfc fahxs! s|nsjiarfc * fk bfoohthkr r|hs io ciafcs+

^+ 4+ ]`nr fs r`h knrxth io r`fs jxscah / }tfrh bfoohthkr r|hs io fkrhsrfkna

jivhjhkrs+ 9

Nks+ Fr fs n sjiir` jxscah nkb 2 r|hs io fkrhsrfkna jivhjhkrs nth thcitbhb+

n& Shmjhkrna * bxh ri cftcxant jxscah cikrtncrfik+

d& \htfsrnarfc * @ha|fkm jfpfkm nkb |ti|nmnrfik io oiib+

c& Nkrf|htfsrnarfc * @ha|fkm jfpfkm nkb |ti|nmnrfik io oiib+

b& \hkbxant * nth cikrtiaahb d aikmfrxbfkna jxscahs nkb nth

fj|itrnkr dhcnxsh r`h |tibxch jfpfkm io oiib nkb nasi `ha| fk

nbgxsrjhkr io fkrhsrfkh ivht ndbijhk+ Fk r`fs hp|htfjhkr |hkbxant

jivhjhkrs nth thcitbhb+

^+3+ ]` fahxj fs shahcrhb 9

Nks+ R`h nbvnkrnmh io shahcrfkm fahxj nth 7

* Hnsfa nvnfandah+

* Jnpfjxj cikrtncrfik

* D sfj|a snctfofkm ikh nkfjna }h shr x| 4<*2< hp|htfjhkrna shrx| nr n rfjh+

^+2 ]` otikrna |ifkr }tfrfkm ahvht xshb+ 9

Nks+ * Dhcnxsh fr fs vht afm`r ns fr fs jnbh x| io naxjfkfxj+

* ]tfrh sjiir`a

* Fr jnmkfofhs r`h cikrtncrfik fk n||ti|tfnrh jnkkht+




83

SCTHHKFKM JHR@IBS IO NKNAMHSFCS

Idghcr7 Scthhkfkm jhrìbs io Nknamhsfcs+

Fkrtibxcrfik7 Nknamhsfcs nth rìsh btxms! }`fc` thafhvh |nfk ns n sj|rij }frìxr

cnxsfkm aiss io ciksfixskhss+ R`h nknamhsfcs cnk dh canssfofhb ns 7*

>+ Kntcirfc Nknamhsfcs 7 Nth rìsh nknamhsfcs! }`fah thafhvfkm |nfk! nasi cnxsh

jntehb bh|thssfik io C+K+S+ h+m+ jit|`fkh nkb |hr`fbfkh+

4+ Kik*Kntcirfc Nknamhsfcs7 ]`fah thafhvfkm |nfk! rìsh bi kir |tibxch

bh|thssfik io C+K+S+ h+m+ Ns|ftfk+

Scthhkfkm io Nknamhsfcs 7

Jisr io r`h thoahp ncrfvfr fkfrfnrhb d n |irhkrfnaa kipfixs srfjxaxs fs io nk hcn|h

knrxth+ R`h rnfa oafce! sefk r}frc`fkm nkb afjd*oahpfik nth naa jivhjhkr }`fc` }ixab

rhkb ri thjivh r`h nkfjna it r`h noohcrhb |ntr n}n otij r`h srfjxaxs+ Sxc` thoahphs

`nvh oitjhb r`h dnsfs oit bhrhtjfkfkm r`h |nfk r`ths`ìab fk nkfjnas nkb nknamhsfc

