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University of Adelaide Elder Conservatorium of Music Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Portfolio of Original Compositions in two volumes submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Quentin Stuart David Grant Volume One August 2007

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University of Adelaide

Elder Conservatorium of Music

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences

Portfolio of Original Compositions

in two volumes

submitted in fulfillment

of the requirements for

the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

Quentin Stuart David Grant

Volume One

August 2007

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CONTENTS

Volume One

Abstract………………………………………………………… v

Statement……………………………………………………….. vi

Acknowledgments……………………………………………... vii

Introduction…………………………………………………….. 1

The Compositional Process…………………………………….. 3

Considerations of Form………………………………………… 8

Works and commentary………………………………………… 12

Score: Elegy - on the Death of Robert Schumann……………… 13

Commentary: Elegy - on the Death of Robert Schumann……… 47

Score: Angels…………………………………………………… 53

Commentary: Angels…………………………………………… 72

Score: a greeting from the stars - with dances………………….. 79

Commentary: a greeting from the stars - with dances………….. 95

Score: String Trio No.3………………………………………… 101

Commentary: String Trio No. 3………………………………… 131

Score: to be sung under open sky……………………………….. 137

Commentary: to be sung under open sky……………………….. 255

After-word………………………………………………………. 261

Works Cited……………………………………………………... 264

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CONTENTS

Volume 2: Appendix

Lullaby, 2001……………………………………………………. 1

Haunted Landscape - March, 2003……………………………… 49

String Quartet No.3……………………………………………… 77

the heavens shine - bagatelles for string quartet………………… 103

Irish Songs………………………………………………………. 133

the last words of christ on the cross…………………………….. 161

Trakl Songs……………………………………………………… 181

Psyche…………………………………………………………… 201

Disappearance…………………………………………………… 227

in darkness………………………………………………………. 249

Worklist 1992 - 2007……………………………………………. 281

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CONTENTS

Recordings CD 1 [found in the front inside cover of this volume]

1 Elegy - on the Death of Robert Schumann

Players of the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra,

cond. Nicholas Milton

2 Angels

Leigh Harrold, piano

3 a greeting through the stars - with dances

Langbein String Quartet

4 - 7 String Trio No.3

Michael Milton, Juris Ezergailis and Sarah Denbigh

8 Erster Verlust, from Album für die Jugend, op.68

by Robert Schumann

Rico Gulda, piano

Recordings courtesy of the Australian Broadcasting Commission, except

track 8, copyright Naxos and HNH International.

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CONTENTS

CD 2 [found in the front inside cover of the appendix] 1 Haunted Landscape - March, 2003

Elder Conservatorium Symphony Orchestra,

conductor. Keith Crellin

2 - 4 String Quartet No.3

Langbein String Quartet

5 - 10 the heavens shine - bagatelles for string quartet

Langbein String Quartet

11 - 14 Irish Songs

Emma Horwood, soprano and the Langbein String Quartet

Recordings courtesy of the Australian Broadcasting Commission except

track 2, courtesy of Radio Adelaide.

CD 3 [found in the front inside cover of the appendix]

1 - 7 the last words of christ on the cross

Eve Vocal Ensemble

8 - 10 Trakl Songs

Emma Horwood, soprano, Jamie Cock, piano

11 Disappearance

Settembrini Piano Trio

12 in darkness

Settembrini Piano Trio

Recordings courtesy of the Australian Broadcasting Commission except

track 2 by the Firm.

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Abstract

This submission comprises a portfolio of fifteen original musical works and

an exegesis that comments on five of these works. Recordings of twelve of

the fifteen compositions are included.

These pieces demonstrate an ongoing investigation into structure, and the

discussion will provide an insight into the constant process of

experimentation and consolidation involved in developing such a body of

work.

In the exegesis I open with a general conversation on the compositional

process and then focus on the formal problems inherent in this process. I then

discuss the five scores included in the main volume, looking at how each are

formed, and comparing their formal characteristics. This involves an analysis

of the musical materials and how such materials are treated through

repetition and transformation. I will also look at the aesthetic and stylistic

concerns and how they inform the formal architecture of each work.

An appendix includes the scores of a further ten works, with a brief

introductory commentary on each.

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Declaration

This work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any

other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to

the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously

published or written by another person, except where due reference has been

made in the text.

I give consent to this copy of my thesis, when deposited in the University

Library, being made available in all forms of media, now or hereafter known.

Quentin Grant

September 2007

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Acknowledgements

Thanks to:

The many performers who appear on the included recordings,

Dr Graeme Koehne and Professor Charles Bodman Rae for their supervision

and assistance,

Anna, for being my love,

Arland Gillam, for his love of Mozart,

Clara Bela, for conversations on art, dance and music,

Miranda Rose, for the many books,

Raymond Chapman Smith, for all things musical,

Reger, for his interminable musings on the old masters,

…and to Russell Smith for our many conversations about writing, music, and

the writings of the "bards".

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Introduction

"Will I then have to lose myself in this abyss of freedom?

To what shall I cling in order to escape the dizziness that

seizes me before the abyss of this infinitude? However, I

shall not succumb. I shall overcome my terror and shall

be reassured by the thought that I have the seven notes of

the scale and its chromatic intervals at my disposal, that

strong and weak accents are within my reach, and that in

all of these I possess solid and concrete elements which

offer me a field of experience just as vast as the upsetting

and dizzy infinitude that had just frightened me." 1

Stravinsky

The act of musical composition involves the creating (the gathering and

blending) of musical materials and the process of ordering those materials.

Every composer shares one fundamental structural problem: how to use

sound to span a given period of time. This volume of works and their

accompanying commentaries offer an insight into the methods I have

developed, through my thirty years (twenty years professionally) of

composing and experimenting, to span time with musical materials. Each

piece demonstrates a different solution to the challenge, and shows how I

have attempted to marry poetic content with appropriate structural design.

My presentation begins with some general thoughts on the process of

composition: of the role of the composer and of the listener. I then discuss

what structural and poetic ambitions I hold for my music, and what means I

have to attempt to fulfill these ambitions.

There then follows the heart of this submission, consisting of a portfolio of

five original musical works with each one followed by a commentary on the

piece's composition, structural features and performance.

1 Poetics of Music p.64 (trans. A. Knodel and I. Dahl, Vintage Books, 1947)

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The five works are:

Elegy - on the Death of Robert Schumann: a twelve-minute piece written as a

single movement for string orchestra;

Angels: a single movement work for solo piano of over eighteen minutes;

a greeting through the stars - with dances: a one-movement work of nine minutes

for string quartet;

String Trio No.2: a four-movement work of eighteen minutes for violin, viola

and cello;

to be sung under open sky - a piece of over thirty minutes for orchestra with

soprano soloist, consisting of four songs and three interludes.

The first four of these five works are represented in recorded form on a CD to

be found in a pocket in the inside of the front cover. The intention is that the

reader will also be a listener and play the CD in conjunction with each score.

The final work to be sung under open sky has not yet been recorded and so the

score alone will need to be perused to judge the merits of its content and

structure.

There will then be a brief after-word where I will sum up my thoughts on

form, and will attempt critically to appraise the success or failure of the pieces

in the portfolio on these terms.

An appendix containing a selection of other works written in the years 2001 -

2006 is in the final section of this volume. Two CDs with recordings of these

works can be found in pockets on the inside of the front cover.

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The compositional process

"A child in the dark, gripped with fear, comforts himself

by singing under his breath. He walks and halts to his

song. Lost, he takes shelter, or orients himself with his

little song as best he can. The song is like a rough sketch

of a calming and stabilising, calm and stable, centre in

the heart of chaos. Perhaps the child skips as he sings,

hastens or slows his pace. But the song itself is already a

skip; it jumps from chaos to the beginnings of order in

chaos and is in danger of breaking apart at any moment.

There is always sonority in Ariadne's thread. Or the song

of Orpheus." 2

Deleuze and Guattari

Music is a central part of our social lives, yet its creation is often still

considered to be separate, special and even magical. The choice of music is

considered to be of primary importance in the expression and maintenance of

an individual's personality, while at the same time it is sold as a mass

commodity. Within this world of music there are individuals who work at

the fringe of things, who produce esoteric works much in the way of

philosophers and, like them, are highly regarded by a tiny percentage of the

community but only occasionally make waves in the larger pond. Such is the

place of the contemporary composer of Western art-music.

My work as a composer has included a continual investigation into form, into

ways of shaping sound over time. This internal conversation, ultimately

manifest in a stream of continually emerging compositions, is not only of an

architectural and practical nature, but also has psychological, poetic and

philosophical elements. And its starting place is always the questions: what

is music, and how is it composed? What is entailed in the acts of its creation, of

its performance and, finally, its perception?

2 A Thousand Plateaus p.343 (Translated by Brian Massumi, University of Minnesota

Press, 1987)

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The compositional act can be described or imagined in several different ways.

It could be thought of as a series of events with the transmitter, the composer,

drawing on a vast compendium of musical references (of pitch sequences, key

structures, instrumental colours, and so on) and arranging them to his taste,

transmitting them through the medium of performers, and then relying on a

receptor, the listener, to reference a similar compendium to then make sense

of the work. Alternatively, theorists such as Stephen Davies argue that the

listener hears music as expressive of emotions because we hear the inflexions

and contours of music as copying those of human behaviour and speech.3

Other theorists, such as Derek Maltavers, have posited that the music actually

arouses the given emotion in the listener.4 For others, among them Austrian

philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, music making could be described as the

manifestation by the composer of an abstract series of processes, realized

through sound, and recognized by the listener who then feels stimulated and

satisfied.

Whichever of these theories of music, its transmission and reception may ring

true there is always the question regarding the composer and their own

chosen idea of a listener. Who is their listener? And the conversation equally

or perhaps more important than the one had with the listener, is the one that

a composer has with their peers. This is an essential component in a

composer's search for materials, subject matter, formal solutions and aesthetic

positions. The composer will often choose a circle of influential peers, from

the long dead to the living, and write in answer, in reaction to the works of

those artists. The composer will have approached these artists as a listener,

and so their relationship to their own listeners will already be largely shaped

by these listening experiences. So it could also be said that the listeners are

the composers themselves: they are present both as the creator and the listener.

The forming of a new work will involve a complex amalgam of influences. If

I may use the analogy of a meeting, I could say who and what may be there

as the piece is being formed. There would be certain peers with specific

works in hand; there would be memories of many listening experiences and

memories of other life experiences. There would be spiritual beliefs, un-

3 Davies, Stephen Themes in the Philosophy of Music (Oxford University Press, 2003)

4 Matravers, Derek Art and Emotion (Clarendon Press, 1998)

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namable emotional states, audiences of known and unknown faces, musicians

holding their instruments with their various talents and weaknesses, and the

composer's fingers there with their own means of finding notes and patterns.

There would be a vast array of technical apparatus in the form of scales, rows,

harmonic progressions, rhythmic devices, formal schemes, etc. So these

collections of impulses are all present in one way or another. They have

largely amalgamated into an intuitive process, but many of the different

facets will be arguing and competing as a work is produced.

But through this complicated process the competing elements have to be

accommodated so that the materials and the way that they are handled, the

way that they are shaped to form a satisfying symmetry,5 are given

satisfactory attention.

What is the process of imagination that takes place during the creative act

and what process of imagination takes place during the act of listening? Our

experience of music involves complicated conceptions of movement, space,

time, emotion and memory. One can 'feel' a piece "linger momentarily",

"open into a panoramic peak, fill the hall, reduce to an individual utterance,

hold a moment frozen in time, rally to a conclusion, sit in the air, ebb and

flow, offer great hope, evoke Stalingrad, personify despair, plod like an

elephant, soar to the heights". But these manifest only in the imagination of

the composer and of the listener: the sounds do none of these things as

themselves. To manipulate the materials in this complicated process requires

the composer to be familiar with a vast array of musical devices, mechanisms,

conventions, mannerisms, contrivances and manipulations,

So the task is defined and the challenge made: for the composer to reach into

his or her imagination, into the known or beyond towards nothingness, and

to build a series of utterances that will find a place, through the creative

agency of the performer, in the imagination of the listener. So consideration

cannot be limited only to the pitch, harmonic and rhythmic materials but also

to the way that patterns, schemes, arguments, bridges, collisions, collusions,

are perceived by the listener. The way that a human mind responds to the

shape or form of any structure is a consideration for an artist seeking a way to

5 Beauty resulting from the correct proportion of parts.

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go about building his or her own creations. An attitude then has to be taken,

either intuitively or consciously, on the relationship between the architectural

and poetic aspects of each work and how these become whole in the mind of

the listener.

So the composer has to give him or herself an answer to the question what is a

musical composition each time they produce a work. The answer can vary

from "the sounds you hear around you" as in the case of many works from,

for example, John Cage; to "the improvisation that a certain audience will

make when I give them animal noises to make" as in the case of Australian

composer Benjamin Thorn in his piece Farmyard. And even though the

choices are not likely to be as starkly varying as this it is vital that the

question is somehow addressed to enable a clear and unambiguous answer,

in the form of a completed and coherent composition, to be given every time.

And then: how far back into the world, or to nothingness can a creative

musician reach: is there a point beyond the materials of music that a mind can

reach and find intrinsic elements that can be drawn into the realm of the

known? It is a tantalising question, for we are aware how much the spoken

language has become the very substance of thought, and that to think without

the use of words is a very vague, fleeting and maybe impossible action. But

perhaps in sound we can go closer to musical non-sense while still having the

mental tools of observation and judgment active than we can with the word-

language. Having found an utterance, an idea in those far-flung regions of

sense, how does the composer bring these sound objects into the light and

present them to an audience in a comprehensible and sensible manner?

Having found an utterance that is 'unspeakable' how can the composer use it

to 'speak' to such an audience? He or she will have to find a compromise

position: a way of using the known to evoke the unknown; the seen to evoke

the unseen. This is the essence of the contract between a composer and their

audience, and one that became increasingly problematic over the course of

the first sixty years of the 20th Century (and remains at the heart of the

'culture wars' still raging between composers of different stylistic

persuasions). It is the composer who sets the groundwork for the sound-

journey, but it is in the imagination of the listener that the piece will

ultimately live or not. Roger Scruton succinctly sums it up:

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“Our response to music is a sympathetic response: a

response to human life, imagined in the sounds we hear.

However, in the absence of representation there is no

precise object of sympathy - neither an imaginary human

subject, nor a situation perceived through his eyes. The

life in music belongs in the musical process, abstract,

indeterminate, unowned except through the act whereby

we listeners possess it.”6

Roger Scruton

It is this sympathy that the composer is hoping to co-opt for this last, vital

part of the compositional process: the moment when a work is listened to.

But only a work that satisfies several demands (formal, aesthetic, stylistic)

will draw a listener fully into the experience.

