ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… ·...
Transcript of ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… ·...
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ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3
DRH AULIA FIRMAWATI, M.VET
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ENDOKRIN
Dianggap sebagai bagian dari sistem komunikasi
hewan
Sistem saraf menggunakan struktur fisik untuk
komunikasi
Sistem endokrin menggunakan cairan tubuh untuk
mengangkut pesan (hormon)
disebut sebagai kontrol humerus versus saraf
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FUNGSI HORMON :
Function of endocrine system is to maintain the
body via:
1) Homeostasis - acute regulation of the
thermoneutral stability of the body
2) Homeorhesis - chronic regulation of
body, operates in union with
homeostasis
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FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The Endocrine system helps to maintain homeostasis by
coordinating and regulating the activities of cells, tissues,
organs, and systems throughout the body
The Endocrine System helps to control and integrate:
1- Reproduction
2- Growth
3- Development
4- Defense against stress
5- Water, electrolyte and nutrient balance
6- Energy balance
7- Cellular metabolism
4
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Hormon memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai
berikut:
1. Disekresikan ke dalam darah oleh sel kelenjar
endokrin dalam jumlah sangat kecil
2. Mengadakan interaksi dengan reseptor khusus
yang terdapat di sel target
3. Memiliki pengaruh mengaktifkan enzim khusus
4. Memiliki pengaruh tidak hanya terhadap satu sel
target, tetapi dapat juga mempengaruhi
beberapa sel target belainan.
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Struktur Kelenjar Endokrin
Kelenjar endokrin mensekresi substansi kimia yang langsung dikeluarkan ke dalam pembuluh darah. Sekresinya disebut hormon.
Mekanisme kerjanya :
Hormon
dilepas
dari sel2
khusus
Ke dalam
aliran
darah
Hormon
dibawa ke
sel2 target
(responsie
cells)
Terjadi
efek
hormon
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Hormones are Activated By 7
Hormonal
Humoral
Neural
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Figure 1. A Structural Classification of Hormones
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Categories of Glands
Central: Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Peripheral: Thyroid Pineal
Adrenals Gonads
Parathyroids Pancreas
Thymus Others
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Hormones can be
Freely circulating
Rapidly removed from bloodstream
Bound to transport proteins
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Mechanisms of hormone action
Receptors for catecholamines, peptide hormones,
eicosanoids are in the cell membranes of target cells
Thyroid and steroid hormones cross the membrane and
bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus
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Karakteristik Sistem Endokrin
Sekresi Diurnal pola naik-turun dalam periode 24 jam. Contoh : Kortisol kadarnya akan meningkat di pagi hari, dan menurun di malam hari.
Sekresi hormonal pulsatif & siklik naik-turun sepanjang waktu tertentu (siklus birahi) Contoh : Estrogen merupakan dgn puncak pada fase estrus & lembahnya menyebabkan fase anestrus/diestrus pada betina.
Sekresi hormonal variabel berubah dan tergantung pada kadar subtrat lainnya. Contoh : paratiroid disekresi dlm berespon thdp kadal Ca serum.
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Karakteristik Sistem Endokrin
Hormon bekerja dalam sistem umpan balik (memungkinkan tubuh untuk dipertahankan dalam situasi
lingkungan optimal
Hormon mengontrol laju aktivitas selular
Hormon tidak mengawali perubahan biokimia tapi hanya mempengaruhi sel-sel yg mengandung reseptor yg sesuai
(yg melakukan fungsi spesifik)
Hormon punya fungsi dependen & interdependen suatu pelepasan hormon dari 1 kelenjar sering merangsang pelepasan hormon dari kelenjar lainnya
Hormon bekerja bekerja secara konstan di reactivated oleh hepar / mekanisme lain & diekskresi oleh ginjal
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Hypophysis
Releases nine important peptide hormones
All nine bind to membrane receptors and use cyclic
AMP as a second messenger
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Figure.G Proteins and Hormone Activity
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Figure. Hormone Effects on Gene
Activity
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Mekanisme sekresi dan distribusi
hormon
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Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
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19
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Sistem Kontrol Sekresi Hormon
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Control Systems
Interaction with external environment
Rapid response
Nervous
e.g. Electrolyte balance
Growth and development
Reproduction
Activities requiring duration
Endocrine
Control Systems
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Figure. Feedback control of Endocrine Secretion
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Figure. Feedback control of Endocrine Secretion
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Short And Long Loop Feedback Mechanisms
Target tissue
Hormone 3
Target endocrine gland
Hormone 2
Anterior pituitary
Hormone 1
Hypothalamus
Short-Loop
Negative
Feedback
Mechanism
Long-Loop
Negative
Feedback
Mechanism
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Mekanisme Sekresi dan Distribusi Hormon
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Kelenjar Endokrin
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Endocrine Tissues
Located at base of brain
(Testis in Male)
Adrenal Gland Ovary
Kidney
Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pankreas
Uterus Placenta
Mammae
Pineal
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1. Hypothalamus
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Hypothalamus
Extends from Hypothalamus-behind sphenoid bone
“Master Gland” of body
Has a two distinct part :
Anterior- Portal network (adenohyphophysa)
Posterior- Neural-contains axons of Hypothalamus
neurons (neurohypophysa)
Connected to the brain by the hypothalamus
and a portal blood supply
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Brain Diagram of Endocrine Glands
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic Nuclei
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HIPOTHALAMUS
HIPOFISIS
H. Anterior Pars Intermedia H. Posterior
= Adenohypofisis = Rudimenter = Neurohypofisis
Kecuali Hewan
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Kelenjar Hipofisis
Kelenjar Pituitary