btxms nth scthhkhb d rhsrfkm r`hft ndfafr ri tnfsh r`fs r`ths`ìab+

Jhrìbs 7 Oiaai}fkm nth r`h jhrìbs io scthhkfkm io nknamhsfcs7*

F+ R`htjna jhrìbs 7

n&+ @ir }fth jhrìb7 R`h fksrtxjhkr xshb oit r`fs |xt|ish fs eki}k ns

nknamhsfijhrht+ Fr fs ofrrhb }fr` n kfc`tijh }fth }`fc` cnk dh `hnrhb ri n

th~xfthb rhj|htnrxth nkb fr cnk dh jnfkrnfkhb }fr` r`h `ha| io n thmxanrit

xsxnaa hahcrtfc cxtthkr io ? viars fs |nsshb&+ N gncehr sxttixkbs r`h kfc`tijh

}fth! }`fc` `ha|s r`h |anroitj ciia+ R`h nkfjna Tnr& fs eh|r fksfbh r`h tnr

ìabht! si r`nr r`h rnfa |tighcrs ixr+ N |itrfik io r`h rnfa! 3 cjs+ n}n otij r`h

rf| fs |anchb ivht r`h |anroitj nkb r`h thncrfik rfjh fs kirhb n||hntnkch io n

c`ntncrhtsrtfc rnfa oafce&+ Cikrtia mtix| io nkfjnas nth cij|nthb }fr` r`h btxm*

rthnrhb ikhs+ Bhanhb thncrfik rfjh fs sxmmhsrfvh io nknamhsfc ncrfvfr+

d&+ @ir \anrh Jhrìb7 Fk r`fs jhrìb n ci||ht it wfkc |anrh fs rthnrhb io 88< C+

nkb r`fs rhj|htnrxth fs eh|r ciksrnkr+ R`h hp|htfjhkrna nkfjna Tnr it Jixsh&

fs eh|r ivht r`h |anrh nkb idshtvhb cnthoxaa oit r`h sfmks io bfscijoitr+

Thncrfik rfjh fs kirhb dhoith nkb norht r`h btxm rthnrjhkr+

c&+ Tnbfnkr @hnr Jhrìb7 Afm`r io ?*0 viars! eh|r nr n bfsrnkch io ?$ fs r`ti}k

ivht r`h rf| io tnr-s rnfa+ \nfk fkbxchb }faa jnkfohsr fk oitj io sxbbhk

oxkcrfikfkm io r`h rnfa+ R`fs |tichbxth fs bikh dhoith nkb norht r`h btxm

rthnrjhkr+ Fkcthnsh fk thncrfik rfjh }faa dh sxmmhsrfik io nknamhsfc ncrfvfr io

r`h btxm+




82

FF+ Jhc`nkfcna Jhrìbs 7

n&+ Jhc`nkfcna Cij|thssfik Jhrìb 7 N ciksrnkr |thssxth io mns otij n

cafkbht fs xshb ri btfvh n |axkmht ik r`h tnr rnfa }`fc` fs ofphb+

Nk ntrht oitch|s it dxaa bim canj| jn dh n||afhb ri r`h rnfa io r`h tnr+

Xkrthnrhb nkfjnas rt ri thjivh r`h canj| it oich|s+ Norht nk

n||ti|tfnrh bish io nknamhsfc! nkfjna bfs*thmntbs r`h caf|+

FFF+ Hahcrtfcna Jhrìb7 Fk r`fs n jixsh cnmh fs xshb oaiit io }`fc` fs jibh io

jhrna srtf|s! thchfvfkm nk hahcrtfc cxtthkr io eki}k viarnmh+

N jixsh fs eh|r fk r`fs cnmh nkb r`h nkfjna hahcrtfcna cxtthkr fs bhrhtjfkhb+

]`fc` cnxshs r`h nkfjna ri ct+

R`h rhsr btxm fs r`hk fkghcrhb+ N btxm `nvfkm nknamhsfc |ti|htr }faa tnfsh

r`h |nfk r`thsìab nkb `fm`ht viarnmh io cxtthkr }faa dh th~xfthb ri fkbxch

|nfk+

F_+ C`hjfcna Jhrìb7 F+\+ fkghcrfik io n~xhixs siaxrfik io |`hka~xfkikh fk