The task of transforming musical sounds into a fully formed and intelligible

statement that functions sensibly over a given duration is at the heart of a

composer’s work, and is a continuing and fascinating challenge. A

conversation on the subject could refer to a great many things: to the

psychology of music, to information theory (the study of how information is

transferred from a sender to a receiver), to rhetoric, to semiotics, to semantics,

and numerous other facets.

For the purposes of this paper I have pursued this investigation along purely

musical grounds, and the music under discussion sits squarely in the Western

art-music tradition. My inquiry will be limiting itself to a discussion of the

basic and aurally obvious elements that contribute to the architectural sense

of each piece of music. I believe these macro elements to be of paramount

importance to the structural integrity of music, and that close attention to the

micro materials is only useful once their utility is ascertained in relation to the

macro elements.

6 The Aesthetics of Music (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1997) p.355

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Considerations of form

“All our knowledge starts with the senses, proceeds from

thence to understanding, and ends with reason, beyond

which there is no higher faculty to be found in us for

elaborating the matter of intuition and bringing it under

the highest unity of thought.”

Immanuel Kant7

“Used in an aesthetic sense, form means that a piece is

organised; i.e. that it consists of elements functioning like

those of a living organism.

Without organisation music would be an amorphous

mass, as unintelligible as an essay without punctuation,

or as disconnected as a conversation which leaps

purposelessly from one subject to another.

The chief requirements for the creation of a

comprehensible form are logic and coherence. The

presentation, development and interconnection of ideas

must be based on relationship. Ideas must be

differentiated according to their importance and

function.”

Arnold Schönberg8

I will open with my three central ambitions as regards musical form:

Firstly, and most basically: I want the listener to feel that, throughout the

length of a work that they are in fact listening to the same work throughout,

that the piece has the quality of wholeness;

Secondly, I want the listener to know where they are in the work as it

7 Critique of Pure Reason, (translated by Norman Kemp Smith, Palgrave

Macmillan, 1929) p. 300 6 Fundamentals of Musical Composition (ed. Strang and Stein, Faber and Faber,

1967) p.1

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progresses, that it feels balanced and symmetrical;

Thirdly, I will want my formal scheme to support the poetic impetus of the

work.

How I approach writing music from the perspective of these three ambitions

will form the following content of this paper.

Wholeness

My first stated aim may seem like an elemental and modest one, but one that

presents the primal challenge of the creative act.

What are the ties that bind in a musical work? What can a composer use to

assure a listener that the same piece is being played? The most obvious

device is continuity of sounds - that is all the sound between two lengthy

silences constitutes a single entity. Then there is the quality of association,

where the simple proximity of sounds will cause the listener to associate

them as being related and so project a notion of wholeness upon the work.

But these are not satisfactory within themselves: composers would like to

think that a listener could be absent for part of a piece yet still recognize its

qualities of wholeness and integrity.

So, to further this ambition, I need to have an awareness of style, and

maintain a consistent style for the length of a work. If contrasting styles are

used within a work they will need to be reconciled: either through mixing or

through a meeting through one or all the styles transforming towards each

other. I will also need to use sufficient repetition of recognizable material,

and to limit my materials and to connect these materials motivically.

Contrasting material will need be appear to be as different from the primary

material as possible and yet be related in some way. And there is the quality

of timbre manifest through instrumentation - a continuity of sound qualities

that also serves to bind the whole.

A well-known amateur composer wrote:

“In art, the criterion of success is twofold: first, works of

art must be able to integrate layers of material and details

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into their immanent law of form; and, second, they must

not try to erase the fractures left by the process of

integration, preserving instead in the aesthetic whole the

traces of those elements which resisted integration.”9

While I agree with the first supposition, I differ on the second, and build

works with the intention of erasing such fractures and traces of the material's

derivation. The only scars I want to show in my music are the ones I've

purposely created.

Symmetry

Secondly, I want the listener to know where they are in the work as it

progresses, and that, for him or her, the beginning feels like a beginning, the

middle feels like a middle, and that there is a feeling of progression through

to an ending that functions as an ending. I hope to establish a satisfying

symmetry within a work, to control its scale and proportion. This requires a

balance of ideas over the duration so that no part of the whole will have

seemed to have appeared and disappeared too quickly, or continued for too

long. When manipulating the musical materials I need establish a scale of

hierarchies so that all the ingredients, from the most important down to the

least significant, receive their just weighting. I want a listener to feel that a

flow has been established that can allow for changes in tempo, in increases

and decreases in the amount of information, that can have pauses or rushes -

yet never a misjudged faltering in the movement of the music through time.

While I need to use repetition to bind the whole I need to give certain

repetitions the function of providing forward momentum by developing

them. Contrasting material will need to be reconciled in some way: through

destruction or amalgam.

"Thus, repetition, control of variation, delimitation and

subdivision regulate the organization of a piece in its

entirety, as well as in its smaller units." 10

9 Adorno, Aesthetic Theory as quoted in: Paddison, Max, Adorno's Aesthetics of

Music (Cambridge University Press, 1993) p. 149 10

Schönberg, Fundamentals of Musical Composition, p.58

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Poetic demands

Thirdly, I will want my formal scheme to support the poetic impetus of the

work. So I will choose the form to match the subject: for example: flat, plateau

forms to support calm, meditative ideas; short, sharp, undeveloped

movements with abrupt changes and endings to reflect dark and violent

ideas.

I work in a number of styles, and will often write a piece in one style and the

following in a contrasting style, thus enabling me to continually 'refresh' my

musical pallet. (I will not be touching on the more generic and popular music

that I write for film, theatre or performance). This is not to say that all my

pieces can be listed so distinctly, but it is a general idea of my approach.

One style I use is atonal and expressionistic with which I like to address dark

and violent ideas. It has its influences in the music of Berg, popular grunge

music, the writing of de Sade, Rimbeau, Georges Bataille and George Trakl,

and the art of Anselm Kiefer. Here I will use atonal or polytonal and

dissonant pitch and harmonic material, urgent and driving rhythmic

material. There are frequent references to popular song and dance forms, but

with harshly mutated or grossly over-sentimentalised treatments.

A second style, in contrast and relief from the first, is a more serene and

spacious, you could say "clean", style - more tonal or modal, and influenced

by the eastern European orthodox styles as used by (for example) Arvo Pärt

and Henryk Gorecki, and the quite Buddhist music of fellow Australian

David Kotlowy. The poetic impulses to pieces in this style are more spiritual

and contemplative in nature.

The third style could be called "Neo-romantic" with references to the subject

matter and musical materials favoured by the romantic composers, especially

Schubert, Schumann and Mahler; and often reference to writers in the lyrical

tradition: from Novalis to Hermann Hesse, to Rilke, to George Trakl (again)

and Paul Celan, and artists such as Casper David Friedrich.

So in contemplating the construction of a new piece of music I will be finding

the material and the form that best suits the poetic scene, feeling, picture,

atmosphere that I am trying to create.

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3. Works and commentary

I will begin with the three single movement works in this portfolio, and will

be making comparisons between the formal solutions that have been

explored and tested in each case. I will then look at the two multi -

movement works and discussing how I have handled these different formal

challenges.

In each case I am presenting the score before the commentary and encourage

the reader to follow the scores and listen to the recordings before proceeding

to the comments. Each of the works has a recording with the exception of the

large orchestral song cycle to be sung under open sky.

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Elegy - On the Death of

Robert Schumann

for string orchestra

Dein goldness Kaat, Margarethe, Anselm Kiefer

Quentin SD Grant

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Elegy - On the Death of Robert Schumann

Quentin Grant Sept., 2000

Notes

- string orchestra of minimum 3,3,2,2,1

- To be played espressivo throughout

- Accidentals carry for the bar in which they occur

unless subsequently altered.

- Where odd numbers of a part are divided, the upper

part to take the larger number of players (unless, for

reasons of balance, the director decides otherwise).

- All grace notes are to be played before the beat.

- Tremolo and flutter tonguing are indicated by three

dashes on the stem: not to be played as demi-

semiquavers.

- Hairpins (crescendos and decrescendos) indicate

an increase/decrease of one dynamic degree

unless otherwise marked.

- Duration c. 12 minutes

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Viola

Violoncello

Double bass

Violin 1

Violin 2

q»¶™œ#Fœ œ# Œœ#

div. Fœ œ# Œœ#Fœ œ# Œ

œ#F˙ Œ

œdiv. F

œ œ Œ

œFœ œ Œ

œ# .˙#œ# ˙# œ œn -

œ# ˙# œ œn -

œ# .˙

œ .˙

œ .˙

wUp

wUp

œ .-U

wUp

∑œ- œ .U

pwU

p∑U

q»ª§piú mosso

Jœsolo

Jœπ‰

œ# œ# œ# œ

Jœπ‰ Œ

.œ# Jœ#

‰ jœsolo

p œ

Œ œ# -solo

p∑

.œ Jœ#

‰ Jœ œ

Œ œ# -

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8 .œ# Jœ

‰ jœ œ

Œ œ# -

œ œ œ# œ

‰ jœ# œ œ

Œ œ# -

œ œ œ# œ#‰ jœ# - œŒ œ œ#∑

.œ# jœ#∑

‰ jœ# œ#

œ# .œ Jœ

œ# - .œ ‰

‰ Jœ# ˙

Œ ˙#solo

pŒ ˙#

pizz.tutti

p

œ# œ# 3œ# Jœ

.œ π‰

.œ# Jœ#

‰ jœ œ

Œ œ#

Elegy, page 1

17

Elegy - On the Death of Robert SchumannQuentin SD Grant

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15 .œ Jœ#

œ# œn œbP∑

˙

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œ œ#

Œ ˙

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q»••poco meno mosso

.˙tutti

fœ#

.˙tutti: div.

.˙#fŒ

œ#tutti: div.

fœ œn .œ# Jœn

w#fœ# ¯

tutti: div.fœ œ œ

œ# <arco

f œ< œ< œ<w#pizz.

f

˙#port. œ œ#

˙# Jœ ‰

˙n jœ ‰.œ Jœ# œ œ

˙# Jœ ‰

œ# œ .œ œ œ

œ# < œ< œ<.˙#

˙ œ# œ

˙ œ# Œ

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w#

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20 .˙#port. Œ.˙# Œ

.˙n œœ œ# .œ Jœ œ œ

˙# œ œ œ

œ# ¯ œ œ .œ œ œ

œ# < œ< œ< œ<

.˙ œ#

.˙ œ#

œ# œn .œ# Jœn œ œ#

w#

œ# ¯ œ œ œ .œ œ

œ# < œ< <

.˙ œ#

.˙ œ#

œn œ# œ œ œ œ

œ# œn ˙# œ œn

œ# œ .œ ˙ œ

œ# < .<

œ# .œ Jœ

œ# .œ ‰

œ ˙

œ ˙

œ ˙œ# ˙

œ# Œ Œ

œ# œ# œ#soloŒ

œ œ#soloŒ

œ Œ Œ

œ Œ Œ

œ Œ Œ

œ# Œ Œ

œ Œ Œ

œ# Œ Œ

∑Elegy, page 2

18

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26 œtutti

p Jœ ‰ Œ

œtutti: div.

pjœ ‰ Œ

œpjœ ‰ Œ

œp Jœ ‰ Œ

œp Jœ ‰ Œ

œpjœ ‰ Œ.˙(pizz.)

p

œ Jœ ‰ Œ

œ jœ ‰ Œ

œ jœ ‰ Œ

œ Jœ ‰ Œ

œ Jœ ‰ Œ

œ jœ ‰ Œ.˙

˙ ˙F

˙ F˙ F˙ ˙#F˙ ˙#F˙ F∑

œPœ Jœ ‰

œPœjœ ‰

œPœjœ ‰

œPœ Jœ ‰

œPœ Jœ ‰

œP œjœ ‰

œp Jœ ‰ Œ

œpjœ ‰ Œ

œpjœ ‰ Œ

œp Jœ ‰ Œ

œp Jœ ‰ Œ

œpjœ ‰ Œ.˙

˙ ˙

˙ ˙

˙ ˙

˙ ˙#

˙ ˙#

˙ ˙∑

.˙Fœ

wF

œ œ œF œ# ˙

œ .˙#F

w Fw F∑

.œ Jœ#p

.œ ‰p

˙ p.œ ‰p∑

œ p‰ jœ#∑

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34 Ó Œ ‰ Jœsolo

F.œ#tutti

Jœ .œ Jœ

‰ jœtutti

œ ‰ jœ jœ# ‰

‰ JœNpœ ‰ Jœ Jœ ‰

.œ# jœ .œ jœw#(pizz.)

P

œ# ‰ Jœ# œ ‰ Jœ

.œ# Jœ .œ Jœ

‰ jœ œ ‰ jœ œ œ#

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ œ

.œ# jœ .œ jœ

w#

œ# œ# œ# .œ œ#>œ> Œ.œ# Jœ. .œ Jœ

‰ jœ œ ‰ jœ jœ# ‰

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ Jœ ‰

.œ# jœ. .œ jœw#

œ# œœ œ œ# œ# œ œn œn

.œn Jœn .œ Jœ

‰ jœ œ ‰ jœ œ œ#

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ œ

.œ# jœ .œ jœ∑

Elegy, page 3

19

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38 œ# œ# .œ# œ# œn œn œ œb.œ Jœ. .œ Jœ.

‰ jœ œ ‰ jœ# jœ# ‰

‰ jœ œ ‰ jœ jœ ‰

.œ# jœ. .œ jœ.∑

œ œ# .œ œ œ# œn .œ œ

.œ Jœ .œ Jœ

‰ jœ# œ ‰ jœ œ

‰ jœ œ ‰ jœ œ

.œn jœ .œ jœ∑

œ#f˙ œ

.œF Jœ ˙

‰ jœnF œ‰ jœ œ œ

‰ jœbF œ‰ jœ œ œ

.œFjœb ˙∑

œ#p˙ œ

f.œp Jœ .œ Jœ# .F‰ jœp œ

‰ jœ œ œF‰ jœbp œ

‰ jœ œ œF.œpjœb .œ jœ# .F

Ó Œ ‰ Jœ#P

∑œ#p‰ Jœ .œ Jœ

‰ jœp œ‰ jœ jœ# ‰

‰ Jœpœ ‰ Jœ Jœ ‰

œ#p‰ jœ .œ jœ.˙# ‰ jœ#

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43 Ó Œ ‰ JœF

œ# ‰ Jœ .œ Jœ

‰ jœ œ ‰ jœ jœ# ‰

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ Jœ ‰

œ# ‰ jœ .œ jœ

w#

Jœ# œ# Jœn œn œ œ œ.œ# Jœ .œ Jœ.

‰ jœ œ ‰ jœ jœ# ‰

‰ Jœpizz.

Pœ# ‰ Jœ Œ

‰div.

