University of DuhokCollege of Medicine

Disease of the Pharynx

Prepared by : Sabah S. Majeed

Supervision: Dr.Abdul Selam Dr Abdulla

Pharynx is a muscular tube that connects the nasal cavities to the larynx and oesophagus

Two types of Muscles forms the walls of the pharynx longitudinal and circular

innervated by the vagus nerve

It is common to both the GIT and RT

Nasopharynxbetween the base of the skull and the soft palate

Oropharynxthe middle part of the pharynx,between the soft palate and the superior border of the epiglottis

Laryngopharynxdistal part of the pharynx,between the superior border of the epiglottis and inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6)

Parts of the Pharynx

Arterial supply is via branches of the external carotid artery

Venous drainage is achieved by the pharyngeal venous plexus

Diseases of the Pharynx

1-Pharyngitis 2-Tonsillitis 3-Adenoids Hypertrophy 4-Cancer

Pharyngitisinflammation of the pharynx, causing a sore throat.

Causes viral and bacterial agents cause pharyngitis:

measlesadenovirus,cause of the common coldchickenpoxcroup,a barking coughwhooping cough

***fewer than 20 percent have a clear indicationfor antibiotic therapy (i.e., group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection GABHS)

What Are the Symptoms of Pharyngitis? In addition to a sore, dry, or scratchy throat it may

cause: sneezing runny nose headache cough fatigue body aches chills fever (a low-grade fever with a cold and higher-

grade fever with the flu)

How Is Pharyngitis Diagnosed?

1-C/F 2-Throat Culture

Rx1-Home Care 2-Medical Treatment

According to the Mayo Clinic, penicillin is the most commonly prescribed treatment for sore throat

Tonsillitis

What Is Tonsils?

Tonsils are the two lymph nodes located on each side of the back of your throat

Tonsils are your first line of defense against illnesand they produce white blood cells to help your body fight infection. but are vulnerable to infection from these invaders themselves.

Tonsllitis is inflammation of the tonsils due to infection

Causes of Tonsillitis

Tonsillitis can be caused by a virus, such as the common cold, or by a bacterial infection, such as strep throat

Symptoms a very sore throat difficulty swallowing or painful swallowing a scratchy-sounding voice bad breath fever chills Headaches a stiff neck jaw and neck tenderness (due to swollen lymph

nodes) tonsils that appear red and swollen tonsils that have white or yellow spots

How Tonsillitis Is Diagnosed?

based on a physical examination of the throat and may include a throat culture

Rx

Treatments for severe cases1-Antibiotic2-Tonsillectomy

Indication for tonsillectomy

upper airway obstruction, severe dysphagia, sleep anea or unresponsive to medical management

ContraindicationsPoor anesthetic risk or uncontrolled medical illnessAnemiaAcute infection

Adenoids

Adenoids are small tissues located at the back of the throat.

They are similar to the tonsils Both adenoids and tonsils are part of the

immune system, which helps to prevent and fight infection in your body

Adenoids hypertophy

s the unusual growth ("hypertrophy") of the adenoid tonsil first described by the Danish physician Wilhelm Meyer (1824-1895) in Copenhagen in 1868. He described that a long term adenoid hypertrophy will cause an obstruction of the nasal airways.

Causes

Bacterial or Viral Infection

Adenoid facies is the long, open-mouthed, dumb-looking face of children with adenoid hypertrophyis the most common cause of nasal obstruction in children.

enlarge when infected e.g EBV

Symptoms blocked, stuffy nose ear problems problems sleeping snoring sore throat difficulty swallowing swollen glands in the neck problems breathing through the nose glue ear (fluid buildup in the middle ear, which can cause

hearing problems) cracked lips and dry mouth (from breathing problems) sleep apnea (irregular breathing during sleep)

Diagnosis

C/FPhysical examination through

Endoscope

Rx Many people with enlarged adenoids have

few or no symptoms and do not need treatment. Adenoids shrink as a child grows older.

The health care provider may prescribe antibiotics or nasal steroid sprays if an infection develops.

Surgery to remove the adenoids (adenoidectomy) may be done if the symptoms are severe or persistent.

Cancers

Causes:

Throat cancer occurs when cells in your throat develop genetic mutations

Types 1-Nasopharyngeal cancer 2-Oropharyngeal cancer 3-Hypopharyngeal cancer (laryngopharyngeal

cancer) 4-Glottic cancer 5-Supraglottic cancer 6-Subglottic cancer

Risk Factor Tobacco use, including smoking and

chewing tobacco Excessive alcohol use A virus called human papillomavirus

(HPV) A diet lacking in fruits and vegetables Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Diagnosis1-Endoscope2-Tissue Biopsy3-Imaging

Rx1-Radiotherapy2-Surgery3-Chemotherapy4-Cetuximab (Erbitux)

References

1-Medscape 2-youtube 3-wikipedia 4-medline 5-healthonline 6-teachmanatomy 7-ENTassociation Photos from google