jfch hafcfrs n ths|iksh }`fc` fs nkrnmikfwhb d }hne nknamhsfcs Kik *

kntcirfc nknamhscfs&+

_+ Jhrìbs xshb fk Jhk 7

n&+ ]nao *@ntbfhs Jhrìb7 Afm`r otij n dxad fs oicxshb }fr` r`h `ha| io n

cikvhp ahks ik n |ntrfcxant |ntr io oith `hnb+ \htsik ohhas |nfk ik r`nr

|ntrfcxant |ifkr+ Norht nbjfkfsrtnrfik io nknamhsfcs! afm`r io jith

fkrhksfr }faa dh th~xfthb ri fkbxch |nfk+

d&+ Hahcrtfcna Srfjxanrfik io |xa| io r`h riir`+

c&+ Knfa dhb |thssxth jhrìb+




88

SCTHHKFKM IO $NKRF*CIK_XASNKRS$

Idghcr 7 Scthhkfkm io $Nkrf*Cikvxasnkrs$+

Nkrf*Cikvxasnkrs 7

R`hsh nth r`h btxms }`fc` nth cn|ndah io cikrtiaafkm cikvxasfiks+ Fk jhbfcna

|tncrfch nkrf*cikvxarskrs nth xshb ri cikrtia cikvxasfiks iccxttfkm fk h|fah|s!

rhrnkxs! hcanj|sfn nkb |isfikfkm }fr` cikvxasnkrs+ R`h mthnrhsr xsh fs fk r`h

rthnrjhkr io h|fah|s+ Nccitbfkm ri khxtiaimfcna r`hit $h|fah|s fs n shao afjfrfkm!

|ntipsjna chthdtna bst`r`jfn fk }`fc` r`hth fs hpchssfvh H+H+M+ bfsc`ntmhs!

rikfc nkb caikfc cikvxasfiks nkb sijh rfjh aiss io cikscfixskhss+ Nccitbfkm ri

shfwxths |nrrhtk h|fah|s fs cnrhmitfwhb ns mtnkbjna! |hrfrjna! |scìjirit+

Jisr io r`h hp|htfjhkrna jhrìbs oit bfthcrfkm nkrfcikvxasnkr ncfrfvfr fkviavh r`h

ntrfofcfna fkbxcrfik io cikvaxsfiks nkb r`hft fk`fdfrfik d itmnkfc cij|ixkbs+

Scthhkfkm jhrìbs7

>+ \`sfcna Jhrìbs *

N+ Hahcrti sìce jhrìb+

D+ Sixkb fkbxchb shfwxths+

4+ C`hjfcna Jhrìbs

N+ Jhrtimia 0< jm+)em+ s+c+& fkbxchb cikcaxsfiks+

D+ \fctiripfk rhsr 4 jm+)em+ s+c+&

C+ Srtc`kfkh rhsr <+3 jm+)em+ s+c+&

N+ Hahcrti Sìce Jhrìb7

Hp|r+ nkfjnas nth tnrs! nkfjnas nth bfvfbhb fk r}i mtix|s+ Oftsr mtix| shtvhs ns

cikrtia nkb fs kir mfvhk nk btxm nkb r`h ir`ht mtix| fs rthnrhb }fr` r`h rhsr btxm+

Jnpfjna Hahcrti Sìce shfwxths nth fkbxchb }fr` n srfjxaxs io <+4 shc+ Bxtnrfik

nkb n cxtthkr io >4< j+ nj|s+ Oftsra hahcrti sìce fs mfvhk ri r`h nkfjnas io

cikrtia mtix|+

Nkfjnas hp`fdfr n shfwxths |nrrhtk+ R`h rikfc oahpit cij|ikhkr io r`h `fkb afjds fs

shhk oftsr io naa! oiaai}fkm r`fs fs r`h rikfc hprhksit cij|ikhkr! r`h |`nsh io

fkrhtjfrrhkr! }ìah dib caikxs fs shhk fk r`h ansr+ Ki} r`h hahcrti sìce io snjh

fkrhksfr fs mfvhk ri r`h nkfjnas io btxm rthnrhb mtix|+ Ndshkch it bfjfkfsfrfik fk

r`h fkrhksfr io cikvxasfiks fkbfcnrh r`nr r`h btxm `ns |tirhcrhb r`h nkfjnas otij

r`h cikcxasfiks nkb ̀ ns mir nkrf*ciksvxasnkr ncrfvfr+




8?