Jœ œ ‰ Jœ Jœ ‰

.œ# jœ .œ jœ.w#

.œ# œ œ# .œnJœ#

œb ‰ jœ .œ Jœ

‰ jœ œ ‰ jœ jœ# ‰

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ Œ

‰ Jœ# œ ‰ Jœ Jœ ‰

œb ‰ jœ# .œ jœwb

œ œ# ‰ Jœ œ# œ œ# .œ œ#

.œb jœ .œ Jœ

‰ jœ œ ‰ jœ jœ# ‰

‰ Jœ# œ# ‰ Jœ Jœ ‰

‰ Jœ# œ ‰ Jœ Jœ ‰

.œn jœ# .œ jœ∑

œ# œ œ# œœ œ#

œ ‰ jœ œ ‰ Jœ

‰ jœb œ ‰ jœ œ

œ# Œ œ œ

‰ Jœn œ ‰ Jœ œ

œ ‰ jœ# œ ‰ jœb∑

Elegy, page 4

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f

˙ œ

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‰ jœnF œ œ< œ# <œF

Œ Ó

‰ JœFœ œ# ¯ œ

œF‰ jœ œb < œb <∑

œ ˙ œp

œ ‰ jœ œ œp‰ jœdiv.

œ œ œ#p‰ jœ œ œ œ# pœ œ Ó

‰ Jœ# œ# œ œ œpœb < ‰ jœb œ œp

œF sub.

œ- œ- œ-

œFsub.

œ- œ- œ-

œFsub.

œ- œ- œ-

.˙n>F pœarco

Fsub.

œ- œ- œ-

œF sub.

œ- œ- œ-

œF sub.

œ- œ- œ-

.˙f

œ œ- œ œ

œ œ- œ œ

œ œ- œ œ

œFœ- œ œ

œ œ- œ œ

œ œ- œ œ

œ œ- œ œ.˙

˙# ˙

˙# ˙

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53 œ œ œ- œ-

œ œ œ- œ-

œ œ œ- œ-

.˙n>œ œ œ- œ-

œ œ œ- œ-

œ œ œ-œ-

.˙P

œ- œ œ œ

œ- œ œ œ

œ- œ œ œ

œ- œ œ œœ- œ œ œœ- œ œ œ

œ- œ œ œ.˙

˙# .œ JœFsolo

˙# .œ ‰

˙# ˙

˙# ˙˙ ˙#˙ ˙#

˙ ˙∑

œ# œ# œ œn .œ# Jœn

˙ π‰ jœ

solo

Fjœ ‰

Ó Œ Jœ#solo

F‰

∑∑

œ# œn œ œ œ# œ# œ# œ

∑œ œ# œ œ#

∑∑

∑∑

Elegy, page 5

21

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58 ˙ œ# œn œ# œn

˙ œ œ

‰ jœ œ œ Ó

œ œ œ# œ# .œ Jœ

œ# œ# œn œ .œ Jœ#

Ó ‰ œ jœ

œ# œ# .œn Jœ œ œ#

œn œ œ œ# œn

.œn Jœ œ# œ

œ œ œ œ# œ# œn œ œn

.œ Jœ# œ œ#

œ# œn œ œ# œn œ# œ∑

&

&&

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63 .˙pŒ

.˙n pŒ

‰ jœtutti

p ˙Œ

œtutti

Pjœ# ‰ ˙∑

œtutti: div.

Pjœ# ‰ ˙

œP œ ˙œbPjœ ‰ ˙

œPjœ ‰ ˙

œ œ# jœ ‰ ˙∑

œ œ# jœ ‰ ˙

œb œ œ ˙

œ œ jœb ‰ ˙

œb œ jœb ‰ ˙b

œ œb œ œb

œ œb œ œb œ œb

œb œ ˙b

œ# ˙œn ˙b

œndiv.

œb œ ˙n

œn œb œ œn œ œ# œ#œ œb œ ˙n

œn œ ˙

œn œ ˙œ œb ˙

&

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68 œn œn jœ# ‰ ˙nœn œn jœ# ‰ ˙n

œn jœ ‰ œb œb œb œb

œ jœ ‰ ˙bœ jœ ‰ ˙œb jœb ‰ ˙

œ# œ jœ ‰ ˙œ# œ jœ ‰ ˙

œ#P œ œ ˙œ# œ œ ˙œ œ jœb ‰ ˙

œn œ jœ ‰ ˙#∑

œ#solo

F œœ œ# œ œ œn œ#

.œbsolo

Fjœn œ œ# œ∑∑

œ œ œn œ# ˙b

œ# œ ˙

∑∑

Uπ ŒU œ#tutti

f∑

Uπ ŒU œ#

tutti: div.

fÓU ŒU œ#

fÓU ŒU Œ

ÓU ŒU Œ

ÓU ŒU ŒElegy, page 6

22

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73 œport.˙ œ#

œ ˙ Œ

.˙# Œ

œ#tutti: div.

fœ œn .œ# Jœn

w#fœ#

tutti: div.

fœ œ- œ

œ#fœ œ- œ

w#f(pizz.)

œ# ˙ œ#

œ# ˙ Jœ ‰

˙n jœ ‰ Œ

œ œ# œ œ œ œ

.˙ Jœ ‰

œ# œ .œ œ œ- œ

œ# œ .œ œ œ- œ

.˙# Œ

œ œ ‰ Jœ# œ

œ œ ‰ Jœ# Œ

.˙# Œ

œ# œ œn œ œ œ

w#

œ# œ œ- œ

œ# œ œ- œœ#arco

fœ œ- œ

.˙#port. œ#F

.˙# œ#F

.˙n œœ œ# .œ Jœ œ œ

˙ œ œ œ

œ# œ œ .œ œ- œ

œ# œ œ- œœ# œ œ- œ

.˙ œ#

œ œ# œ œ œ œ#

œ#P‰ Jœ .œ Jœ

‰ JœPœ ‰ Jœ Jœ# ‰

‰ JœPœ ‰ Jœ Jœ# ‰

‰ JœFœ ‰ Jœ Jœ ‰

œ#F

‰ jœ .œ jœœ#F

‰ Jœ .œ Jœ

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78 œ# ˙ .œ œ

œ# œn œ œ œ œ# .œ œ

œ ‰ Jœ .œ# jœ

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ œ œ#

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ œ

œ# ‰ jœ .œ jœœ# ‰ Jœ .œ Jœ

œ ˙ .œ# œ

œ ˙ .œ# œ

.œ# Jœ .œ Jœ

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ Jœ# ‰

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ Jœ ‰

.œ# jœ .œ jœ

.œ# Jœ .œ Jœ

œ# ˙ ‰ Jœ

œ# ˙ ‰ Jœ#

œn ‰ Jœ œ# œ

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ œ œ#

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ œ

œ# ‰ jœ .œ jœœ# ‰ Jœ .œ Jœ

Jœ# . ‰ ‰ Jœ# Jœn . ‰ œ œ

Jœn . ‰ ‰ Jœ Jœ# . ‰ œ œ

.œn Jœ .œ Jœ

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ# Jœ# . ‰

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ Jœ ‰

.œ# jœ œ ‰ jœ

.œ# Jœ .œ Jœ

œ# œ .œ JœFœ# œ œ œ œ œ jœ ‰

.œ Jœ .œ Jœ

‰ Jœ# œ ‰ Jœ œ

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ œ

.œn jœ .œ jœ

.œn Jœ .œ Jœ

Elegy, page 7

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83 Jœ. ‰ ‰ Jœ œ# œ# œn

Jœ# .F‰ ‰ Jœ œn œ œ#.œ Jœ. ˙

‰ Jœn œ ‰ Jœ œ œ

‰ Jœb œ ‰ Jœ œ œ

.œ jœb . ˙

.œ Jœb . ˙

œ# œn .œ Jœ#

œ# œ# .œ Jœ#.œ Jœ. .œ Jœ# .

‰ Jœdiv.

œ ‰ Jœ œ œ.

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ œ œ.

‰ Jœb œ ‰ Jœ œ œ

.œ jœb . .œ jœ# .

.œ Jœb .œ Jœ#

Jœ# . ‰ Œ Ó Jœ#pizz.

Jœ# . ‰ Œ Ó Jœ#pizz.

œ# ‰ Jœ .œ Jœ

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ Jœ#. ‰

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ Jœ#. ‰

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ Jœ. ‰œ# ‰ jœ .œ jœœ# ‰ Jœ .œ Jœ

Œ Œ ‰ Jœarco

œ#Œ Œ ‰ Jœ

arcoœ#

œ# ‰ Jœ .œ Jœ

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ Jœ#. ‰

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ Jœ#. ‰

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ Jœ. ‰œ# ‰ jœ .œ jœ

Ó Œ jœ#pizz.

Jœ# .‰ ‰ Jœ# Jœn.‰ ‰ Jœ

œ# œ# œ# œ Jœ# ‰ ‰ Jœ

.œ# Jœ .œ Jœ

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ Jœ#. ‰

‰ Jœ Jœ# ‰ ‰ Jœ Jœ. ‰

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ Jœ. ‰.œ# jœ .œ jœ

w#

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88œ# œ#‰ Jœ œn œ# œ œn

œ# œ# œ# œ .œ# Jœn

œb ‰ jœ .œ Jœ

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ Jœ# . ‰

‰ Jœ Jœ ‰ ‰ Jœ Jœ# . ‰

‰ Jœ# œ ‰ Jœ Jœ.‰

œb ‰ jœ# .œ jœœbarco

‰ Jœ# .œ Jœ

œn œ œb œ œ# œn

œn œ œn œ œ œ#

.œb jœ. .œ. Jœ

‰ Jœ œ ‰ Jœ Jœ# . ‰

‰ Jœ# Jœ# ‰ ‰ Jœ Jœ. ‰

‰ Jœ# œ ‰ Jœ Jœ. ‰.œn jœ# . .œ. jœ.œn Jœ# . .œ. Jœ

œ# ˙ œ

œ ˙# œn

œ ‰ jœ œ ‰ Jœ

‰ Jœb œ ‰ Jœ œ

‰ Jœ# Jœn ‰ ‰ Jœ œn œ

‰ Jœn œ ‰ Jœ œ

œ ‰ jœ# œ ‰ jœbœ ‰ Jœ# œ ‰ Jœb

œ#p˙ œ-

Fœp ˙# œn -F.œp Jœn œ- œ-F‰ Jœnpœ œ œ#

F‰ Jœ#pJœ ‰ ‰ Jœ Jœn

F‰

‰ Jœpœ œ# - œ-

Fœp‰ jœ œb - œb -Fœ

p‰ Jœ œb - œb -

F

œ#p˙ œ-

Fœp ˙# œ# -Fœp‰ jœ œ- œ-F

‰ Jœpœ œ œ#

F‰ Jœp Jœ# ‰ ‰ Jœ Jœn

F‰

‰ Jœ#pœ# œ œ- œ-

Fœbp‰ jœb œ- œ-Fœb

p‰ Jœb œ- œ-

FElegy, page 8

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œ#soloœ œ œn Jœ# œ# Jœn

rall.œ œ œ# œ# œn œ œ#œ# œn œ œ œ#

violin solo,liberamente

˙n œUp espress.

œ#U

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tempo

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Œ 3‰ œsolo

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.>

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Elegy, page 9

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Elegy, page 10

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Elegy, page 11

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Elegy, page 12

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Elegy, page 13

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Elegy, page 14

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Elegy, page 15

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.˙ œ

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˙ .œ jœ.˙ œ

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w#

∑3

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PElegy, page 16

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div.

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Elegy, page 17

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∑Elegy, page 18

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∑Elegy, page 19

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1. Elegy - on the Death of Robert Schumann - Commentary

“Goethe once set himself the question, ‘what danger hangs over

all romanticists; the fate of romanticists?‘ His answer was: ‘To

choke over the rumination of moral and religious absurdities.’’’ 11

This piece for string orchestra uses as its starting point a quote from a

Schumann piano piece, 'Erster Verlust' (First Loss) - from his Album for the

Young, Op.60. As the use of the quote would suggest, the work sits in the

neo-romantic part of my output. It is written as an elegy, a song of

lamentation, for the composer Schumann, but it is, of course, a lament for all

our varied dying. It was first performed by a string orchestra made up of

members of the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Nicholas

Milton (this is the performance on the accompanying CD).

Also on the accompanying CD I have given a performance of Erster Verlust in

order for the reader to hear the origin of the quote in full. You will hear that a

portion of the first section of the Schumann is quoted in its clearest from the

15" mark, bar 4, in my piece, and a fragment of the second section used at the

section beginning at 9'24" or bar 202.

This is what English composer Robin Holloway has said about the way he

relates to music from the past:

"I don't think its so much the link with the past, I think its just a

link with music at large, all music - some of which is past - a lot

of which is past. It is not seeking for historical epochs that are

maybe more attractive or genial or lovely - its just not wanting

to be divorced from this great ocean of music with all its

incredible variety and richness … down many centuries. I don't

want to be outside of that ocean - I want to be in that huge

thing, and that means being in contact with it."

Robin Holloway, British composer of Scenes from Schumann, discussing his use of quotation.12

11

Nietzsche, Fredrich, The Case of Wagner (trans. Antony Ludovici, pub.T.N.Foulis,

1911) 12

Andrew Thomas, interview for Composition Today (April 2006)

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I have a similar attitude and look at the work of the composers of the past

centuries as being living art, and art that I will have a relationship with. I will

listen to it, I will respond to it, and I will use it in the building of my own

works.

Having taken a musical quote, and one that is so pregnant with association

and context for an art-music listener, I have immediately set myself several

problems. How can I remain true to my quoted material and yet write a piece

for my era? How can I use a piece of tonal material but then move into areas

of more dissonant and atonal material? What expressive qualities will such

movement imply, and how do I find reconciliation between the areas of

stylistic contrast? To this end I began tinkering with various types of material

and various treatments of my chosen theme. I finally settled on a style of

'dissonant tonality' for the work: that is, the underlying harmonic movement

is very conventional and would not be out of place in a piece of Schumann,

but it is consistently coloured with dissonant added notes, especially the

minor ninth and the major seventh, and by 'spilling' tonal triads over one

another. For example the tonic and dominant (with minor 9th) are frequently

played across each other, i.e. E - G - B and B - D#- F#- C to give E-F#-G-B-C-

D#. By using this sort of material the quote does not seem ill fitting or

forced, and the music can move to and from the quote without interrupting

the flow. It gives me the flexibility to move between sections of unadorned

tonality through to dissonant atonality with fluency and ease. Ideally the

listener should not even notice what is quotation and what is new. They

should not feel uncomfortable about the mixture of dissonant and consonant

materials side by side, and will only feel the tonal sections as being less tense,

and the atonal containing more tension. The process could be likened to that

of using a filter to blur and distort the original romantic material, much in the

way painter Anselm Kiefer will distort traditional landscapes, or German

composer Hans Werner Henze "filtered" Wagner, Brahms et al in his 1973

work for tape and orchestra, Tristan. Importantly I want to avoid pastiche.