Kelenjar seukuran kelereng terletak di bagian basal otak
Dikendalikan atau diatur oleh CNS melalui hypothalamus
Terdiri dari 3 lobus :
1. Neurohipofisis (posterior)
2. Pars intermedia
3. Adenohipofisis (anterior)
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SEKRESI HORMON
a. Hipofisis Posterior
1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
2. Oxcytocin
b. Hipofisis Anterior
1. Growth Hormone (GH)
2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH, Adrenocorticotropin)
3. Tyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH, Thyrotropin)
4. Prolactin (LTH = Luteotropic Hormone)
5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Gonadotropic Hormone
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c. Pars Intermedia
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Pada Ikan, Reptil dan Amfibi
Manusia Tidak ada MSH
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Testes / ovari
Tulang
Korteks adrenal
Kelenjar mammae
Tiroid
Otot uterus
Tubulus ginjal
HIPOTALAMUS
antr post
HIPOFISIS
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Hypothalamus
Anatomy and Microanatomy
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Figure The Anatomy and Orientation of the
Pituitary Gland
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HIPOTHALAMUS
Sekresi Hormon Sekresi
RH (Releasing Hormone)
IH (Inhibitory Hormone)
Tractus Hypothalamico Hypothalamic Hypophyseal
Hypophysialis Portal Vessels
Hipofisis Posterior Hipofisis Anterior
Hormon Disimpan Produksi Hormon
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Schematic representation of the pituitary
1. Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal circulation and the pathway followed by the hypothalamic-hypophysiotropic hormones (releasing and inhibiting) in reaching the
anterior pituitary (left).
2. Pathway by which the posterior pituitary hormone oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic hormone) reach the capillaries of the posterior lobe (right). Hormone-
containing blood leaves each lobe of the pituitary through a number of hypophyseal veins. The orange arrows indicate the direction of blood flow; the black arrowheads indicate the path taken by the hormones
involved.
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KELENJAR HYPOTHALAMUS
(master gland)
Hyphothalamus
mengkoordinasikan
aktivitas kelenjar pituitary
melalui sekresi peptida dan
amino untuk menghasilkan:
1. Tropic hormon (ex:
corticotropin), yang akan
mempengaruhi produksi
suatu hormon (ex: cortisol)
oleh target gland
2. Hormon yang langsung
memberikan efek pada
jaringan (ex: PRL)
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HYPOTHALAMUS
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
(CRH): corticotropes komponen
molekul family dari pro-
opiomelocortin
Adenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
↑↑
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH)gonadotrope FSH & LH
↑↑
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
thyrotrope TSH (Thyroid
Stimulating Hormone) ↑↑
Dopamine precursor catecolamine
dari epinephrine
menghambat lactotrope PRL
(prolactin) ↓↓
Menghambat thyrotrope TSH
(Thyroid Stymulating Hormone)
↓↓
Somatostatin menghambat
somatotrope GH (growth
hormone) ↓↓
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
(GHRH) somatotrope GH
(growth hormone) ↑↑
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Figure. Three Methods of Hypothalamic Control over the
Endocrine System
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2. Hipofisa Anterior
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Hipofisa
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Kelenjar Hipofisa
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The anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
Subdivided into the pars distalis, pars intermedia and
pars tuberalis
At the median eminence, neurons release regulatory
factors through fenestrated capillaries
Releasing hormones
Inhibiting hormones
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Cells of the
Anterior Pituitary
• LH • FSH • Prolactin • STH • TSH • ACTH
Hypothalamus
Nerve
Cells
Superior
hypophyseal
artery
Hypophyseal
portal vessels
Capillary
plexus
Posterior
pituitary
Capillary plexus
Preoptic nuclei
cell
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Anterior Pituitary
GH- Growth Hormone
Prolactin
TSH- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
ACTH- Adrenocorticotropic
FSH- Follicle Stimulating Hormone
LH- Luteinizing Hormone
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Hormones of the adenohypophysis
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Triggers the release of thyroid hormones
Thyrotropin releasing hormone promotes the release of
TSH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal
gland
Corticotrophin releasing hormone causes the secretion of
ACTH
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Hormones of the adenohypophysis
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in
females and sperm production in males
Leutinizing hormone (LH)
Causes ovulation and progestin production in females and
androgen production in males
• Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) promotes the
secretion of FSH and LH
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Hormones of the adenohypophysis
Prolactin (PH)
Stimulates the development of mammary glands and milk
production
Growth hormone (GH or somatotropin)
Stimulates cell growth and replication through release of
somatomedins or IGF
Growth-hormone releasing hormone
(GH-RH)
Growth-hormone inhibiting hormone
(GH-IH)
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Hypophysis
Releases 6 important peptide hormones
All 6 bind to membrane receptors and use cyclic AMP
as a second messenger
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Macam fungsi hormon yg dihasilkan kelenjar Hipofisis Lobus Anterior & Gangguannya
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BETINA
JANTAN
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Figure.The Hypophyseal Portal System
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3. Pineal Gland/Epise
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PINEAL GLAND
Menghasilkan
1. Hormon Melatonin
(diproduksi tinggi saat
intensitas cahaya
rendah)
2. Hormon Serotonin
(diproduksi tinggi saat
intensitas cahaya
tinggi)
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Pineal gland
Contains pinealocytes
Synthesize melatonin
Suggested functions include inhibiting reproductive
function, protecting against damage by free radicals,
setting circadian rhythms
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Pineal
Pineal diketahui menghasilkan melatonin, suatu hormon yang
berkaitan dengan serotonin yang memiliki efek
antigonadotrofik.