Sixkb fkbxchb shfwxths fk tnrs 7

R`h rfjh xshb ri fkbxch shfwxths }ns n ?< shc+ hp|isxth ri n biit dhaa tfkmfkm }fr`

n fkrhksfr io 6< bhcfdahs fk n sixkb |tiio dip+ R`h shfwxths hviehb }hth n tn|fb

nkb }fab txkkfkm ndixr nkb r`hk rikfc nkb caikfc cikvxasfiks+ Nkfjnas rthnrhb }fr`

nkrfcikvxasnkr btxms bi kir ths|ikb ri r`fs srfjxaxs+

Jhrtiwia fkbxchb cikvxasfiks7 \hkrahkh rhrtnwia&

Tnrs nth bfvfbhb fk r}i mtix|s! Ikh mtix| fs kir mfvhk rhsr btxm nkb shtvhs ns

cikrtia nkb r`h nkfjnas io nkir`ht mtix| nth mfvhk r`h rhsr btxm+ Norht 3< jfk+ io

nbjfkfsrtnrfik io btxm! nkfjnas io dir` r`h mtix|s nth mfvhk jhrtiwia 0< jm+ ) em

S+C+&+ Nkfjnas io cikrtia mtix| }faa sì} cikvxasfiks+ Fo r`h nkfjnas io r`h mtix|

rthnrhb }fr` rhsr bxtm nth |tirhcrhb otij r`h jhrtiwia fkbxchb cikvxasfiks r`hk r`fs

}faa dh sxmmhsrhb io nkrfcikvxasnkr ncxfr io rhsr btxm+

Fk |anch io jhrtiwia! srtc`fkfkh <+3 jm+ ) em S+C+& nkb |fctiripfk 4 jm+ ) em S+C+&

cnk nasi dh xshb ri mfvh c`hji srfce+

Sfmkfofcnkch io r`fs hp|htfjhkr7

D r`hsh jhrìbs nkrfcikvxasnkr ncrfvfr io n kh} btxm cnk dh oixkb ixr nkb r`hsh

btxms jn |tivh io vnaxh fk r`h rthnrjhkr io vntfixs cikvxasfvh bfsitbhts+ Btxms

|tirhcrfkm nkfjnas otij hahcrtisìce cikvxasfiks jn |tivh hoohcrfvh fk mtnkbjna

nkb btxms |tirhcrfkm nkfjnas otij c`hjisìce jn |tivh io vnaxh fk |hrfrjna

h|fah|s nkb |tibxchs vht afrrah bh|thssfik io vfrna jhbxaant chkrhts+




8=

HOOHCR IO _NTFIXS BTXMS IK BIM-S DAIIB \THSSXTH

Idghcr7 Ri srxb r`h hoohcr io vntfixs btxms ik bim-s daiib |thssxth+

N||ntnrxs7 Thshntc` Ejimtn|`! i|htnrfik rndah! X s`n|hb jhtcxt jnkijhrht

rxdhtcxafk stfkmh+ Dxthrrh ntrhtfna vhkixs / rtnc`hna cnkkxan! cikkhcrfkm txddhtrxdfkm bfsshcrfkm fksrtxjhkrs cnrrik / r`thnb+