The work is over thirteen minutes in duration and thus quite long for a single

movement and, of course, the longer the duration the more difficult it is to

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build a coherent formal structure. Every composer struggles with the fact

that "man's mental limitations prevent him from grasping anything which is

too extended."13

So to the first of my ambitions, that of getting the listener to feel that they are

in the same piece throughout, especially with the challenge of using

stylistically contrasting material: how have I handled the material in the

Elegy to try and achieve this?

My solution here has been to limit the motivic material throughout the work:

areas of both tonal and atonal texture are linked through insistent use of

certain motivic cells. My motivic material, which is all drawn from the

Schumann piece, is concentrated on two motivic elements from his work: that

of the falling fourth, and the semitone which, again, is usually falling. I have

obsessively used these two elements throughout the duration of the piece

giving it, I hope, the cohesiveness I want. In writing the work in some cases I

produced sketches of attractive material that I liked, but on consideration

decided that they were not similar enough to the rest of the piece. So I had

three options: I could put in this material and risk losing cohesiveness, or I

could throw it away. But I often took the third option - I made superficial

changes to this material using the fourth and the semitone to make it appear

that these ideas were drawn from the same well as all the rest of the piece. It

can often take very little to trick the listening ear into thinking that a work is

consistent and has integrity: just minute alterations like this can often be

enough.

I have repeated certain essential sections intermittently through the 13:30

minutes (a greater degree of repetition then I would use in a piece that did

not have such stylistic variation). For example the opening 10 seconds is

repeated either literally or in close variation starting at about 1', at about 2', 6',

11' and then at 13' to end the piece.

13

Schönberg, Fundamentals of Musical Composition, p.2

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50

Broader melodic elements, coming from the Schumann, are constantly

reiterated and varied (with sections of varying length): more obviously so

starting at 10:00 (b.4), 1:26 (b.34), 2:30 (b.56); 4:10 (b.87), 8:56 (b.187).

So just looking at these obvious signposts and how they are spread over the

13:30 minutes will show that the listener is getting a constant reminder of just

which piece they are in: the varied repeats of the opening section and varied

repeats of the recognisable melody give the listener continuity markers, after

their opening appearances, starting at roughly the 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 4:00,

6:00, 9:00, 11:00, 13:00 minute marks (they are roughly alternated).

Next, to my second formal ambition: that of wanting the listener to know

where they are in the work as it progresses, in being able to locate themselves

in the work, and to feel as if the flow of the work, with its ebbs and rushes,

does not falter, that they feel the piece has balance and symmetry.

The opening moves through, in rapid succession, a number of different

musical incidents or characters: it jumps around quickly between elements.

This can reinforce a feeling of beginning - much in the same way as the

literary device of jumping between a number of characters and scenes is often

used to open a novel or film. After this initial period of unsettled movement

it then moves into more settled, longer passages, with a sustained argument

by the solo first violin at the 1:30 mark acting as a focusing moment for the

listener. The answer to that meditative violin argument by the entire

ensemble (3:25) leaves the listener in no doubt that they are in the piece

proper and that a momentum has been developed that necessitates an answer

or resolution in the latter stages of the work. This controlling of the energy

and momentum is a vital part of situating the listener in a work: creating

anticipation and then leading the listener through a journey to eventual

resolution is an integral part of writing dramatic music such as this.

These sustained passages then lead to the lowest point in the energy flow

between 6:30 and 7:00 minutes into the piece: at exactly the half way point.

From here the only way is up: the listener can feel that they have passed a

point deep in the piece and that a path homeward while not being sighted

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51

could at least be imagined.

The build up from here establishes a strong feeling of forward momentum.

There is now less frequent jumping between elements - and a sustained

growth that leads to the point of the work's highest drama between the 9 to

just before the 11-minute mark. Changes in tempo not only help heighten

tension but also assist in making sectional form such as this convincing. To

help provide momentum I have used diminution of the motivic material

which, in appropriate conditions, will increase tension. And such

fragmentation of melodic material takes us toward the dark chaos of the 6.30 -

7 minute section but also provides the strong impulse for the re-gathering,

the phoenix-like rebirth of the theme, transformed, in the final section.

This catharsis then leads into a section of much greater repose - the aim is that

the listener will feel that the final statement of the work has started. The

ending lasts for the closing 2 minutes of the work, with the opening and oft

repeated "signpost" segment used one last time to serve as a short coda.

And now to address the last of the basic aims I outlined earlier: how I use the

formal scheme to support the poetic impetus of the work.

I've chosen to use a single movement rather than several shorter movements

in order to build a long, dramatic breath and to give me scope to develop the

piece in a dynamic and theatrical way. The 'heroic' nature of the journey of

the Schumann theme, of its movement through conflict and despair to

redemption is one that is best served by a formal model such as this one.

The central poetic idea being considered in the piece is the idea of a "troubled

life resolved or redeemed". It is manifested musically through the scattered

and distracted nature of the first 5 minutes; in the very tenuous character,

almost the disappearance, of the middle 30 seconds; the tortured, tumultuous

and cathartic character of the following chromatic section; a feeling of

momentum and purpose appearing in the next section with its quicker tempi

and forceful rhythms; and the feeling of resolution and, possibly, redemption,

coming in the final 2 1/2 minutes with the calmest music of the work. In this

instance I feel that the poetic content and the formal construction are happily

in total accord.

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52

In rehearsal the Elegy required some adjustments, with changes to some of

the tempi, including alterations to sections of acceleration. At bar 103 I

increased the tempo to further the feeling of a forward momentum at this

point. I added a slight tempo increase at bar 179 (poco piú mosso) to again

maintain momentum. Once these changes were made the flow of the piece

was much improved, and the liveliness and passion brought to the fore.

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Angels - page 14

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Angels - page 15

71

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2. Angels - Commentary

Who, if I cried out, would hear me among the angelic

orders? And even if one of them pressed me

suddenly to his heart: I'd be consumed

in his stronger existence. For beauty is nothing

but the beginnings of terror, which we can just barely endure,

and we stand in awe of it as it coolly distains

to destroy us. Every angel is terrifying.14

****

Someday, at the end of my nightmare of knowing,

may I emerge singing praise and jubilation to assenting angels.

May I strike my heart's keys clearly, and may none fail

because of slack, uncertain, or fraying strings.15

Angels is a work for solo piano, of about 18 minutes in duration, and was first

performed by Leigh Harrold in late 2003. This performance, as recorded by

the ABC, can by found on the accompanying CD.

As with the Elegy - on the Death of Robert Schumann discussed above it is a

single movement work but with distinctly different architectural solution to

the problem of spanning its long duration. While the Elegy needed a

dramatic and narrative-like form to build a simulacrum for the life of Robert

Schumann this work called for a solution that would shape a work of a much

more meditative and non-dramatic nature.

Stylistically Angels sits in the "white" genre of my work, with the textures

generally spacious and the material mostly tonal or modal. Written for a

concert that featured the work of Leos Janacek it is also indebted to the large

piano cycles of that composer (In the Mists and On an Overgrown Path).

14

Duino Elegies, The First Elegy (trans. Edward Snow, North Point Press, 2000) 15

Duino Elegies, The Tenth Elegy

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73

Poetically its starting point is the powerful image, symbol and metaphor of

the angel. I looked widely at this symbol, from the art of the Renaissance, to

its potent presence in the poetry of Rainer Maria Rilke (especially the Duino

Elegies), and to its place in modern popular sentiment (the belief in real

angels is widespread in our society: any week one may join meetings in

Adelaide where angels make appearances only apparent to the most

believing). So my ambitions were to cover a large part of this ground, and to

produce a work that had elements of nobility, of mystery, and moments of

the very sweetest sentiment. These internal conversations of what would

form the ideas behind the work in turn led to the forming of musical material

that I associated with the topic. So sounds associated with angels, often banal

and hackneyed, were drawn upon: strumming harps; high, slow moving

ethereal chords; quivering emanations, mystical tremolos, all came to mind.

These very recognisable representations were reworked (either

simultaneously with their appearance or later) to elevate them beyond the

hackneyed. As with any music it cannot convey any notion of 'angels' but

certainly a sense of the quiet, the gentle, and the contemplative. By

association the piece might remind people not knowing the title of certain

church or 'spiritual' music. With the title known their imaginations will have

prepared a mind-space that will be (hopefully) receptive to an extended piece

in an emotional realm so elusive in nature.

These poetic ambitions gave me a technical problem. I wanted to have a

succession of ideas that appeared and disappeared 'from the shadows' as it

were: a succession that would have the listener 'swimming' in the flow: the

noble, the sentimental and the mysterious all washing together. In my search

for the appropriate form I experimented with sketches (and improvisations)

for a piece of three or more extended movements. But I found this

unsatisfactory: to produce cohesiveness in a multi-movement work requires a

great restriction on the amount of material, and the profusion I was hoping to

work with in this piece ran against that. I next proposed a series of short

pieces (as in the case of the two Janacek pieces mentioned above) but also

found these wanting, as the differing aspects would be broken up, made

separate and so lose the intended effect of flow that I wanted. So I ultimately

opted for a single movement form, but instead of a cohesive one built from a

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central germ, I would build one that contained this profusion of ideas. The

process of creating the work would be one of writing a number of fragments,

with a certain variety of texture and mood but also connections motivically

and harmonically. I would run these ideas one after the other - with held

sounds at the end of each little section, but not complete breaks. To try to

bring cohesion I would repeat some of these little sections throughout the

time, with one in particular to make several appearances. Others I would

bring back in variation. One of the models I have been conscious of for this

sort of form is the work of poet T.S. Eliot, who in his longer poems will

introduce a stream of ideas and contrasting material, but use frequent

appearances of little fragments, often only a line, to orientate the reader or

listener. The Duino Elegies of Rilke were more specifically helpful in this

piece, not only in the subject matter and the general tone, but also in their

formal construction: a parade of rich and potent ideas bound together by

subtle reiteration and by the sheer lofty tone of the writing. So Angels

became similarly a parade of ideas: resulting in a loose and rather extended

rondo form, as below:

A Bars 1-14

B 15 - 18

C 19 - 38

D 39 - 44

B1 45 - 48

A1 49 - 63

B2 64 - 66

E 67 - 81

A2 82 - 90

F 91 - 109

C1 110 - 145

D 146 - 151

G 152 - 168

H 169 - 191

B3 192 - 194

D1 195 - 201

A3 202 - 232

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I 233 - 248

J 249 - 267

B4 268 - 271

K 271 - 280

E1 281 - 290

L 291 - 303

A4 304 - 329

A3(b) 330 - 344

M 345 - 349

So it can be seen that in the 26 sections I have identified above there are 13

different fragments of material (A to M). Cohesiveness is achieved with 6

iterations of the A fragment (and its variations), 5 of the B, 2 of the C, 3 of the

D, and 2 of the E. All the remaining fragments are heard only once. The

point needs to be made strongly here that the fragments share melodic and

harmonic material (some to a greater, some to a lesser degree) which greatly

enhances the cohesiveness of the whole.

The sense of wholeness also comes from the character of the material I have

used, most being resonant and sustained with the right pedal; much using the

highest registers of the instrument often matched with pedal-tones from the

lowest; much being of a very delicate and pianissimo tone; much being in the

form of delicately played broken chords. The importance of, through the use

of appropriate material, setting a convincing and sustained tone throughout

is paramount. To make a parallel again with poetry, the success of a poem

can depend on the poet striking a tone, one could almost say striking a pose,

and through a consistency of language, maintaining that tone, that pose,

through the entire length of a poem. A poem by Eliot, Rilke, Dylan Thomas

and Celan will establish a tone immediately and sustain it strongly through a

torrent of ideas and material, until the last line.

The most difficult aspect of working with a non-dramatic form like this is

keeping the listener 'placed' for the duration, of informing them where they

are on this particular musical journey. Without the sense of a broader flow of

building, dissolution, growth, climax and resolution that the dramatic

approach affords (as seen in the previous piece) this task of orientation is

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76

more difficult. Within this 'processional' form one can only give subtle

assistance to the listener in this regard. But to assist the listener to feel a sense

of momentum I place the most varied materials in the first two thirds of the

work and then a more familiar selection in the final section. I place some of

the liveliest material between the ten and fifteen minute marks, and the

return of material of a calmer nature once again after this point, along with

some of the most familiar material, succeeds in drawing the listener toward a

closure that is hopefully fulfilling. My transformations of, for example, the A

paragraph, five in all, are written to provide an argument, presented bit by

bit, for ending the work. What I mean is that after two early playings of the

section, fairly familiar in nature I leave the middle third, of some six minutes,

without another appearance. It then returns as A3, an appearance which

should be recognized as significant by a listener, and suggestive of a 'turn

towards home'. When A4 then comes less than two minutes later, to be

followed immediately by A3 again I feel that the listener feels that we are

'summing up' and that end is not far away (and will not be a surprise when it

comes). This is an example of the means I use to try and guide, inform and

satisfy the listener. I am also using the placement of the five iterations of the

B sections in the same way. It is a subtle game. A comparison I could make

is with the garden treasure hunts I make up for my five-year-old daughter. I

give her a clue to find the spot, which will then contain the clue to find the

next spot, and so on to the end. I have to make the clues not too difficult, or

she will lose her way, and not too easy or she will breeze through quickly and

be left feeling deflated and let down by the game. The difference with

composing is that the work has to be both the garden and the game.

It was indeed a challenging task to work with this amount of disparate

material while attempting, as always, to produce coherence, sense and

sensibility and the success of the venture can only be attempted to be judged

once it is played in front of an audience. Once the piece was played to a live

audience I had further information with which to assess its formal success

(let’s not delve into its artistic merits). The one element in writing music that

is the most elusive for me when developing a piece alone is that of the

judging of the passing time. Experience has given me foreknowledge of all

the other ingredients (I always know quite well how works will sound, so

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77

there are infrequently surprises there) but being able to absolutely predict the

dramatic pace of a piece: how the different sections of a work unfold over

time is still partly a guessing process. And it is not until the piece is running

in front of an audience that this element can be felt fully (even then it will feel

different for different audiences, different venues). After hearing that first

performance I felt that at times the rolling pace of the fragments was too fast,

too relentless, but that the piece overall was very cohesive and maybe too

much so (in that I had repeated the A fragment one or two too many times).

But once I gave myself time, and distance (for the 'A' fragment is too familiar

when one has lived with it for weeks) I altered this opinion. For on coming

back and listening to a recording of the performance a year later I felt that I

had achieved a good balance between repetition and cohesion, and decided

against cutting any of the reiterations of the A section. I had to become

another listener, a listener that was less familiar with the work than a

composer at the moment of creation, in order to ultimately assess its formal

success. With only minor changes another pianist took it to perform.

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79

A greeting through the stars - With Dances

for string quartet

Quentin S D Grant 2004

Notes

Tremolos are indicated with three slashes.

Accidentals apply for the entire length of the bar.

Unless otherwise indicated a hairpin ( ) indicates a

change of one degree of volume.