Melatonin disintesis dari serotonin melalui aksi katalitik enzim
hidroindol-O-metil transferase (HIOMT). Gelap merangsang
sistesis dan pelepasan melatonin dari glandula pineal,
sementara cahaya akan menekan aksi katalitik enzim HIOMT
yang selanjutnya menekan sintesis dan pelepasannya.
Pineal berfungsi sebagai biological clock yang mengatur
variasi tahunan (musiman) dan harian aktivitas gonad.
Melatonin diperkirakan bekerja pada hipotalamus dengan
mengontrol sintesis dan pelepasan gonadotrophic
hormone-releasing factors.
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Pineal
Pada kuda melatonin memiliki efek anti-
gonadotopin, pada musim dimana siang lebih
panjang maka akan mempengaruhi sistem
reproduksi kuda (long-day breeding).
Pada domba melatonin meningkatkan kerja
gonadotropin
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4. Tiroid
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THYROID
Embriologi:
Dari invaginasi tuber (endoderm) dari dasar lidah
(foramen caecum) → tumbuh ke bawah, di muka
trachea dan tulang rawan thyroid
Fisiologi:
Mempertahankan derajat metabolisme lebih tinggi
Merupakan alat tubuh yg sensitif dan dapat bereksi
terhadap berbagai rangsangan
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TARGET GLAND
1. TIROID GLAND
Terdiri atas 2 lobus, terletak di
kiri dan kanan trachea,
dihubungkan oleh isthmus.
Menghasilkan hormone tiroksin
+ triiodo tironin (T4 dan T3) dan
Calcitonin
Mempengaruhi hampir setiap
sel tubuh.
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Figure. The Thyroid Gland
Figure 18.11a
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Figure 18.11 The Thyroid Gland
Figure 18.11b,
c
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Thyroid follicles and thyroid hormones
Thyroid gland contains numerous follicles
Release several hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroid hormones end up attached to thyroid binding
globulins (TBG)
Some are attached to transthyretin or albumin
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Cells of the thyroid gland
C cells produce calcitonin
Helps regulate calcium concentration in body
fluids
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Figure The Thyroid Follicles
Figure 18.12a
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Figure The Thyroid Follicles
Figure 18.12b
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Thyroid Hormones Thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3-triiodothyronine (T3)
Formed from 2 iodinnated tyrosines precursers
Lipid soluble
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hormone tiroksin + triiodo tironin
(T4 dan T3).
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Thyroid hormones
Held in storage, bound to mitochondria, thereby
increasing ATP production
Bound to receptors activating genes that control
energy utilization
Exert a calorigenic effect
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Fungsi Tyroid pada sistem Metabolisme :
Pengaruh terhadap metabolisme lemak:
Meningkatkan Lipogenesis & Lipolisis
Meningkatkan penggunaan asam lemak oleh
jaringan
Pengaruh terhadap metabolisme karbohidrat:
Meningkatkan glukoneogenesis
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Fungsi tyroid ats pengaruh Hipofisis
Fungsi thyroid dipengaruhi oleh hipofisis melalui TSH.
Apabila TSH negatif (ex: pada hipopituitarisme) → thyroid atropi
Apabila TSH meningkat → hormon thyroid juga meningkat → menekan hungsi hipofisis, dan sebaliknya
Apabila thyroid menurun → merangsang hipofisis mengeluarkan TSH lebih banyak.
Menyebabkan hiperplasi dan pembesaran kelenjar thyroid seperti pada penderita kekurangan jodium pada penyakit gondok.
