Dhangadhimai · 2020. 5. 21. · g]kfnL, sIff 8 – l;blwr/)f >\ i& ] g]kfn Kof/f] / kljý b...

$: Dhangadhimai · 2020. 5. 21. · g]kfnL, sIff 8 – l;blwr/)f >\ i& ] g]kfn Kof/f] / kljý b ]z;f}Gbo { wf/f axg ] cz]if .]czif .];+\uLtsf d] "n km ^L ljzfn' %NsL /x em] }F noab\w\w$
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xfd|f] egfO

lzIffnfO{ pb\b]Zod"ns, Jofjxfl/s, ;d;fdlos / /f]huf/d"ns agfpg ljleGg ;dodf kf7\oj|md, kf7\o k':tsljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO“b} cfPsf] 5 . ljb\ofyL{df /fi6«, /fli6«o Pstf / nf]stflGqs;+:sf/sf] efjgf k}bf u/fO{ g}ltstf, cg'zf;g / :jfjnDag, l;h{gzLntf h:tf ;fdflhs Pjd\ rfl/lqs u'0f tyfcfwf/e"t eflifs tyf ul0ftLo l;ksf ;fy} lj1fg, k];f Joj;fo, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw, jftfj/0f / :jf:Yo;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fg / hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf; u/fpg' h?/L 5 . pgLx¿df snf / ;f}Gbo{, dfgjLo d"NodfGotf, cfbz{ / j}lzi6\ox¿sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+jw{gk|ltsf] efj hufpg cfjZos 5 . ;dfj]zL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf;xof]u k'¥ofpg pgLx¿df ljleGg hfthflt, lnª\u, ckfª\utf, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt / If]qk|lt ;defj hufpg' /dfgj clwsf/ tyf ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfk|lt ;r]t eO{ lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ cfr/0fsf] ljsf; u/fpg' klg cfhsf]cfjZostf ag]sf] 5 . cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oj|md -sIff –*_, @)^( nfO{ d"n cfwf/ dfgL lzIff ;DaGwL ljleGgcfof]usf ;'emfj, lzIfs, ljb\ofyL{ tyf cleefjsnufot lzIff;“u ;Dab\w ljleGg JolSt ;lDdlnt uf]i7L /cGtlj{|mofsf lgisif{ / ljleGg ljb\ofnodf k/LIf0f u/L k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6L of] kf7\o k':ts tof/kfl/Psf] xf] .

kf7\o k':tsnfO{ o; :j¿kdf Nofpg] sfo{df s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb] {zs >L lbjfs/ 9'ª\u]n,k|f=8f= s]bf/k|;fb zdf{, k|f=8f=/fdgfy cf]emf, /d]zk|;fb e6\6/fO{, rGb|sfGt e';fn, xl/k|;fb lg/f}nf, 8f= uLtfv/]n, dw'k|;fb ltldlN;gf, l;b\lwaxfb'/ dxh{gnufotsf dxfg'efjsf] ljz]if of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . o; kf7\o k':tssf]ljifo j:t' ;Dkfbg /hgL lwdfn / efiff ;Dkfbg u0f]zk|;fb e6\6/fO{af6 ePsf] xf] . o; kf7\o k':tssf] ljsf; tyfkl/dfh{g sfo{df ;+nUg ;a}k|lt kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| wGojfb k|s6 ub{5 .

kf7\o k':tsnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dxTTjk"0f{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;af6 ljb\ofyL{n] kf7\oj|mdåf/f nlIft;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ db\bt k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7\o k':tsnfO{ ;s];Dd lj|mofsnfkd'vL / ?lrs/ agfpg]k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 . kf7\o k':tsnfO{ cem} kl/is[t kfg{sf nflu lzIfs, ljb\ofyL{, cleefjs, a'b\lwhLjL Pjd\ ;Dk"0f{kf7sx¿sf] ;d]t dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] x'“bf ;Dab\w ;a}sf] /rgfTds ;'emfjsf nflu kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/

lzIff dGqfno

kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|lj=;+= @)&@

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ljifo ;"rLljifo ;"rLljifo ;"rLljifo ;"rLljifo ;"rL

1 g]kfn sljtf 1

2= efUo syf 6

3= b]js'df/L yfkf hLjgL 14

4= u|Gylrq k|aGw 23

5= lgj]bg lgj]bg 32

6= ldqtf syf 37

7= l;k / >d sljtf 47

8= e"uf]nljb\ xs{ u'?+ hLjgL 52

9= k|s[lt / jftfj/)f k|aGw 60

10= Pp^f #^gf syf 68

11= bfh'nfO{ lr&L lr&L 75

12= d]/f] #/ sljtf 80

13= lj!fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg jfb ljjfb 84

14= ;flxTosf/ /jLGb|gfy &fs'/ hLjgL 95

15= &u ;dfltof] syf 103

16= sDKo' / / OG^/g] k|aGw 109

17= xfdL Pp } xf}F Psf+\sL 115

18= cfx\jfg sljtf 122

19= l;ªx / :ofnsf] syf syf 127

20= g]kfnL ;ª:s[lt k|aGw 136

21= ;/ cfOHofs Go' g hLjgL 146

22= :jfledfg syf 156

Curricu

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

– l;b\lwr/)f >]i&– l;b\lwr/)f >]i&– l;b\lwr/)f >]i&– l;b\lwr/)f >]i&– l;b\lwr/)f >]i&

g]kfn Kof/f] / kljý b]z

;f}Gbo{ wf/f axg] cz]if .cz]if .cz]if .cz]if .cz]if .

;+\uLtsf] d"n km' L ljzfn

%NsL /x] em}F noab\wnoab\wnoab\wnoab\wnoab\w %fn ..%fn ..%fn ..%fn ..%fn ..

kfgf v'nf kj{t kýkýkýkýkýkýkýkýkýký

%g\ j)f{j)f{j)f{j)f{j)f{ em}F j[If ntf ljlrý . ntf ljlrý . ntf ljlrý . ntf ljlrý . ntf ljlrý .

vf]nf, r/fsf] Wjlg u'x\o dGýu'x\o dGýu'x\o dGýu'x\o dGýu'x\o dGý

g]kfn l;+\u} ax'd"No tGý ..ax'd"No tGý ..ax'd"No tGý ..ax'd"No tGý ..ax'd"No tGý ..

gofF gofF hLt cg]s hf]*\b}

of] b]zsf] OHht dfg yKb} .

HofdLHofdLHofdLHofdLHofdL, l;kfxL / ls;fgls;fgls;fgls;fgls;fg ;f/f

%g\ cfh xfd|f alnof ;xf/f ..

cz]ifcz]ifcz]ifcz]ifcz]if – ;a}, ;d:tnoab \wnoab \wnoab \wnoab \wnoab \w – ;+\uLtdo, nx/df afFlwPsf]% fn%fn%fn%fn%fn – j]un] aUbf aGg] kfgLsf] nx/,

kfgLsf] p&]sf] t/+\uký kýký kýký kýký kýký ký – kfg}kfgfj)f {j)f {j)f {j)f {j)f { – ¿k, /+, j)f{dfnfsf cIf/nt fnt fnt fnt fnt f – nx/f]ljlrljlrljlrljlrljlrýýýýý – /+\uLr+\uL, ljleGg /+sf], cgf}&f]u'x\ou'x\ou'x\ou'x\ou'x\o – uf]Ko, /x:odo

dGýdGýdGýdGýdGý – b]jb]jLaf^ c;fwf/)f zlSt k|fKt

ug{ hlkg] zAb jf jfSo, l;b\lw

k|fKt ug{ hlkg] zAb, j]bsf Crf

ax'd"Noax'd"Noax'd"Noax'd"Noax'd"No – w]/} df]n kg]{, cgdf]n

tGýtGýtGýtGýtGý – b]jb]jLsf] pkf;gf ug]{ ljlw

ePsf] zf:ý jf ljb\of, zf;g kb\wlt

HofdL HofdL HofdL HofdL HofdL – Hofnfdf sfd ug{], dhb'/

ls;fgls;fgls;fgls;fgls;fg – v]tLkftL ug{] JolSt

kf& M 1kf& M 1kf& M 1kf& M 1kf& M 1

g]kfng]kfng]kfng]kfng]kfn

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

of] b]zsf] l;h{gsf] lgldTt

k'vf{k'vf{k'vf{k'vf{k'vf{x¿sf] kl;gf / /St .

xfd|f] ax]sf] % g;f g;fdf

*f]¥ofpFb} :ju{ %'g] lbzfdf ..

ljklTtljklTtljklTtljklTtljklTt kbf{ klg xfFl;xfF;L

tof/ e} r(\g ;d]t kmfF;L .....

afFr] arfP / /d] /dfP

;+\#if{;+\#if{;+\#if{;+\#if{;+\#if{n] of] d'n's} hufP ..

k'vf{k 'vf{k 'vf{k 'vf{k 'vf{ – afh] a/fh', klxn]sf k':tf, k"j{h

ljklTtljklTtljklTtljklTtljklTt – cfkt\

;+\#if {;+\#if {;+\#if {;+\#if {;+\#if { – j|mflGt, n*fOF

1 =1 =1 =1 =1 = …g]kfn’ sljtf ;fyLx¿;Fu ldnL ;d"xdf no ldnfP/ jfrg u/ .…g]kfn’ sljtf ;fyLx¿;Fu ldnL ;d"xdf no ldnfP/ jfrg u/ .…g]kfn’ sljtf ;fyLx¿;Fu ldnL ;d"xdf no ldnfP/ jfrg u/ .…g]kfn’ sljtf ;fyLx¿;Fu ldnL ;d"xdf no ldnfP/ jfrg u/ .…g]kfn’ sljtf ;fyLx¿;Fu ldnL ;d"xdf no ldnfP/ jfrg u/ .

2=2=2=2=2= ldNg] zAb %fg]/ vfnL &fpF e/ MldNg] zAb %fg]/ vfnL &fpF e/ MldNg] zAb %fg]/ vfnL &fpF e/ MldNg] zAb %fg]/ vfnL &fpF e/ MldNg] zAb %fg]/ vfnL &fpF e/ M

;xf/f, Kof/f], kmfF;L, kl;gf, ljho-s_ xfd|f] b]z xfdLnfO{============== nfU% .-v_ HofdL, l;kfxL / ls;fgx¿ o; b]zsf ============ x'g\ .-u_ g]kfnsf] lgdf{)fdf k'vf{x¿sf] ============ au]sf] % .

-#_ of] b]z arfpg k'vf{x¿ ================ r(\g;d]t tof/ eP .

3=3=3=3=3= tn lbOPsf] sljtfªz k'/f u/ Mtn lbOPsf] sljtfªz k'/f u/ Mtn lbOPsf] sljtfªz k'/f u/ Mtn lbOPsf] sljtfªz k'/f u/ Mtn lbOPsf] sljtfªz k'/f u/ M

g]kfn Kof/f] =====================================

;f}Gbo{ =================================== cz]if========================== d"n km' L ljzfn================ emF} noab\w =====================

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

4= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ Ps jfSodf n]v M4= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ Ps jfSodf n]v M4= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ Ps jfSodf n]v M4= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ Ps jfSodf n]v M4= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ Ps jfSodf n]v M

-s_ kl;gfsf wf/f sxfF axG%g\ <

-v_ xfd|f kj{tx¿ s] h:tf %g\ <

-u_ xfd|f alnof ;xf/f sf] sf] x'g\ <

-#_ k'vf{n] of] d'n'sdf hfu/)f Nofpg s] u/] <

5=5=5=5=5= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ b]pm M

-s_ sljtfdf sljn] g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfsf] j)f{g s;/L u/]sf %g\,

:ki^ kf/ .

-v_ sljtfdf xfd|f k'vf{x¿n] b]zsf lglDt lbPsf] of]ubfgnfO{ s] s;/L j)f{g

ul/Psf] %, n]v .

6=6=6=6=6= …g]kfn’ sljtfsf] d'Vo efj n]v .…g]kfn’ sljtfsf] d'Vo efj n]v .…g]kfn’ sljtfsf] d'Vo efj n]v .…g]kfn’ sljtfsf] d'Vo efj n]v .…g]kfn’ sljtfsf] d'Vo efj n]v .

7=7=7=7=7= JofVof u/ MJofVof u/ MJofVof u/ MJofVof u/ MJofVof u/ M

HofdL, l;kfxL / ls;fg ;f/f

%g\ cfh xfd|f alnof ;xf/f .

zAb e)*f/zAb e)*f/zAb e)*f/zAb e)*f/zAb e)*f/

8=8=8=8=8= pN^f] cy{ cfpg] zAb;Fu hf]*f ldnfpm MpN^f] cy{ cfpg] zAb;Fu hf]*f ldnfpm MpN^f] cy{ cfpg] zAb;Fu hf]*f ldnfpm MpN^f] cy{ cfpg] zAb;Fu hf]*f ldnfpm MpN^f] cy{ cfpg] zAb;Fu hf]*f ldnfpm M

h:t} M gofF = k'/fgf]

OHht v'nf :ju{ r(\g kljý

aGb cf]n{g zflGt a]OHht g/s ckljý

9=9=9=9=9= tnsf zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb n]v Mtnsf zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb n]v Mtnsf zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb n]v Mtnsf zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb n]v Mtnsf zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M

b]z M ==================== ljzfn M = ===================

kj{t M ==================== j[If M ====================

Wjlg M ==================== ls;fg M ====================

lht M ==================== /St M ====================

ljklTt M ==================== ;+\#if{ M ====================

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

10=10=10=10=10= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mtnsf zAbsf] cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mtnsf zAbsf] cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mtnsf zAbsf] cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mtnsf zAbsf] cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

Kof/f], dGý, dfg, ;+\uLt, k'vf{

pRrf/)f / lxHh]pRrf/)f / lxHh]pRrf/)f / lxHh]pRrf/)f / lxHh]pRrf/)f / lxHh]

11 =11 =11 =11 =11 = tnsf zAb z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mtnsf zAb z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mtnsf zAb z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mtnsf zAb z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mtnsf zAb z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M

tGý, noab\w, u'x\o, Wjlg, j)f{

12=12=12=12=12= sljtfsf] t];|f] Znf]s z'b\w;sljtfsf] t];|f] Znf]s z'b\w;sljtfsf] t];|f] Znf]s z'b\w;sljtfsf] t];|f] Znf]s z'b\w;sljtfsf] t];|f] Znf]s z'b\w;u ;f/ .u ;f/ .u ;f/ .u ;f/ .u ;f/ .

13=13=13=13=13= ;'g / n]v M;'g / n]v M;'g / n]v M;'g / n]v M;'g / n]v M

;f}Gbo{, OHht, HofdL, j[If, k'vf{, ljklTt

14=14=14=14=14= tnsf hf]*L zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / lzIfsnfO{ ;f]w]/ km/stnsf hf]*L zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / lzIfsnfO{ ;f]w]/ km/stnsf hf]*L zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / lzIfsnfO{ ;f]w]/ km/stnsf hf]*L zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / lzIfsnfO{ ;f]w]/ km/stnsf hf]*L zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / lzIfsnfO{ ;f]w]/ km/s

cy{ a'em Mcy{ a'em Mcy{ a'em Mcy{ a'em Mcy{ a'em M

b]z – å]if, ntf – n^f, gzf – g;f, lbzf – lb;f, lbg – bLg

sfo{d"ns Jofs/)fsfo{d"ns Jofs/)fsfo{d"ns Jofs/)fsfo{d"ns Jofs/)fsfo{d"ns Jofs/)f

15= k(, a'em / u/ M15= k(, a'em / u/ M15= k(, a'em / u/ M15= k(, a'em / u/ M15= k(, a'em / u/ M

kf&df k|of]u ePsf b]z, wf/f, ;+\uLt, kfgf, kj{t, j[If, ntf, vf]nf, OHht, HofdL,

l;kfxL, ls;fg, kl;gf, /St, g;f, :ju{ cflb gfd zAb x'g\ . gfd zAbn] s'g} JolSt,

j:t', &fpF, gbL, ;d"x, efj cflbnfO{ a'emfpF%g\ . gfd kfFr k|sf/sf x'G%g\Ù h:t} M

cfzf/fd,

*f]Ndf, ;ljtf,

hgs, g]kfn,

ef/t, d]rL,

kf]v/f,

n'lDagL, u'NdL,

/fdfo)f,

ltxf/, %&

lxdfn,

lstfa, ufO{,

ufpF, ;x/,

?v, dlGb/,

kmn, b]jtf,

b]z, dflg;,

gbL, r/f

;'g, g'g,

UofF;, b'w,

bxL, lrgL,

kfgL, df^f],

afn'jf, xfjf,

w'nf], wfg,

rfdn, lk&f],

bfn, w'jfF,

rfFbL

bof, dfof,

l/;, hjfgL,

k')o, ldýtf,

ul/aL,

n]vfO, ;'v,

b'Mv, ?jfO,

v';L, of}jg,

ljZjf;,

lzIff

x'n, ayfg,

kmf}h, em'Kkf],

/f;, y'k|f],

u)f, hGtL,

;]gf, kN g,

aufn,

ayfg,

hgtf, ;ef

;d"xjfrsJolStjfrs hfltjfrs b|Jojfrs efjjfrs

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

dflysf] tflnsfsf] cWoog u/L tflnsfdf gk/]sf JolStjfrs, hfltjfrs, ;d"xjfrs,

b|Jojfrs / efjjfrs gfdsf kfFr kfFr cf]^f pbfx/)f n]vL jfSodf

k|of]u u/ .

16= ltd|f] sIff16= ltd|f] sIff16= ltd|f] sIff16= ltd|f] sIff16= ltd|f] sIff sf]&fdf ePsf b; cf] f j:t'sf gfd zAb n]v]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .sf]&fdf ePsf b; cf] f j:t'sf gfd zAb n]v]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .sf]&fdf ePsf b; cf] f j:t'sf gfd zAb n]v]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .sf]&fdf ePsf b; cf] f j:t'sf gfd zAb n]v]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .sf]&fdf ePsf b; cf] f j:t'sf gfd zAb n]v]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .

17= pbfx/)f x]/L Ps jrgnfO{ ax' jrg / ax' jrgnfO{ Ps jrgdf kl/jt{g17= pbfx/)f x]/L Ps jrgnfO{ ax' jrg / ax' jrgnfO{ Ps jrgdf kl/jt{g17= pbfx/)f x]/L Ps jrgnfO{ ax' jrg / ax' jrgnfO{ Ps jrgdf kl/jt{g17= pbfx/)f x]/L Ps jrgnfO{ ax' jrg / ax' jrgnfO{ Ps jrgdf kl/jt{g17= pbfx/)f x]/L Ps jrgnfO{ ax' jrg / ax' jrgnfO{ Ps jrgdf kl/jt{g

u/L n]v M u/L n]v M u/L n]v M u/L n]v M u/L n]v M

pbfx/)f M d g]kfnL x'F . xfdL g]kfnL xf}F .

-s_ pm g]kfnL af]N% . ================================================ .

-v_ ============================================= = . xfdL ljb\ofyL{ xf}F .

-u_ ?v kj{tdf % . ======================================================== .

-#_ ============================================= . xfdL b]znfO{ dfof u%f}{F .

-+_ HofdL sfd u%{ . ===========================================================================.

-r_ ================================================= . xfdL kl;gf aufpF%f}F .

l;h{gfTds cEof;l;h{gfTds cEof;l;h{gfTds cEof;l;h{gfTds cEof;l;h{gfTds cEof;

18=18=18=18=18= vfnL &fpFdf pko'St zAb e/L tnsf] sljtf k'/f u/ MvfnL &fpFdf pko'St zAb e/L tnsf] sljtf k'/f u/ MvfnL &fpFdf pko'St zAb e/L tnsf] sljtf k'/f u/ MvfnL &fpFdf pko'St zAb e/L tnsf] sljtf k'/f u/ MvfnL &fpFdf pko'St zAb e/L tnsf] sljtf k'/f u/ M

slt, :jfledfg, b]z, ;f}Gbo{, k/fO

% ;'Gb/ of] slt ============================================== xfd|f]==================================================== gfgf % lxdfn /fd|f]

vf]nf / gf{ =========================================== %g\ d'xfg

arfO/fV%' d t ================================== .