Duration: c.9 minutes.

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Stars, page 1

81

Quentin SD Grant, 2004

a greeting through the stars - with dances

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Stars, page 2

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Stars, page 3

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Stars, page 4

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Stars, page 5

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114

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œn œ# o œ# o œo œ œo œUo&

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120 .˙

Œ ˙.˙

∑ ?

˙poco sul pont.

œ

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Stars, page 6

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128 .œ Jœ# œ˙ ŒŒ œ Œ˙# œœ˙# œ

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Stars, page 7

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Stars, page 8

88

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176 ˙# œ

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˙ œmolto sul pont.

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Stars, page 9

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Stars, page 10

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Stars, page 11

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leggieroπ∑

˙ œ

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Stars, page 12

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260 œ œ œ œ.˙

œ œ œ œ œ œ

œ œ œ œ œ œœ œ œ œ œ

œcresc. poco a poco

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˙ œ.˙

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Œ Œ œ.˙Œ ˙.˙.˙.˙

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Stars, page 13

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3. a greeting through the stars - with dances, Commentary

This work for string quartet takes, again, another solution to the challenge of

a long single movement work. Shorter, at ten and a half minutes, than Angels

the challenge is of a different nature and thus another solution needed.

It was written for the Langbein String Quartet and performed in December

2004 (please refer to the accompanying recording).

The derivation for the poetics is the age-old theme of the individual

contemplating their loneliness in the cosmos, a theme which I found in telling

focus in the set of poems by the Russian Anna Akhmatova titled The

Sweetbriar Flowers - From a Burnt Notebook:

(3) In a Dream

I bear equally with you

the black permanent separation.

Why are you crying? Rather, give me your hand,

promise to come again in a dream.

You and I are a mountain of grief...

You and I will never meet on this earth.

If only you could send me at midnight

a greeting through the stars.16

This poetry became the impetus for the stillness and intensity that

characterises the atmosphere of the principal material of the work. The

language of the central material is of a heightened romantic or even

expressionist nature, with progressions of major, minor and diminished

triads with added sixths, sevenths and tri-tones. After spending some time

working with these initial ideas I produced extended passages that were

expressive and lyrical but carrying a certain tension. I tried a few different

treatments of these passages, with the intention to write in a 'through-

composed' process - that is, to start at the beginning and work my way bit by

16

Anna Akhmatova, The Sweetbriar Flowers, 3. In a Dream (trans. Richard McKane,

Post-War Russion Poetry, Ed. Daniel Weissbort, Penquin Books, 1974) p.23

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96

bit to build a dramatic narrative until its completion. This process, and the

dramatic arch form seemed right to me for the sound-world I wanted to

evoke. But it was not successful: the piece felt too earth-bound; it had

captured the 'mountain of grief' but failed to find its 'greeting through the

stars', and it became clear that the work was in danger becoming slow, heavy

and morose. I felt that the material did not have enough breadth to do

service to the 'atmosphere' of the chosen subject, and that the through-

developed form that I was pursuing was not allowing enough air or light into

the piece.

No way past this problem presented itself until a bright spring morning:

awakening with the sound of dances playing in my mind - and suddenly the

work in its entirety became clear. Now, before being accused of 'turning a

scientific experiment into a bedroom farce'17, I must emphasise that moments

of sudden clarity such as this (we will not soil the sheets with the much

abused word "inspiration"), be they in waking hours, intoxication or dreams,

can contain not only the poetic solution to a problem, but also the formal. In

this case the emotional problem, of a piece too slow and morbid, was

immediately solved by the lightness, grace and generosity of spirit added by

a series of little dances. The formal problem was also instantly solved: two

different types of material, the grave and the dance-like, side by side, in

balance - the one giving weight to the other; that other giving grace to the

first - and not in opposition: the suddenly obvious solution was to marry

them in a set of double variations.

The simplest reduction of the piece could be made as follows, naming the

married pair as meditation and dance.

Bars 1 - 41 meditation 1 157"

42 - 82 dance 1 38"

83 - 114 meditation 2 117"

115 - 185 dance 2 69"

186 - 231 meditation 3 180"

232 - 286 dance 3 68"

17

Solyaris, Dir. AndreTarkovsky (film, Russia, 1972)

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The dance material I drew from one of the most generous spirits of our

culture who was also having a piece played at the concert in which this work

was to be premiered: Beethoven. It is a little pastoral dance taken from the

second movement of his string quartet, Op. 132, which is used to produce

variations for dances 1 and 2, but appears in a version very close to the

original in dance 3.

In placing such contrasting material in the piece I had to be careful about

judging the length of its appearances and the relative weight of each

appearance. The first version comes at about two minutes into the piece,

which has given 'meditation 1' sufficient time to settle but the listener should

also still be early enough in the work (and thus be not totally settled in what

they think the piece is) to feel that this change is not too ill-fitting.

Looking at the simple schema above one thing becomes quickly obvious - it is

not an equal marriage. The meditative sections make up, in duration, a touch

short of three quarters of the piece. And with each of those sections being

between two and three minutes long and carrying such a disproportional

weight it is necessary for them to carry much of the sense of the piece. Within

each of their three appearances will need to be a large degree of variation and

transformation to carry the momentum until the next appearance of the dance

variations. This is achieved through the use of a central phrase with

distinctive harmonic and melodic elements (seen in bars 1 to 15), which has

varied appearances in the three meditations, surrounded by other material of

greater diversity but still connected to this primary material. A simple

breakdown makes this clear: I am calling this central phrase ABC to allow me

to identify the three component parts as they appear independently further

on, which are all varied as they reappear. Section A contains the principal

melodic material, B is a broken rising triad, and C a simple rhythmic figure

that serves as punctuation points in the music's flow (and is in fact a version

of A's accompaniment figure, though serving a suddenly different and

heightened role).

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98

Meditation 1

Bars

(1 - 15 A B C)

1 - 8 A

8 - 11 B

12 - 15 C

16 - 22 A

23 - 24 C

25 - 30 A

31 - 35 C

36 - 41 C

Meditation 2

83 - 88 C

89 - 106 A

107 - 108 B

109 - 114 C

Meditation 3

186 - 193 C

194 - 202 A

203 - 207 A

208 - 210 B

211 - 212 C

213 - 222 A

223 - 226 B

227 - 231 C

(213 - 231 A B C)

The variation of these three components, ABC, carry the developmental

weight of the work. It is through their transformations that the listener feels

the sense of motion and momentum.

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The three dance sections feature very little development within each of them,

consisting as they all do of an accompaniment pattern, a falling arpeggio and

a melody, but a good deal of variation between them. All have as their basis

drones on the note A and, in a sense, nothing much more is asked of each of

them then to just "be". The variation between them is achieved thus: dance 1

uses an inversion of the Beethoven melody with chromatic colouration; dance

2 uses a variation of that melody with polytonal, minor and dissonant

accompaniments; dance 3 quotes the Beethoven fragment with little variation

from the original.

During rehearsal I made small changes to the score, mostly punctuation

alterations: inserting fermatas or breaths at the ends of phrases and sections

to help emphasise the work's shape. In performance a greeting through the

stars - with dances manifested much as I intended, capturing a scent of that far-

flung place in our minds where despair and joy intersect.

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101

String Trio No.3

Baby, April 1968 Kevin Pieterson

Quentin SD Grant

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103

String Trio No.3

Quentin Grant, 2002

Grace notes are to be played before the beat.

Tremolo is indicated by 2 slashes. Harmonics are indicated by a circle over the note wanted: it is left to the discretion of the player to choose the most fitting way of achieving it (either

by artificial or natural means). Accidentals apply for the entire length

of the bar. Unless otherwise indicated a hairpin indicates a change of one degree of

volume.

Duration is c. 17 minutes

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Violin

Viola

Violoncello

√q»¶™ 1.Ansioso

String Trio No.3

œo

p espress.

o .oU

œp espress.

˙ .U

Ó . Ó .U

œo œb o wo

œ# œ w#

œo o œo .o

œn ˙ œ .˙

.o o

πœ œb œ ˙

.o

œ ˙

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(√)6

.o o

œ œb œ ˙

.o .o

pœ œ œb .˙

.o ˙π

œ œ .˙

∑ &

œp˙ ˙

œ ˙ ˙

.op

o

œ# œn ˙b

œ# œ ˙

wo

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11 œ ˙b œ

œ# ˙b œb

wo

˙n œb ˙b

˙ œ# ˙n

.o o

œ ˙b ˙n œ

œ# ˙b ˙n œb

.wo

F

F

F

.w#

.w

.wo

piu mosso, accel.œ# -sul pont.

sub.pœ- œn - œn -

œ# -sul pont.

sub. pœn - œ- œb -

105

Quentin SD Grant, 2002

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œb - œ- œ- œ-

œ- œ- œb - œb - B

œ-cresc.

œb - œb - œn -

œn -cresc.

œ- œ- œb -

œ- œ- œb - œn - œ- œ# -

œ- œb - œ- œn - œ# - œn -

q»¡º•œ# - œ- œn - œn -

œ- œn - œb - œb -

rall.

œb - œ- œ-FU

œ- œ# - œb - ˙bU

FÓ . ÓU ?

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p

p

p

21 œnorm.˙n ˙

œnorm.

˙n ˙

œ w

œ œb .˙

œ# œn .˙#

˙ .˙

œ œ œ .˙

œn œ œ .˙

œ w

œ# œ œ# ˙

œ œb œ ˙ &

˙ .˙

q»ªºcon moto

w

Œ œPœœ œ œb œb

œœF˙ œ

jœ˙b>F appassionato

œ œ œ

œn>Fœ# ˙

œ ˙

3

œb> œ> œ> ˙

œ@pŒ œ œ

œ ˙

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3

œb œ œ#3

œn œ œ œ

œ œb œb œn œ#> œ œF

jœœ ˙ œ œb œn

œ œb œn œ œ œn œ# œ œn

˙ œn>FB

œ ˙

œ œ# œb œ œ# œ œ# ˙

œb @> > œ@

œ ˙ œ œ œb

w

‰ œb œ jœ ‰ ‰ œ œ œœ

jœœ ˙ œb

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jœ.˙#> ˙

‰ œb œ œ œ œœ ˙

œ ˙ .œb œn œb

Ó jœ3

œ#fœ# œn œ œ

jœœb ‰ œ œ œb œ œn> œ#

jœœ ˙ œb

3

œ# œ# œn œ œb œ œ œn3

œb œ œ œ

œ> œ w

œ œ ˙ œ œn œb

Trio, page 2

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3

œ‰ œf

3œb . œb . œb .3jœ œn

œ Œ Ó

jœœ ˙ œb

.˙b jœ3

œ# . œ œ

.˙F

œb@

œ gl.˙ œ œ œb

œ œ# œn œ œ œb œb œn˘œ-

˙ Œ ‰ jœ#

jœ˙ œ œn œb

œ# - œn - œ- œ- œ œ# œb œn œ#œ œ

œ# œ œ# œ œ> œ œn@

œ ˙ ‰ œb œ

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‰ jœbfœn> œ œ œ> œ> œ> œ

œ œ ˙ œb> œb

.@ Ó

œb> œ> œ> œ> œ œ œb œ ˙

jœœ œ œ œ œ

.@ Œ

œb œ œ œ>3

œ œ> œ#>3

œ# œ œn3

œ œ œb>

jœœ œ œ œ

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42 Œ ‰ jœ>pizz. Œ ‰ jœ>

œ œb œb œn œn œn> œ> œ>3‰ œb> œ>

3

œ#> œ#> œn>

jœœ œ œ œ

accel.

‰ œœb>arco

œœ> œœ>3‰ œb œ

3

œb œb œ

‰ œn> œ> œ>3‰ œb œ

3

œb œb œ

jœœ œ œ œ

œ# œ œn œ œ# œn œn œb

œ# œ œn œ œ# œn œn œb

œ œ

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œœnb > œœ> œœ> œœ œb œ œbflœbfl

3

œ œn œb

œn> œ> œ> œ œb œ œbfl œbfl3

œ œn œb

jœœ œ œ œ

3œnfl œ#fl œfl œb œb œ œn3œnfl œ#fl œfl œb œb œ œn

œ œ

œœbb > œœ> œœ>3‰ œn œ

3

œ# œn œ#3œfl œnfl œ#fl

œb> œ> œ>3‰ œn œ

3

œ# œn œ#3œfl œfl œ#fl

jœœ> œ œ œ

Trio, page 3

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œœb> œœ> œœ>‰ œb œn œ# œn œn . œn .

œ> œ> œ> ‰ œb œn œ# œn œn . œn .

jœœ> œ œ

œœb> œœ> œœ>‰ œb œ œ œ# œ. œ# .

œ> œ> œ> ‰ œb œ œ œ# œ. œ# .

jœœ> œ œ

ƒ

ƒ

ƒ

œœnb > œœ> œœ>3‰ œb œn œb œn œn . œ.

œn> œ> œ>3‰ œb œn œb œn œn . œ.

œ> œ œ

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œœbb p sub.

œœ œœ ‰ jœœcresc.

œœ œœ ‰ œœ œœ

œpsub.

œ œ ‰ jœcresc.

œ œ ‰ œ œ

jœœp sub.

œ œ œcresc.

œ œ œ œ

œœbb œœ œœn œœ

œ œ œ œ

œ œ œ œ

œœbb œœ œœ ‰ jœœ œœ œœ ‰ œœ œœ

œ œ œ ‰ jœ œ œ ‰ œ œ

jœœ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

accel.

œœbb œœ œœn œœ œœ ≈

œ œ œ œ œ ≈

œ œ œ œ ≈

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œœbb œœ ‰ œœ œœ œœ œœ ‰ œœ œœ

œœ# œœ ‰ œœ œœ œœ œœ ‰ œœ œœ

jœœœ œœ œœ œœ œœ œœ œœ œœ

œœbb œœ œœn œœ

œœ# œœ œœ œœ

œœ œœ œœ œœ

q»¡§ºœœbb ƒœœ œœ ‰ jœœ œœ œœ ‰ œœ œœ

œœ#ƒœœ œœ ‰

jœœ œœ œœ ‰ œœ œœ

jœœœƒœœ œœ œœ œœ œœ œœ œœ

molto rall.

œœbb œœ- œœn - œœ-œœ# œœ- œœ- œœ- &

œœ œœ- œœ- œœ-

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˙# o

pœ# o ˙# o

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œb - œn - œb - œ# - œn -

œn - œ# - œ- œn - œ# -

˙ .˙

˙πœb -

pœ- œb -

˙π

œ-pœb - œ-

F

jœp

wb.> ˙

œn œ# œn œ œ# -

œn œ œb œ œ-.˙b ˙.˙ ˙

Trio, page 4

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œ œ œb œn

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.>œ

œ# œb œ œ

œ# œ œn œ

.˙b œn.˙ œ

œ œn œn œ

œ œb œ œ

˙b ˙b˙ ˙

œb - œ- œb - œ-

œ- œ# - œb - œ-

œn ˙ œ#P

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πœb -pŒ ‰ Jœn

œ# œ# œn 3

Jœ œjœ œ œ# œn

˙p

˙ ˙

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œ ≈ œ œb œ œn œb œb œnœb œ

3

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3‰ œb œ3

œb œb œn3

œn œ œ3

œb . œ œ3

œ œb œb œ œ˙ ˙ ˙

.wo

œ œ .œport. Jœ œ œ @

˙ ˙ ˙‰ Jœ+

pizz.(l.h.)