Btxms / siaxrfiks

Sibfxj Cfrtnrh 7 0+8( Nkrfcinmxankr&

@h|ntfk 7 8<< F+X+ Nkrfcinmxankr&

Kitjna Snafkh 7 <+6 ( KnCa

Jit|`fkh 7 >¸m >Em+

Xthr`nkh 7 >+8 mj)Em+

Nbthknafkh 7 ><<¸m)ja

Nchrac`iafkh 7 ><<¸m)ja

@fsrnjfkh 7 ><<¸m)ja

Kitnbthknafkh 7 ><<¸m)ja

Fsi|thknafkh 7 ><<¸m)ja

Rianwiafkh 7 > jm)ja

Nrti|fkh 7 > jm)ja

\ti|tnkiaia 7 >¸m)ja

jh|tnjfkh 7 > jm)ja

\tichbxth7 N `hnar` nbxar bim fs }hfm`hb nkb nkhsr`hrfwhb }fr` jit|`fkh >jm )

>em& % xthr`nkh >+8mj)em&+ R`h nkfjna fs ahb bitsnaa ik r`h i|htnrfik rndah d rfkm

r`h afjds ri r`h oixt citkhts io r`h i|htnrfik rndah+ Norht r`nr ohjitna vhfk fs hp|ishb

fk r`h r`fm` thmfik nkb vhkixs cnkkxan fs fkshtrhb fk r`h vhfk+ _hkixs cnkkxan fs

cikkhcrhb ri n dxthrrh }fr` r`h `ha| io txddht rxdfkm }`fc` cikrnfks kitjna snafkh+ R`h

tixrh xshb oit fkghcrfkm r`h btxm fs F+_+ Norht r`nr n jfbafkh fkcfsfik fs mfvhk fk r`h

khce sefk nkb onscfn nth thoahcrhb! jxscahs nth sh|ntnrhb nkb nkb rtnc`hn fs hp|ishb+Norht hp|isfkm rtnc`hn shntc` oit r`h cntirfb ntrht! afkm fk r`h bhh|ht rfssxh ik r`h

sfbh io rtnc`hn+ Nk ntrhtfna cnkkxan `h|ntfkfwhb& fs fkshtrhb fk r`h cntirfb ntrht nkb

r`fs cnkkxan fs cikkhcrhb ri n jhtcxt jnkijhrht }fr` r`h `ha| io |thssxth txddht

rxdfkm+ R`fs shr fs xshb oit thcitbfkm io D+\+ N |ntrfna rtnksvhtsh cxr fs mfvhk ri r`h

rtnc`hn nkb n V s`n|hb rtnc`hna cnkkxan fs fkshtrhb fk r`h axjhk io rtnc`hn nkb

cikkhcrhb ri n ths|ftnrit |xj|+

Idshtvnrfik7

Nkfjna7 Bim! Shp Jnah! ]hfm`r *>< Em+

@hnt tnrh ) Jfk+ Tnrh io Ths|ftnrfik )jfk




86

Fr fs n sj|nrìjfjhrfc njfkh }`fc` |tibxchs s|hcfofc dhrn> nkb dhrn4 thch|rit

nmikfsrfc ncrfik+ Dhrn> thch|rits |thshkr fk `hntr nth hpcfrhb d fsi|thknafkh ns n thsxar

io }`fc` r`hth fs fkcthnsh fk daiib |thssxth nkb `hntr tnrh+ ]`hk btxm thnc`hs

|htf|`ht r`hth iccxts ibfanrfik io daiib vhsshas s|hcfnaa }`fc` nth sx||afhb ri

sehahrna jxscah+ Ns n thsxar io r`fs r`hth fs onaa fk daiib |thssxth+

Fsi|thknafkh fs kir r`h sxdsrtnrh oit x|rneh! `hkch! r`h rhtjfknrfik io ncrfik

rnehs rfjh nkb r`hth fs bhanhb thcivht+

Nchracìafkh7

Fr fs n |ntnsj|nrìjfjhrfc nmhkr }`fc` cnk srfjxanrh dir` jxscntfkfc ns }haa

ns kfcirfkfc thch|rits+ @i}hvht! fk ai} bishs fr |tibxchs ika jxscntfkfc thch|rit

ncrfik nkb `hkch! r`hth fs onaa fk daiib |thssxth bxh ri bfanrnrfik io daiib vhsshas+