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Regulasi Hormon Tiroid
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Jenis Penyakit Tiroid :
Hipertiroidisme
Hipotiroidisme
Hyperthyroidism / thyrotoxicosis, hormon tiroid T3 dan T4 didapati lebih tinggi daripada orang biasa
Kretinisme = kelainan fisik dan mental yang menyebabkan anak tumbuh kerdil dan idiot krn kekurangan iodium yg menyebabkan kekurangan tiroksin
Gigantisme = pertumbuhan raksasa kelebihan tiroid
(hipertiroidisme)
Akromegali = pertumbuhan tak seimbang pd tulang, jari, rahang,
hidung
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5. Parathyroid
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The Parathyroid Glands
Thyroid gland, posterior view
Parathyroid
glands Parathyroid
glands
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PARATIROID GLAND
Sapi mempunyai 4 kelenjar paratiroid.
Terletak berdekatan dengan kel.tiroid.
Menghasilkan parathormone yang bekerja terhadap
ginjal dan tulang, berfungsi sebagai mobilisator kalsium
dari tulang ke darah.
Mempunyai peranan penting dalam milk fever.
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Figure 18.14 The Parathyroid Glands
Figure 18.14
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Fungsi parathyroid hormone:
Meningkatkan absorbsi Ca oleh usus, dengan bantuan vit. D
Membantu reabsorbsi phosphat oleh ginjal
Bersifat antagonis terhadap thyrocalcitonin
Meningkatkan kecepatan reabsorbsi tulang oleh osteoclas
Meningkatkan reabsorbsi Ca oleh tubulus ginjal
Gangguan:
Hiper: Osteotis fibrosa cystica (tulang mudah patah)
Hipo: Tetany (kejang-kejang)
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The Parathyroid Hormone
It increases calcium blood levels by
targeting bone and kidneys
1- In bones
[Calcium]
in blood
Parathyroid
hormone is
released by
parathyroid
gland
Stimulates the
osteoclasts to
resorb bone,
releasing calcium
to the blood
[Calcium]
in blood
2- In kidneys
- It increases calcium reabsortion
- It increases formation and
secretion of calcitriol Increases absorption of calcium and
phosphate from the intestines
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Figure 18.15
Figure The Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium
Ion Concentrations
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6. Pankreas
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3. PANKREAS GLAND
Terletak pada pertemuan saluran
empedu dengan usus halus.
Menghasilkan hormone insulin dan glucagon yang berpengaruh terhadap metabolisme CH2O.
Pada sapi, peranan kedua hormon di atas tidak begitu besar, karena sumber energi pada ruminansia lebih penting dari asam lemak terbang (volatile fatty acid).
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PANKREAS GLAND
Terletak pada pertemuan saluran empedu dengan
usus halus.
Menghasilkan hormone insulin dan glucagon yang
berpengaruh terhadap metabolisme CH2O.
Pada sapi, peranan kedua hormone di atas tidak
begitu besar, karena sumber energy pada
ruminansia lebih penting dari asam lemak terbang
(volatile fatty acid).
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The pancreatic islets
Clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas called
Islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets
Alpha cells secrete glucagons
Beta cells secrete insulin
Delta cells secrete GH-IH
F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide
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Pancreas
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Figure 18.18 The Endocrine Pancreas
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Anatomi Pankreas
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Kelenjar Pankreas
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Insulin and glucagon
Insulin lowers blood glucose by increasing the rate of
glucose uptake and utilization
Glucagon raises blood glucose by increasing the rates
of glycogen breakdown and glucose manufacture by
the liver
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HORMON INSULIN
Berperan menurunkan kadar glukosa dalam darah
melalui mekanisme:
Meningkatkan uptake glukosa oleh jaringan
Menginduksi glikogenesis
Menginduksi lipogenesis (trigliserid)
Menginduksi sintesis protein
Menghambat lipolisis sel lemak
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Pancreatic axis
Insulin
β cells secrete due to high blood glucose levels
Glucose uptake into tissues increases
Glucagon
α cells secrete when blood glucose is low
Glucose is released from tissues back into blood
(Figure 9-43)
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Figure The Regulation of Blood Glucose
Concentrations
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Kerja Pankreas
Kadar glukosa tinggi dlm darah rangsangan untuk sekresi insulin.(Terjadi setelah makan, maka insulin tinggi. Disisi lain ketika kadar glukosa darah naik krn tubuh dapatkan glukosa dari pemecahan makanan tsb.
Kekurangan hormon insulin menyebabkan penyakit DM.
Insulin berperan ubah glukosa jadi glikogen menurunkan kadar gula darah.Jika seseorang tidak dapat memproduksi insulin, maka glukosa dalam darah terus bertambah karena glukosanya tidak bisa dirubah menjadi glikogen.
Akibatnya urine yang dikeluarkannyapun mengandung glukosa.
Peningkatan glukosa darah diatas (90mg/100ml) merangsang pankreas sekresi insulin sel –sel targetnya untuk mengambil kelebihan glukosa dari darah. Ketika kelebihan itu telah dikeluarkan atau ketika konsentrasi glukosa turun dibawah titik pasang, maka pancreas akan merespons dengan cara mensekresikan glukagon, yang mempengaruhi hati untuk menaikkan kadar glukosa darah.