.˙ Ó

Trio, page 5

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œ œb œ œb˘ œ œ œ œ œ# œ# œn œ œ œ œb œb œn œ œn

˙ ˙ ˙‰ Jœ+

.˙ Ó

o œb

p

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œb œb œn œb ˙ œn œb œ œ œ œ œ œ œb œ œ œ

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3œ œn - œb - œb - œ-3

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˙ ˙ ˙‰ Jœ+

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˙ ˙ ˙‰ Jœ+

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œn œ# œn œb œ .p˙ ˙ ˙‰ Jœ+

.˙ Ó

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Trio, page 6

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œgl.pœ# œ œb œ

gl.

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œgl.pœb œ œ œ# gl. œn œ œ# œgl. œ œ

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F œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œn œ œœ œ œ œb

ƒ.œ

œb œgl. ˙b œ œgl. ˙

œncol legno

F œ œœ œ œ œ œ# œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

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œp œ œ œ# œ œ œnœ œ œb œ œ œn œ œ œ œ#

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Œ œ#flf

arco

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col legno

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Trio, page 7

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œbgl.Fœb ˙ œgl. œ œ œb gl.œ œ

œb . ˙n ww

˙b@

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˙b œn œgl.

˙

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gl.œ œ œ# œ gl. œAœ Œ œ Œ œ Œœœbbfœœ ˙ œœ œœ ˙

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œbp œ œb œ œn œ œn œ# œœb œ œ œn

gl.

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œn œ œ# œgl.

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œb gl.pœb œ> œ> œ# gl. œ œ#> œn> œ# gl. œ œ>

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Trio, page 8

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pœ œ œ œn œ œb œb

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œp sub.

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Trio, page 9

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œ# œ# œ œ œ œ œn œ# œ œn œb œ

œn jœ jœn œ .˙bœ ‰ .œ .˙

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œb œn œn œ œ œ œb œb œn œ œn œ#

œ jœ# jœb œ .˙nœ ‰ Jœ Œ .œ Œ .

.˙n .œb .œ

œn œn œb œ œ œ œ œ œ œb œ œn

.œ .œ .œ# .œn.œ .œ Œ . .œ

.œ .œb .˙

œ œ œb œ œn œb œ œn œ œ œ œ

.œ jœ œ œ# jœb jœn œb.œ Jœ Œ œ ‰ Jœ œ

&

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40.˙ .˙

œ œb œ œ œ œ œb œb œ œn œ œ

.œ .œn .œ# .œn.œ .œ Œ . .œ

.œb .˙ .œ

œ œb œ œ œn œ# œn œb œn œb œn œ

œ jœ# jœb œn œ jœ jœb œn.œ Jœ œ .œ Jœ œ

.œ .œ .˙

œ œn œ œb œ œn œb œ œb œn œ œ

œ Jœ Jœ# œ œ Jœ œ Jœb

&

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43 .œ .œb .œ .œ#

œb œ œ œn œ œ œb œn œn œ œb œn

œ Jœ Jœ. œb œ Jœ Jœb . œn

.œ .œb .œ .œ

œ œb œ œ œn œb œ œ œb œb œn œ

œ Jœ Jœb œn .œb .œ#

.œb .œb .œ .œn

œ œ œ œ œ œb œ œ œ œb œ œn

.œ Jœb œn .œb .œ#

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86

86

86

46

46

46

46 .œ .œb .œb .œb

œ# œ œb œ œ œn œb œn œ. œn œb œ..œ .œ jœn œ œ jœ#.œ .œ Jœ œ œ Jœ

.˙ .œ .œπ

œ œ œb œ œ œn œ œ œb . œn .π œ. œ..œ .œ .œb .œb

π.œ .œ .œ .œ

Ó .

Ó .

Ó . ?

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46

46

46

q»¡£™tempo 149

œnorm.

πgl.

œ# œ œb œgl.

œ œ œn œgl.

œ# œ œn

œnorm.

π œgl.˙b œ œ

gl.

˙

œπgl. œb œ œ œ# gl. œn œ œ# œgl. œ œ œ

œp œgl.˙b œ œ

gl.

˙

œbπgl. œ œ œ œn gl.

œ# œ œn œgl.

œ# œPœn

œ œgl.

˙b œ œgl.

˙

œnπgl. œb œ œb œn gl. œ œ œn œgl. œ# œ

Pœn

&

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52 Œ œpizz.

p œ œ œŒ œ œ Œ

œ œ gl.œœb ˙bespress.

œœ œ

Œ œpizz.

pœ œ œ Œ œ œ Œ

Œ œ œ œ œ Œ œb œ œœ œn œb ˙ œ œ gl.

Œ œ œ œ œ Œ œb œ œ

Œ œ œ œ# œ œ Œ œ

œœb ˙b œn ˙

Œ œ œ œn œ œb Œ œ

Œ œb œ œ œ œ œ ‰ Jœ œ# œ

œ ˙ œ œ œ œ

Œ œn œ œ# œ œ œ ‰ Jœn œ œ

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56 ‰ jœb œb œn œn ‰ jœ œ# œn˙b œb œ œ# œ

‰ Jœ œ œ œb ‰ Jœn œ œ

œbarco

p œ œ œn œ œ œb œ œ œ œ œœb œ œ œ œn fœ œ œ

œp œ gl.˙b œ œ

gl.

˙

œarco

p œ œœ# œ œ œn œ œ œb œ œ œn œ œ œ œ#

fœ œ œ

p

Œ œ#>œ>œ>œ> Œ Œ œp œ œ œŒ

œbf œgl.˙b œ œ

gl.

˙

Œ œ#>œ>œ>œ> Œ Œ œpœ œ œ Œ B

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59 œFœgl. ˙b œ œgl. ˙

œF œgl.˙b œ œ

gl.

˙

œbFœgl. ˙b œ œgl. ˙

œ œgl. ˙b œ œgl. ˙

œb œgl.

˙b œ œgl.

˙

œb œgl. ˙n œ œgl. ˙

œbpœ œ œ œn œ œ œn œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œb œ œ

œp œgl. ˙b

cresc.

œ œgl. ˙

œbpœgl. ˙b

cresc.

œ œgl. ˙

&

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62 œFœbpœ œb œ œ œ œ œ œn œ œ œb œ œ œ œb

>fœ> œ>

œb œgl. ˙b œ œgl. ˙

œb œgl. ˙n œ œgl. ˙

œpœ œ œ œ# œ œ œ# œ œ œ# œ œ œn œ œ œ œb œ œ

œ œgl. ˙ œ œgl. ˙

œ œgl. ˙b œ œgl. ˙

&

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64 œ#˘ œpœ œn œ œ œn œ œ œ# œ œ œn œ œ œ œ

fœ œ

œ œgl. ˙n œ œgl. ˙f

œ œgl. ˙# œ œgl. ˙f

œ# œgl. œ œ œ œ œ œ# œ œ œ œn œ œ œ

œb œ œ œ œ œ œb œb ˙

œ ˙b œn ˙b

&

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45

45

45

66 œ# gl. œ œgl.œ œgl.œ œgl. œ œgl. œ œgl. œ

œn œ# œ œ œ# œn œn œ ˙#

œ# œb ˙n ˙#

œn œ@gl. œ œgl. œ œ# . œ. œ. œ. œ# . œ. œ. œ.

œ œ œ œb œn œ œb œn ˙b

œn œn ˙b ˙n ?

œn œ œ œ œb œ œ œ. œ. œ. œ. œb@gl. œ@

gl.

œ# œn œn œ œ œ# ˙n

œ œb œ ˙#

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47

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47

69 œb@ œb œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ. œ. œ. œ.

œ œb œ œn œn œ ˙##

œn œb œb ˙

poco rall.œn œ œ œ œ œb œ œ ˙ ˙b

œ# œ œ# œ œ œn ww##

œ œn œ w

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46

46

46

a tempo71

œn œ œ œ œ œ œ œb œ# œ.œb@œ œ .œ@œ œ

œbgl.

œb ˙ œgl.œ œ œb œ œ

œb> ˙n ww

˙b œ@gl. œ

Œ Œ

œn œgl.

˙b œ œgl.

˙ B

..˙b@ œœ@gl.

Jœœ#. ‰ Œ

œœbbjœœ ‰.œb@

œ œ œ@gl. œb@gl.œ@

œ œb œ œ œ œ œ# œ œœN Œ œ Œ œ Œ

œœbb œœ ˙ œœ œœ ˙

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74

.œb@

œ œ .œ@

œ œ .œ@

œ œ

œ œb œb œn œ œ œ œ œœ Œ œ Œ œ Œ

œ# œb œ œ œ œn œ# œ œ œ œ œn˙ œ œ ˙ œ œ

.w

œnP

gl. œ# . œgl.œ. .œn Jœb. .œb jœn .

˙

∏Ó Ó

œ#p œ œ œ œn . œ. œ. œ.Œ œ#

pizz. Œ Œ

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89

89

89

q.»•§3.

œb -∏œ- œ-cresc.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œ-∏œ- œ-

cresc.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb -∏(arco)œ- œ-

cresc.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+

pizz.(l.h.)

Π.

œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

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6

œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.˙b @P .œ@

.@P .œ@

.˙b @

P.œ@.+ Œ .

.@ .œ@F

.@ .œ@F

.@ .œ@

F.+ Π.

œn -∏œ- œ-sub.

œ- œ-cresc.

œ- œ- œ- œ-

œ-∏œ- œ-sub.

œ- œ-cresc.

œ- œ- œ- œ-œb -∏œ- œ-

sub.

œ- œ-cresc.

œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

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11

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

œ- œ- œb - œ- œn - œ- œ- œ- œ-

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.˙b @P .œ@

.@P.œ@

.˙b @

P.œ@.+ Œ .

.@ .œ@f

.@ .œ@f

.@ .œ@

f.+ Π.

œnPœbgl.œ. Œ. œ œ

gl.œ.

œ-Pœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œb -P

œ- œ- œ- œ œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

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16 Œ . œ œbgl.œ. Œ.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

œ œbgl.œ. Œ. œ œ

gl.œ.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb -- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

œœbb -Fœœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-

œ-

Fœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

œœbb - œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

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20 ∑

œœbb - œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

œœbb - œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

œP œbgl.œ. Œ. œ œ

gl.œ.

œn -Pœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œb -

P

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

Œ . œ œbgl.œ. Œ.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

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24

œ œbgl.œ. Œ. œ œ

gl.œ.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.œgl.F.œ Œ . .œ

gl.

œœ# -Fœœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-

œb -

Fœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

Œ . .œgl.

.œ Œ .

œœ# - œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-

œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.œgl.

.œ Œ . .œgl.

œœ# - œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-

œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

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28 Œ . .œgl.p.œ Œ .

œœ# - œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-pœœ- œœ-

œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

pœ- œ-.+ Œ .

.˙cresc.

.œ.˙ .œ

œ-cresc.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb -cresc.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.˙ .œŒ . .+pizz.(l.h.)

.˙ .œ

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.˙F decresc.

.œ.˙ .œ

œœ-Fœœ- œœ-

decresc.

œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-œb -Fœ- œ-

decresc.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

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32

.˙ .œŒ . .+

.˙ .œ

œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.˙ .œ.˙ .œ

œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.˙ .œŒ . .+

.˙ .œ

œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.˙ .œ.˙ .œ

œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

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36

.˙ .œŒ . .+

.˙ .œ

œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.˙p cresc.

œœ-pœœ-cresc.

œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-œb -pœ-cresc.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.˙ .œ#Œ . .+œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.˙# .œ

œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.˙ .œŒ . .+œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

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41

.˙F decresc.

œb -Fœ- œ-

decresc.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb -Fœ- œ-

decresc.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.œ .œ# .œŒ . .+œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.˙# .œ

œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.˙ .œŒ . .+œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ . B

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B

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45

.˙n @p .œ@

.@p

.œ@.˙b @p

.œ@.+ Œ .

.@ .œ@f

.@ .œ@fŒ . .+pizz.(l.h.)

.@ .œ@f

.+ Π.

œ-p œ-sub.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œ-pœ-sub.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œb -pœ-sub.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

œ-F œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œ-Fœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-Œ . .+

œb -Fœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

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49

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-Ó . Jœb>(arco)

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-Œ . .+œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

œœ#> œœ> œœ> œœ-p sub.

œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-œ> œ> œ> œ-

p sub.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œb> œ> œ> œ-p sub.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.> Œ .

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52

œn - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-Ó . Jœbœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-Œ . .+œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

œœ# - œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-Fœœ- œœ-

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-Fœ- œ-

œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-Fœ- œ-.+ Œ .

œn -Pœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-Ó . Jœb

œ-Pœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-Œ . .+

œb -P

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

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55

œœ# œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-Fœœ-

œ œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-Fœ-

œn œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-Fœ-.+ Œ .

œn -Pœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-Ó . Jœb

œ-Pœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-Œ . .+

œb -Pœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

œœ## - œœ- œœ- œœ>Fœœ> œœ> œœ- œœ- œœ-

œ- œ- œ- œ>Fœ> œ> œ- œ- œ-

œn - œ- œ- œ>Fœ> œ> œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

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58

œn - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-Ó . Jœbœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-Œ . .+œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ . ?

œpœbgl.œ. Œ . œ œ

gl.œ.

œ-pœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œb -

p

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

Œ . œ œbgl.

œ. Œ .

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

Trio, page 17

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œ œbgl.œ. Œ. œ œ œ.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

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gl.œ.

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cresc.

cresc.

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œ-

cresc.

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œ# œgl.œ.Œ . œ œ

gl.œ.

œœbb - œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

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œn œbgl.œb .Œ . œ œ

gl.

œ.œœbb - œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

œFœbgl.

œb .Œ . œ œ

gl.

œ.œœbb -Fœœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-

œ-

Fœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

œnp sub.

œgl.

œ.Œ . œ œ

gl.œ.

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œ.Œ .

œ œgl.

œ.Œ . œ œ

gl.

œ.œN -∏sul pont.

œ- œ-cresc.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb -∏sul pont.œ- œ-

cresc.

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Œ . œ œgl.

œ.Œ .

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œ œgl.

œ.Œ . œ œ

gl.