R`h ncrfik io Nc` fs tn|fba rhtjfknrhb d cìafkhsrhtnsh hkwjh nkb `hkch!

r`h ths|iksh io Nc` mhrs ~xfcea thcivhthb+ @hntr tnrh bish kir c`nkmh fk ths|iksh ri

Nc`+

@fsrnjfkh

Fr fs n knrxtnaa iccxttfkm nxrncifb }`fc` cnxshs mhkhtnafwhb vnsibfanrnrfik

r`tixm` @> nkb @4 thch|rits+ ]`hk `fsrnjfkh fs nbjfkfsrhthb fk r`h bim r`hth fs

jntehb onaa fk daiib |thssxth+ R`h thcivht otij `fsrnjfkh fs tn|fb ns cij|nthb ri

fsi|thknafkh dxr sai}ht ns cij|nthb ri nchracìafkh+

Nbthknafkh

Fr fs n sj|nrìjfjhrfc cnrhcìanjfkh }`fc` |tibxchs hoohcr r`tixm` na|`n

dhrn> nkb dhrn4 thch|rits+ Ns n thsxar io dhrn> thch|rit srfjxanrfik r`hth fs sxbbhk

fkcthnsh fk `hntr tnrh nkb oitch io cikrtncrfik / fkcthnsh D+\+ Fjjhbfnrha bxh ri

thoahp fk`fdfrfik r`hth fs safm`r bhcthnsh fk D+\+! dxr btxm thnc`hs ri r`h |htf|`ht }`hth

na|`n> thch|rit srfjxanrfik |tibxchs vnsiciksrtfcrfik nkb `hkch! oxtr`ht tfsh fk daiib

|thssxth fs idshtvhb+ N kirc` fs shhk bxh ri sxbbhk c`nkmhs fk r`h ths|iksh+

Nbthknafkh ncrfik fs sai}a rhtjfknrhb d thx|rneh / d jikinjfkh ipfbnsh

JNI& nkb cnrhcìa*i*jhrà rtnksohts CIJR& hkwjhs+ ]`hk r`h cikchkrtnrfik io

nbthknafkh fs thbxchb dhrn4 thch|rit ncrfik |thbijfknrhs nkb ns n thsxar safm`r onaa fk

daiib |thssxth shcikbnt onaa& fs shhk+




?<

Bnah-s _nsijirit Thvhtsna

Bnah >6>2& oixkb r`nr }`hk nbthknafkh fs mfvhk norht nbjfkfsrtnrfik io htmir

naenaifb! fr |tibxchs onaa fk daiib |thssxth fksrhnb io tfsh+ R`fs xkxsxna |`hkijhkik

}ns bhsctfdhb ns vnsijirit thvhtsna+

Nbthknafkh |tibxch tfsh fk daiib |thssxth r`tixm` na|`n nbthkich|rits+ ]`hk

na|`n*nbthkich|rits nth daicehb d nk na|`n*daicehts afeh |`hkrianjfkh! rianpiffkh!

|`hkipdhkwnjfkh it htmir naenaifbs&! r`h dhrn4*nbthkich|rit ncrfik io nbthknafkh

|thbijfknrhs nkb onaa fk daiib |thssxth fs shhk+ R`fs onaa fk daiib |thssxth fs eki}k ns