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7. Intestine
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The intestines
Produce hormones important to the coordination of
digestive activities
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Intestine
Antrum mukosa lambung menghasilkan hormon
gastrin ke dalam sirkulasi darah. Gastrin
merangsang fundus labung untuk menghasilkan
lebih banyak getah lambung (gastric joice). Asam
lemak yang masuk ke duodenum merangsang sel
mukosa untuk menyekresi hormon enterogastron.
Hormon ini berfungsi menurunkan motilitas lambung
dan memberi kesempatan untuk pencernaan lemak
dalam usus.
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Hormon di intestine
Bolus makanan masuk ke duodenum, merangsang pelepasan hormon polipeptida (sekretin) oleh mukosa doudenum. Sekretin merangsang pankreas untuk memproduksi getah (cairan) yang kaya bikarbonat untuk menetralisir asam dari lambung.
Bolus makanan masuk ke duodenum, merangsang pelepasan hormon polipeptida (sekretin) oleh mukosa doudenum. Sekretin merangsang pankreas untuk memproduksi getah (cairan) yang kaya bikarbonat untuk menetralisir asam dari lambung.
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Hormon pankreozimin juga merangsang pankreas untuk melepaskan enzim-enzimnya ke asinus. Hormon kolesistokinin dihasilkan saat lemak atau asam masuk usus halus.
Kolesistokinin meningkatkan toksisitas lapisan otot kantung empedu sehingga menimbulkan otot spinter duktus koledokus terbuka. Peristaltik duodenum merangsang pengosongan kantung empedu karena setiap gelombang peristaltik akan menghambat spinter Oddi, yang membiarkan tekanan dalam kantong empedu untuk mendorong empedu ke duodenum.
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8. Cor
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The heart
Specialized muscle cells produce natriuretic peptides
when blood pressure becomes excessive
Generally oppose actions of angiotensin II
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Angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II in
the lungs
Stimulates adrenal production of aldosterone
Stimulates pituitary gland release of ADH
Promotes thirst
Elevates blood pressure
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9. Thymus
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The thymus
Produces thymosins
Help develop and maintain normal immune defenses
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10. Kidney/ Ren
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ADRENAL GLAND
Terdiri atas:
Kortek Adrenal, menghasilkan hormon steroid yang dikelompokan menjadi:
Mineralo Kortikoid Hormon (aldosteron).
Glukokortikoid Hormon (kortisol dan kortikosteron).
Hormon kortikoid sangat esensial untuk hidup.
Medula Adrenal, menghasilkan ephineprin dan norephineprin yang disekresikan dalam keadaan stres.
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The kidneys
Produce calcitriol and erythropoietin (EPO) and the enzyme rennin
Calcitriol = stimulates calcium and phosphate ion absorption along the digestive tract
EPO stimulates red blood cell production by bone marrow
Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
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Adrenals
Zona Reticularis
Sex steroids (androgens)
Zona Fasciculata
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Glucose homeostasis and many
others
Zona Glomerulosa
Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
Na+, K+ and water homeostasis
Medulla: “Catecholamines”
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, dopamine
CORTEX
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Figure The Adrenal Gland
Figure 18.16
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Adrenal Glands
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Mineralocorticoids
(Aldosterone)
Glucocorticoids
(Cortisol, Cortisone and
Corticosterone)
Sex hormones
( androgens)
Medulla (It is considered
part of Sympathetic
Autonomic nervous System)
Catecholamines
(Epinephrine and
Norepinephrine)
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Adrenal cortex
Manufactures steroid hormones
(corticosteroids)
Cortex divided into three layers
Zona glomerulosa (produces mineralocorticoids)
Zona fasciculate (produces glucocorticoids)
Zona reticularis (produces androgens)
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Seven adrenocortical hormones are recognized as
secretions of the adrenal cortex.
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CORTISOL DAN GLUKOKORTIKOID
Cortisol menghambat uptake dan penggunaan glukosa pada jaringan perifer kadar glukosa darah meningkat.
Meningkatkan pemecahan protein otot dan trigliserid jaringan lemak substrat untuk glukoneogenesis
Glukokortikoid meningkatkan sintesis hormon glukoneogenic
Meningkatkan kecepatan metabolisme protein ekskresi nitrogen dalam urin meningkat menginduksi enzim dalam siklus urea
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Diagram Representatif Adrenal
Keterangan gambar :
A. Penampang kelenjar adrenal yang menunjukkan penampilan korteks dan medula yang kontras.
B. Pembesaran area kotak-dalam di A yang menunjukkan berbagai tipe sel yang terkait dengan tiga zona korteks.
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Adrenal medulla
Produces epinephrine (~75 - 80%)
Produces norepinephrine (~25-30%)
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Hormon Medula adrenal
Hormon medula adrenal termasuk dalam kelas amina dan dikenal sebagai epinefrin dan nor-epinefrin
Hormon-hormon ini disebut sebagai katekolamin dan berasal dari asam amino tirosin.
Epinefrin disekresikan oleh medula adrenal, tetapi norepinefrin juga disekresikan oleh neuron simpatis post-ganglionik.
Katekolamin memiliki efek metabolisme yang jelas.