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71 Œ . œ œgl.

œ.Œ .

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

œ œgl.

œ. Œ. œ œ

gl.

œ.

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

Œ . œ œgl.

œ. Œ.

œ-Fœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-

œb -Fœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

Trio, page 18

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74 .œ>f

sul pont. œmolto espress

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

œ>fœ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb>

f

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

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œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.œ> œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ# œ œn

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

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œœbb -pnorm.

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p

norm.

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œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

.of

.œo

œœbb > œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-

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80 Œ . œ#> œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

œœbb - œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ- œœ-

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

œ œ œ œ# œ œ œ œ œ œ œn œ œ

œb - œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-Ó . .œ+pizz.(l.h.)

œ# -(arco)

œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ- œ-.+ Œ .

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.œbFœ . .œ œ .œ œ œ œ œ œ œ .œ œ.˙b @F

.œ@Ó . .œ+.˙#@F

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Trio, page 19

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. .œb œ .œ œ œ œ .œ œ œ œ .œ œ

.˙b @ .œ@Ó . .œ+.˙#@ .œ@.+ Œ .

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sub.

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.œ œ œ# œb .œ œ œ œ .œ œ œ œ

..˙@ ..œœ@

..˙b@ ..œœ

@a..... molto sul pont

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87

œb p œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ# œ œ

œp

œ œb œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œn œb

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œb œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ# œ œ

œ œ œb œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œn œb

.œ@.œo@ .œ@

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œ œ œb œ œ œ œ œ .œ

.œ@.œo@ .œ@

.Uπ

Π.

.Uπ

Π.

.˙Uπ

Π.

Trio, page 20

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o(norm.)

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œb œ .˙

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liberamente

‰norm.

sub. f

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8 ∑

œœ>œœ>œœ œ

gl. œb œgl. œ3

œn> œ#> œn> 3

œ œb œ B

Ó

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Trio, page 21

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11 ∑≈ œb œb œn œ œ œb

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œ œn œ 3œ# œn œn 3œb œ œ œ#gl.œ œ

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?

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œn ¯fœ# ¯ œb ¯ œ œ œ

œfœn ¯ œb ¯ œ œ œ

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œ> œ# œ œ œ œbœ> œb œ œb œb œ

œ#F@

.˙#FœF @

œb < œ< œb < œb œ

œn < œ< œ# < œ œ

œ œn ¯ œ œw œ

œ# œ# œ# œn œn @

œn œb œb œn œ@

œ# œ# œ# œ# œn @

œb <P œ< œ# <œn> œ œ<

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œb œ. œ# œn . œn fœ.

œ œ. œ œ. œ# fœ.

œ œ. œ# œn. œ#fœ.

œPœsub.

gl. œb

œnPœsub.

gl. œ

œPœsub.

gl.œn&

p.˙wp.op

.˙#

.o ?

œ#Pœ œb

cresc.

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œ# .

œ#Pœ# œ#

cresc.

œ œ#gl.

œn .

œ#Pœ# œn

cresc.

œ œgl. œ# .

Trio, page 22

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œ# œn œb . œ- œ œngl. œn .

œ# œ œ. œn - œ œgl. œb .

œ# œ# œn . œ# - œ œn gl. œn.B

œn ¯ œ œb ¯ œb ¯ œ œ

œ œn ¯ œ œn ¯ œb ¯ œb ¯ &

œ# ¯ œ œn ¯ œb ¯ œ œb ¯

œbfœb . œb ¯ œ œ œn .

œfœ. œ œb ¯ œ œ.

œfœn . œ œ œ œb .

œb œn . œ œn ¯ œ# œn .

œn œ. œ# < œ< œ œ. B

œ œ# . œn ¯ œb ¯ œn œn . ?

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33 œ- œn - œ# - œ# - œF œ œœb - œb - œ- œ- œb

Fœb œœn - œb - œ- œ- œ#

F œn œ

œf œ˙#

œfœn ˙

œfœ ˙

,

,

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œ œn ˙#U

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q»¶™tempo 1˙#p sub.

˙

œpsub.

œ# œb œb ˙n

˙#p sub.

˙

œ# - .-

‰ jœb œ œ œ œb œ œ

œ- .-

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.œb œn œ œn3œ œn œ#

œ- .-

œ# - -

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wport.

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3

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˙ œ œ œb œ

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‰ œ#F espress.

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œ# œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

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œœ## > œœ> œœ œ# œ

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Trio, page 23

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˙>

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Trio, page 24

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œ œ# .˙#@

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œb wU

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Trio, page 25

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131

4. String Trio No.3 - Commentary

I shall now look at the first of the two multi-movement works in the portfolio,

my third string trio. It was written in 2002 for a performance by members of

the Langbein String Quartet in a concert given in Adelaide in July of that year

(this is the performance to be found on the portfolio CD).

The string trio, while appearing to simply be a string quartet minus one

violin, has a very different character than that of the quartet. Rather than

being four near-equal voices that can combine to produce an even and

balanced blend I think of the trio more as three solo lines that even when in

close consort still maintain their individual status. With each of the lines

being more exposed the sound is more brittle; more plaintive, and lends itself

to evoking a particular emotional space: that of bleakness or downright

misery.18

The musical materials here are influenced by the work of eastern Europeans

such as Kurtag and Schnittke. It is dissonant, with frequent harmonic and

melodic use of the tritone, the minor and major seventh, and the minor ninth.

The use of sul pont, col legno, frequent glissandi and tremolo, voices widely

spaced or, alternatively, very closely spaced, are also features of this sound-

world. But, like the above-mentioned composers, there is a strong, lyrical

character to the lines and moments of intense sweetness. Rhythmically it is

quite animated, with frequent changes of tempo, metre and feel.

Writing four movements of moderate length to make an 18-minute piece

present formal problems of a different nature. To build sense and cohesion

into each movement of about four minutes is less difficult then doing the

same with a 10 or 15-minute work as we have just considered with the

previous three examples. But simultaneously getting enough variation

between the four movements while connecting them so that they are four

movements of the whole rather than four separate pieces is the challenge

with such a work.

18

(Any sensible survey of musician suicides would surely find that a large proportion would have been players in string trios).

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I will look chiefly at how I have tied the four movements together into a

totality and to do this will concentrate on the most aurally obvious

connections between them.

On inspection one finds a spider web of threads and connections running

through the movements, with some material appearing in two or three of

them, an other bit appearing in an other set of two or three, and so on. It

cannot be argued on paper whether such connections are sufficient for the

task (or, on the other hand, are overdone and over-obvious) but, again, it is

up to a listener to pass such judgments. When looking at any piece of music it

is often so easy to find connections that in actual fact are irrelevant (the

history of music analysis is cluttered with such examples) and so it is

important, as a composer, to work as much in the realm of the real and the

aurally obvious (a musicologist needn't worry, as their method will never be

truly tested). So the marrying of four movements and contriving their

relationship to each other is a nebulous enterprise, and requires both

analytical and intuitive skills. To pick out certain isolated features is not

sufficient alone to argue similarity (to say that two animals are both black,

both have several legs, both eat carrion and both give a painful bite is not

enough to convince a live viewer that an ant and a black panther are closely

related). There has to be a number of features that will all contribute in a

certain way to feed a listener's hunger for order and give a feeling that such

connections are integral. This is an area where a composer's contrivances

have to be most delicately rendered and here, as is often the case, I had to add

tiny bits of fine detail aimed at convincing the listener that the work has a

sense of wholeness and integrity.

Below I've listed the features that seem to me to be the most important in

terms of providing cohesion to the work.

1) A primary feature is the obvious 'book-ending' of the piece by the first and

last movements which both have opening and penultimate passages of the

same material (with alterations). This is a common device found in all the

temporal arts (including literature) that serves formal and emotional

purposes, but here it is at its most obvious. I felt that this work with its

difficult, emotional material and its variety of textures, its abundance of held

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moments and its meandering solitary solos, needed a very strong and

obvious return. Other multi-movement works that have maintained a

stronger continuous line in their earlier movements haven't needed such an

emphatic restatement of the opening material.

2) Movements 1, 2, and 4 all have a high, drawn and plaintive quality to them

with a lot of high register work for all three instruments; high, sustained

harmonics, a quality of "sighing" (most audible in the cells that rise a third

and fall a second). This 'sighing' nature of the material has not only its

emotional uses but also is a crucial manifestation of the tone of the work,

material that is a touchstone for all other elements in the work.

3) The rising glissando is very firmly established in the second movement

through incessant repetition and so is very familiar and easily recognized on

its reappearance in the third and fourth.

4) The solo violin (b. 68) and viola lines (b. 67) share the same character of

wild emotionalism with their counterparts in the fourth movement (viola at

b. 7, violin at b. 43). These two pairs of solos are also connected very closely

in terms of material (see [7] below).

5) The marked passages of rhythmic unison in 1 (bars 15 to 20) and 4(b. 15 to

33) and the way that they appear in contrast to surrounding lyrical material.

6) Ongoing use of a very recognisable motivic cell: three notes with the

intervals (with retrogrades and inversions) of a third and a second.

[e.g. Mt 1: b.1 G-A-C; b.2 G#-E-F#; b.4 G-Bb-A, b.7 A-C-Db

Mt. 2: b.1 A-C#-Bb; b.5 Bb-A-C, B-D-C#;

Mt. 3: b.15 to 25 D-Eb-C

Mt. 4: b.1 F-G-A; b. 60 F-G-A]

7) The quoting of material from the opening three movements in the fourth.

The fourth movement indeed acts as a kind of overture in reverse: it contains

quotes (though with alterations) from each of the preceding movements.

I'll list the material as it appears in the final movement, and where earlier

appearances occurred:

Movement 4 Earlier appearances

b. 1 - 7 mt. 1, b.1 - 14; b.59

b. 8 and10 mt. 2, b.1 - 22/ mt. 3 b. 59 - 71

b. 13 - 14 mt. 1, b.1 - 14; b.59

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134

b. 16 - 35 mt. 1, b. 15 - 20

b. 26 mt. 2, b.1 - 22

b. 28 mt. 2, b.1 - 22

b. 29 mt. 2, b.1 - 22

b. 43 - 53 mt. 1, b. 67 - 73

b. 60 - 68 mt. 1, b.1 - 14; b.59

As can be seen this last movement, although with a character of its own, is

assembled largely from material drawn from the earlier movements.

Having established the cohesive elements in the piece I want to look at how a

multi-movement purely instrumental work such as this can achieve a sense of

momentum and symmetry. Firstly I'll give a brief description of each

movement.

Movement one is a varied and mobile, with a mixture of material and

emotional spaces, starting with a static, held section, moving through a

growing sense of drama, accelerating to point of high drama, returning to the

static material, and ending with a solo voice playing against the latter

material.

The second movement begins with a minute of material based on a glissando

motive, followed by a minute of contrasting, flowing material and then a final

90 seconds of the glissando material again.

The third movement is simple manifestation of a single idea, a relentless

reiterated quaver in 9/8 broken with occasional tremolo.

The fourth movement is, like the first, mobile and changeable. It, again,

opens with a static section, moves to a solo dramatic voice, through to the

three voices in a sense of building drama. It then moves to reflection, on to a

section of high drama, to then use the static material of the opening to

gradually diminish to nothing.

So movement one and four are both changeable and mobile, with the two

inner movements both simple and unchangeable. The convention in multi-

movement works from my output (and in many works written in the West

since the classical period in general) would usually be that the early

movements would carry the bulk of the developmental work and that a final

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135

movement would be clear and unequivocal. In this case the first movement

introduces much material and sets a challenge to the listener in its many

changes and contrasts. The second and third settle the listener by providing

formally much more easily assimilable patterns. There are tensions in the

emotional content of the music, but none in the formal content. It could be

argued that the fourth movement earns the freedom to be again wide-ranging

and ambiguous, firstly as a counterbalance to the similarly diffuse first

movement and, secondly, as a foil to the evenness and immutability of the

middle movements. It also has to be emphasised how important the last

ninety seconds are to the success of the fourth movement having a sense of

finality about it.

These factors considered I am satisfied with the formal qualities of this work,

and will be using similar models for future works. In performance the work

seemed convincing in both evocation of a dark emotional world and in its

formal structures.

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137

to be sung under open sky

four songs for

soprano and orchestra

Quentin SD Grant, 2001

commissioned by the Australian Society for

Music Education with the assistance of Arts SA.

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138

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139

to be sung under open sky

INSTRUMENTATION

2 flutes

2 oboes

2 Bb clarinets

1 bassoon

1 contra-bassoon

4 horns in F

2 trumpets in C

2 trombones

tuba

timpani

percussion: 2 players glockenspiel, tambourine (on stand),

suspended cymbal, triangle, vibraphone, sleigh bells,

harp

1st violins

2nd violins

violas

celli

double basses

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140

Notes

� Accidentals carry for the entire length of the bar in which they occur unless

subsequently altered.

� Lines are very often broken between instruments: it is crucial that these lines

are to the fore, are even in dynamics and smoothly joined.

� All grace notes are to be played before the beat.

� The score is notated in C (with normal octave transpositions).

� Trills are to played to the natural note above, unless otherwise indicated.

� Tremolo and flutter tonguing are indicated by two dashes on the stem.

� Hairpins (cresendos and decrescendos) indicate an increase/decrease of one

dynamic degree unless otherwise marked.

� The voice, of course, must be to the fore throughout.

� Espressivo sempre.

� Duration c. 32 minutes.

to be sung under open sky - text - Quentin Grant

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141

1.

The trees are shining in the golden light of afternoon,

Each leaf glowing. Each branch gently swaying,

A swinging that is graceful and calm.

The smile of the sun shines down upon the footsteps of my lonely path.

The breeze that wanders from tree to tree, whispers, sighing.

Whispers in hushed tones and speaks to me of laughter and regret.

Why do my thoughts turn again to childhood?

Is it the hush of wind through the trees calling,

Leading my soul back home?

2.

My gaze is lost, my sight is half in dream.

This river and its voice has me languid, hypnotised.

My sleep moves in time to its rippling hush.

The water quietly murmurs,

And songs I sang in childhood

Come gently once again.

A whispered lullaby, a gentle sweet song, fallen.

Soft play of sound that flickers through the water.

The river's whispering song is of the earth's deep soul.

And songs I dreamt in childhood, come falling once again.

Fall whispering once a.gain, Flickering once again.

A summer's lullaby, a hidden, long hidden song.

3.

The night is deep, deeper than the day.

Cool shines the moonlight on the white limbed trees.

Pools of light, voices of memory.

How deep, how sad, the moon.

Silent its deep gaze.

My fragile life held in the gaze of this rippling light.

How deep, how wise these shadows, pools of memory and sorrow.

Deep, deep and dark.

Memories lie deep and dark.

Hidden and and dark.

4.

Sky has opened, sun is swirling. Gladness.

Clouds dividing, blueness is flooding, brightness; bright moment.