19=19=19=19=19= zLif{sdf sljtf n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm . zLif{sdf sljtf n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm . zLif{sdf sljtf n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm . zLif{sdf sljtf n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm . zLif{sdf sljtf n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

efUoefUoefUoefUoefUo

– ;'wf lýkf&L– ;'wf lýkf&L– ;'wf lýkf&L– ;'wf lýkf&L– ;'wf lýkf&L

æP s] ToxfF 'n' 'n' x]/]/ a;]sf] xF < slxNo} dfG%]n] vfPsf] b]v]sf] %}g;\ <Æ wg] ;fx'n]

k'G^]nfO{ xsfb}{ eGof] .

k'G ] dem]/Ldem]/Ldem]/Ldem]/Ldem]/Ldf a;]/ r'nflt/ x]l//x]sf] lyof] . wg] ;fx' eft vfFb} lyof] . yfndf clnslt

eft, clg jl/kl/ srf}/fsrf}/fsrf}/fsrf}/fsrf}/f / Kn] df y'k|} vfg] s'/f b]v]/ k'G ] %Ss k/]/ al;/x]sf]

lyof] . æTolt yf]/} eft vfg Toýf] ltx'gltx'gltx'gltx'gltx'g lsg rflxPsf] xf]nf < ;a}eGbf klxnf s] vfg]

xf]nf < ;a}eGbf kl% s] vfg] xf]nf < Tolt w]/} v]t eP/ klg ;fx'n] lsg Tolt yf]/} eft

vfPsf] xf]nf <Æ pm ;f]Rb} lyof] .

wgL/fd r'&\g lg:sFbf k'G ] h:s]nf]h:s]nf]h:s]nf]h:s]nf]h:s]nf] aflx/} lyof] . wgL/fdn] xftdf NofPsf] b'weft

h'&]Ngfh'&]Ngfh'&]Ngfh'&]Ngfh'&]Ngfsf] ('+\ufdf /flvlbof] . s's'/n] skfsk b'weft vfPsf] b]v]/ k'G ]n] #' 'Ss y's

lgNof] . p;n] ;f]Rof], æ;fx'sf] #/sf] s's'/ x'g' kf] hftL /x]% .Æ

æs's'/sf] eftdf rf]v] nfpnf;\ df]/f Æ wg] ;fx'n] xsf/]sf] :j/df eGof] .

k'G ]sf] afa' wg]sf] v]taf/Lsf] /]vb]v uYof]{ . k'G ] klg afa'sf] kl% nfu]/ wg]sf] #/df

hfGYof] . pm ToxfF cfk\mgf] #/sf] eGbf ;a} yf]s km/s b]VYof] .

k'G ]sf] afa'n] %f]/fnfO{ :s'ndf egf{ ul/lbPsf] lyof] . lbpF;f]sf] vfhf vfg] %' \ Ldf

s] fx¿ es'G*f] v]Ny] . pm %]pdf a;]/ x]l//xGYof] . s] fx¿ hfgL hfgL p;nfO{ es'G*fn]

xfGy] . æP o;nfO{ kf] nfu]%Æ eGy] / unn xfF:y] .

pm :s'ndf cfk\mgf km' ]sf uf]*fuf]*fuf]*fuf]*fuf]*f x]Yof]{ . ;fyLx¿sf uf]*fdf gofF gofF h'Ttf b]VYof] .

;fyLx¿sf emf]nf x]Yof]{ / cfk\mgf] emf]nf x]Yof]{ . x/]s s'/f km/s b]v]/ Tof] km/s x'g'sf]


dem]/L M dem]/L M dem]/L M dem]/L M dem]/L M #/leý r'nf], cf]%\ofg / sf]&fsf cltl/St vfnL %f]l*Psf] larsf] &fpF

srf}/f M srf}/f M srf}/f M srf}/f M srf}/f M ef]hgsf ;fdu|LdWo] ltx'g, t/sf/L cflb xfNg] efF*f], a 'sf]

ltx'g Mltx'g Mltx'g Mltx'g Mltx'g M eftl;t d'%]/ vfOg] emf]n t/sf/L

h:s]nf] Mh:s]nf] Mh:s]nf] Mh:s]nf] Mh:s]nf] M #/sf] d"n (f]sfafx]ssf] csf]{ (f]sf

h'&]Ngf Mh'&]Ngf Mh'&]Ngf Mh'&]Ngf Mh'&]Ngf M h'&f] kmfNg] ul/Psf] &fpF, h'&f efF*f dfem\g] &fpF

uf]*f Muf]*f Muf]*f Muf]*f Muf]*f M v' \ f

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

cy{ vf]HYof] . pm dgdg} cy{ klg klxNofpFYof] . æpgLx¿ wgL %g\, d ul/a %' .Æ t/ pm

sf]xL s;/L wgL x'G% / sf]xL s;/L ul/a x'G% eGg] s'/fsf] cy{ eg]

e]^\^fpFb}gYof] .

k'G ]n] Ps lbg xh'/cfdf;Fu ;f]Wof], æxh'/cfdf xfdL lsg ul/a ePsf <Æ

æefUosf] v]nÆ xh'/cfdfn] cfkm}Fn] b]v]sf] h:tf] u/]/ hjfkm lbOg\ .

æefUo eg]sf] s] xh'/cfdf <Æ ;fyLx¿sf] es'G*fsf] v]nsf] s'/f t p;nfO{ yfxf lyof] .efUon] klg To:t} es'G*f] v]Ng] xf] ls clg p;n] lbpF;f] ;fyLx¿n] tfsL tfsL es'G*fn]xfg]sf] &fpF ;'D;'Dofof] .

æefUo eg]sf] b]ptfn] xfd|f lgwf/df n]v]sf] s'/f xf] . %} L%} L%} L%} L%} Lsf lbg lgwf/df n]lvP hltdfý} kfpF% dfG%]n] .Æ xh'/cfdfn] %|} Lsf af/]df w]/} s'/f atfOg\ . To;;Fu hf]l*Psfsyf klg ;'gfOg\ .

k'G ]n] km]l/ lbpF;f]sf] ;fyLx¿sf] v]n ;lDemof] . ;fyLx¿n] e'mlSsPsf] h:tf] u/]/ tfsLtfsL cfkm"nfO{ lxsf{Psf] ;lDemof] . p;n] To; v]nnfO{ efUosf] v]n;Fu t'ngf u¥of] .ToxL es'G*f] s;}nfO{ /dfOnf] aGg], s;}nfO{ b'Mv aGg] ;De\mof] / es'G*fn] b'vfPsf]kfv'/f] km]l/ d';f¥of] .

p;sL alxgL ev{/} hGd]sL lyO{ . pm %} f}F lbgsf] k|tLIffk|tLIffk|tLIffk|tLIffk|tLIff ul//x]sf] lyof] . b;}F cfpg]a]nfdf klg ;don] o;/L g} la:tf/} kfOnf]kfOnf]kfOnf]kfOnf]kfOnf] ;fYof]{ . ToxL ;do clxn] klg ;f/} nf];nf];nf];nf];nf];]alg/x]sf] lyof] . k'G ]nfO{ lgs} a]r}ga]r}ga]r}ga]r}ga]r}g eO/x]sf] lyof] . cfh aNn alxgL hGd]sf] % lbg eof] .

æcfdf cfh alxgLsf] %} L xlu Æ k'G ]n] pT;'s x'Fb} ;f]Wof] .

æxf], t/ tFnfO{ lsg oýf] rf;f] lg <Æ cfdfn] ems]{ e}mF u/L elgg\ .

æxh'/cfdfn] eGg'ePsf], %} L eg]sf] t dflg;sf] efUo n]lvg] lbg c/] . %} Lsf] /fltaRrfsf] l;/fgLdf sfkL, snd /flvlbg'k%{ c/], /ftel/ aTtL lgEg lbg' x'Fb}g /] . clg

%}^L M%}^L M%}^L M%}^L M%}^L M afns hGd]sf] %} f}F lbg /ftdf ul/g] pT;j jf sd{, %} fF} lbgsf] /flý, h'g lbg afnssf]

efUo efjLn] n]V% eGg] k/Dk/fcg';f/ /fte/ afnssf glhs} aTtL aflng] sfo{

k|tLIff Mk|tLIff Mk|tLIff Mk|tLIff Mk|tLIff M s'g} sfd x'g] cfzfdf ul/Psf] kvf{O, af^f] x]/fO

kfOnf] MkfOnf] MkfOnf] MkfOnf] MkfOnf] M k}tfnf]

nf];] Mnf];] Mnf];] Mnf];] Mnf];] M l(nf] :jefjsf]

a]r}g Ma]r}g Ma]r}g Ma]r}g Ma]r}g M r}g jf ;'v zflGt gePsf], czfGt

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

b]ptfn] cfP/ ;' 'Ss efUo n]v]/ hfG%g\ c/] . dfG%]n] efUodf n]v]sf] s'/f dfý} kfpF%/] .Æ k'G ]n] cfk"mnfO{ yfxf ePsf] ;Dk")f{ s'/f cfdfnfO{ atfof] .

Toltv]/} k'G ]sf] afa' klg cfOk'Uof] . pm %f]/fsf] s'/f ;'g]/ %Ss k/]g . p;n] eGof],æk'G ], xfdLn] t]/f] %} Ldf b]ptfnfO{ t]/f] efUo n]Vg lbPgf}F lg .Æ

æTo;f] eP d]/f] lgwf/ vfnL % t af <Æ k'G ]n] crDd dfg]/ ;f]Wof] .

æxf], t]/f] lgwf/ vfnL % .Æ k'G ]n] cfkm" / cfk"m;Fu k(\g] ;fyLx¿sf lardf lsg leGgtf% eGg] s'/f aNn kf] a'em]F eGg] &fGof] .

ælsg vfnL /fv]sf] t af d]/f] lgwf/ <Æ p;n] c;Gt'li^c;Gt'li^c;Gt'li^c;Gt'li^c;Gt'li^ hgfof] .

æt]/f] dfý} xf]Og, t]/L alxgLsf] lgwf/df klg c¿nfO{ s]xL n]Vg glbg] .Æ cfdfsf] s'/f;'g]/ k'G ] lvl;Sslvl;Sslvl;Sslvl;Sslvl;Ss k¥of] .

cfdfn] ;DemfpFb} elgg\, æx]/ k'G ], xfd|f] efUo c¿nfO{ n]Vg lbg' x'Fb}g . c¿n] n]lvlbPsf]

efUo af]s]/ lxF*\g] ePsfn] dflg;x¿ xfdL h:tf b'MvL x'g] u/]sf x'g\ .Æ

k'G ] cem} %Ss k¥of], ælgwf/leý efUo n]Vg] rflxF s;/L t < Æ

afa'n] k'G ]nfO{ glhs} tfGof] . la:tf/} p;sf] ^fpsf] d';f¥of] . lgwf/df DjfOF vfof] .

%f]/fnfO{ cFufnf] xfNb} p;n] eGof], æk'G ], efUo lgwf/df xf]Og, hLjgdf n]lvG% . sd{sf]

sndn] efUo n]Vg'k%{ . t}Fn] klg cfkm\gf] efUo cfkm}F n]Vg] xf] . alxgLn] klg cfkm}F n]V%] .Æ

æsd{sf] snd eg]sf] s] lg af < Æ k'G ] cln v';L b]lvof] .

æsd{sf] snd eg]sf] sfd xf] . dfG%]n] hlt w]/} ldlxg]t u¥of], plt p;sf] efUo alnof]

/ /fd|f] x'G% . cfk\mgf] efUo cfkm}F n]Vg] dflg;nfO{ b'Mv rflxF cln a(L x'G% .Æ

æaf wg] ;fx'eGbf tkfOF{ a(L sfd ug'{x'G% . efUo rflxF p;sf] /fd|f] lsg ePsf] lg <

of] t sfd ug]{ sfn' ds} vfg] efn' eg] em}F ePg / <Æ p;n] wgL/fdn] b'weft NofP/

s's'/nfO{ lbPsf] b[Zo emnSs ;De\mof] .

æafa', d}n] w]/} sfd ug{ dfý hfg]F, To;nfO{ efUo;Fu hf]*\g hflggF . sfd u/]kl% efUo

ablng'k%{ eGg] s'/f ev{/ a'e\mb} %' . d w]/} sfd u%'{ t/ b'weft pgLx¿ vfG%g\

c;Gt'li^ M c;Gt'li^ M c;Gt'li^ M c;Gt'li^ M c;Gt'li^ M ;Gt'i^ gePsf] efj, ck|zGgtf

lvl;Ss M lvl;Ss M lvl;Ss M lvl;Ss M lvl;Ss M lj:tf/} jf d'v yf]/} vf]n]/ -xfF:g] sfd_

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

lsg < lsgeg] >d>d>d>d>d ug]{;Fu k|z:t hldg %}g . hldg x'g]x¿;Fu >dsf] d"Nod"Nod"Nod"Nod"No a'e\mg] dg

%}g . To;}n] %f]/f, ca >d / hldgsf] ;DaGw xfd|f] efUol;t hf]*\g] s'/f ug'{k%{ /

cfk\mgf] efUo cfk}mF n]Vg'k%{ . dnfO{ plxNo} o:tf] s'/f a'emfOlbg] klg sf]xL ePg . ca

d cfkm"n] a'em]sf] s'/f ltdLx¿nfO{ klg a'emfpFb} hfG%' .Æ

æaf, tkfO{F dnfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\ . d d]/f] efUo cfkm}F n]Vb} hfG%' x} <Æ

k'G ] ;fFRr} x'g] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft eg] em}F klxn]b]lv kl/>dL / ldlxg]tL klg lyof] .

afa'sf] s'/f ;'g]kl% pm k'm?+\+ k/]/ alxgLsf %]pdf uof] . cl# cfk\mgf] lgwf/df afa'n]

DjfOF vfP h;/L g} p;n] klg alxgLsf lgwf/df r'Kk DjfOF vfof] . ;fy} cfk\mgf] efUo cfkm}F

n]Vg] ;'Gb/ eljiosf] sNkgfdf lgdUg x'g yfNof] .

1 =1 =1 =1 =1 = dflysf] kf& kfn}kfnf] Ps Ps cg'R%]b k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .dflysf] kf& kfn}kfnf] Ps Ps cg'R%]b k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .dflysf] kf& kfn}kfnf] Ps Ps cg'R%]b k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .dflysf] kf& kfn}kfnf] Ps Ps cg'R%]b k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .dflysf] kf& kfn}kfnf] Ps Ps cg'R%]b k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .

2=2=2=2=2= pTt/ eg MpTt/ eg MpTt/ eg MpTt/ eg MpTt/ eg M

-s_ k'G ] lsg %Ss k/]/ x]l//x]sf] lyof] <

-v_ lbpF;f]sf] %' \ Ldf s] fx¿ s] uy]{ <

-u_ xh'/cfdfsf] ljrf/df efUo s] xf] <

-#_ sd{sf] snd eg]sf] s] xf] <

-+_ dfG%]sf] efUo s;/L alnof] / /fd|f] x'G% <

3=3=3=3=3= s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v Ms;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v Ms;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v Ms;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v Ms;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v M

-s_ efUo eg]sf] b]ptfn] xfd|f lgwf/df n]v]sf] s'/f xf] .

-v_ xfdLn] t]/f] %} Ldf b]ptfnfO{ t]/f] efUo n]Vg lbPgf}F lg .

>d M>d M>d M>d M>d M kl/>d, ldlxg]t

d"No Md"No Md"No Md"No Md"No M dxTTj, ul/df

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

-u_ sd{sf] sndn] efUo n]Vg'k%{ .

-#_ of] t sfd ug]{ sfn' ds} vfg] efn' eg] em}F ePg / <

-+_ ca >d / hldgsf] ;DaGw xfd|f] efUol;t hf]*\g] s'/f ug'{k%{ .

4= l&s pTt/df l&s - 4= l&s pTt/df l&s - 4= l&s pTt/df l&s - 4= l&s pTt/df l&s - 4= l&s pTt/df l&s - _____ _ lrx\g nufpm M _ lrx\g nufpm M _ lrx\g nufpm M _ lrx\g nufpm M _ lrx\g nufpm M

-s_ wgL/fd s;sf] gfd xf] <

-c_ a'afsf] -cf_ cfdfsf] -O_ ;fx'sf]

-v_ æxfd|f] efUo c¿nfO{ n]Vg lbg' x'Fb}g .Æ of] egfO s;sf] xf] <

-c_ k'G ]sL xh'/cfdfsf] -cf_ k'G ]sL cfdfsf] -O_ k'G ]sf afa'sf]

-u_ wg]n] b'weft NofP/ s;nfO{ lbof] <

-c_ k'G ]nfO{ -cf_ r/fnfO{ -O_ s's'/nfO{

5= pTt/ n]v 5= pTt/ n]v 5= pTt/ n]v 5= pTt/ n]v 5= pTt/ n]v M

-s_ k'G ]n] lsg #' 'Ss y's lgNof] <

-v_ k'G ]n] lsg %} f}F lbgsf] k|tLIff ul//x]sf] lyof] <

-u_ k'G ]n] lsg c;Gt'li^ hgfof] <

-#_ k'G ]sf afa' lsg ul/a aGg k'u] <

-+_ xfdLn] s;/L cfk\mgf] efUo cfkm}F n]Vg ;S%fF} <

-r_ …efUo’ syfaf^ s] lzIff kfOG% <

6= efj :ki^ u/ M6= efj :ki^ u/ M6= efj :ki^ u/ M6= efj :ki^ u/ M6= efj :ki^ u/ M

ca >d / hldgsf] ;DaGw xfd|f] efUol;t hf]*\g] s'/f ug'{k%{ / cfk\mgf] efUo

cfkm}F n]Vg'k%{ .


7=7=7=7=7= ldNg] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNg] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNg] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNg] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNg] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

h:t} M %Ss — crDd

%Ss, cy{, b]ptf, lgwf/, cfdf, >d, eujfg\, ldlxg]t, crDd, dftf, tfTko{, nnf^

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

8=8=8=8=8= pN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb;Fu hf]*f ldnfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ MpN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb;Fu hf]*f ldnfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ MpN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb;Fu hf]*f ldnfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ MpN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb;Fu hf]*f ldnfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ MpN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb;Fu hf]*f ldnfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M

h:t} M wgL — ul/a

wgL, w]/}, b]ptf, alnof], gofF, c;Gt'li^, yf]/}, k'/fgf, ul/a, ;Gt'li^,

sdhf]/, bfgj

9=9=9=9=9= k(, a'em / u/ Mk(, a'em / u/ Mk(, a'em / u/ Mk(, a'em / u/ Mk(, a'em / u/ M

sfd rflxF tkfO{F ug]{ t/ efUo rflxF wgL/fdsf] /fd|f] x'g] lsg < of] t sfd ug]{ sfn'

ds} vfg] efn' ePg / .

k'G ] ;fFFRr} x'g] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft eg] emF} ;fg}b]lv kl/>dL / lh!f;' klg lyof] .

dflysf jfSodf k|of]u ePsf pvfgn] ;"ýfTds sygnfO{ a'emfPsf %g\ . pvfgnfO{

nf]sf]lSt klg elgG% . pvfgn] cleJolStnfO{ /f]rs, :ki^ / dfld{s agfpF%g\ .

tnsf pvfgnfO{ cy{ :ki^ x'g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mtnsf pvfgnfO{ cy{ :ki^ x'g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mtnsf pvfgnfO{ cy{ :ki^ x'g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mtnsf pvfgnfO{ cy{ :ki^ x'g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mtnsf pvfgnfO{ cy{ :ki^ x'g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

ug]{ eGg] xg'dfg\ ku/L u'Yg] (]*', OGb|sf cufl* :ju{sf] aofg, cfP cfFk uP em^f/f],

xfTtLsf] d'vdf lh/f, gfRg ghfGg] cfFug ](f], afFb/sf xftdf gl/jn


10=10=10=10=10= tnsf zAbsf] z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mtnsf zAbsf] z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mtnsf zAbsf] z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mtnsf zAbsf] z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mtnsf zAbsf] z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M

%} L, 'n' 'n', h'&]Ngf, h:s]nf]

11 =11 =11 =11 =11 = tn lbOPsf zAbx¿ ;Rofpm Mtn lbOPsf zAbx¿ ;Rofpm Mtn lbOPsf zAbx¿ ;Rofpm Mtn lbOPsf zAbx¿ ;Rofpm Mtn lbOPsf zAbx¿ ;Rofpm M

lhUof;', DjfO, #'t'Ss, a]rOg, kl/zdL{

12= kf&af^ k'G^], #'^'Ss, y's h:tf x|:j psf/ x'g] b; cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/12= kf&af^ k'G^], #'^'Ss, y's h:tf x|:j psf/ x'g] b; cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/12= kf&af^ k'G^], #'^'Ss, y's h:tf x|:j psf/ x'g] b; cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/12= kf&af^ k'G^], #'^'Ss, y's h:tf x|:j psf/ x'g] b; cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/12= kf&af^ k'G^], #'^'Ss, y's h:tf x|:j psf/ x'g] b; cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/

n ]v .n ]v .n ]v .n ]v .n ]v .