Katekolamin juga dikaitkan dengan respons pertarungan atau penerbangan
Dua jenis reseptor dikaitkan dengan katekolamin pengikat
reseptor alfa
stimulasi, kecuali pada otot polos usus tempat mereka dihambat
reseptor beta
penghambatan, kecuali pada otot jantung di mana mereka bersifat stimulasi
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Hormon yang dihasilkan oleh Adrenal
medulla
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HORMON EPHINEFRIN
Meningkatkan produksi dan pelepasan glukosa oleh
hati melalui 2 mekanisme:
1. Stimulasi langsung glikogenolisis hati
2. Mengaktifkan gluconeogenesis di hati
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Three mechanisms of Hypothalamic Control over
Endocrine Function
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands
1- Mineralocorticoides (Aldosterone)
-It increases sodium ion and water reabsortion in kidneys
-It increases potassium secretion in kidneys
Aldosterone secretion is regulated by the renin-angiotencin mechanism
Blood pressure or
plasma solute
concentration
Renin-angiotencin
mechanism
Aldosterone
secretion
2- Glucocorticoids (Corticosterone and Cortisol)
-They help the body to resist stressors
-They depress the immune system and the inflammatory response
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3- Gonadocorticoids or Sex Hormones (Androgens)
-They are masculinizing hormones.
- In females they stimulate sexual drive. After menopause they are converted to
estrogens.
4- Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)
-Blood glucose levels They increase:
-Cardiac activity -Blood pressure
-Glycogen breakdown
-Triglyceride breakdown
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Adrenals
Kidney
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary Gland
ACTH
Stress Circadian
rhythm
CRH
(-)
Glucocorticoids, Catecholamines, etc..
Glucocorticoids, Catecholamines, etc..
Muscle: Net loss of amino Acids (glucose)
Liver: Deamination of
proteins into amino acids,
gluconeogenesis (glucose)
Fat Cells: Free fatty
acid mobilization
Heart rate: Increased
Immune system: altered
Hypothalamopituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
131
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Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys
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Figure Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys
Figure 18.20b
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11. Gonad
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The gonads
Interstitial cells of the testes produce testosterone
Most important sex hormone in males
In females, oocytes develop in follicles
Follicle cells produce estrogens
After ovulation, the follicle cells form a corpus
luteum that releases a mixture of estrogens and
progesterone
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Testes
Sel Leydig (sel interstitial) hormon testosteron:
berperan dalam spermatogenesis dan menstimulus munculnya ciri sex kelamin sekunder
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Testis Testis pada mammalia terdiri dari tubulus yang
dilapisi oleh sel – sel benih (sel germinal), tubulus
ini dikenal dengan tubulus seminiferus.
Testis mensekresikan hormon testosterone yang berfungsi merangsang pematangan sperma (spermatogenesisi) dan pembentukan tanda – tanda kelamin pria, misalnya pertumbuhan kumis, janggut, bulu dada, jakun, dan membesarnya suara.
Sekresi hormon tersebut dirangsang oleh ICTH
yang
dihasilkan oleh hipofisis bagian anterior.
Sewaktu pubertas, hipofisis anterior memproduksi
gonadotrofin, yaitu hormone FSH dan LH.
Se
kresi kedua hormone ini dipengaruhi oleh GnRF
(Gonadotropin Releasing Factor) yang berasal dari
hipotalamus
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OVARIUM
Folikel Hormone Estrogen : tanda-tanda estrus.
Corpus Luteum Hormon Progesteron: mempertahankan kebuntingan
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Ovarium
Merupakan kelenjar kelamin betina yang berfungsi menghasilkan sel telur, hormone estrogen dan hormone progesterone.
Sekresi estrogen dihasilkan oleh folikel de Graaf dan dirangsang oleh FSH
Estrogen berfungsi menimbulkan dan mempertahankan tanda – tanda kelamin sekunder pada wanita, misalnya perkembangan pinggul, payudara, serta kulit menjadi halus.
Progesteron dihasilkan oleh korpus luteum dan dirangsang oleh LH
Progesteron berfungsi mempersiapkan dinding uterus agar dapat menerima sel telur yang sudah dibuahi.
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Perkembangan Ovum di Ovarium
FSH dikeluarkan hipofisis merangsang perkembangan folikel2 di ovarium folikel yg berkembang bisa 1 atau lebih jadi folikel de graaf yg membuat estrogen estrogen menekan produksi FSH hipofisis mengeluarkan hormon kedua yaitu LH.
Produksi hormon LH / FSH dibawah pengaruh Releasing hormone yg
disalurkan hipotalamu ke hipofisis.
Penyaluran RH dipengaruhi mekanisme umpan balik estrogen thdp
hipotalamus.