The valleys unfold, far below me are great shifting hills.

Every step takes me closer to a wide, to a serene sea.

Sky is fresh born, sparkling light surrounds me. Blessed. Glowing,

Horizon flowing gleaming, this blessed moment, shining.

The clouds before me divide,

Rising higher a breeze and the distant holy shine of the eternal sea

Shine! the holy shine of the eternal sea

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142

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1. Trees

to be sung under open skyQuentin SD Grant

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Page 151: Elder Conservatorium of Music - University of Adelaide · Elder Conservatorium of Music Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences ... Rico Gulda, piano Recordings courtesy of the

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Page 156: Elder Conservatorium of Music - University of Adelaide · Elder Conservatorium of Music Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences ... Rico Gulda, piano Recordings courtesy of the

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page 19

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page 87

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page 90

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255

5. to be sung under open sky - Commentary

This is the largest work in the portfolio both in terms of forces (it is for

symphony orchestra) and in duration (it would last over thirty minutes). Yet

in terms of form it is, in a sense, the least problematic of the five works

because it is a work defined and largely guided by a text. The many issues of

continuity, momentum, sense, and coherence are all still relevant, but a

framework is already given in the text, and the task for the composer in this

regard is not as challenging as in a purely instrumental work.

To be sung under open sky in its first form was written for the Adelaide

Symphony Orchestra for a concert staged to end a conference of the

Australian Society for Musical Education (where I was the composer-in-

residence) in 2001. At that stage it was just the set of four songs but I decided

that they were too bare, too unframed in that state. So I decided to add an

interlude between each one to give the cycle more depth and dynamism, to

build a fuller world around the journey of the narrator.

The songs are on texts that I wrote myself, modeled on the little poems that

the lyric German writer Hermann Hesse included in his short book

Wandering. The character of the poems could be placed somewhere near that

of some of the early Australian Arcadians such as painters Sydney Long and

Austrian-born Eugene von Guerard, or poet Henry Kendall: that of taking a

romanticised and sensual vision of the bush. I was searching for that quality

of love of the landscape which is not as present in our era. Our contemporary

view is more of the landscape as being a thing to be conserved, to be utilized

(even if its utility is the important one of conservation), to be appreciated as a

reflection of the perfection of Darwin's natural world. I wanted to capture in

these songs a different quality.

When writing a cycle of songs (and I now have written many in my long and

non-lustrous career) the choice of the texts is of course critical. A binding

element around the texts themselves is desirable, be it a theme or a narrative,

or even a general flavour. Then comes the necessity of finding contrast

within a given set, so that the music can alternate in tempi, dynamics and

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256

mood. These four songs are descriptions of landscapes and so each has a

different character and uses fundamentally different musical material. The

spider web of connections that were outlined in the previous commentary on

String Trio No.3 are not as necessary in a song cycle such as this. The text is a

principal binding agent, as is the continuity of style in the musical settings.

And although there is some common material running through the songs

there is not the multitude of connections as seen in the aforementioned purely

instrumental work. The most closely related parts of the piece are in fact the

three interludes and I feel that this helps provide a solid 'frame' for the songs.

The schema of the work is summarized below:

1. Trees andante

flowing, languid

2. Interlude 1 andante/allegro/andante

dynamic, episodic

3. The River moderato

flowing, dramatic

4. Interlude 2 andante/allegro/presto/allegro

dynamic, episodic and dramatic

5. Walk at Night adagio/con moto

flowing, tense

6. Interlude 3 andante/ presto/ andante

wildly dramatic

7. To the Sea moderato

flowing, ecstatic

The structure of the whole piece could be thought of as a double variation set,

with the songs all being 'variations' on the theme of 'nature' and the

interludes as variations on certain material I shall call the 'opening fragment'

(characterized by the rising 6th, and a melodic fragment, both appearing in

the opening 2 bars of the opening song, Trees). So while the interludes are

very tightly structured to form a cohesive narrative, the songs are not. They

are not closely related motivically in the way movements of my purely

instrumental works are. But there still are important moments of motivic

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257

connection here. Each song has an introduction that uses material derived

from the 'opening theme' of the first song. Importantly the two most closely

related songs are the first and last song, with the most distinctive purely

instrumental passages of Trees (heard in bars 25 to 28 and 80 to 83) coming

back to serve both as an introduction and as a grand coda for the final song

(an element of the 'book-ending' as used in the previously discussed String

Trio No.3).

I shall look at the interludes shortly, but firstly I want to explore more closely

what exactly are the ingredients of style, which, in the absence of a strong

motive-based structure, I use to bind the four song texts together.

The text is central to this structure, and so I will look at this first, starting with

the text itself:

to be sung under open sky - text by Quentin Grant 1. The trees are shining in the golden light of afternoon, Each leaf glowing. Each branch gently swaying, A swinging that is graceful and calm. The smile of the sun shines down upon the footsteps of my lonely path. The breeze that wanders from tree to tree, whispers, sighing. Whispers in hushed tones and speaks to me of laughter and regret. Why do my thoughts turn again to childhood? Is it the hush of wind through the trees calling, Leading my soul back home? 2. My gaze is lost, my sight is half in dream. This river and its voice has me languid, hypnotised. My sleep moves in time to its rippling hush. The water quietly murmurs, And songs I sang in childhood Come gently once again. A whispered lullaby, a gentle sweet song, fallen. Soft play of sound that flickers through the water. The river's whispering song is of the earth's deep soul. And songs I dreamt in childhood, come falling once again. Fall whispering once again, Flickering once again. A summer's lullaby, a hidden, long hidden song.

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3. The night is deep, deeper than the day. Cool shines the moonlight on the white limbed trees. Pools of light, voices of memory. How deep, how sad, the moon. Silent its deep gaze. My fragile life held in the gaze of this rippling light. How deep, how wise these shadows, pools of memory and sorrow. Deep, deep and dark. Memories lie deep and dark. Hidden and and dark. 4. Sky has opened, sun is swirling. Gladness. Clouds dividing, blueness is flooding, brightness; bright moment. The valleys unfold, far below me are great shifting hills. Every step takes me closer to a wide, to a serene sea. Sky is fresh born, sparkling light surrounds me. Blessed. Glowing, Horizon flowing gleaming, this blessed moment, shining. The clouds before me divide, Rising higher a breeze and the distant holy shine of the eternal sea Shine! the holy shine of the eternal sea.

The texts seem to be bound on several levels. Firstly there is the question of

subject, with each of the four addressing a different aspect of landscape: the

trees, a river, the night, and the vista to the sea. Then there is the tone of the

texts. The idea of landscape here is nineteenth century in character and has

more in common with the Australian landscape artists and poets of that

century than that of their modern counterparts. The work of artists Eugene

von Guérard and Sydney Long, of poets such as Henry Kendall and Charles

Harpur, along with the writings of the German romantic Hermann Hesse,

were in mind as I strove to find an approach to the piece. What emerge are

verses in a high romantic style that focus on the individual's personal

relationship with the described landscapes.

The musical settings follow the text in tone, with the language referencing

late 19th Century 'landscape' works such as those by Mahler and Bruckner,

but then taking the listener into a space which is more modern, unworldly,

even symbolist, through the use of distinct harmonic writing with dissonant

elements. Triads will have added minor 9ths and tritones, long notes are held

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259

as a dissonant colouration against a tonal harmonic progression, chords will

'bleed' across bar-lines and blur the harmonic progression. The aim is not to

create a 'wrong-note' tonalism as practiced by, for example, the early

Twentieth Century neo-classicists, but to make a 'right-note' neo-romanticism

where each note sounds equally right. As with Elegy - On the Death of Robert

Schumann described above, the treatment of these harmonic ingredients takes

the language away from being a pastiche of romantic composers and into a

sound-world of its own.

Along with the consistency of the harmonic writing there is continuity in the

use of orchestral colour, which assists in giving cohesion. The harp is used

throughout the four songs as a rhythmic and harmonic base rather than as a

source of colour, which is more common for the instrument. In the first song,

Trees, it plays the underlying quaver pulse from bar 10, and in the second

song, The River, it plays fulfills the same function from bar 1. And it holds the

semi-quaver pattern from bar 18 in Walk at Night, and the rhythmic ostinato

from bar 6 in To the Sea. The solo violin functions throughout as a companion

for the solo narrator, or as a lone and lonely figure when the soprano is silent.

It acts, as it often does in Mahler, as the voice of the wayfarer, the outsider,

and the soul alone. The horns figure prominently, and give the opening

lyrical statement in every movement except for the final interlude. These

statements centre the listener, continually bringing them back, if only

momentarily, to the opening moments of the whole work before the work

then goes on to it next scene.

The three interludes work as a major structural framework for the work. As

mentioned above, they are built principally out of the motif heard in the

horns in bar 2 of the opening song (the 'opening fragment').

In Interlude one we immediately hear the rising sixth motif, followed by a

melody in the horns built from following semitone, rising third of the

opening fragment. Variations on this lyrical fragment are heard throughout

the three interludes. It is:

- simplified form, as in at bar 18 of interlude one;

- in augmented form as in the violins at bar 28 of the first interlude

- inverted in the horn solo beginning at bar three of the second interlude

- simplified, as in the clarinets at bar 25 of the second interlude

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260

- concentrated, as in the passage starting at bar 47 in the second

- expanded in the opening of the third interlude

- ornamented in the section of the third beginning at bar 85

- and, ultimately, simplified and reduced from bar 141 to bring the last

interlude to a calm ending.

The close relationship between the three interludes is real and obvious and

could appear overstated. But I felt that they needed to be so closely tied

motivically because of the disparate nature of the songs and also because of

the dynamic and mobile nature of the interludes themselves (there are twenty

tempo changes throughout them).

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261

After-word

"It's not the treasures I care about" he said to himself "such

coveting is miles from my mind, but I long to see the blue

flower. I can't get rid of the idea, it haunts me. I never felt

like this before, it's as if I dreamed of it years ago, or had a

vision of it in another world, for who would be so

concerned about a flower in this world? and I've never

heard of anyone being in love with a flower. . . . I can't

even express the strange state I'm in. Sometimes rapt in

delight, - but when I forget about the blue flower, a

nameless longing takes possession of me, no one can

understand this. I'd think I was mad, if it were not for the

fact that my thoughts are so clear and connected, and I

understand so many new things. I've heard it said that in

the olden days, animals, rocks, and flowers all spoke to

humans. I'm haunted by the idea that they have something

to tell me, and I feel as if I could comprehend their speech. I

used to be devoted to dancing, now I love music".

Novalis8

When it comes to hearing music I have two different 'selves', each with their

own way of listening. The first listens with a sense of alertness and

wakefulness. This is a part of me that is vigilant and willing, that is following

the arguments, that is attentive to the paths chosen and the hurdles

negotiated. This part is gazing with intensity at the way an instrument

sounds, at the aptness of a phrase, at the way instruments combine and how a

tempo change will lift the energy of a new section. It wants to know how a

piece is working and strives to reach an understanding as the work is played.

But then there is another part of my being, a lazy part of my consciousness

which wants to hear the work differently. This part listens in a lazy torpor,

8 Henry of Ofterdingen (translated by Palmer Hilty, Waveland Press,1992) p. 15

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and wants to hear the music as if in a dream. It wants to be intoxicated and

seduced, it wants to ignore sense and coherence and instead find scents and

impermanence. It wants to feel the immensity of the surrounding darkness

and how a sequence of magical sounds play against the darkness and shine

out in the never-ending continuum of time and space. How thankful I am for

those times, infrequent as they are, when my lazy self has completely taken

over and, in a state of absolute and lethargic awareness, I have heard works

and experienced them as if they were potent dreams.

It is with the same torpor, the same lazy dreaminess, that I enter when I begin

the creation of a new work. Earlier in this paper I wrote of the process of

composition as being analogous to a large meeting where many interests are

present, and how through consensus a piece is created. Maybe this

languorous mental state, this condition of reverie, is necessary to dissolve all

those different interests and let through a dream image of what the piece may

be. And it is when this dream-image has been created that my alert self takes

over and does the majority of the work. This is when I have to get everything

right, when I have to build a convincing work that travels through time in a

manner that will fully satisfy a listener. It is then that I work on the handling

of musical materials and the forming of coherent musical structures.

I hope that this collection of pieces and commentaries has given the reader a

chance, through listening and reading, to gain an insight into these

experiments and methods. Their success cannot be measured by persuasive

argument or by technical discussions. They can only be measured ultimately

by the response of listeners. If a certain body of listeners is convinced by the

poetics, the processes, the structures and the musical materials then my

ambitions will have born fruit. If, however, there does not grow, through the

fullness of time and the vagaries of fashion, a body of listeners who love this

music then I shall rightfully join my many brother and sister composers from

throughout the ages in silent obscurity.

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"…his father went on working and grumbling - 'dreams

are froth, whatever the highly learned gentlemen might

say, and you shouldn't let your mind dwell on such

nonsense. The ages are long since past since God spoke to

men in dreams' … 'But father, why are you so opposed to

dreams, when by their strange changes and tender

influence, they awaken reflection? Isn't every dream, even

the most confused, a curious cleft in the mysterious

curtain which veils our inner life? In the wisest books you

find countless dreams of trustworthy men - dreams are a

relief from the monotony of life - . Were it not for dreams,

we would grow old sooner - they are cheerful companions

in life's journey from the cradle to the grave'."

Novalis9

9 Henry of Ofterdingen, p.18

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Works Cited

Adorno, Theodor W. Aesthetic Theory as quoted in: Paddison, Max, Adorno's

Aesthetics of Music (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993)

Akhmatova, Anna. The Sweetbriar Flowers (trans. Richard McKane, Post-War

Russion Poetry, Ed. Daniel Weissbort, Penquin Books, 1974)

Davies, Stephen Themes in the Philosophy of Music (Oxford, Oxford University Press,

2003)

Deleuze, Gilles and Guattari, Félix. A Thousand Plateaus (Translated by Brian

Massumi, University of Minnesota Press, 1987)

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason (translated by Norman Kemp Smith,

Palgrave Macmillan, 1929)

Matravers, Derek Art and Emotion (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1998)

Nietzsche, Fredrich. The Case of Wagner (trans. Antony Ludovici, published

T.N.Foulis, 1911)

Novalis. Henry of Ofterdingen (translated by Palmer Hilty, Waveland Press,

1992)

Rilke, Rainer Maria. Duino Elegies (trans. Edward Snow, North Point Press, 2000)

Schönberg, Arnold. Fundamentals of Musical Composition (ed. Strang and Stein,

London, Faber and Faber, 1967)

Scruton, Roger. The Aesthetics of Music (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1997)

Stravinsky, Igor. Poetics of Music (translated by A. Knodel and I. Dahl, Vintage

Books, 1947)

Thomas, Andrew. Interview with Robin Holloway for Composition Today (April

2006)

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Music CDs are included with the print copy held in the University of Adelaide Library.