-s_ pm dgdg} cy{ nufpFYof] klg . pgLx¿ wgL %g\, d ul/a %' .

-v_ xfdLn] eg]sf] ;'g\, t}Fn] klg t]/f] efUo cfkm}F n]Vg] xf] .

-u_ tkfO{F dnfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\ . d cfkm}F n]Vb} hfG%' .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

dflysf jfSodf /]vf+\lst ePsf cIf/df cfPsf pm, pgLx¿, d, xfdL, tF, cfkmF},tkfOF{ h:tf zAbx¿n] ;j{gfdnfO{ a'emfPsf %g\ . ;j{gfd gfd kbsf] ; \ fdf k|of]ux'G% . d'Vo ¿kdf ;j{gfd rf/ k|sf/sf %g\ . h:t} M

dflysf] tflnsf cWoog u/L kf&af^ ;j{gfd k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf] f jfSox¿vf]h]/ n]v .


-s_ /ftel/ aTtL lgEg lbg' x'Fb}g /]/]/]/]/] .

-v_ lsg vfnL /fv]sf] ttttt af d]/f] lgwf/ <

-u_ d d]/f] efUo cfkm}F n}Vb} hfG%' x} x} x} x} x} .

-#_ %} Ldf b]ptfnfO{ t]/f] efUo n]Vg lbPgf}F lglglglglg .

dflysf jfSodf cfPsf /], t, x}, lg h:tf uf(f cIf/sf zAb lgkft x'g\ . lgkftPSn}sf] s'g} cy{ x'Fb}g . t/ jfSodf k|of]u ePkl% eg] To;sf] ljz]if cy{ x'G% .lgkftn] egfOnfO{ ;'Gb/ agfpg ljz]if e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G% .

kf&af^ lgkft zAb k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSo vf]h]/ n]v .kf&af^ lgkft zAb k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSo vf]h]/ n]v .kf&af^ lgkft zAb k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSo vf]h]/ n]v .kf&af^ lgkft zAb k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSo vf]h]/ n]v .kf&af^ lgkft zAb k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSo vf]h]/ n]v .

15= tnsf jfSodf ePsf lgkft zAb lrg / sfkLdf ;f/ M15= tnsf jfSodf ePsf lgkft zAb lrg / sfkLdf ;f/ M15= tnsf jfSodf ePsf lgkft zAb lrg / sfkLdf ;f/ M15= tnsf jfSodf ePsf lgkft zAb lrg / sfkLdf ;f/ M15= tnsf jfSodf ePsf lgkft zAb lrg / sfkLdf ;f/ M

cfdf, d t cfk\mgf] efUo cfkm}F n}Vg] ePF lg .

16= t, kf], Sof/], lg, rflxF, nf}, n cflb lgkftsf] k|of]u u/L Ps Ps cf]^f16= t, kf], Sof/], lg, rflxF, nf}, n cflb lgkftsf] k|of]u u/L Ps Ps cf]^f16= t, kf], Sof/], lg, rflxF, nf}, n cflb lgkftsf] k|of]u u/L Ps Ps cf]^f16= t, kf], Sof/], lg, rflxF, nf}, n cflb lgkftsf] k|of]u u/L Ps Ps cf]^f16= t, kf], Sof/], lg, rflxF, nf}, n cflb lgkftsf] k|of]u u/L Ps Ps cf]^f

jfSo agfpm .jfSo agfpm .jfSo agfpm .jfSo agfpm .jfSo agfpm .

k'?ifjfrs ;j{gfd

d, xfdL, tF, ltdL,tkfOF {, pm, pgL,ltgL, xh'/, cfkm"

bz{s ;j{gfd

of], oL, logL, Tof],pxfF, ToxfF

;DaGwjfrs ;j{gfd

hf], h], h'g, hf] hf], h'gh'g, h] h], h'g;'s}

k|Zgjfrs ;j{gfd

sf], s], s'g, sf]sf], s] s], s'gs'g, s]xL, s'g}, s'g}s'g}

Curricu

lum D

evelo

pmen

t Cen

tre

g]kfnL, sIff 8


17= tn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿nfO{ ldnfP/ Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ / pko'St zLif{s17= tn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿nfO{ ldnfP/ Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ / pko'St zLif{s17= tn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿nfO{ ldnfP/ Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ / pko'St zLif{s17= tn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿nfO{ ldnfP/ Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ / pko'St zLif{s17= tn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿nfO{ ldnfP/ Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ / pko'St zLif{s

klg b]pm Mklg b]pm Mklg b]pm Mklg b]pm Mklg b]pm M

s'g} &fpFdf Pp^f &'nf] h+\un x'g' ============ sfu / sf]OnL ToxL h+\undf a:g'

============== b'j}df /fd|f] ldýtf x'g' ============= Ps lbg b'j} sf&df*fF} #'Dg lxF*\g'

============== uf]bfj/L k'Ug'=============== :ofn sfsf;Fu e] x'g' ========================= ;fFem ;a}

h+\unL hgfj/ hDdf eP/ :ofn sfsfsxfF /dfOnf] sfo{j|md ug'{ ==================

;a}n] cfk\mgf] k|ltef b]vfpg' ============= sfu / sf]OnLn] uLt ufpg' ================

sfusf] :j/ s;}nfO{ dg gkg'{ ================= ;a}n] sf]OnLsf] k|zª;f ug'{ ==================

sfunfO{ s;}n] jf:tf gu/]sfdf l/; p&\g' ================ pm v'?v'? cfk\mgf] af^f] nfUg'

============== :ofn / sf]OnLn] sfunfO{ ;Demfpg' / gl/;fpg cg'/f]w ug'{ ============

sfun] dfGg' ========== ;a} hgf ldn]/ a:g] jfrf ug'{ .

18= ltdLn] ;'g]sf] jf k(]sf] s'g} syf n]v]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .18= ltdLn] ;'g]sf] jf k(]sf] s'g} syf n]v]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .18= ltdLn] ;'g]sf] jf k(]sf] s'g} syf n]v]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .18= ltdLn] ;'g]sf] jf k(]sf] s'g} syf n]v]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .18= ltdLn] ;'g]sf] jf k(]sf] s'g} syf n]v]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .

Curricu

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pmen

t Cen

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

b]js'df/L yfkfb]js'df/L yfkfb]js'df/L yfkfb]js'df/L yfkfb]js'df/L yfkf

c;n aGg xf};nf lbg] JolStnfO{ k|]/sk|]/sk|]/sk|]/sk|]/s JolStTj elgG% .

xfdL xf};nf kfP/ g} c;n aGg] k|oTg u%f}{F /

cfjZos s'/f l;S%f}F . xfd|f cfdfafafx¿n] vfg,

lxF*\g, k(\gsf nflu xf};nf lbg'eof] . To;}n] xfdL

oL sfddf ;Ifd ePsf xf}F . To:t} lzIfs, ;fyL,

cfkmGtx¿n] klg xf};nf lbg] ub{%g\ . ljZjdf ;dfh,

;flxTo / lzIffsf If]ýx¿ eg] w]/} km/flsnf %g\ .

ToxfF;Dd k'u]/ ;a}nfO{ c;n sfddf xf};nf lbg]

JolSt yf]/} dfý x'G%g\ . o:tf k|]/s JolStdf b]js'df/L

yfkfsf] gfd w]/} cufl* cfpF% . pgL g]kfnL ;flxTo, ;dfh / lzIffsf] ljsf;df ;a}nfO{

xf};nf lbg] k|]/s JolSt x'g\ .

b]js'df/L yfkfsf] hGd ef/tsf] bflh{ln+ If]ýcGtu{t v/;f+df ePsf] xf] . pgL lj=;ª=

1985 j}zfv 2 ut] hGd]sL lyOg\ . pgL dftf /dfb]jL / lktf x:taxfb'/ s 'jfnsL

sfG%L %f]/L x'g\ . pgsf kltsf] gfpF aa/l;ªx yfkf xf] . pgL ;fg}b]lv w]/} k|ltefzfnL

lyOg\ . pgL ljb\ofyL{ sfndf hfFrdf ;w}F k|yd x'lGyg\ . pgn] k|j]lzsf pTtL)f{ u/L

:jf:Yo If]ýdf l*Knf]dfffff u/]sL lyOg\ . pgL ljjfxkl% lj=;ª= 2022 df g]kfn cfOg\ /

ljleGg If]ýdf sfd ug{ ;'? ul/g\ .

b]js'df/L yfkf afn aflnsfx¿ g} b]zsf eljio lgdf{tflgdf{tflgdf{tflgdf{tflgdf{tf x'g\ eGg] wf/)ff /flVyg\ . afn

aflnsfx¿nfO{ g} c;n / lzlIft kfg{ ;flxTo /rgfdf nflug\ . To;/L g} afn

aflnsfx¿sf] rf}tkmLrf}tkmLrf}tkmLrf}tkmLrf}tkmL{ ljsf; ug{ afn ;ª:yf / ;dfh ;]jfdf ;dlk{t eOg\ . pgsf]


k| ]/sk| ]/sk| ]/sk| ]/sk| ]/s – xf};nf lbg]

lgdf {tflgdf {tflgdf {tflgdf {tflgdf {tf – agfpg]

rf }tkmL {rf }tkmL {rf }tkmL {rf }tkmL {rf }tkmL { – rf/}lt/

Curricu

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

ljrf/df dflg;sf] d'Vo st{Jost{Jost{Jost{Jost{Jo ;]jf xf] . ;a}nfO{ ;]jfdf k|]/)ff lbg pgn] k'/:sf/sf] klg

Joj:yfJoj:yfJoj:yfJoj:yfJoj:yf ul/g\ . pgL cfhLjg ;]jfdf lxdfn em}F cl*u agL ;a}sf] k|]/)ff ;|f]t algg\ .

afn ;flxTodf b]js'df/L yfkfsf] ljlzi^ :yfg % . pgn] g]kfnL ;flxTodf afn

;flxTosf w]/} lstfax¿ n]v]sL %g\ . pgsf afnsyf %f] f / ld&f %g\ . ltgdf

afnsx¿sf] :jefj, ?lr / afgL Jojxf/sf] lrý)f ul/Psf] % . afn dgf]lj!fg eg]sf]

afnssf] leýL dgsf] s'/f a'em]/ To;nfO{ k|:t't ug'{ xf] . afns dgsf] k|:t'lt ePsf

sf/)f pgsf syfnfO{ afn dgf]j}!flgs syf elgG% . pgn] klg afnssf] cGtd{gdf

k'uL syfx¿ n]v]sL %g\ . To;}n] lognfO{ afn dgf]j}!flgs syfsf/ elgG% . pgdf

c;n jftfj/)f / ;sf/fTds ;Gb]zn] g} afn aflnsfx¿sf] ;'Gb/ eljio lgdf{)f ug{

;lsG% eGg] ljZjf; lyof] . pgsf afn ;flxTo ;DaGwL /rgf w]/} %g\ . …k')ofTdf

cfdf’, …/fdsf] syf’, …syfsf] a 'nf]’, …k|no k|tLIff’, …^k/L’, …ef]st[lKt’, …b]js'df/L

yfkfsf k|ltlglw syfx¿’ cflb pgsf ;flxlTos /rgf x'g\ . pgL ;Dkfbs /xL k|sfzg

ePsf] …lxdfn lszf]/’ klxnf] g]kfnL afn klýsf xf] . pgn] afn aflnsfx¿sf dgsf

efjgf a'e]m/ afn klýsfnfO{ lgs} /f]rs agfpg] k|oTg ul/g\ . pgsf /rgfx¿df

/fi^«elStsf] ;Gb]z klg k|z:t kfOG% . pgs} k|]/)ffn] g]kfnL ;flxTo / afn ;flxTo

n]vgdf w]/}n] k|j]z u/] .

b]js'df/Ln] :jf:Yo If]ýdf klg sfd ul/g\ . pgn] lj/f^gu/sf] afn dlGb/df lt;

jif{;Dd sfd u/]/ c;n ;]jfsf] pbfx/)f lbOg\ . pgn] ufpF ufpFdf #'d]/ afns, dlxnf,

j[b\wnufot w]/} czSt / la/fdLx¿sf] pkrf/ ul/g\ . :jf:Yo If]ýdf sfd ubf{ pgnfO{

;dfh ;]jf ug]{ k|]/)ff k|fKt eof] . pgn] lxdfn dlxnf ;+\#, g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng

cflbaf^ ;dfh ;]jf ;'? ul/g\ . To;kl% ljljw ;fdflhs ;ª:yfdf sfd ul/g\ . pgL b]z

ljb]zsf ljleGg sfo{j|mddf ;xefuL algg\ . pgL c;xfoc;xfoc;xfoc;xfoc;xfo, pTkLl*t, ljkGgljkGgljkGgljkGgljkGg / /f]uu|:t

dfgj ;d'bfosf] b'Mv, lk/ x^fpg ;w}F tTk/ /lxg\ . pgL ljleGg ;fdflhs, ;fª:s[lts /

z}lIfs ;ª:yfdf klg sfo{/t lyOg\ . pgL lj/f^ ;flxTo ;ª:yfsf] cWoIf eOg\ . afn

st{Jost{Jost{Jost{Jost{Jo – ug'{kg]{ sfd, bfloTj

Joj:yfJoj:yfJoj:yfJoj:yfJoj:yf – aGbf]a:t

c;xfoc;xfoc;xfoc;xfoc;xfo – ;xof]uL gePsf], a];xf/f

ljkGgljkGgljkGgljkGgljkGg – ul/a

Curricu

lum D

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t Cen

tre

g]kfnL, sIff 8

;flxTo ;dfh, u'?s'n ljb\ofno, g]kfn k|!f k|lti&fg cflb ;ª:yfdf klg pgL ;lj|mo eOg\ .

o; k|sf/ pgn] cg]sf}F ;ª:yfdf /x]/ ;dfh ;]jfdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg ul/g\ .

b]js'df/L yfkf afn aflnsfx¿sf] x]/rfx / lzIffdf ;jf{lws ?lr /flVyg\ . pgL

k(fpg] sfddf klg Hofb} l;kfn' lyOg\ . b]js'df/L ;fbf hLjg / pRr ljrf/df ljZjf;

uly{g\ . ;s];Dd To;nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg]{ k|of; uly{g\ . afnd}ýL jftfj/)fdf lzIff

lbg ;a}nfO{ ;Nnfx lblGyg\ . pgsf] of] ljrf/ / Jojxf/n] w]/}nfO{ k|efj kf/]sf]

lyof] . ljleGg ;df/f]xdf ;xefuL eP/ pgn] /fv]sf ljrf/x¿af^ ;a} k|efljt x'Gy] .

pgsf ljrf/ hLjg pkof]uL / ;f/ule{t klg lyP .

b]js'df/Ln] cfkm\g} vr{df aa/l;ªx yfkf ;]jf u'&L :yfkgf ul/g\ . pgL ax'd'vL k|ltefsL

wgL lyOg\ . pgn] ljleGg If]ýdf lbPsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/:j¿k pgnfO{ pTtd s'Fj/

k'/:sf/, k|ltef k'/:sf/, dx]Gb| k|!f k'/:sf/ cflbaf ;Ddfg ul/of] . pgL ;]jf kbs, uf]/vf

blIf)f afx', /Tg>L :j)f{ kbs cflbaf^ klg lje"lift eOg\ . pgsf] sd{zLn hLjgaf^

k|efljt eP/ pgnfO{ lj=;ª= 2055 df gful/s clegGbg klg ul/of] .

b]js'df/Ln] lj=;ª= 2068 j}zfv 22 ut] clGtd lj>fdclGtd lj>fdclGtd lj>fdclGtd lj>fdclGtd lj>fd lnOg\ . pgn] o; wtL{af^ labf

lnP klg pgsf clj:d/)fLoclj:d/)fLoclj:d/)fLoclj:d/)fLoclj:d/)fLo sfdn] pgnfO{ cd/ agfPsf] % . g]kfnL ;flxTo, afn ;flxTo

/ kýsfl/tfkýsfl/tfkýsfl/tfkýsfl/tfkýsfl/tfdf pgn] slxNo} glgEg] lbof] afn]sL %g\ . ;fdflhs ;]jfsf If]ýdf pgL

;a}sf] pbfx/)f ag]sL %g\ . lzIff ;]jfdf pgL To;/L g} afnsb]lv j[b\w;Ddsf nflu

k|]/s JolStTj ag]sL %g\ . pgn] afn ;]jfnufot dfgj ;]jf / /fi « ;]jfsf lglDt c;n

ky k|bz{sky k|bz{sky k|bz{sky k|bz{sky k|bz{ssf] sfd u/]sL %g\ . ;du|df pgL lzIff, ;flxTo / ;dfh ;]jfsf If]ýdf k|]/)ffsL

d'xfgd'xfgd'xfgd'xfgd'xfg ag]sL %g\ .

clGtd lj>fdclGtd lj>fdclGtd lj>fdclGtd lj>fdclGtd lj>fd – d[To'

clj:d/)fLoclj:d/)fLoclj:d/)fLoclj:d/)fLoclj:d/)fLo – la;{g g;lsg]

kýsfl/tfkýsfl/tfkýsfl/tfkýsfl/tfkýsfl/tf – ký klýsf ;Dkfbg u/L k|sfzg ug]{ sfd

ky k|bz{sky k|bz{sky k|bz{sky k|bz{sky k|bz{s – af^f] b]vfpg]

d 'xfgd'xfgd'xfgd'xfgd'xfg – d"n ;|f]t

Curricu

lum D

evelo

pmen

t Cen

tre

g]kfnL, sIff 8

1= kf& kfn}kfnf] k( / ;fyLn] k(]sf] klg ;'g .1= kf& kfn}kfnf] k( / ;fyLn] k(]sf] klg ;'g .1= kf& kfn}kfnf] k( / ;fyLn] k(]sf] klg ;'g .1= kf& kfn}kfnf] k( / ;fyLn] k(]sf] klg ;'g .1= kf& kfn}kfnf] k( / ;fyLn] k(]sf] klg ;'g .

2=2=2=2=2= Ps jfSodf pTt/ eg MPs jfSodf pTt/ eg MPs jfSodf pTt/ eg MPs jfSodf pTt/ eg MPs jfSodf pTt/ eg M

-s_ b]js'df/Lsf] hGd sxfF / slxn] ePsf] lyof] <

-v_ b]js'df/L yfkfn] lsg afn ;flxTosf] k':ts n]Vg yflng\ <

-u_ b]js'df/Ln] cfkm\g} vr{df s'g ;ª:yf :yfkgf ul/g\ <

-#_ b]js'df/L yfkf s'g s'g If]ýdf pbfx/)f ag]sL %g\ <

3= hf]*f ldnfpm M3= hf]*f ldnfpm M3= hf]*f ldnfpm M3= hf]*f ldnfpm M3= hf]*f ldnfpm M

-s_ b]js'df/L yfkfsf] hGd:yfg afn dlGb/

-v_ klxnf] g]kfnL afn klýsf lxdfn lszf]/

-u_ dfgjsf] d'Vo st{Jo eljio

-#_ b]js'df/Ln] lt; jif{;Dd ;]jf u/]sf] ;ª:yf v/;f+

-+_ lj/f^ ;flxTo ;ª:yf ;]jf

cWoIf

4=4=4=4=4= l&s pTt/df l&s -l&s pTt/df l&s -l&s pTt/df l&s -l&s pTt/df l&s -l&s pTt/df l&s - _ lrx\g nufpm M _ lrx\g nufpm M _ lrx\g nufpm M _ lrx\g nufpm M _ lrx\g nufpm M

-s_ b]js'df/L yfkfn] u/]sf] gofF sfd s] xf] <

-c_ afn syf n]vg -cf_ afn klýsf k|sfzg

-O_ afn gf^s d~rg -O{_ afn dlGb/ ;~rfng

-v_ b]js'df/L cWoIf /x]sf] ;ª:yf s'g xf] <

-c_ lj/f^ ;flxTo ;ª:yf -cf_ afn klýsf k|sfzg

-O_ afn gf^s d~rg -O{_ cGt/f{li «o d~r

5= ldNg] zAb %fg]/ vfnL &fpF e/L jfSo k'/f u/ MldNg] zAb %fg]/ vfnL &fpF e/L jfSo k'/f u/ MldNg] zAb %fg]/ vfnL &fpF e/L jfSo k'/f u/ MldNg] zAb %fg]/ vfnL &fpF e/L jfSo k'/f u/ MldNg] zAb %fg]/ vfnL &fpF e/L jfSo k'/f u/ M

-s_ c;n sfddf xf};nf lbg] JolSt ================== x'G%g\ . -yf]/}, Hofb}, clnslt_

Curricu

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evelo

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tre

g]kfnL, sIff 8

-v_ afn aflnsfx¿ g} b]zsf eljio ================================ x'g\ . -ef/, lgdf{tf, v]nf*L_

-u_ g]kfnL ;flxTodf b]js'df/Lsf] ================= :yfg % . -ulx/f], ljlzi^, rsf]{_

-#_ lxdfn lszf]/ klxnf] g]kfnL=============== xf] . -afn klýsf, lxdfn lzz', afn ;flxTo_

6= pTt/ n]v M6= pTt/ n]v M6= pTt/ n]v M6= pTt/ n]v M6= pTt/ n]v M

-s_ b]js'df/Lsf] afn ;flxTodf s:tf] of]ubfg /x]sf] % <

-v_ b]js'df/LnfO{ lsg pRr ljrf/ ePsL JolSt elgG% <

-u_ b]js'df/L yfkfnfO{ s] sf/)fn] gful/s clegGbg ul/of] <

-#_ b]js'df/L yfkfnfO{ lsg k|]/)ffsL d'xfg dflgG% <

-+_ b]js'df/L yfkfn] s] s:tf ;Ddfg / k'/:sf/ kfOg\ <

7= 7= 7= 7= 7= b]js'df/L yfkfn] lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;flxTodf lbPsf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{ u/ . b]js'df/L yfkfn] lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;flxTodf lbPsf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{ u/ . b]js'df/L yfkfn] lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;flxTodf lbPsf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{ u/ . b]js'df/L yfkfn] lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;flxTodf lbPsf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{ u/ . b]js'df/L yfkfn] lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;flxTodf lbPsf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{ u/ .

8= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b k(L rf/ cf]^f a'Fbfx¿ l^k]/ ;f/fªz n]v .8= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b k(L rf/ cf]^f a'Fbfx¿ l^k]/ ;f/fªz n]v .8= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b k(L rf/ cf]^f a'Fbfx¿ l^k]/ ;f/fªz n]v .8= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b k(L rf/ cf]^f a'Fbfx¿ l^k]/ ;f/fªz n]v .8= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b k(L rf/ cf]^f a'Fbfx¿ l^k]/ ;f/fªz n]v .


9=9=9=9=9= tn %\of;ld; kf/]/ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb /flvPsf %g\ . pbfx/)f x]/Ltn %\of;ld; kf/]/ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb /flvPsf %g\ . pbfx/)f x]/Ltn %\of;ld; kf/]/ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb /flvPsf %g\ . pbfx/)f x]/Ltn %\of;ld; kf/]/ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb /flvPsf %g\ . pbfx/)f x]/Ltn %\of;ld; kf/]/ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb /flvPsf %g\ . pbfx/)f x]/L

ldNg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

pbfx/)f M ;Ifd = c;Ifd

lzlIft, kTgL, ;xfo, clzlIft, klt, ljkGg, yf]/}, c;xfo, ;DkGg, ;lj|mo,

w]/}, lglij|mo, c;n, ?lr, v/fa, gld&f], c?lr, ld&f]

10=10=10=10=10= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ atfpm Mtnsf zAbsf] cy{ atfpm Mtnsf zAbsf] cy{ atfpm Mtnsf zAbsf] cy{ atfpm Mtnsf zAbsf] cy{ atfpm M

hu, k|]/)ff, lgdf{tf, cd/, pbfx/)f, Joj:yf, rf}tkmL{, xf};nf, st{Jo, cl*u

11=11 =11 =11 =11 = cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mcy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mcy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mcy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mcy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

cfkmGt, cfhLjg, dfgj, ;dlk{t, k|]/)ffbfoL, d'xfg


12=12=12=12=12= l&s pRrf/)f u/ Ml&s pRrf/)f u/ Ml&s pRrf/)f u/ Ml&s pRrf/)f u/ Ml&s pRrf/)f u/ M

k|]/s, k|ltefzfnL, ky k|bz{s, :j)f{ kbs, k|f]T;fxg, ;du|, pbfx/)f

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

13=13=13=13=13= l&s lxHh] ePsf] zAb %fg]/ n]v Ml&s lxHh] ePsf] zAb %fg]/ n]v Ml&s lxHh] ePsf] zAb %fg]/ n]v Ml&s lxHh] ePsf] zAb %fg]/ n]v Ml&s lxHh] ePsf] zAb %fg]/ n]v M

-s_ ;GttL zGtlt ;Gtlt

-v_ ljljw lalaw ljjLw

-u_ lje"ifLt lje"lift lae'lift

-#_ jfnd}ýL afnd}ýL afnd}lý

-+_ k|bz{s k|bif{s kb{;s

-r_ clj:d/l)fo clj:d/)fLo cla:d/gLo

14=14=14=14=14= lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ tnsf zAbx¿sf] pRrf/)f u/ MlzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ tnsf zAbx¿sf] pRrf/)f u/ MlzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ tnsf zAbx¿sf] pRrf/)f u/ MlzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ tnsf zAbx¿sf] pRrf/)f u/ MlzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ tnsf zAbx¿sf] pRrf/)f u/ M

-s_ st{Jo, eljio, JolStTj, cl:tTj, cGofo, sGof, dfGo

-v_ ^f&f], tftf], tf/f, ^f(f, &fd, yfd, *fd, bfd, */, b/

-u_ hg, emg\, hfg, emfg, *fF&, bfFt, #fd, bfg, wfg, u')f, u'g

-#_ cd/, cj;/, c;/, c;f/, ;fa'g, ;fpg, ;'F*, ;'g

-+_ z'b\w, a'b\w, a|x\d, adf{, dfem, ;fbf, ;femf

15=15=15=15=15= kf&sf] bf];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .kf&sf] bf];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .kf&sf] bf];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .kf&sf] bf];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .kf&sf] bf];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .



-s_ -s_ -s_ -s_ -s_ tnsf] cg'R%]bdf /]vf+\lst kbx¿sf] sf/stnsf] cg'R%]bdf /]vf+\lst kbx¿sf] sf/stnsf] cg'R%]bdf /]vf+\lst kbx¿sf] sf/stnsf] cg'R%]bdf /]vf+\lst kbx¿sf] sf/stnsf] cg'R%]bdf /]vf+\lst kbx¿sf] sf/s klxrfg u/ M klxrfg u/ M klxrfg u/ M klxrfg u/ M klxrfg u/ M

b]js'df/L yfkfn] w]/} s[ltx¿ n]lvg\ . pgn] afn ;flxTon] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] e)*f/

el/g\ . pgn] afn aflnsfx¿nfO{ bl/nf] kfOnf rfNg l;sfOg\ . pgn] bogLo

cj:yfaf^ afn ;flxTonfO{ prflng\ . g]kfnL afn ;flxTodf pgsf] &'nf]

of]ubfg % .

dflysf jfSodf /]vf+\lst kbn] lj|mofkbsf dfWodaf^ u/]sf sfdsf] e"ldsf JoSt

u/]sf %g\ . dflysf] cg'R%]bdf /]vf+\lst kbn] sf/ssf] sfd u/]sf %g\ .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

sf/s / ljelStsf af/]df yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu tnsf] tflnsf k( Msf/s / ljelStsf af/]df yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu tnsf] tflnsf k( Msf/s / ljelStsf af/]df yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu tnsf] tflnsf k( Msf/s / ljelStsf af/]df yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu tnsf] tflnsf k( Msf/s / ljelStsf af/]df yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu tnsf] tflnsf k( M

-v_-v_-v_-v_-v_ sf/saf/] c sf/saf/] c sf/saf/] c sf/saf/] c sf/saf/] cememememem :ki^ kfg{ sf/ssf] gfd, klxrfg ug]{ pbfx/)fx¿ :ki^ kfg{ sf/ssf] gfd, klxrfg ug]{ pbfx/)fx¿ :ki^ kfg{ sf/ssf] gfd, klxrfg ug]{ pbfx/)fx¿ :ki^ kfg{ sf/ssf] gfd, klxrfg ug]{ pbfx/)fx¿ :ki^ kfg{ sf/ssf] gfd, klxrfg ug]{ pbfx/)fx¿

o; k|sf/ lbOPsf %g\ Mo; k|sf/ lbOPsf %g\ Mo; k|sf/ lbOPsf %g\ Mo; k|sf/ lbOPsf %g\ Mo; k|sf/ lbOPsf %g\ M

stf{ M h;n] sfd u%{ .

-c_ b]js'df/Ln] /fd|/L kl(g\ .

-cf_ pgn] syf n]lvg\ .

-O_ ;/sf/af^ r'gfj #f]if)ff eof] .

sd{ M h'g sfd ul/G% .

-c_ b]js'df/Ln] k':ts kl(g\ .

-cf_ pgn] lgaGw n]lvg\ .

-O_ k]dfn] *f]NdfnfO{ e]l^g\ .

s/)f M h;sf] db\btn] sfd ul/G% .

-c_ b]js'df/L cfkm\g} k|ltefn] k|l;b\w algg\ .

-cf_ pgL cfkm\g} ldlxg]tn] ;kmn eOg\ .

-O_ ;flxTosf/x¿ sndn] ;ª;f/ lhT%g\ .

;Dk|bfg M h;sf lglDt sfd ul/G% .

-c_ b]js'df/Ln] afn aflnsfnfO{ lstfa lbOg\ .

h;n] sfd u%{ .

h'g sfd ul/G% .

h;sf] db\btn] sfd ul/G% .

h;sf lglDt sfd ul/G% .

hxfFaf^ %' \l^P/ sfd x'G% .

cfk;df gftf jf ;DaGw

a'emfpF% .

s'g} s'/f /xg] jf cl*g] cfwf/

a'emfpF% .

n], af^, åf/f

nfO{

n], af^, åf/f

nfO{

b]lv, af^

sf], sf, sL, /f], /f

/L, gf], gf, gL

df

k|ydf

låtLof

t[tLof

rt'yL{

k~rdL

ifi&L

;KtdL

stf{

sd{

s/)f

;Dk|bfg

ckfbfg

clws/)f

ljelSt lrx\gljelSt lrx\gljelSt lrx\gljelSt lrx\gljelSt lrx\g ljelStljelStljelStljelStljelSt cy{ cy{ cy{ cy{ cy{ sf/ssf/ssf/ssf/ssf/s

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

-cf_ pgn] g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ dfof ul/g\ .

-O_ xfdLn] b]js'df/LnfO{ >b\wf ug'{k%{ .

ckfbfg M hxfFaf^ %' \l^P/ sfd x'G% .

-c_ b]js'df/L yfkf bflh{ln+af^ g]kfn cfOg\ .

-cf_ pgn] bogLo cj:yfaf^ ;dfhnfO{ dfly prflng\ .

-O_ pgn] ;fg}b]lv sljtf n]Vg yflng\ .

clws/)f M s'g} s'/f /xg] jf cl*g] cfwf/ a'emfpF% .

-c_ b]js'df/Ldf k|ltef lyof] .

-cf_ pgsf] d' 'df g]kfnL ;dfhsf] dfof lyof] .

-O_ pgn] afnsx¿df b]zsf] eljio b]lvg\ .

1111177777= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tcg';f/ ljelSt lrx\g /fv]/ vfnL &fpF k'/f u/ M= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tcg';f/ ljelSt lrx\g /fv]/ vfnL &fpF k'/f u/ M= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tcg';f/ ljelSt lrx\g /fv]/ vfnL &fpF k'/f u/ M= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tcg';f/ ljelSt lrx\g /fv]/ vfnL &fpF k'/f u/ M= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tcg';f/ ljelSt lrx\g /fv]/ vfnL &fpF k'/f u/ M

-s_ cK;/f ============== gofF lstfa lslgg\ . -k|ydf ljelSt_

-v_ ;f]g' efO ================= af]nfpFl%g\ . -låtLof ljelSt_

-u_ xl/ laxfg} =============== k(\b} % . -k~rdL ljelSt_

-#_ uf]kfn snd =============== lr&L n]V%g\ . -t[tLof ljelSt_

-+_ d]/f] ]a'n ============== #*L % . -;KtdL ljelSt_

18= /]vf+\lst zAbsf] sf/s %'^\ofpm M18= /]vf+\lst zAbsf] sf/s %'^\ofpm M18= /]vf+\lst zAbsf] sf/s %'^\ofpm M18= /]vf+\lst zAbsf] sf/s %'^\ofpm M18= /]vf+\lst zAbsf] sf/s %'^\ofpm M

-s_ lrýn]vfn] Ogf/af^ afN^Ldf kfgL lems]/ NofOg\ / efOnfO{ lbOg\ .

-v_ ;Gtf]ifn] n&\&Ln] ;k{nfO{ lxsf{of] .

-u_ dgf]hn] sndn] lr&L n]v]/ cfkm\gf] ;fyLnfO{ k&fP .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8


19= tnsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f]^f] hLjgL n]v M19= tnsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f]^f] hLjgL n]v M19= tnsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f]^f] hLjgL n]v M19= tnsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f]^f] hLjgL n]v M19= tnsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f]^f] hLjgL n]v M

;flxlTos gfd M kfl/hft

jf:tljs gfd M lji)f's'df/L jfOaf

hGd M lj=;ª= 1994 j}zfv

hGd:yfg M bflh{ln+sf] lnFluof lrof aufg -ef/t_

dftflktf M cd[tfb]jL / sfn'l;ªx jfOaf

lzIff M aL=P=

;ªnUgtf M …/fNkmf’ eGg] ;flxlTos cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj, k|ultzLn n]vs;+\#sf] :yfkgf, clvn g]kfn dlxnf d~r / aGbL ;xfotflgof]usf ;ª:yfks cWoIf, g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+\u&gsf;ª:yfks pkfWoIf

k|sflzt s[ltx¿

syf ;+\u|x M …cflbd b]z’, …;*s / k|ltef’ cflb

sljtf ;+\u|x M…cfsf+\Iff’, …kfl/hftsf sljtf’ cflb

pkGof; M …lz/Lifsf] km'n’, …dxTtfxLg’, …a}F;sf] dfG%]’ cflb

lgaGw ;+\u|x M …cfwL cfsfz’

cfTd ;ª:d/)f M …w'kL ;Nnf / nfnL u'/fF;sf] km]bdf’

;flxlTos ljz]iftfx¿

k|ultjfbL b[li^sf])f / j|mflGt r]tgfsf] k|efj k/]sf]

ul/a, b'MvL tyf c;xfok|lt ljz]if ;xfg'e"lt /fVg]

;flxTon] ;dfh ;'wf/ ug{ ;Sg'k%{ eGg] ljrf/ JoSt ug]{ ;+\#if{zLn;flxTosf/

;Ddfg / k'/:sf/ M dbg k'/:sf/ -2022_, o'u!fg k'/:sf/ -2027_ kf)*'lnlk k'/:sf/ -2049_, u+\sL j;'Gw/f k'/:sf/ -2049_ cflb

d[To' M lj=;ª= 2050 j}zfv 5, sf&df*f}F

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

u|Gylrýu|Gylrýu|Gylrýu|Gylrýu|Gylrý–––––OGb|axfb'/ výLOGb|axfb'/ výLOGb|axfb'/ výLOGb|axfb'/ výLOGb|axfb'/ výL

dflg; k|s[ltsf] l;h{gzLn k|f)fL xf] . p;n] cfkm" hGd]sf] k|s[ltdf cg]s l;h{gf / lj/f \

snfsf :j¿kx¿ b]v]sf] % . k|s[ltsf dg df]xsdg df]xsdg df]xsdg df]xsdg df]xs snf;Fu /dfpFb} dflg; cfkm"n] klg

k|s[ltaf^ w]/} snf l;s]sf] % . k|s[ltaf } p;n] snfsf] cfljisf/cfljisf/cfljisf/cfljisf/cfljisf/ klg u/]sf] % .

k|s[ltn] l;h{gf u/]sf lxdfnx¿ d';'Ss d':s'/fPsf] b]v]kl% dflg; nf]leG% . To;nfO{

cfkm\gf] dgel/ ;hfpFb} sfkLsf kfgfdf ptfg{] k|oTg u%{ . To;df /]vf sf]%{, /+ e%{ .

clg p;sf] snf sfuhsf kfgfel/ l;Fufl/G% / lrýsnf hGdG% . oxL lrýsnf dfgj

;Eotfsf] ljsf;;u} ljljw If]ý, ljwf, ;ª:sf/ / ;ª:s[lt x'Fb} cufl* a(]sf] % . cfw'lgs

o'u;Dd cfOk'Ubf dflg;n] ljleGg snf;Fu kl/lrt x'g] df}sf kfPsf] % . k|frLg u|Gydf

ljifo j:t'sf] efj;Fu} sf]l/Psf lrýsnf dfý geP/ d"lt{snf, jf:t'snfjf:t'snfjf:t'snfjf:t'snfjf:t'snf, g[Tosnfn]

dfgj dgnfO{ nf]EofPsf %g\ . lrýsnfn] dfgj hLjgsf] jf:tljstf a'emfPsf] %,

Oltxf;sf] lrý lvr]sf] % / jt{dfgnfO{ ;hfPsf] % . dflg;n] lstfasf ;'Gb/ lrýx¿

x]%{, ký klýsfdf cg]s y/L lrýx¿ / Jo+\Uo lrý x]/]/ d':s'/fpF% . st} dfgj hLjgsf]

;hLj;hLj;hLj;hLj;hLj lrý b]V% eg] st} ;fdflhs b'/j:yfb'/j:yfb'/j:yfb'/j:yfb'/j:yf ;d]l^Psf Jo+\Uo lrýx¿ e] \% . oL ;a}

lsl;dsf snfsf] pTklTtsf] cfwf/ e"ld k|frLg o'ub]lv ;'? ePsf] u|Gylrý xf] .

lrýsnfsf] Oltxf; lgs} k'/fgf] % . o;sf] ;DaGw dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;;Fu} hf]l*Psf]

% . dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;;Fu} wd{, ;ª:s[lt, ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfsf] ljsf; ePsf]

xf] . oL s'/fx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfpFb} lgdf{)f ul/Psf lrýx¿ k/Dk/fut lrýsnfcGtu{t


u|Gylrýu|Gylrýu|Gylrýu|Gylrýu|Gylrý – u|Gy jf zf:ýsf] syfdf cfwfl/t lrý

dg df]xsdg df]xsdg df]xsdg df]xsdg df]xs – dgnfO{ df]lxt jf d'Uw kfg]{, dgnfO{ nf]Eofpg]

cfljisf/cfljisf/cfljisf/cfljisf/cfljisf/ – kTtf nufpg] sfd, gofF s'/fsf] vf]hL

jf:t 'snfjf:t 'snfjf:t 'snfjf:t 'snfjf:t 'snf – #/, b/af/, b]jfno cflb lgdf{)f ug]{ z}nL, ljz]if snf

;hLj;hLj;hLj;hLj;hLj – lhpFbf], gd/]sf]

b '/j:yfb '/j:yfb '/j:yfb '/j:yfb '/j:yf – g/fd|f] cj:yf

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

kb{%g\ . cfw'lgscfw'lgscfw'lgscfw'lgscfw'lgs lrýsnfsf] ;'?jft eg] lgs} kl% dfý ePsf] kfOG% . k/Dk/fut

g]kfnL lrýx¿df kf}jflrýkf}jflrýkf}jflrýkf}jflrýkf}jflrý, u|Gylrý, d'xf/ lrý, b[Zolrý cflb kb{%g\ . oL ljljw

lrýx¿dWo] u|Gylrýsf] ljz]if dxTTj /lxcfPsf] % . u|Gylrý nlnt snfnlnt snfnlnt snfnlnt snfnlnt snfsf] b[Zoe]bcGtu{t

kb{% .

g]kfndf kfOPsf k|frLg lrýx¿ u|Gylrý x'g\ . %fkfvfgf%fkfvfgf%fkfvfgf%fkfvfgf%fkfvfgfsf] cfljisf/ x'g'eGbf klxn]

dflg;x¿n] cfjZos kg{] lrýx¿ xftn] sf]y]{ . To:tf lrýx¿ x:t lnlvtx:t lnlvtx:t lnlvtx:t lnlvtx:t lnlvt u|Gyx¿df

n]lvPsf ljifo j:t' / efj;Fu ldNg] vfnsf x'Gy] . oxLFaf^ u|Gylrýsf] pTklTt ePsf] xf]

eGg] cg'dfg ul/G% . o:tf u|Gylrýx¿ Hofb} ;"Id;"Id;"Id;"Id;"Id ¿kdf sf]l/Psf x'G%g\ .