Produksi hormon gonad (FSH & LH) pematangan dari folikel de graaf yg mengandung estrogen estrogen mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dari endometrium pengaruh LH, folikel de graaf jadi matang sampe terjadi ovulasi setelah ovulasi terjadi, dibentuklah corpus rubrum korpus luteum dbawah pengaruh LH dan LTH (luteotropic hormones)
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Uterus
Mengghasilkan Prostaglandin
Yang berfungsi untuk :
1.Melisiskan Corpus luteum
2. Kontraksi uterus saat partus
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12. Adipose Tissue
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Adipose tissues secrete
Leptin, a feedback control for appetite
Resistin, which reduces insulin sensitivity
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13. Growth Hormone
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Hormones and growth
Normal growth requires the interaction of several
endocrine organs
Six hormones are important
GH
Thyroid hormones
Insulin
PTH
Calcitriol
Reproductive hormones
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Growth Control
Increase cell divisionIncrease protein synthesisIncrease bone synthesis
Somatomedins(IGF1 and IGFII)
Liver Metabolic actions unrelated to growth* Increase fat breakdown* Increase blood glucose
Growth Hormone
Anterior Pituitary
GHRH
Hypothalamus
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Hormones and behavior
Many hormones affect the CNS
Changes in the normal mixture of hormones
significantly alters intellectual capabilities, memory,
learning and emotional states
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Hormones and stress
Stress = any condition that threatens homeostasis
GAS (General Adaptation Syndrome) is our bodies
response to stress-causing factors
Three phases to GAS
Alarm phase (immediate, fight or flight, directed by the
sympathetic nervous system)
Resistance phase (dominated by glucocorticoids)
Exhaustion phase (breakdown of homeostatic regulation and
failure of one or more organ systems)
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Figure The General Adaptation Syndrome
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Figure The General Adaptation Syndrome
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Figure The General Adaptation Syndrome
Figure 18.21
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Macam fungsi hormon yg dihasilkan kelenjar Hipofisis Lobus Anterior & Gangguannya
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BETINA
JANTAN
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Hipofisa PARS INTERMEDIA
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Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
May be secreted by the pars intermedia during fetal
development, early childhood, pregnancy or certain
diseases
Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin
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Hipofisis Pars Media
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Hipofisa Posterior
(Hormon Neurohipofisa)
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HipofisaPosterior
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Neurohipofisis
Bagian kelenjar hipofisis ini berasal dari lanjutan jaringan otak
Hormon yang dihasilkan :
1. Vasopressin (ADH) mengatur kontraksi otot2 arteri kecil sehingga dapat meningkatkan tekanan darah (pituirin) merangsang pipa2 nefron dlm ginjal utk menyerap kembali air yang disaring, shg urine menjadi pekat.
2. Oksitosin mengatur kontraksi otot2 dinding uterus dan pengeluaran air susu
Keduanya dikendalikan oleh nuclei di hipotalamus
Neuroendocrine reflexes
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The posterior lobe of the pituitary
gland (neurohypophysis)
Contains axons of hypothalamic nerves
neurons of the supraoptic nucleus manufacture
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Decreases the amount of water lost at the kidneys
Elevates blood pressure
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The posterior lobe of the pituitary
gland (neurohypophysis)
Neurons of the paraventricular nucleus manufacture
oxytocin
Stimulates contractile cells in mammary glands
Stimulates smooth muscle cells in uterus
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POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND HORMONE
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Posterior pituitary hormones: ADH (AVP) and Oxytocin (hypothalamic hormones)
Both are synthesized in the cell bodies of hypothalamic neurons
ADH: supraoptic nucleus
Oxytocin: paraventricular nucleus
Both are synthesized as preprohormones and processed into nonapeptides (nine amino acids).
They are released from the termini in response to an action potential which travels from the axon body in the hypothalamus
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Posterior Pituitary
ADH- Anti-Diuretic Hormone
Oxytocin
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Structures of ADH and oxytocin
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Cells of the
Posterior Pituitary
• ADH
• Oxitocin
Hypothalamus
Nerve Cells
Superior
hypophyseal artery
Hypophyseal portal
vessels
Capillary
plexus
Posterior
pituitary
Capillary plexus
Preoptic nuclei cell
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Banyak sedikitnya cairan yang masuk dalam sel akan di deteksi oleh
hipotalamus. Jika cairan (plasma) dalam darah sedikit, maka hipofisis akan
mensekresikan ADH untuk melakukan reabsorpsi (penyerapan kembali)
sehingga darah mendapatkan asupan cairan dari hasil reabsorpsi tersebut.
Dengan demikian kadar cairan (plasma) dalam darah dapat kembali seimbang.
Selain itu, karena cairan pada ginjal sudah diserap, maka urinenya kini bersifat
pekat. Jika seseorang buang air kecil terus menerus, diperkirakan hipofisis
posteriornya mengalami gangguan sebab ADH tidak berfungsi dengan baik.
Nama penyakit ini disebut diabetes insipidus.