Bnah-s vnsijirit thvhtsna+

Kfcirfkfc thch|rit ncrfik io nchrac`iafkh

R`h kfcirfkfc thch|rit ncrfik io NC` cnk dh bhjiksrtnrhb d daicefkm naa

jxscntfkfc thch|rit xsfkm nrti|fkh afeh btxms nkb d xsfkm `fm` bish io NC`+

Kfcirfkfc thch|rits nth oixkb fk >& sehahrna jxscahs nkb 4& nxrikijfc mnkmafn+

Sfkch r`h jxscntfkfc thch|rits nth daicehb! nxrikijfc mnkmafn nth srfjxanrhb d NC`

ns n thsxar io }`fc` r`hth fs tfsh fk daiib |thssxth+ R`fs fs kfcirfkfc thch|rit ncrfik io

NC`+

R`h ths|iksh io fsi|thknafkh cnk dh daicehb d dhrn daiceht |ti|tnkiaia+

R`h ths|iksh io kitnbthknafkh fs daicehb d |`hkrianjfkh* r`h na|`n* daiceht+

R`h ths|iksh io `fsrnjfkh fs daicehb d jh|tnjfkh nkb jhrfnjfbh! r`h @> nkb @4

thch|rit nkrnmikfsrs ths|hcrfvha+




?>




?3

Fkohthkch7

Nc` |tibxchs n s`itr onsrfkm onaa fk D+\+ Onaa fk D+\+ }fr` Nc` fs bxh ri r`h fk`fdfrit

hoohcr ik `hntr nkb |htf|`htna vnsibfanrfik Jxscntfkfc ncrfiks&+ Nbjfkfsrtnrfik io

nrti|fkh }`hk n antmh njixkr io nc` fs fkghcrhb n tfsh fk D+\+ fs idshtvhb+ Fr fs bxh ri

oh} Kfcirfvh ncrfik io Nc`! }`fc` }h nth ndah ri shh norht r`h daicenbh io jxcntfkfc

ncrfik d nrti|fkh+

Idghcr 7 Bhjiksrtnrfik io vnsijirit ahvhtsna |`hkijkik io bnah+

\tichbxth7

>+ Nbthkiafkh fs fkshcrhb fk r`h ~xnkrfr io 3¸mj+)em+ io dib }r+ r`tixm` ohjitna

vhfk+ hoohcr fs idshtvhb }nfr rfaa r`h daiib |thssxth thrxtks ri kitjna nmnfk+

4+ \tfsciafkh fk n bish io 8 jm+)em+ dib }r+ fs fkghcrhb ri daice thch|rits+

3+ Norht 4< jrs+ }`hk r`hth fs hoohcrfvh daicenbh io thch|rits Nbt+ fs fkghcrhb fk

r}i snjh nasi nkb shh r`h hoohcr+

Idshtvnrfik nkb fkohthkch7*

]`hk Nbt fs fkghcrhb n r|fcna ths|ish fs idshtvhb ik D+\+

>+ Srhh| tfsh 7 R`fs fs bxh ri d> thh|rit ncrfik fkcthnsh fk`hntr tnrh fkcthnsh fk oitch

io cikrtncrfik nkb |htf|`tna vhsiciksrtfcrfik

4+ Kirc`7 Nr r`h |hne io mtn|` hoohcr r`hth fs n afrrah xthnb cnthafn bxh ri vnmna

srfjxankm& }`fc` jhkohsrs fr shao fkoitj io kirc`+

3+ Shcikbnt Tfsh7 R`fs fs bxh ri r`h srfjxanrfik io _+J+C+

2+ Onaa io D+\+ dhai} vnsh afkh fs bxh ri ahn hoohcr io ncrt+ it D thch|rits+

Nbt+ ncr ik r}i r|hs io thch|rits r`hsh nth nkb + Bxh ri frs hoohcr ik

thch|rits fr cnxshs tfsh fk D+\+ nkb d frs hoohcr ik thch|rits fr cnxshs onaa fk D+\+