k|frLg sfnb]lv g} u|Gysf] aflx/L uftfdf lrý agfOGYof] . To;} u/L leýL efudf klg

lrý agfOGYof] . o;sf/)f u|GylrýnfO{ aflx/L / leýL u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf]

kfOG% . k':tssf] kfgf jf leýL efusf] ;'/Iffsf nflu uftf agfpg] rng % . k|frLg

;dodf u|Gysf uftf agfpg k|foM sf&sf lrNnf kmNofsx¿ k|of]u ul/Gy] . o:tf uftfsf

b'j}lt/ To; u|Gydf cfwfl/t eP/ lrýx¿ agfOGYof] . tL lrýx¿nfO{ uftflrý elgG% .

cfw 'lgscfw'lgscfw'lgscfw'lgscfw'lgs – clxn]sf], jt{dfg

kf }jflrýkf }jflrýkf }jflrýkf }jflrýkf }jflrý – sfuh, sk*f cflbdf b]jL b]jtfsf] lrý n]lvPsf], k|frLg z}nLsf] lrý

nlnt snfnlnt snfnlnt snfnlnt snfnlnt snf – dgsf] efj JoSt ug]{ lrý, d"lt{, jf:t', lzNk, ;+\uLt cflbsf] snf

%fkfvfgf%fkfvfgf%fkfvfgf%fkfvfgf%fkfvfgf – %kfO ug]{ &fpF jf k|];

x:t lnlvtx:t lnlvtx:t lnlvtx:t lnlvtx:t lnlvt – xftn] n]lvPsf]

; "Id;"Id;"Id;"Id;"Id – clt ulx/fOdf uP/ efj JoSt ug]{, clt ;fgf ljifo j:t'nfO{ ;d] \g]

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

k':tsleý j)f{g ul/Psf ljifo j:t'x¿nfO{ ;/n tl/sfn] a'emfpg ljifo jf k|;+\ucg';f//]vflrý/]vflrý/]vflrý/]vflrý/]vflrý jf /+\uLg lrý/+\uLg lrý/+\uLg lrý/+\uLg lrý/+\uLg lrý kfgfsf] %]pdf agfOGYof] . cfjZostfg';f/ kfgfsf] tn jf dfly klglrýx¿ sf]g]{ ul/GYof] . o;/L ljifo j:t'sf] j)f{gnfO{ :ki^ kfg{] u/L agfPsf lrýnfO{ clxn]j)f{gfTds /]vflrý klg elgG% .

k|frLg sfndf sfuhsf] cfljisf/ gePsf] x'gfn] tf*kýtf*kýtf*kýtf*kýtf*ký cyjf ef]hkýef]hkýef]hkýef]hkýef]hkýdf u|Gylrýsf]g{] k/Dk/f lyof] . tf*ký tf* ?vsf nfdf nfdf kft ;'sfP/ To;df n]Vg x'g] u/Ltof/ kfl/G% . tf*sf kftx¿ ltg OGr hlt rf}*fO / la; OGr hlt nDafOsf x'G%g\ .To:t} ef]hký Ps k|sf/sf] n]sfnL hftsf] ?vsf] af]j|mf xf] . o:tf af]j|mfnfO{ nfdf]lstfasf kfgf h:tf] ¿kdf lgsfn]/ ;'sfO{ ltgdf lrý sf]l/G% . o;/L ef]hký, tf*kýtyf sfuhdf n]lvPsf o:tf k|frLg u|GynfO{ x:t lnlvt u|Gy elgG% . log} u|Gyx¿dfk|of]u ePsf lrýnfO{ u|Gylrý elgG% .

b;f}F ztfAbLsf] k|!f kf/ldtfk|!f kf/ldtfk|!f kf/ldtfk|!f kf/ldtfk|!f kf/ldtf g]kfnL lrýsnfdWo] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] lrýsnfdf cfwfl/tu|Gy xf] . of] u|Gylrý *]( xft hlt nfdf] tf*kýdf agfOPsf] % . of] lrý lj=;ª= 977 df/fhf z+\s/b]jsf] ;dodf agfOPsf] lyof] . o;df tndfly sf&sf] kmNofsdf c&f/cf] f af}b\w b]jL b]jtfsf k~ra'b\wk~ra'b\wk~ra'b\wk~ra'b\wk~ra'b\w, rt';tf/f, ah|;TTjrt';tf/f, ah|;TTjrt';tf/f, ah|;TTjrt';tf/f, ah|;TTjrt';tf/f, ah|;TTj, aTtL, km'n / z+\v lnPsfb]jL b]jtfsf lrý %g\ . o;df /ftf] /+sf] k|wfgtf % . xfn of] lrý kf^gl:yt dxfaf}b\wd)*nsf zfSox¿sf] lhDdfdf % .

u|Gylrýdf snfsf/n] ljifo j:t'sf] cfwf/df /+ tyf u/ uxgf, sk*f / d'vsf]xfpefp ldnfP/ lrý sf]b{%g\ . snfsf/x¿n] d'Vo b]jtf, ;xfos b]jtf / /fIf;sflrýdf leGgfleGg} /+sf] k|of]u ub{%g\ . u|Gylrý agfpFbf snfsf/n] k|fs[lts /+sf]k|of]u ub{%g\ . u|Gylrý lgdf{)f ubf{ tf*ký Pjd\ ef]hkýnfO{ rsf]{ #fd gkg]{ u/L %fofdf

;'sfOG% . lognfO{ cfjZos kg]{ cfsf/df sfl^G% / To;nfO{ kfgLdf *'afP/ km]l/

/ ]vflrý/]vflrý/]vflrý/]vflrý/]vflrý – /]vf tfg]/ sf]l/Psf lrý

/+\uLg lrý/+\uLg lrý/+\uLg lrý/+\uLg lrý/+\uLg lrý – w]/} k|sf/sf /+sf] k|of]u ul/Psf /+\uL la/+\uL lrý

tf*kýtf*kýtf*kýtf*kýtf*ký – tf* hftsf] ?vsf] kft

ef ]hkýef]hkýef]hkýef]hkýef]hký – lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] Ps k|sf/sf] ?vsf] af]j|mfaf^ lgsflnPsf] ký

k|!f kf/ldtfk|!f kf/ldtfk|!f kf/ldtfk|!f kf/ldtfk|!f kf/ldtf – !fgsf] k")f{tf ePsf], Ps k|l;b\w af}b\w u|Gydf sf]l/Psf] lrý

k~ra'b \wk~ra'b \wk~ra'b \wk~ra'b \wk~ra'b \w – cnf}lss zlSt ePsf kfFr a'b\wsf] ;d"x

rt';tf/frt';tf/frt';tf/frt';tf/frt';tf/f – k|!f kf/ldtf lrýdf c+\lst Zj]t, xl/t cflb rf/ tf/fx¿sf] ;d"x

ah|;TTjah|;TTjah|;TTjah|;TTjah|;TTj – Ifdf dfUg], a'b\wsf] Ps cjtf/

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#fddf ;'sfOG% . o;nfO{ z+\v jf zflnu|fdzflnu|fdzflnu|fdzflnu|fdzflnu|fdn] #f] ]/ lrNnf] kf/]kl% dfý lrý

sf]l/G% . To;nfO{ ls/fn] gsf^f];\ eg]/ xl/tfn gfds ljif nufOG% . lstfasf

kfgfnfO{ Psk \l^af^ afFw]/ k':tssf] cfsf/ agfOG% . To; k':tssf] aflx/ sf&sf]

kftnf] kmNofssf] uftf /fv]/ afFlwG% . To:tf u|Gydf n]Vg afF;sf] snd k|of]u ul/G% .

lrýdf /+ nufpg r/fsf] KjfFv tyf snfsf/ cfkm}Fn] agfPsf] hgfj/sf] /f}Fsf] a|;

k|of]u ul/G% . n]vgsf lglDt s ';, cfFk / cdnfsf kftnfO{ w]/} a]/ ksfP/ sfnf] d;L

agfOG% . oxL d;Lsf] k|of]u u/]/ u|Gy n]Vg] / /]vflrý sf]g]{ ul/G% .

k/Dk/fb]lv ljsl;t ePsf] u|Gylrýn] clxn] Jofks ¿k u|x)f u/]sf] % . clxn] cfP/

ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ k(fpg klg ljleGg lrýx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ yflnPsf] % . o:tf u|Gylrýx¿n]

eGg vf]lhPsf ljifo j:t' / dgf]efjdgf]efjdgf]efjdgf]efjdgf]efjnfO{ v'n:t ¿kdf a'emfpF%g\ . To;}n] lbg k|ltlbg

o;sf] nf]slk|otf a(\b} uPsf] % . clxn]sf] kmf] f]u|fkmLsf] ljsf;;d]t klxn]sf log}

u|Gylrýaf^ ePsf] xf] . cfw'lgs o'udf cfOk'Ubf klg u|Gylrýsf] dxTTj emg\ a(\b} uO/x]sf]

% . o;sf] k|of]uaf^ xfdLn] cfkm\gf] snf / l;knfO{ s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf k|:t't u/L hLjgf]kof]uLhLjgf]kof]uLhLjgf]kof]uLhLjgf]kof]uLhLjgf]kof]uL

agfpg ;Sg'k%{ .

zflnu|fdzflnu|fdzflnu|fdzflnu|fdzflnu|fd – sfnL u)*sLsf] lt/df kfOg] rj|m lrx\g;lxtsf] lji)f'sf ¿kdf k"hf ul/g] ljz]if kTy/

dgf ]efjdgf ]efjdgf ]efjdgf ]efjdgf ]efj – dgsf] ljrf/

hLjgf]kof]uLhLjgf]kof]uLhLjgf]kof]uLhLjgf]kof]uLhLjgf]kof]uL – hLjgsf nflu pkof]u x'g]

1 =1 =1 =1 =1 = kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b kfn}kfnf] ;:j/ jfrg u/ .kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b kfn}kfnf] ;:j/ jfrg u/ .kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b kfn}kfnf] ;:j/ jfrg u/ .kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b kfn}kfnf] ;:j/ jfrg u/ .kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b kfn}kfnf] ;:j/ jfrg u/ .


-s_ dfgj dgnfO{ nf]Eofpg] snf s'g s'g x'g\ <

-v_ u|Gylrý nlnt snfsf] s'g e]bcGtu{t kb{% <

-u_ s:tf lrýnfO{ uftflrý elgG% <

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

-#_ tf*ký s;/L tof/ kfl/G% <

-+_ k|frLg ;dodf lrý agfpFbf snfsf/n] s'g /+sf] k|of]u uy]{ <

-r_ xfdLn] s'g s'g snf;Fu kl/lrt x'g] df}sf kfPsf %f}F <

3=3=3=3=3= tnsf egfO l&s eP l&s -tnsf egfO l&s eP l&s -tnsf egfO l&s eP l&s -tnsf egfO l&s eP l&s -tnsf egfO l&s eP l&s - _ lrx\g / a]l&s eP a]l&s -_ lrx\g / a]l&s eP a]l&s -_ lrx\g / a]l&s eP a]l&s -_ lrx\g / a]l&s eP a]l&s -_ lrx\g / a]l&s eP a]l&s - _ lrx\g_ lrx\g_ lrx\g_ lrx\g_ lrx\gnufpm Mnufpm Mnufpm Mnufpm Mnufpm M

-s_ u|Gylrý lgdf{)f ubf{ tf*ký Pjd\ ef]hkýnfO{ %fofdf ;'sfOGYof] .

-v_ clxn] ;fdflhs b'/j:yfk|lt Jo+\Uo ul/Psf lrýx¿ kfOFb}gg\ .

-u_ kf}jflrý cfw'lgs lrýcGtu{t kb{% .

-#_ g]kfndf kfOPsf k|frLg lrýx¿ u|Gylrý x'g\ .

-+_ u|Gysf uftf agfpg k|foM sf&sf lrNnf kmNofsx¿ k|of]u ul/G% .

4=4=4=4=4= kf&af^ pko'St zAb vf]h]/ vfnL &fpFdf e/ Mkf&af^ pko'St zAb vf]h]/ vfnL &fpFdf e/ Mkf&af^ pko'St zAb vf]h]/ vfnL &fpFdf e/ Mkf&af^ pko'St zAb vf]h]/ vfnL &fpFdf e/ Mkf&af^ pko'St zAb vf]h]/ vfnL &fpFdf e/ M

-s_ cfw'lgs lrýsnfsf] ;'?jft eg] ================= dfý ePsf] xf] .

-v_ ljifo j:t'sf] j)f{gnfO{ :ki^ kfg{ agfOPsf lrýnfO{ ========== klg elgG% .

-u_ g]kfnL lrýsnfdWo] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] b;f}F ztfAbLsf] ============ /x]sf] % .

-#_ u|Gylrýn] eGg vf]lhPsf] dgf]efjnfO{ ================= ¿kdf a'emfpF%g\ .

5=5=5=5=5= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;+\lIfKt pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;+\lIfKt pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;+\lIfKt pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;+\lIfKt pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;+\lIfKt pTt/ b]pm M

-s_ lrýsf] hGd s;/L eof] <

-v_ klxn] u|Gysf] aflx/L / leýL efudf s] s:tf lrýx¿ agfOGy]] <

-u_ sfuhsf] cfljisf/ x'g'eGbf klxn] u|Gylrýx¿ s;/L sf]l/Gy] <

6=6=6=6=6= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pTt/ b]pm M

-s_ u|Gy n]Vg] / /]vflrý sf]g]{ sfddf k|of]u ul/g] /+ / j:t'x¿sf] lgdf{)f s;/Lul/G% <

-v_ lrýsnfsf] ljsf;df u|Gylrýsf] s] s:tf] e"ldsf /x]sf] %, :ki^ kf/ .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

7=7=7=7=7= efj :ki^ u/ Mefj :ki^ u/ Mefj :ki^ u/ Mefj :ki^ u/ Mefj :ki^ u/ M

-s_ dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;;Fu} wd{, ;ª:s[lt, ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfsf] ljsf;

ePsf] % .

-v_ xfdLn] cfkm\gf] snf / l;knfO{ s'g} g s'g} ¿kaf^ k|:t't u/L hLjgf]kof]uL

agfpg ;Sg'k%{ .


8=8=8=8=8= u|Gy ± lrý u|Gy ± lrý u|Gy ± lrý u|Gy ± lrý u|Gy ± lrý = …u|Gylrý’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …lrý’ hf]*]/ gof …u|Gylrý’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …lrý’ hf]*]/ gof …u|Gylrý’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …lrý’ hf]*]/ gof …u|Gylrý’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …lrý’ hf]*]/ gof …u|Gylrý’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …lrý’ hf]*]/ gof

zAb agfpm MzAb agfpm MzAb agfpm MzAb agfpm MzAb agfpm M

d'xf/, b[Zo, kf}jf, /]vf

9=9=9=9=9= jfSodf k|of]u u/ MjfSodf k|of]u u/ MjfSodf k|of]u u/ MjfSodf k|of]u u/ MjfSodf k|of]u u/ M

dgf]efj, tf*ký, k/Dk/f, b'/j:yf

10= ldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M10= ldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M10= ldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M10= ldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M10= ldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

kf}jflrý #/, b/af/, b]jfno cflb lgdf{)f ug]{ l;k

jf:t'snf dgnfO{ df]lxt jf d'Uw kfg]{

dg df]xs sfuh, sk*f cflbdf b]jL b]jtfsf] lrý n]lvPsf], k|frLg

z}nLsf] lrý

u|Gylrý sfnL u)*sLsf] lt/df kfOg] rj|m lrx\g eO{ lji)f'sf ¿kdf

k"hf ul/g] ljz]if kTy/

zflnu|fd u|Gy jf zf:ýsf] syfdf cfwfl/t lrý

dgsf] efj JoSt ug]{ lrý


11 =11 =11 =11 =11 = z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M

;Eotf, zflnu|fd, u|Gylrý, ah|;TTj, k~ra'b\w

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

12=12=12=12=12= lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v MlzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v MlzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v MlzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v MlzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v M

kmf] f]u|fkmL, /+\uLg lrý, cfljisf/, k|!f kf/ldtf

13=13=13=13=13= z'b\w u/L ;f/ Mz'b\w u/L ;f/ Mz'b\w u/L ;f/ Mz'b\w u/L ;f/ Mz'b\w u/L ;f/ M

d'tL{snf, ;'Id, kpjfrLý, lg/\dfg, kfYok':ts

14=14=14=14=14= kf&af^ kf&af^ kf&af^ kf&af^ kf&af^ o’ / o’ / o’ / o’ / o’ / P’ nfu]sf b; b; cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .P’ nfu]sf b; b; cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .P’ nfu]sf b; b; cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .P’ nfu]sf b; b; cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .P’ nfu]sf b; b; cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .

15=15=15=15=15= kf& k(L tflnsfdf kfFr kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ e/ Mkf& k(L tflnsfdf kfFr kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ e/ Mkf& k(L tflnsfdf kfFr kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ e/ Mkf& k(L tflnsfdf kfFr kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ e/ Mkf& k(L tflnsfdf kfFr kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ e/ M

Osf/ nfu]sf O{sf/ nfu]sf psf/ nfu]sf pmsf/ nfu]sf

lrý, =========== ;hLj, =========== pkxf/, ============ cfkm", ===========



sfn sfn sfn sfn sfn kIfkIfkIfkIfkIf

ck")f{ k")f{ c!ft cEo:t ck")f{ k")f{ c!ft cEo:t ck")f{ k")f{ c!ft cEo:t ck")f{ k")f{ c!ft cEo:t ck")f{ k")f{ c!ft cEo:t

sfn eg]sf] jfSodf lj|mofkbn] atfpg] ;do xf] . kIf eg]sf] sfnleýsf] klg ;do xf] .

o;n] lj|mofkbsf] ;fdfGo, ck")f{, k")f{, c!ft / cEo:t cj:yfnfO{ a'emfpF% . dflysf]

tflnsfdf ltg cf] } sfn / ;a} kIfsf lj|mofkbx¿ lbOPsf %g\ . Pp^f sfnsf]

lj|mofkbnfO{ csf]{ sfndf / Pp^f kIfsf] lj|mofkbnfO{ csf]{ kIfdf kl/jt{g u/]/

b]vfOPsf] % . o;/L ul/g] kl/jt{gnfO{ sfn / kIfsf cfwf/df ul/g] kl/jt{g elgG% .

jt{dfg

e"t

eljiot\

n]V%f}

n]Vof}

n]Vg] %f}

n]Vb} %f}

n]Vb} lyof}

n]Vb} x'g] %f}

n]v]sf %f}

n]v]sf lyof}

n]v]sf x'g] %f}

—

n]v]%f}

—

—

n]VYof}

—

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

kf&df elgG%, sf]l/GYof], ldNb%, x'Gy] h:tf lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . o:tf

c¿ kfFr cf] f lj|mofkbx¿ l^k]/ dflysf] h:t} tflnsf agfP/ ;a} sfn / kIfdf s]

s:tf ¿k x'G%g\, b]vfpm .

17=17=17=17=17= kf&af^ jt{dfg / e"t sfnsf kfFr kfFr cf] f jfSox¿ l^k / tL jfSonfO{kf&af^ jt{dfg / e"t sfnsf kfFr kfFr cf] f jfSox¿ l^k / tL jfSonfO{kf&af^ jt{dfg / e"t sfnsf kfFr kfFr cf] f jfSox¿ l^k / tL jfSonfO{kf&af^ jt{dfg / e"t sfnsf kfFr kfFr cf] f jfSox¿ l^k / tL jfSonfO{kf&af^ jt{dfg / e"t sfnsf kfFr kfFr cf] f jfSox¿ l^k / tL jfSonfO{

eljiot\ sfndf abn .eljiot\ sfndf abn .eljiot\ sfndf abn .eljiot\ sfndf abn .eljiot\ sfndf abn .