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Hormones produced by the Hypothalamus and released
by the posterior pituitary
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1. ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH atau VASOPRESIN)
a. Sekresi : Hipotalamus
Hipofisis Posterior Tempat Penyimpanan
b. Efek :
· Menurunkan Volume Urine
· ADH berperan dalam mengatur regulasi air (Menghemat Air
dan Mengatur Tekanan Osmotik Cairan Tubuh, ang berada pada
pulmo, jaringan lemak, feces dan urine )
· ADH pada Konsentasi Sedang dan Tinggi Mempunyai
Pressor Effect VASOPRESIN
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Vasopressin (ADH) Secretion :
Faktor yang dapat menghambat dan pemicu sekresi :
1.Pendarahan
2.Penurunan tekanan darah
3.Rasa sakit, cemas, trauma, dan stress (ADH
meningkat)
4.Obat (Morphine. Nikotine, Tranquilizer)
5.Alkohol (ADH menurun)
Osmolaritas
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Posterior Pituitary (ADH) : Regulation of Osmolality
•Plasma osmolality is monitored by osmoreceptors in the
hypothalamus
•Increases in plasma osmolality stimulates secretion of vasopressin
•Small changes above the normal plasma osmotic pressure (285
mosm/kg) stimulate release of vasopressin
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Osmolality
• Refers to the amount of solutes in a solution
• Loss or gain of water without solutes (free water
gain or loss) changes the osmolality
• Must be regulated to maintain normal cell activity
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Vasopressin Activity
Decreases water excretion by kidneys (V2 receptors)
Constricts blood vessels (V1 receptors)- arteriolar smooth
muscle
Increases adrenocorticortropin hormone (V1B receptors)
secretion from the anterior pituitary
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Pengaruh Hormon pada Keseimbangan
Cairan dan Elektrolit
Menurunnya volume plasma menyebabkan
dikeluarkannya aldosterone yang meningkatkan
reabsorpsi Na+ and H2O oleh ginjal dan tubulus
ginjal.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) dikeluarkan dari pituitary
posterior saat dehidrasi dirasakan oleh osmoreceptor,
kemudian air direabsorbsi oleh ginjal.
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Cairan Ekstrasel Hipertonik
Air Keluar Supraoptic Nuclei (OSMORECEPTOR)
Menkerut & Terangsang
Merangsang Hipofisis Posterior
Sekresi ADH
Meningkatkan Permiabilitas Distal Tubule, Collecting Tubule dan Collecting Ductus
terhadap Air
Reabsorbsi Air
Urine
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Tekanan Darah Rendah (Perdarahan)
Tekanan Atrium Rendah Baroreceptor
- Sinus Caroticus
Stretch Receptor - Aorta
Di Atrium Relaksasi - Sekitar Pulmonal
Sekresi ADH
Vasokontriksi
Tekanan Darah
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Alkohol
Dilatasi Afferen Arteriol Sekresi ADH
GFR (glomerulo filtration rate)
Diuresis
DIABETES (Diuresis : 15 kali/hari)
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OXYTOCIN
FUNGSI : a. Pengeluaran ASI (Milk Ejection = Milk Letdown)
b. Kontraksi Uterus : * Partus
* Fertilisasi Ovum
Alveoli Kelenjar Mamae Myoepithelial
Kontraksi
Oxytocin
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a. Oxytocin: milk ejection from lactating mammary gland
suckling is major stimulus for release.
sensory receptors in nipple connect with
nerve fibers to the spine, then impulses are
relayed through brain to PVN where
cholinergic synapses fire on oxytocin
neurons and stimulate release.
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RANGSANGAN/HISAPAN BAYI PADA PAPILA/AEROLA MAMAE
Medula Spinalis
HIPOTHALAMUS Emosi
Hipofisis Posterior Hipofisis Anterior
Oxytocin Prolaktin Produksi ASI
Myooepithelial Cells GnRH
Kontraksi
MILK EJECTION FSH & LH
0,5-1 menit setelah rangsangan OVULASI
1,5 l/hari
KB
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Calf Stimulation of Mammary
Gland
Hypothalamus
Neuroendocrine Cells
Synthesis of Oxytocin Axons
Oxytocin released
into circulation
Oxytocin stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells for milk letdown
Capillaries
Neural Pathway
to Hypothalamus
Spinal
Cord
Posterior Pituitary
Oxytocin stored in PP,
released into capillaries
Aveoli - Milk production of mammary gland
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b. Oxytocin: uterine contractions
Reflexes originating in the cervical, vaginal and
uterus stimulate oxytocin synthesis and release
via neural input to hypothalamus
Increases in plasma at time of ovulation,
parturition, and coitus
Estrogen increases synthesis and lowers threshold
for release
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GRAVIDITAS
Uterus : Receptor Oxytocin Lebih Peka
Akhir Gravit : Sekresi Oxytocin
Rangsangan/Iritasi/Stretching pada Cervic Uteri, Uterus
dan Vagina Oxytocin PARTUS LANCAR
Hipofisektomi PARTUS LAMA
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RANGSANGAN/IRITASI/STRETCHING
(CERVIC UTERI, UTERUS, VAGINA)
Medula Spinalis
Hipotalamus Emosi
Hipofisis Posterior
Oxytosin
PARTUS POMPA HISAP
1. Bayi
2. Placenta SPERMATOZOA LEBIH
3. Stop Bleeding CEPAT SAMPAI DI TUBAFALLOPII
FERTILISASI
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THANK YOU
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Hormon Utama
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