}`hk |tfsciafkh fs fkghcrhb fr daice thch|rits nkb }`hk Nbt fs th|hnrhb nmnfk fr

srfjxanrhs ika thch|rits cnxsfkm onaa fk D+\+ otij r`h dhmfkkfkm+




?2

N& AFSR IO HPHTCFSHS FK HP\HTFJHKRNA \@NTJNCIAIMV H+\+&

S+Ki+ Ri|fc \tidndah Ki+

io Ahcrxths

>+ Fkrtibxcrfik io H+\+ >

4+ Cìfch io Anditnrit nkfjnas >

3+ Nkhsr`hrfc nmhkrs xshb fk H+\+ >

2+ \`sfiaimfcna snar siaxrfik / btxm bfaxrfik >

8+ _ntfixs fksrtxjhkrs xshb fk H+\+ 4

?+ Scthhkfkm io nknamhsfc btxms

Bhjiksrtnrfik

Bfscxssfiks

>

>

=+ Scthhkfkm io aicna nknhsr`hrfc nmhkrs

BhjiksrtnrfikBfscxssfiks

Sxtonch nknhs& Mhk+ Canss

>

>>

0+ Scthhkfkm io nkrfh|fah|rfc btxms

Bhjiksrtnrfik

Bfscxssfiks

>

>

6+ Hoohcr io btxms ik fsianrhb Otim-s thcrxs ndbijfkfs jxscah

Bfscxssfik / ^)N

4

><+ Hoohcr io btxms ik fsianrhb otim-s `hntr |htoxsfik Bfscxssfik

^)N

>

>

>>+ Hoohcr io btxms ik Tnddfr-s fkrhsrfkh Bfscxssfik

^)N

>

>

>4+ Hoohcr io btxms ik Tnddfr-s hh jhbfnrhs / Jfirfcs&

\faicnt|fkh! nrti|fkh

Bhjiksrtnrfik

Bfscxssfik

Mhk+ Canss

>

>

>

>3+ Hoohcr io btxms ik Bim-s D+\+ Bfscxssfik

^)N

>

>

Rirna Cansshs 48

Rirna ìxts io rhnc`fkm ** ><< `ts ns }ìah canss fs bfvfbhb fkri r}i dnrc`hs / hncàhcrxths fs io 4 `ts+




?8

N& AFSR IO HPHTCFSHS FK \@NTJNCV

S+Ki+ Ri|fc \tidndah Ki+

io Ahcrxths

>+ Fkrtibxcrfik io \`ntjnc)Bhofkfrfik >

4+ Bisnmh oitjs io btxms 4

3+ Nddthvfnafik! ]hfm`r / Jhnsxths xshb fk \`ntjnc+ >2+ \thsctf|rfik }tfrfkm >

8+ Jfprxths fk Mhkhtna Cntjfknrfvh jfp Bhji+

\th|ntnrfik io Cntjfknrfvh Jfprxth

\xtmnrfvh jfp bhji / \th|

Nkrfbfnttìhna Jfprxth Bhji / \th|&+

>

>

>

>

?+ \i}bht fk Mhkhtna / ITS \i}bhts Bhji

\th|ntnrfik io ITS \i}bhts

Shfbafrw-s \i}bht Bhji / \th|+&

>

>

>

=+ Airfik fk Mhkhtna Bhji EJkI2 Airfik Bhji&

EJkI2 Airfik \th|+&

Cnanjfkh Airfik Bhji / \th|&

>

>

>

0+ Rxt|hkrfkh Afkfjhkr Bhji / \th|+& >

6+ Hjxasfiks fk Mhkhtna / Cib Afvht Ifa Hjxasfik Bhji&

\th|ntnrfik io Cib afvhs ifa hjxasfik

>

>

><+ Ifkrjhkrs fk Mhkhtna nkb ]`frofhab Ifkrjhkr Bhji& >

>6

Rirna ìxts io rhnc`fkm ** =? `ts ns }ìah canss fs bfvfbhb fkri r}i dnrc`hs / hnc`

ahcrxths fs io 4 `ts+




?=




?6

ExperimentalPharmacology

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