18=18=18=18=18= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSonfO{ abn Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSonfO{ abn Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSonfO{ abn Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSonfO{ abn Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSonfO{ abn M

-s_ dx]z u|Gylrý x]%{ . -ck")f{ eljiot\_

-v_ ;/f]h /fd|f] lrý agfpF% . -cEo:t e"t_

-u_ km'jf{ v'?v'? lrý sf]%{ . -ck")f{ eljiot\_

-#_ xfdL b[Zolrý x]%f}F . -cEo:t e"t_

-+_ p;n] /fd|f] lrý agfof] . -k")f{ jt{dfg_

-r_ ;l/tfn] kf}jflrý x]l/g\ . -ck")f{ jt{dfg_

-%_ pgLx¿n] ;+\u|xfnodf lrýx¿ x]/]%g\ . -k")f{ eljiot\_

-h_ d}n] …u|Gylrý’ kf& k(]F . -ck")f{ jt{dfg_

19=19=19=19=19= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] wft' / ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df vfnL &fpF e/ Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] wft' / ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df vfnL &fpF e/ Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] wft' / ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df vfnL &fpF e/ Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] wft' / ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df vfnL &fpF e/ Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] wft' / ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df vfnL &fpF e/ M

-s_ ;Ltf /fd|f] lrý ==================== . -agfp M ck")f{ jt{dfg_

-v_ pm tfd|kýdf lrý ===================== . -sf]/\ M cEo:t e"t _

-u_ ;Gtdfg w]/} kf}jflrý ================ . -agfp M ck")f{ e"t_

-#_ kf;f+n] /fd|f /fd|f lrý ================== . -sf]/\ M k")f{ jt{dfg_

-+_ ltgLx¿ %& kj{df w]/} lrý ==================== . -agfp M ;fdfGo eljiot\_

-r_ /fdnvgn] lrýdf /+ ======================= . -e/\ M k")f{ eljiot\_

-%_ ;lngfn] /fd|f] j[Ttlrý ====================== . -Nofp M c!ft e"t_

-h_ xfdL /fd|/L x]/]/ lrý sf]g{ ===================== . -l;s\ M ;fdfGo eljiot\_

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

2222200000===== eljiot\ sfnsf lj|mofkbx¿sf] k|of]u u/L keljiot\ sfnsf lj|mofkbx¿sf] k|of]u u/L keljiot\ sfnsf lj|mofkbx¿sf] k|of]u u/L keljiot\ sfnsf lj|mofkbx¿sf] k|of]u u/L keljiot\ sfnsf lj|mofkbx¿sf] k|of]u u/L kfFfFfFfFfFr jfSodf cfr jfSodf cfr jfSodf cfr jfSodf cfr jfSodf cf gf] nIo atfpm .gf] nIo atfpm .gf] nIo atfpm .gf] nIo atfpm .gf] nIo atfpm .

l;h{gfTds cEof; l;h{gfTds cEof; l;h{gfTds cEof; l;h{gfTds cEof; l;h{gfTds cEof;

21=21=21=21=21= tn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df …d"lt{snf’ zLif{sdf 150 zAbdftn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df …d"lt{snf’ zLif{sdf 150 zAbdftn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df …d"lt{snf’ zLif{sdf 150 zAbdftn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df …d"lt{snf’ zLif{sdf 150 zAbdftn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df …d"lt{snf’ zLif{sdf 150 zAbdf

g#^fO{ Pp^f k|aGw n]v .g#^fO{ Pp^f k|aGw n]v .g#^fO{ Pp^f k|aGw n]v .g#^fO{ Pp^f k|aGw n]v .g#^fO{ Pp^f k|aGw n]v .

d"lt{snfsf] ;'?jft k|frLg sfnb]lv ePsf] ==================== wfld{s sfo{x¿df

d"lt{k"hfsf] ljz]if dxTTj /x]sf] ============ klxn]b]lv g} dlGb/x¿ agfpg] / eujfg\sf

d"lt{x¿ :yfkgf u/]/ k"hf ug]{ rng /x]sf] =========== clxn] cfP/ pkxf/ lbgsf

nflu klg d"lt{ agfpg] k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; ePsf] =========== klxnf d"lt{x¿

agfpFbf sf&, ('+\uf, wft' / df^fsf] k|of]u ul/g] ========= d"lt{x¿ agfpFbf

wfld{s ljlw ljwfgcg';f/ s'Fb]/ agfOg] =========== jt{dfg ;dodf d"lt{x¿

agfpFbf ljleGg dfWod / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/g] ======= d"lt{x¿ agfpg

d]l;g, ljb\o'tLo cf}hf/, /a/, d}g, wft' cflbsf] k|of]u ul/g] ====== d"lt{

agfpFbf b]jtfnfO{ jo:s, sf]dn, cfsif{s, ;'Gb/ z/L/, sd j:ý, lz/df

d's' , u/ uxgf cflb nufPsf] agfpg] ============= d"lt{snf clxn] lbg k|ltlbg

nf]slk|o x'Fb} uPsf] ============= g]kfnL ;dfhdf wfld{s b[li^n] d"lt{snfsf]

ljz]if dxTTj /x]sf] .

22=22=22=22=22= cfkm"n] hfg]sf], ;'g]sf] jf b]v]sf] s'g} snfsf af/]df Ps ;ocfkm"n] hfg]sf], ;'g]sf] jf b]v]sf] s'g} snfsf af/]df Ps ;ocfkm"n] hfg]sf], ;'g]sf] jf b]v]sf] s'g} snfsf af/]df Ps ;ocfkm"n] hfg]sf], ;'g]sf] jf b]v]sf] s'g} snfsf af/]df Ps ;ocfkm"n] hfg]sf], ;'g]sf] jf b]v]sf] s'g} snfsf af/]df Ps ;o

zAbdf g#^fO{ j)f{g u/ .zAbdf g#^fO{ j)f{g u/ .zAbdf g#^fO{ j)f{g u/ .zAbdf g#^fO{ j)f{g u/ .zAbdf g#^fO{ j)f{g u/ .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

lgj]bglgj]bglgj]bglgj]bglgj]bgldltM 2071÷10÷01

>Ldfg\ k|wfgfWofks,

cfbz{ pRr dfWolds ljb\ofno,

lbufdsf]^, u'NdL .

ljifoM l;kmfl/; kfpFm .ljifoM l;kmfl/; kfpFm .ljifoM l;kmfl/; kfpFm .ljifoM l;kmfl/; kfpFm .ljifoM l;kmfl/; kfpFm .

dxf]bo,

k|:t't ljifodf uf]/vfkýdf k|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ oxL df# 16 ut] /fli «o :t/sf] sljtf

k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg x'g nfu]sf] s'/f yfxf eof] . g]kfnsf] k|hftflGýs cfGbf]ngdf clj:d/)fLo

of]ubfg lbPsf ;lxb;lxb;lxb;lxb;lxbx¿sf] ;Ddfgdf ;f] sfo{j|md cfof]hgf ul/Psf] /x]% . ljb\ofno txsf

ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] lardf x'g] pSt k|ltof]lutfsf] cfof]hgf g]kfn k|!f k|lti&fg, sdnfbL,

sf&df*f}Fn] u/]sf] /x]% . To; k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu cfkm"n] k(\b} u/]sf]

ljb\ofnosf] l;kmfl/;l;kmfl/;l;kmfl/;l;kmfl/;l;kmfl/; cfjZos kbf]{ /x]% .

d o; ljb\ofnosL Ps ldlxg]tL, h]xh]xh]xh]xh]x]] ]] ]gbf/gbf/gbf/gbf/gbf/ tyf lgoldtlgoldtlgoldtlgoldtlgoldt %fýf x'F . d}n] o; ljb\ofnoåf/f

;~rflnt ljljw cltl/St lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL eO{ k'/:sf/ klg k|fKt ub}{ cfO/x]sL

%' . ljutdf lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lhNnf :t/Lo sljtf k|ltof]lutfk|ltof]lutfk|ltof]lutfk|ltof]lutfk|ltof]lutfdf

;d]t k|yd eO;s]sL %' . o;sf ;fy} If]ýLo :t/sf] sljtf k|ltof]lutfdf klg k|yd :yfg

k|fKt u/]sf] s'/f oxfFnfO{ cjutcjutcjutcjutcjut g} % .

ctM /fli «o :t/sf] sljtf k|ltof]lutfdf klg ;xefuL eP/ cfkm\gf] k|ltef k|:t't ug]{ d]/f]

OR%f % . o; ljb\ofnosf] ljb\ofyL{sf ¿kdf ;xefuL eP/ k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug{ ;s]df

ljb\ofnosf nflu klg uf}/juf}/juf}/juf}/juf}/jsf] ljifo x'g] % . To;}n] pSt k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL x'gsf

nflu ljb\ofnosf] tkm{af^ l;kmfl/; ul/lbg'x'g >Ldfg\ ;dIf ljgd| cg'/f]w ub{%' .

cf!fsf/L %fýft'n;f ljZjsdf{{

sIff 8, /f]=gª= 14


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g]kfnL, sIff 8

;lxb;lxb;lxb;lxb;lxb – b]zsf nflu cfkm\gf] hLjg ck{g] JolSt

l;kmfl/;l;kmfl/;l;kmfl/;l;kmfl/;l;kmfl/; – lnlvt jf df}lvs cg'df]bg

h]x ]gbf/h]x ]gbf/h]x ]gbf/h]x ]gbf/h]x ]gbf/ – a'b\lwdfg\, k|ltefzfnL

lgoldtlgoldtlgoldtlgoldtlgoldt – ;w}F l&s ;dodf pkl:yt x'g]

k|ltof]lutfk|ltof]lutfk|ltof]lutfk|ltof]lutfk|ltof]lutf – k|lt:kwf{

cjutcjutcjutcjutcjut – hfgsf/L, !fg

uf}/juf}/juf}/juf}/juf}/j – OHht cfb/ ;Ddfg k|lti&f

1 =1 =1 =1 =1 = kf&df lbOPsf] lgj]bg ;:j/ jfrg u/ .kf&df lbOPsf] lgj]bg ;:j/ jfrg u/ .kf&df lbOPsf] lgj]bg ;:j/ jfrg u/ .kf&df lbOPsf] lgj]bg ;:j/ jfrg u/ .kf&df lbOPsf] lgj]bg ;:j/ jfrg u/ .


-s_ of] lgj]bg slxn] n]lvPsf] xf] <

-v_ ;"rgf s'g klýsfdf k|sfzg ePsf] lyof] <

-u_ of] lgj]bg s;n] s;nfO{ n]v]sf] xf] <

-#_ sljtf k|ltof]lutf s;sf] ;Ddfgdf ul/Psf] /x]% <

-+_ sljtf k|ltof]lutfsf] cfof]hgf s;n] u/]sf] /x]% <

-r_ lgj]bsn] sljtf k|ltof]lutfdf efu lng rfxg'sf] sf/)f s] xf] <

3=3=3=3=3= tn lbOPsf] lgj]bgsf] (fFrfcg';f/ %'^\^} Pp^f lgj]bg tof/ kf/ Mtn lbOPsf] lgj]bgsf] (fFrfcg';f/ %'^\^} Pp^f lgj]bg tof/ kf/ Mtn lbOPsf] lgj]bgsf] (fFrfcg';f/ %'^\^} Pp^f lgj]bg tof/ kf/ Mtn lbOPsf] lgj]bgsf] (fFrfcg';f/ %'^\^} Pp^f lgj]bg tof/ kf/ Mtn lbOPsf] lgj]bgsf] (fFrfcg';f/ %'^\^} Pp^f lgj]bg tof/ kf/ M

ldlt M ================

;Daf]wg / kb M =================

sfof{nosf] gfd / &]ufgf M ==========

ljifo M ==============

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

lgj]bgsf] a]xf]/f M ========

lgj]bssf] gfd M =========

&]ufgf M ==============

4=4=4=4=4= tn lbOPsf ljifodf lgj]bg n]v Mtn lbOPsf ljifodf lgj]bg n]v Mtn lbOPsf ljifodf lgj]bg n]v Mtn lbOPsf ljifodf lgj]bg n]v Mtn lbOPsf ljifodf lgj]bg n]v M

-s_ ljb\ofnosf] k':tsfnodf lgoldt ¿kdf ký klýsf pknAw u/fOlbg cg'/f]w

u/L ljb\ofnosf k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lgj]bg n]v .

-v_ ljb\ofnon] ul/a tyf h]x]gbf/ ljb\ofyL{nfO{ k|bfg ug]{ %fýj[lTt cfkm"n] kfpg

cg'/f]w u/L cfk\mgf] ljb\ofnosf k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lgj]bg n]v .


5=5=5=5=5= ldNg] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNg] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNg] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNg] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNg] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

cfufdL ljut cjut uf}/j

hfgsf/L OHht cfpFbf] lat]sf] ldng;f/

6=6=6=6=6= lhNnf ± :t/Lo lhNnf ± :t/Lo lhNnf ± :t/Lo lhNnf ± :t/Lo lhNnf ± :t/Lo = …lhNnf :t/Lo’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf :t/Lo hf]*]/ …lhNnf :t/Lo’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf :t/Lo hf]*]/ …lhNnf :t/Lo’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf :t/Lo hf]*]/ …lhNnf :t/Lo’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf :t/Lo hf]*]/ …lhNnf :t/Lo’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf :t/Lo hf]*]/

gofF zAb agfpm MgofF zAb agfpm MgofF zAb agfpm MgofF zAb agfpm MgofF zAb agfpm M

ljb\ofno, If]ý, Onfsf, jf*{, ^f]n

7=7=7=7=7= tnsf zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb n]v Mtnsf zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb n]v Mtnsf zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb n]v Mtnsf zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb n]v Mtnsf zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb n]v M

cfjZos, h]x]gbf/, &'nf], lht

8=8=8=8=8= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mcy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mcy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mcy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mcy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

k|ltof]lutf, clj:d/)fLo, cltl/St, k|yd, k'/:sf/


9=9=9=9=9= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M

k|hftflGýs, k|!f k|lti&fg, /fli «o, :t/

10=10=10=10=10= kf&df lbOPsf] lgj]bg /fd|f cIf/df n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .kf&df lbOPsf] lgj]bg /fd|f cIf/df n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .kf&df lbOPsf] lgj]bg /fd|f cIf/df n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .kf&df lbOPsf] lgj]bg /fd|f cIf/df n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .kf&df lbOPsf] lgj]bg /fd|f cIf/df n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8


11 =11 =11 =11 =11 = k(, a'em / tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ b]pm Mk(, a'em / tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ b]pm Mk(, a'em / tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ b]pm Mk(, a'em / tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ b]pm Mk(, a'em / tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ b]pm M

dflysf] kf&df …cfufdL, k|sflzt, clj:d/)fLo’ h:tf ljz]if)f zAbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf]

% . gfd jf ;j{gfdsf] u')f, bf]if, ;+\Vof cflb ljz]iftf atfpg] zAbx¿ ljz]if)f x'g\ .

ljz]if)f zAbn] gflds kbsf] ljz]iftf atfpF%g\ . ljz]if)f u')faf]ws, kl/df)faf]ws,

;+\Vofaf]ws / ;fj{gflds u/L d"ntM rf/ lsl;dsf x'G%g\ Ù h:t} M

dflysf] tflnsfsf] cWoog u/L tflnsfdf gk/]sf s'g} b; cf]^f ljz]if)fdflysf] tflnsfsf] cWoog u/L tflnsfdf gk/]sf s'g} b; cf]^f ljz]if)fdflysf] tflnsfsf] cWoog u/L tflnsfdf gk/]sf s'g} b; cf]^f ljz]if)fdflysf] tflnsfsf] cWoog u/L tflnsfdf gk/]sf s'g} b; cf]^f ljz]if)fdflysf] tflnsfsf] cWoog u/L tflnsfdf gk/]sf s'g} b; cf]^f ljz]if)f

zAb n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .zAb n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .zAb n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .zAb n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .zAb n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .

12=12=12=12=12= tnsf zAbnfO{ tflnsfdf lbOP h:t} s:tf], sýf], slt / s'g egLtnsf zAbnfO{ tflnsfdf lbOP h:t} s:tf], sýf], slt / s'g egLtnsf zAbnfO{ tflnsfdf lbOP h:t} s:tf], sýf], slt / s'g egLtnsf zAbnfO{ tflnsfdf lbOP h:t} s:tf], sýf], slt / s'g egLtnsf zAbnfO{ tflnsfdf lbOP h:t} s:tf], sýf], slt / s'g egL

k|Zg u/ / pko'St zAb %fg]/ e/ Mk|Zg u/ / pko'St zAb %fg]/ e/ Mk|Zg u/ / pko'St zAb %fg]/ e/ Mk|Zg u/ / pko'St zAb %fg]/ e/ Mk|Zg u/ / pko'St zAb %fg]/ e/ M

v/fa, w]/}, &'nf], hfFul/nf], ;'Gb/, ^/f]{, lk/f], ch+\u, %f] f], tL, h]&f],

t[tLo, kfFr, klxnf], &'nf], ;fgf]

s:tf] s:tf] s:tf] s:tf] s:tf] sýf] sýf] sýf] sýf] sýf] slt slt slt slt slt s'g s'g s'g s'g s'g

v/fa, ========== ch+\u, ============== kfFr, =============== tL, ===========

/fd|f], g/fd|f], c;n,v/fa, df] f], b'Anf],kl/>dL, ldlxg]tL

w ]/ } , yf ]/ } ,c l n s l t ,k|z:t

of], Tof], hf], h'g,s], sf], s'g,h'g h'g

Ps, b'O{, kfFr,k|yd, låtLo

;fj{gflds ;fj{gflds ;fj{gflds ;fj{gflds ;fj{gfldsu')faf]wsu')faf]wsu')faf]wsu')faf]wsu')faf]ws kl/df)faf ]wskl/df)faf]wskl/df)faf]wskl/df)faf]wskl/df)faf]ws ;+\Vofaf]ws;+\Vofaf]ws;+\Vofaf]ws;+\Vofaf]ws;+\Vofaf]ws

Curricu

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g]kfnL, sIff 8



z'e sfdgf kýsf] gd'gfz'e sfdgf kýsf] gd'gfz'e sfdgf kýsf] gd'gfz'e sfdgf kýsf] gd'gfz'e sfdgf kýsf] gd'gf

g]kfnLx¿sf dxfg\ rf* a*f b;}F / z'e bLkfjnLsf cj;/df ;Dk")f{

ljb\ofyL{ tyf cleefjs dxfg'efjx¿df ;'v,

zflGt / ;d[b\lwsf] xflb{s d+\undo

z'e sfdgf JoSt ub{%f}F .

;Gts'df/ afGtjf

k|wfgfWofks

tyf

if*fgGb pRr dfWolds ljb\ofno kl/jf/

lb+\nf, ef]hk'/

dflysf] z'e sfdgf ký k(]kl% ltdLn] dgfpg] s'g} Ps rf*sf]dflysf] z'e sfdgf ký k(]kl% ltdLn] dgfpg] s'g} Ps rf*sf]dflysf] z'e sfdgf ký k(]kl% ltdLn] dgfpg] s'g} Ps rf*sf]dflysf] z'e sfdgf ký k(]kl% ltdLn] dgfpg] s'g} Ps rf*sf]dflysf] z'e sfdgf ký k(]kl% ltdLn] dgfpg] s'g} Ps rf*sf]

pknIodf k&fOg] z'epknIodf k&fOg] z'epknIodf k&fOg] z'epknIodf k&fOg] z'epknIodf k&fOg] z'e sfdgf kýsf] gd'gf tof/ kf/ .sfdgf kýsf] gd'gf tof/ kf/ .sfdgf kýsf] gd'gf tof/ kf/ .sfdgf kýsf] gd'gf tof/ kf/ .sfdgf kýsf] gd'gf tof/ kf/ .

1414141414===== cfkm\gf] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf ^f]ndf :jR% vfg] kfgLsf] Joj:yfcfkm\gf] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf ^f]ndf :jR% vfg] kfgLsf] Joj:yfcfkm\gf] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf ^f]ndf :jR% vfg] kfgLsf] Joj:yfcfkm\gf] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf ^f]ndf :jR% vfg] kfgLsf] Joj:yfcfkm\gf] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf ^f]ndf :jR% vfg] kfgLsf] Joj:yf

ldnfOlbg cg'/f]w u/L cfkm\gf] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsfldnfOlbg cg'/f]w u/L cfkm\gf] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsfldnfOlbg cg'/f]w u/L cfkm\gf] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsfldnfOlbg cg'/f]w u/L cfkm\gf] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsfldnfOlbg cg'/f]w u/L cfkm\gf] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsf

k|d'vnfO{ lgj]bg n]v .k|d'vnfO{ lgj]bg n]v .k|d'vnfO{ lgj]bg n]v .k|d'vnfO{ lgj]bg n]v .k|d'vnfO{ lgj]bg n]v .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

ldýtfldýtfldýtfldýtfldýtfzf/bf/d)f g]kfn

ef/åfh Clifsf %f]/f b|f])f / kf~rfn g/]z k[ift\sf %f]/f o!;]g b|'kb Pp } u'?s'ndf

k(\y] . oL b'O{sf lar k|uf(k|uf(k|uf(k|uf(k|uf( ldýtf lyof] . pgLx¿ ;Fu} k(\y], ;Fu} cEof; uy]{, ;Fu} vfGy],

;Fu} lj>fdlj>fdlj>fdlj>fdlj>fd uy]{ . pgLx¿ km';{tdf dg vf]n]/ s'/f uy]{ . s'/}s'/fdf Ps k^s /fhs'df/

b|'kbn] eg], ældý b|f])f, d kf~rfn b]zsf] /fhf ePkl% l;ªxf;gsf] ;'vef]u ltdL;Fu klg

afF*\%' . cfwf /fHo d ltdLnfO{ g} lbG%' . of] d]/f] k|lt!fk|lt!fk|lt!fk|lt!fk|lt!f xf] .Æ

;do laTb} uof] . k(fO ;s]/ /fhs'df/ b'|kb cfkm\gf] b]z kf~rfn kms]{ . b|f])fsf] s[kL;Fu

ljjfx eof] . cZjTyfdf hGd] . oL lbgx¿ b|f])fsf] kl/jf/df b'Mv bl/b|tfsf lbg lyP .

uf]&df Pp^f b'x'g] ufO{;Dd lyPg . afns cZjTyfdf …b'w b'w’ eGb} ?Gy] . l%d]sL Clif

s'df/x¿ cZjTyfdfnfO{ b]vfO{ b]vfO{ b'w vfGy] . Ps k^s slt;Dd eof] eg] l%d]sL

Clif s'df/x¿n] kfgLdf lk&f] #f]n]/ cZjTyfdfnfO{ lbP . ;]tf] b]v]kl% cZjTyfdfn] b'w

&fg] . æoL, d}n] klg b'w kfPFÆ eGb} xfF:b} gfRb} kfgL vfg yfn] . of] b]v]/ b|f])f / s[kLnfO{

;f/} b'Mv nfUof] . Pp^f b'x'g] ufO{ kfpF%' ls eg]/ b|f])f w]/}lt/ #'d] . st} kfPgg\ .

To;}tfsf b|f])fn] o'b\wlif{ k/z'/fdn] ;j{:j bfg;j{:j bfg;j{:j bfg;j{:j bfg;j{:j bfg ub}{ %g\ eGg] ;'g] . b|f])f #/af^ sf];f}F

^f(fsf] dx]Gb| kj{t k'u] . k/z'/fdn] pgL k'Ug'cl# g} ;j{:j bfg ul/;s]sf lyP . b|f])fnfO{

b'MvL b]v]/ k/z'/fdn] eg], æd;Fu ca of] z/L/ / z:ýf:ý ljb\of z:ýf:ý ljb\of z:ýf:ý ljb\of z:ýf:ý ljb\of z:ýf:ý ljb\of dfý afFsL % .

tkfO{FnfO{ d s] lbpFm < s] lng'x'G% <Æ

æu'?, dnfO{ tkfO{F;Fu ePsf] z:ýf:ý ljb\of lbg'xf];\ . Tof] g} d]/f nflu &'nf] pknlAw x'g]

% .Æ b|f])fn] eg] .


k|uf(k|uf(k|uf(k|uf(k|uf( – Hofb} ulx/f]

lj>fdlj>fdlj>fdlj>fdlj>fd – cf/fd

k|lt!fk |lt!fk |lt!fk |lt!fk |lt!f – ;+\sNk

;j{:j bfg;j{:j bfg;j{:j bfg;j{:j bfg;j{:j bfg – ePe/sf] ;a} ;DklTt bfg ug]{ sfd

z:ýf:ý ljb\ofz:ýf:ý ljb\ofz:ýf:ý ljb\ofz:ýf:ý ljb\ofz:ýf:ý ljb\of – z:ý jf xft xltof/ rnfpg] ljb\of

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

æx'G%, of] d]/f nflu klg ;f}efUosf] s'/f xf] . n, k|of]uzfnfdf cfpg'xf];\ . lzIf)f

l;sfO ;'? ul/xfnf}F .Æ k/z'/fdn] v';L x'Fb} eg] .

b|f])fnfO{ l;Sg ;do nfu]g . yf]/} lbgd} pgL z:ýf:ý ljb\ofdf kf/+\utkf/+\utkf/+\utkf/+\utkf/+\ut eP .

l&s To;} ;dodf pTt/ kf~rfndf o!;]g b|'kb /fhf ePsf] va/ cfof] . b|f])fn] b|'kb;Fu

u'?s'ndf ePsf s'/f emnSs ;Dem] . dgdf cfzfsf] gofF ;"o{ pbfof] . kTgL s[kL / %f]/f

cZjTyfdfnfO{ lnP/ b|f])f /ftf/ft kf~rfn k'u] . v';Ln] ub\ub x'Fb} pgn] /fhf b'|kbnfO{

e] ] . pgn] d';'Ss xfF:b} eg], ældý b|'kb, lrGg'eof] < d tkfO{Fsf] ;xkf&L ldý b|f])f . oL d]/L

>LdtL s[kL / of] d]/f] %f]/f] cZjTyfdf xf] . d tkfO{F;Fusf] k|uf( ldýtf / tkfO{Fn] Tolt

a]nf lbg'ePsf] jrg ;Dem]/ ;kl/jf/ cfPsf] %' . xfdL clxn] lgSs} c;lhnfdf %f}F . kl/jf/

kfNg klg wf} wf} k/]sf] % .Æ

b|f])fsf s'/f ;'g]/ b|'kb l/;fP . pgsf] cg'xf/ u'/fF; h:t} /ftf] eof] . pgn] b|f])fsf]

cg'xf/df Sjf/Sjf/tL x]b}{ eg], æd l;ªxf;gdf lj/fhdfg /fhf, ltdL bl/b|bl/b|bl/b|bl/b|bl/b| afx'g . d

kf/+\utkf/+\utkf/+\utkf/+\utkf/+\ut – l;kfn', kf]Vt

bl/b|bl/b|bl/b|bl/b|bl/b| – ul/a

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

s;/L ltd|f] ldý < ldýtf t kb, k|lti&f, !fg, wg, zlSt ;a} :t/ a/fa/ ePsfx¿;Fu

dfý x'G% . ltdL t ;fdfGo !fg / lzi^tf klg gePsf /x]%f}, a'e\mof} < afnfkgdf

u'?s'ndf ;Fu} a:bf d}n] s] egF] s] elggF Tof] clxn] ;Dem]/ x'G% < e}uf], cfP%f}, cfhsf] /ft

a; . ^Gg bfn, eft, t/sf/L vfpm . ef]ln laxfg} cfkm\gf] af^f] nfu .Æ

b|'kbsf] of] af]nL Jojxf/ b|f])fnfO{ ;lxg;Sg'sf] ckdfg nfUof] . pgL /GylgFb} /GylgFb} /GylgFb} /GylgFb} /GylgFb} ToxfFaf^

p&] / a]n's} xl:tgfk'/lt/ nfu] . xl:tgfk'/sf /fhu'? s[k pgsf ;fnf lyP . dgdg}

;f]r], æ;;'/fnLdf w]/} lbg t a:g x'Fb}g, al:bgF . clnlbg u'kr'ku'kr'ku'kr'ku'kr'ku'kr'k a;]/ eljiosf] of]hgf

agfpF%' . xl:tgfk'/d} klg s]xL sfd ldN% ls < olt;Dd ckdflgt ePF, ca klg o:t}

cls~rgcls~rgcls~rgcls~rgcls~rg eP/ afFRg'sf] t cy{} /x]g .Æ

xl:tgfk'/ k'u]kl% Ps lbg %f]/fnfO{ lnP/ b|f])f xlng lg:s]sf lyP . d}bfgdf /fhs'df/x¿

h' ]/ *G*Llaof]*G*Llaof]*G*Llaof]*G*Llaof]*G*Llaof] v]ln/x]sf] b]v] . glhs} rf}tf/Lsf] l*ndf a;]/ b|f])f /dfOnf] x]g{ yfn] .

v]Nbfv]Nb} *G*L pl% \l^P/ glhs}sf] ;'Svf Ogf/df v:of] . lemSg vf]Hbf /fhs'df/

o'lwli&/sf] cf}F&L klg ToxLF v:of] . /fhs'df/x¿n] cg]sf}F k|oTg u/] t/ lgsfNg ;s]gg\ .

/GylgFb }/GylgFb }/GylgFb }/GylgFb }/GylgFb } – s'g} kL*f jf lrGtfaf^ % \kl Fb}

u'kr'ku'kr'ku'kr'ku'kr'ku'kr'k – r'krfk, aflx/ k|s^ gx'g] u/L leýleý} sfd s'/f] bafpg] rfn

cls~rgcls~rgcls~rgcls~rgcls~rg – lgw{g, ul/a

*G*Llaof*G*Llaof*G*Llaof*G*Llaof*G*Llaof ] – n&\&Ln] laof]df &\ofs nufP/ v]lng] k|l;b\w v]n

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

d';'d';' xfF:b} x]l//x]sf b|f])f / cZjTyfdfnfO{ /fhs'df/ o'lwli&/n] b]v] . sf] x'g\, oL sfnf

cg'xf/sf xFl;nf dflg; < logn] s]xL db\bt ug{ ;S%g\ ls eGg] ljrf/ u/] . pgn]

glhs} uP/ clejfbg ub}{ eg], æckl/lrt dxf]bo, d /fhs'df/ o'lwli&/ x'F / d}bfgdf

v]Ng] oL ;a} d]/f efOx¿ x'g\ . ;'Svf Ogf/df xfd|f] *G*L v:of] . Ogf/ lgSs} ulx/f] % .

xfdLn] lgsfNg ;s]gf}F . db\bt ug{ ;Sg'x'G% ls <Æ

b|f])fn] d';'d';' xfF:b} eg], æd}n] ltd|f] *G*L / cf}F&L lgsflnlbPF eg] dnfO{ ef]h v'jfpF%f}F <Æ

ælsg gv'jfpg' < eJo ef]h v'jfpF%f}FÆ o'lwli&/n] eg] .

b|f])f p&]/ Ogf/sf] l*ndf uP . cZjTyfdf klg ;Fu} uP . ;a}sf cufl* b|f])fn] cgf}&f]

z:ý sf}zn k|of]u u/] . pgn] ;lhn};Fu *G*L / cf}F&L lnP/ lg:s] . /fhs'df/x¿

cfZro{ rlst eP . o'lwli&/n] bu'b}{ uP/ lktfdx eLidnfO{ ;a} ljj/)fljj/)fljj/)fljj/)fljj/)f ;'gfP / eg],

ælktfdx, tL crDdsf dflg; clxn] klg rf}tf/Ldf al;/x]sf %g\ .Æ

æxf] / <Æ eLidn] dgdg} lglZrt u/] . oL cjZo klg ef/åfh k'ý b|f])f x'g'k%{ . t'?Gt}

p&]/ o'lwli&/;Fu} eLid klg rf}tf/Ldf k'u] . pgn] b|f])fnfO{ ljz]if cfb/;fy #/df lnP/

cfP . cfltYo ;Ddfgkl% eLidn] eg], ædxf]bo b|f])f, tkfO{F;Fu o;/L e] \g kfpg' xfd|f

nflu &'nf] efUof]boefUof]boefUof]boefUof]boefUof]bosf] ;"rs xf] . xfdLdfly s[kf ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{F o; ;fd|fHosf]

;Ddflgt cfrfo{ ag]/ xl:tgfk'/df al;lbg'xf];\ . xfd|f /fhs'df/x¿nfO{ z:ýf:ýsf]

k|lzIf)f lbg'xf];\ . o; ;fd|fHonfO{ cfkm\g} ;/x &fGg'eP x'G% . xfdL tkfOF{nfO{ ;Ddfg

lbG%f}F .Æ

æx'G%, tkfO{Fsf] k|:tfj dnfO{ :jLsf/ %Æ b|f])fn] eg] . olt ePkl% %f]/f cZjTyfdfsf]

b'w vfg] /x/ klg k'/f x'g] eof]

b|f])f ca cfrfo{ b|f])f eP . sf}/j kf)*j /fhs'df/x¿nfO{ z:ýf:ý l;sfpg yfn] .

ch'{gsf] nugzLntf / x:t sf}znx:t sf}znx:t sf}znx:t sf}znx:t sf}zn a]hf]*sf] lyof] . cfrfo{ b|f])f %f]/f cZjTyfdfkl%

lzio ch'{gnfO{ ljz]if :g]x uy]{ .

ljj/)fljj/)fljj/)fljj/)fljj/)f – j[TtfGt, s'g} s'/f v'n:t kfg]{ u/L lbOPsf] j)f{g

efUof ]boefUof ]boefUof ]boefUof ]boefUof ]bo – efUosf] pbo, efUo hfu]sf]

x:t sf}znx:t sf}znx:t sf}znx:t sf}znx:t sf}zn – xftsf] l;k

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

lzIff ·dzM k'/f x'Fb} uof] . clGtd k/LIff klg ;lsof] . ;a} /fhs'df/x¿ wg'lj{b\ofdf

lgk')f eP . æxfdL u'? blIf)ff s] ^S|ofpmF <Æ /fhs'df/x¿n] cfrfo{ b|f])fl;t ;f]w] .

b|f])fn] cgfof; eg], ækf~rfn g/]z b|'kbnfO{ oxfF Nofpm / dnfO{ ck{)f u/ oxL xf] d]/f]

;jf]{Ttd u'? blIf)ff .Æ b'of]{wgn] eg], æxfdL b'|kbnfO{ tkfO{Fsf] cufl* NofOlbG%f}F . o;}

t d PSn} uP klg ;]gf;lxt b'|kbnfO{ Nofpg ;S%' . zf]efsf nflu d;Fu d]/f efOx¿ hfG%g\ .

ldý s)f{ klg hfG%g\ .Æ

^f]nL k|:yfg u/]sf] s]xL lbgd} sf}/j / kf~rfnsf lar #df;fg o'b\w eof] . o!;]g

b|'kbsf] o'b\w sf}zno'b\w sf}zno'b\w sf}zno'b\w sf}zno'b\w sf}znsf cufl* b'of]{wg, s)f{nufot s'g} klg of]b\wf l^Sg ;s]gg\ . efu]/

Hofg hf]ufP . æPs k^s xfdL sf]l;; u%f}F{ . xfdL kfFr efO hfG%f}FÆ ch'{gn] ljgd|tfsf

;fy clejfbg ub}{ eg] . æb|'kb sDtLsf of]b\wf %}gg\ x}Æ eGb} b|f])f d':s'/fP . o; k^s

o'b\wdf kf~rfn g/]z b'|kb ljhoL aGg ;s]gg\ . ch'{gsf] !fg / o'b\w sf}znsf cufl*

b|'kbsf] hf]* rn]g . ch'{gn] b|'kbnfO{ o'b\we"ldd} ;dft]/ /ydf /fv] . pgn] b|f])fsf

cufl* b|'kbnfO{ NofP/ k]; ub}{ eg], ælng';\ cfrfo{, u'? blIf)ff ^S|ofPsf %f}F .Æ

b|'kbnfO{ o; cj:yfdf b]v]/ cfrfo{ b|f])fnfO{ dgdg} xfF;f] p&\of] . pgL ;ªoldt eP t/

xfF;]gg\ . cfFvfdf cfFvf h'wfP/ x]b}{ eg], æk"j{ /fhf b|'kb, g*/fpg'xf];\ . d tkfO{FnfO{

dflb{gF . afnfkgdf tkfO{F / d]/flar ulx/f] ldýtf lyof] . ;Fu} k(\of}F, l;Sof}F, v]NofF}, vfof}F

/ a:of}F . kl% tkfO{F /fhf x'g'eof] . P]Zjo{P]Zjo{P]Zjo{P]Zjo{P]Zjo{sf] dft nfUof] . #dG*n] pGdTtpGdTtpGdTtpGdTtpGdTt x'g'eof] .

d;Fusf] ldýtf la;{g'eof] . jrgab\wtfjrgab\wtfjrgab\wtfjrgab\wtfjrgab\wtf la;{g'eof] . d]/f] ckdfg klg ug'{eof] . tkfO{Fsf]

ToxL #dG* tf]*\gsf nflu d}n] tkfO{Faf^ /fHo vf]:g'k/]sf] xf] . clxn] tkfO{F k/flht

x'g'x'G% / d]/f] aGwgdf x'g'x'G% .Æ

æd cem} klg tkfO{F;Fu ldýtf rfxG%' . clxn] tkfO{F cls~rg, d ;Ttf;Lg . xfdL a/fa/L

:t/df %}gf}F . ldýtf t a/fa/Lsf lardf dfý x'G% xf]nf . x}g < o;} eP/ d tkfO{FnfO{

kf~rfn /fHo cfwf lkmtf{ lbG%', x'G% <Æ

o'b\w sf}zno'b\w sf}zno'b\w sf}zno'b\w sf}zno'b\w sf}zn – o'b\wdf b]vfOg] snf

P]Zjo{P]Zjo{P]Zjo{P]Zjo{P]Zjo{ – wg ;DklTt, ;'v cfgGb

pGdTtpGdTtpGdTtpGdTtpGdTt – dflTtPsf]

jrgab \wtfjrgab \wtfjrgab \wtfjrgab \wtfjrgab \wtf – jrgab\w x'g] efj jf sa'ndf afFlwg] sfd

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o!;]g b|'kbsf] cfFvf em'Sof] . kl;g} kl;gf eP . s]xL af]n]gg\ . cfrfo{ b|f])fnfO{ nfUof],

æolt ePkl% logsf] #dG* x/fof] ls < o;eGbf a(L s]xL ulb{gF .Æ

cfrfo{ b|f])f cf;gaf^ p&] . pgn] ;/f;/ uP/ b|'kbsf] aGwg vf]n] . p&fP/ c+\sdfn

u/], plrt ;Ddfg;fy labf u/] .

b|'kb eg] af^f]el/ / cfkm\gf] /fHodf k'lu;s]kl% klg zfGt x'g ;s]gg\ . pgnfO{ lrGtf

k¥of] . b'|kbn] #dG*L ePsf] ;hfo kfP . b|f])fn] b'|kbsf] uNtLsf] k|ltzf]w lnPgg\ . a?

ldýtfk"j{s b|'kbnfO{ labf u/L c;n JolStsf ¿kdf cfkm\gf] kl/ro lbP .

1= 1= 1= 1= 1= sIffdf …ldýtf’ syf kfn}kfnf] k(]/ ;'gfpm .sIffdf …ldýtf’ syf kfn}kfnf] k(]/ ;'gfpm .sIffdf …ldýtf’ syf kfn}kfnf] k(]/ ;'gfpm .sIffdf …ldýtf’ syf kfn}kfnf] k(]/ ;'gfpm .sIffdf …ldýtf’ syf kfn}kfnf] k(]/ ;'gfpm .

2= pTt/ eg M2= pTt/ eg M2= pTt/ eg M2= pTt/ eg M2= pTt/ eg M

-s_ /fhs'df/ b|'kbn] ldý b|f])f;Fu s] k|lt!f u/] <

-v_ b|f])fsf] ljjfx sf];Fu eof] <

-u_ cZjTyfdf s;sf %f]/f x'g\ <

-#_ o'lwli&/sf] cfF}&L b|f])fn] sxfFaf^ lgsfn] <

-+_ b|f])f s;/L cfrfo{ b|f])f eP <

-r_ cfrfo{ b|f])f s;nfO{ ljz]if :g]x uy]{ <

3= s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v M3= s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v M3= s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v M3= s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v M3= s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v M

-s_ cfwf /fHo d ltdLnfO{ g} lbG%' . of] d]/f] k|lt!f xf] .

-v_ oL, d}n] klg b'w kfPF .

-u_ d;Fu ca of] z/L/ / z:ýf:ý ljb\of dfý afFsL % .

-#_ x'G%, tkfO{Fsf] k|:tfj dnfO{ :jLsf/ % .

-+_ kf~rfn g/]z b'|kbnfO{ Nofpm / dnfO{ ck{)f u/ .

4= kf&sf] bf];|f] cg'R%]b k(]/ tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ eg M4= kf&sf] bf];|f] cg'R%]b k(]/ tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ eg M4= kf&sf] bf];|f] cg'R%]b k(]/ tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ eg M4= kf&sf] bf];|f] cg'R%]b k(]/ tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ eg M4= kf&sf] bf];|f] cg'R%]b k(]/ tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ eg M

-s_ /fhs'df/ b|'kb slxn] cfkm\gf] b]z kf~rfn kms]{ <

-v_ afns cZjTyfdf lsg ?Gy] <

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

-u_ sf] cZjTyfdfnfO{ b]vfO{ b'w vfGy] <

-#_ cZjTyfdf lsg gfRb} / xfF:b} kfgL vfg yfn] <

5= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ n]v M5= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ n]v M5= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ n]v M5= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ n]v M5= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ n]v M

-s_ b|f])f / s[kLnfO{ lsg ;f/} b'Mv nfUof] <

-v_ b|f])f s;/L z:ýf:ý ljb\ofdf kf/+\ut eP <

-u_ b'|kbsf s:tf s'/f ;'g]/ b|f])f /GylgP <

-#_ /fhs'df/x¿ lsg cfZro{ rlst eP <

-+_ cZjTyfdfsf] b'w vfg] /x/ s;/L k'/f eof] <

-r_ kf~rfn g/]z b'|kbn] lsg b|f])f;Fusf] ldýtf la;{g k'u] <

-%_ b|f])fsf] ckdfg ubf{ /fhf b|'kbsf] cj:yf s:tf] eof] <

-h_ cfrfo{ b|f])fn] b'|kbnfO{ lsg cfwf /fHo lkmtf{ lbG%' eg] <

-em_ b|'kb lsg cfkm\gf] /fHodf k'u]kl% klg zfGt x'g ;s]gg\ <

-`_ …ldýtf’ syfaf^ s] lzIff kfOG% <

6=6=6=6=6= efj :ki^ kf/ Mefj :ki^ kf/ Mefj :ki^ kf/ Mefj :ki^ kf/ Mefj :ki^ kf/ M

-s_ P]Zjo{sf] dft nfUof] . #dG*n] pGdTt x'g'eof] . d;Fusf] ldýtf la;{g'eof] .

jrgab\wtf la;{g'eof] . d]/f] ckdfg klg ug'{eof] .

-v_ d cem} klg tkfO{F;Fu ldýtf rfxG%' . clxn] tkfO{F cls~rg, d ;Ttf;Lg .

7=7=7=7=7= olb ltdL …ldýtf’ syfsf] /fhf b|'kb ePsf] eP b|f])fn] k'/fgf] k|lt!folb ltdL …ldýtf’ syfsf] /fhf b|'kb ePsf] eP b|f])fn] k'/fgf] k|lt!folb ltdL …ldýtf’ syfsf] /fhf b|'kb ePsf] eP b|f])fn] k'/fgf] k|lt!folb ltdL …ldýtf’ syfsf] /fhf b|'kb ePsf] eP b|f])fn] k'/fgf] k|lt!folb ltdL …ldýtf’ syfsf] /fhf b|'kb ePsf] eP b|f])fn] k'/fgf] k|lt!f

;DemfpFbf s] uYof}{, pTt/ b]pm .;DemfpFbf s] uYof}{, pTt/ b]pm .;DemfpFbf s] uYof}{, pTt/ b]pm .;DemfpFbf s] uYof}{, pTt/ b]pm .;DemfpFbf s] uYof}{, pTt/ b]pm .

8= …ldýtf t kb, k|lti&f, !fg, wg / zlSt ;a} s'/f a/fa/ ePsfx¿;Fu dfý8= …ldýtf t kb, k|lti&f, !fg, wg / zlSt ;a} s'/f a/fa/ ePsfx¿;Fu dfý8= …ldýtf t kb, k|lti&f, !fg, wg / zlSt ;a} s'/f a/fa/ ePsfx¿;Fu dfý8= …ldýtf t kb, k|lti&f, !fg, wg / zlSt ;a} s'/f a/fa/ ePsfx¿;Fu dfý8= …ldýtf t kb, k|lti&f, !fg, wg / zlSt ;a} s'/f a/fa/ ePsfx¿;Fu dfý

x'G%’ eGg] /fhf b|'kbsf] ljrf/;Fu ltdL ;xdt jf c;xdt s] %f}, sf/)f;lxtx'G%’ eGg] /fhf b|'kbsf] ljrf/;Fu ltdL ;xdt jf c;xdt s] %f}, sf/)f;lxtx'G%’ eGg] /fhf b|'kbsf] ljrf/;Fu ltdL ;xdt jf c;xdt s] %f}, sf/)f;lxtx'G%’ eGg] /fhf b|'kbsf] ljrf/;Fu ltdL ;xdt jf c;xdt s] %f}, sf/)f;lxtx'G%’ eGg] /fhf b|'kbsf] ljrf/;Fu ltdL ;xdt jf c;xdt s] %f}, sf/)f;lxt

:ki^ u/ .:ki^ u/ .:ki^ u/ .:ki^ u/ .:ki^ u/ .


9= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M9= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M9= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M9= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M9= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M

k|uf(, cls~rg, ;jf]{Ttd, lj>fd

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

10= ldý 10= ldý 10= ldý 10= ldý 10= ldý ± ± ± ± ± tf tf tf tf tf = …ldýtf’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …tf’ k|Too hf]*]/ gofF zAb…ldýtf’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …tf’ k|Too hf]*]/ gofF zAb…ldýtf’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …tf’ k|Too hf]*]/ gofF zAb…ldýtf’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …tf’ k|Too hf]*]/ gofF zAb…ldýtf’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …tf’ k|Too hf]*]/ gofF zAb

agfpm M agfpm M agfpm M agfpm M agfpm M

zý', slj, bl/b|, lzi^, ;dfg

11= kof{ojfrL zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M11= kof{ojfrL zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M11= kof{ojfrL zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M11= kof{ojfrL zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M11= kof{ojfrL zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

cfrfo{ k|oTg cls~rg clejfbg :t/

sf]l;; u'? gd:sf/ tx bl/b| aGwg

12= cg's/)ffTds zAb;Fu ldNbf] lj|mof %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M12= cg's/)ffTds zAb;Fu ldNbf] lj|mof %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M12= cg's/)ffTds zAb;Fu ldNbf] lj|mof %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M12= cg's/)ffTds zAb;Fu ldNbf] lj|mof %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M12= cg's/)ffTds zAb;Fu ldNbf] lj|mof %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

d';'Ss w'?w'? emnSs Sjf/Sjf/tL ^Gg

?g' xfF:g' vfg' ;Demg' x]g'{ gfRg'

13= cy{ :ki^ x'g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M13= cy{ :ki^ x'g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M13= cy{ :ki^ x'g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M13= cy{ :ki^ x'g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M13= cy{ :ki^ x'g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

pGdTt x'g', ;Ttf;Lg x'g', c+\sdfn ug'{, czfGt x'g', d';'Ss d':s'/fpg'

pRrf/)f / lxHhpRrf/)f / lxHhpRrf/)f / lxHhpRrf/)f / lxHhpRrf/)f / lxHh]

14=14=14=14=14= tn lbOPsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mtn lbOPsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mtn lbOPsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mtn lbOPsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mtn lbOPsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M

b'|kb, km';{t, cZjTyfdf, b|f])f, ;j{:j bfg, z:ýf:ý, lzi^tf, lzio

15= tnsf zAbx¿ k( / j)f{sf] leGgtfn] x'g] km/s cy{ lzIfsnfO{ ;f]w]/15= tnsf zAbx¿ k( / j)f{sf] leGgtfn] x'g] km/s cy{ lzIfsnfO{ ;f]w]/15= tnsf zAbx¿ k( / j)f{sf] leGgtfn] x'g] km/s cy{ lzIfsnfO{ ;f]w]/15= tnsf zAbx¿ k( / j)f{sf] leGgtfn] x'g] km/s cy{ lzIfsnfO{ ;f]w]/15= tnsf zAbx¿ k( / j)f{sf] leGgtfn] x'g] km/s cy{ lzIfsnfO{ ;f]w]/

a'emL jfSodf k|of]u u/ Ma'emL jfSodf k|of]u u/ Ma'emL jfSodf k|of]u u/ Ma'emL jfSodf k|of]u u/ Ma'emL jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

l*n – lbn, */ – b/, #/ – ;/, /x/ – ;x/, ;'sfo{ – s'sfo{, ;ªof]u – ljof]u,

kj{t – ;a{t, dg – tg, afns – kfns

16= z'b\w u/L ;f/ M16= z'b\w u/L ;f/ M16= z'b\w u/L ;f/ M16= z'b\w u/L ;f/ M16= z'b\w u/L ;f/ M

Ps k^s xfdL sf]lz; u%f}F xfdL kfr efO{ hfG%f} ch'{gn] ljgd|tfsf ;fy

clejfbg u/\b} eg]

17= pbfx/)f x]/L cGo ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog u/L C / l/ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf] f17= pbfx/)f x]/L cGo ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog u/L C / l/ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf] f17= pbfx/)f x]/L cGo ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog u/L C / l/ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf] f17= pbfx/)f x]/L cGo ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog u/L C / l/ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf] f17= pbfx/)f x]/L cGo ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog u/L C / l/ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf] f

zAbx¿ l^k MzAbx¿ l^k MzAbx¿ l^k MzAbx¿ l^k MzAbx¿ l^k M

pbfx/)f M C – Clif, l/ – l/;fP

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g]kfnL, sIff 8


18= k( / a'em M18= k( / a'em M18= k( / a'em M18= k( / a'em M18= k( / a'em M

cfwf /fHo d ltdLd ltdLd ltdLd ltdLd ltdLnfO{ g} lbG%' .

dnfO{ tkfO{FtkfO{FtkfO{FtkfO{FtkfO{F;Fu ePsf] z:ýf:ý ljb\of lbg'xf];\ .

pgLpgLpgLpgLpgL ToxfFaf^ p&]/ a]n's} xl:tgfk'/lt/ nfu] .

xfdLxfdLxfdLxfdLxfdLn] lgsfNg ;s]gf}F . db\bt ug{ ;Sg'x'G% ls <

dflysf jfSodf uf(f cIf/df cfPsf …d, ltdL, tkfO{F, pgL, xfdL’ h:tf ;j{gfd

zAbx¿n] k'?ifnfO{ a'emfPsf %g\ . g]kfnL efiffdf k'?ifn] af]Ng] jStf, ;'Gg] >f]tf /

ljifonfO{ a'emfpF%g\ . k|yd k'?if, låtLo k'?if / t[tLo k'?if u/L k'?if ltg lsl;dsf

x'G%g\ . h:t} M

k|yd k'?if M d, xfdL, cfkm"

låtLo k'?if M tF, ltdL, tkfO{F

t[tLo k'?if M pm, pgL, pxfF, pgLx¿, Tof], ltgL, ltgLx¿

dflysf pbfx/)fdf cfPsf låtLo k'?if / t[tLo k'?ifsf zAbx¿nfO{ cgfb/ -lgDg

cfb/_, dWod cfb/ -;fdfGo cfb/_ / pRr cfb/ u/L ltg efudf ljefhg ug{

;lsG% . h:t} M

cgfb/ M tF, pm, Tof]

dWod cfb/ M ltdL, pgL, ltgL

pRr cfb/ M tkfO{F, pxfF

19=19=19=19=19= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿ kl/jt{g u/ Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿ kl/jt{g u/ Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿ kl/jt{g u/ Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿ kl/jt{g u/ Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿ kl/jt{g u/ M

-s_ d ltdLnfO{ g} lbG%' . -t[tLo k'?if_

-v_ tkfOF{;Fu ePsf] z:ýf:ý ljb\of lbg'xf];\ . -dWod cfb/_

-u_ pgL ToxfFaf^ p&]/ xl:tgfk'/lt/ nfu] . -pRr cfb/_

-#_ xfdLn] lgsfNg ;s]gf}F . -låtLo k'?if_

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

-+_ pgsf] cg'xf/ u'/fF; h:t} /ftf] eof] . -cgfb/_

-r_ ltdL t ;fdfGo !fg / lzi^tf gePsf /x]%f} . -k|yd k'?if_


20= 20= 20= 20= 20= af^fel/ / cfkm\gf] /fHodf k'lu;s]kl% klg zfGt x'g g;s]sf /fhf b'|kbn]

cfkmGt / cfkm\gf dGýLx¿;Fusf] e] df s] s] s'/f u/] xf]nfg\ < /fd|/L ;f]r]/

s'g} b; cf] f a'Fbfx¿ tof/ kf/ / ;fyLx¿;Fu ldnL tL a'FbfnfO{ ;d] ]/ Pp^f

syf tof/ u/L lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

l;k / >dl;k / >dl;k / >dl;k / >dl;k / >d— If]ýk|tfk clwsf/L

kfl/ hfFbf dg jfl/ b]p/fnLb]p/fnLb]p/fnLb]p/fnLb]p/fnLdf /fv

kfv'/fdf kx/fkx/fkx/fkx/fkx/fsf] an af]sL /fv .

d:of{+\bLd:of{+\bLd:of{+\bLd:of{+\bLd:of{+\bLsf] kx/fdf s'nf] vf]Kg'k%{

^f/Lel/^f/Lel/^f/Lel/^f/Lel/^f/Lel/, af/Laf/Laf/Laf/Laf/Lel/ l;k /f]Kg'k%{ ..

lxhf] ltDn] eg] h:t} cfh nfUof] #fd

ls/)fx¿ a 'n]/ l^sf] nfOb]pm cfdf .

o:tf] cfl;scfl;scfl;scfl;scfl;s b]pm a¿ …l%^f] d/L uP;\

t/ dfly lxdfndf r'nLr'nLr'nLr'nLr'nL yKg] eP;\’ ..

b]p/fnL Mb]p/fnL Mb]p/fnL Mb]p/fnL Mb]p/fnL M kxf*sf] psfnf] l;b\lwg] &fpF, y'DsL jf eGHof+ k/]sf] &fpF jf *fF*f]

kx/f Mkx/f Mkx/f Mkx/f Mkx/f M s*f r \ fgn] ag]sf] le/, kfvf]

d:of{+\bL Md:of{+\bL Md:of{+\bL Md:of{+\bL Md:of{+\bL M d'lStgfy *fF*fsf k"jL{ efuaf^ k}bf eO{ d'lUng lýz"nL gbL;Fu ldl;g] ;Kt u)*sL

dWo]sf] Ps k|l;b\w gbL

^f/Lel/ M^f/Lel/ M^f/Lel/ M^f/Lel/ M^f/Lel/ M cUnf] &fpFel/

af/L Maf/L Maf/L Maf/L Maf/L M ds}, e^df; cflb x'g] kfvf] hUuf

cfl;s Mcfl;s Mcfl;s Mcfl;s Mcfl;s M cfzLjf{b

r'nL Mr'nL Mr'nL Mr'nL Mr'nL M kj{tsf] r'Rrf] k/]/ clUnPsf] lzv/, kxf*sf] 'Kkf], ^fs'/f]


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g]kfnL, sIff 8

kfvfel/ nfn'kft] cfFvfel/ %fof

ge]l^g] ¿k t/ gd]l^g] dfof .

df^fl;t o:tf] dfof nfpFm Pskfln

d' 'leý aufO/fv d]rL dxfsfnL ..

;kgf;kgf;kgf;kgf;kgfdf ;u/dfyf cFufn]/ ;'t

l;h{gfl;h{gfl;h{gfl;h{gfl;h{gfsf uLtx¿ ;Fufn]/ p& .

;f/+\uL;f/+\uL;f/+\uL;f/+\uL;f/+\uLsf :j/x¿ ;+\uLt;+\uLt;+\uLt;+\uLt;+\uLt km]g]{ u/

cfkm" x]g]{ cfFvfx¿ b]z x]g]{ u/ ..

;kgf M;kgf M;kgf M;kgf M;kgf M lgbfPsf] a]nf dfgl;s ¿kdf b]lvg] b[Zo, /dfOnf] eljiosf] sNkgf

l;h{gf Ml;h{gf Ml;h{gf Ml;h{gf Ml;h{gf M gofF lgdf{)f, ;[li^, /rgf, pTklTt

;f/+\uL M;f/+\uL M;f/+\uL M;f/+\uL M;f/+\uL M tf/df /] ]/ ahfOg] lutf/ h:tf] ;fgf] g]kfnL afhf

;+\uLt M;+\uLt M;+\uLt M;+\uLt M;+\uLt M ljz]if no, tfn / jfb\o jfbgsf ;fy ufOg] uLt

1 =1 =1 =1 =1 = kf&df lbOPsf] sljtf no xfn]/ k( .kf&df lbOPsf] sljtf no xfn]/ k( .kf&df lbOPsf] sljtf no xfn]/ k( .kf&df lbOPsf] sljtf no xfn]/ k( .kf&df lbOPsf] sljtf no xfn]/ k( .


-s_ l;k sxfF /f]Kg'k%{ <

-v_ d]rL dxfsfnL sxfF aufO/fVg'k%{ <

-u_ ;kgfdf s] cFufn]/ ;'Tg'k%{ <

-#_ s] ;Fufn]/ p&\g'k%{ <

-+_ cfkm" x]g]{ cfFvfx¿n] ca s] x]g'{k%{ <

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

3=3=3=3=3= vfnL &fpF e/L sljtfsf x/km k'/f u/ MvfnL &fpF e/L sljtfsf x/km k'/f u/ MvfnL &fpF e/L sljtfsf x/km k'/f u/ MvfnL &fpF e/L sljtfsf x/km k'/f u/ MvfnL &fpF e/L sljtfsf x/km k'/f u/ M

kfvfel/ ================== nfn'kft] ============== %fof

ge]l^g] =================== t/ =========================dfof .

df^fl;t ==================== dfof ==================Pskfln

d' 'leý ============d]rL==================== ..


;f/+\uLsf :j/x¿ ;+\uLt k]mg]{ u/

cfk"m x]g]{ cfFvfx¿ b]z x]g]{ u/ .


-s_ sljtfdf ^f/Lel/ / af/Lel/ l;k /f]Kg lsg elgPsf] xf] <

-v_ sljtfsf] bf];|f] Znf]sdf dg'{eGbf cl# s] ug'{k%{ elgPsf] % <

-u_ xfdLn] xfd|f] l;k / >dnfO{ lsg b]zsf nflu vlr{g'k%{ <

-#_ …l;k / >d’ sljtfsf] d'Vo efj s] xf] <


6= ldNg] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M6= ldNg] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M6= ldNg] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M6= ldNg] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M6= ldNg] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

cfFvf, dfof, cfl;s, ls/)f, gog, k|sfz, k|]d, cfzLjf{b

7= pN^f] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M7= pN^f] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M7= pN^f] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M7= pN^f] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M7= pN^f] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

jfl/, ;kgf, p&, dfof, #fd, ;'t, %fof, kfl/, #[)ff, ljkgf

8= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M8= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M8= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M8= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M8= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

l;k, kfv'/f, d' ', ;f/+\uL, ;kgf

9=9=9=9=9= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M

d:of{+\bL, l;h{gf, cFufn]/, ;Fufn]/

10=10=10=10=10= tn lbOPsf zAbnfO{ ;RofP/ n]v Mtn lbOPsf zAbnfO{ ;RofP/ n]v Mtn lbOPsf zAbnfO{ ;RofP/ n]v Mtn lbOPsf zAbnfO{ ;RofP/ n]v Mtn lbOPsf zAbnfO{ ;RofP/ n]v M

P:tf], ;f]/x¿, at'n]/, jf/Le/L

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

11 =11 =11 =11 =11 = sljtfsf] t];|f] Znf]s sfkLdf ;f/]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .sljtfsf] t];|f] Znf]s sfkLdf ;f/]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .sljtfsf] t];|f] Znf]s sfkLdf ;f/]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .sljtfsf] t];|f] Znf]s sfkLdf ;f/]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .sljtfsf] t];|f] Znf]s sfkLdf ;f/]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .



xfdLn] ^f/Lel/, af/Lel/ l;k /f]kf}Fnf/f]kf}Fnf/f]kf}Fnf/f]kf}Fnf/f]kf}Fnf . tF lxdfndf r'nL yKg] eP;\eP;\eP;\eP;\eP;\ . ltdL

;kgfdf ;u/dfyf cFufn]/ ;'t;'t;'t;'t;'t . xfdL l;h{gfsf uLtx¿ ;Fufn]/ p&f}F p&f}F p&f}F p&f}F p&f}F .

dflysf jfSodf cfPsf uf(f cIf/sf lj|mofkbn] jStfsf] dgf]efj JoSt u/]sf

%g\ . lj|mofkbn] d"ntM ;Defjgfy{, OR%fy{ / cf!fy{ efj JoSt ub{%g\ . tnsf]

tflnsf k( / a'em M

stf{ ;Defjgfy{ OR%fy{ cf!fy{

tF xf]nf;\, hfnf;\ eP;\ uP;\ hf, k(\

ltdL hfpnf, k(f}nf uP, k(] hfpm, k(

d hfpFnf, k('Fnf hfpmF, k("F

xfdL hfcf}Fnf, k(f}Fnf hfcf}F, k(f}F

pm hfnf, k(\nf hfcf];\, k(f];\

pgLx¿ hfnfg\, k(\nfg\ hfpmg\, k("g\

dflysf] tflnsfsf] cWoog u/L OR%fy{, cf!fy{ / ;Defjgfy{ lj|mofkbsf] k|of]u

u/L kfFr kfFr cf] f jfSox¿ agfpm .

13= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf wft' / ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M13= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf wft' / ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M13= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf wft' / ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M13= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf wft' / ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M13= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf wft' / ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M

-s_ pgLx¿ sljtf ============= . -n]v\ M OR%fy{_

-v_ ltdL sljtf ===================== . -k(\ M cf!fy{_

-u_ ltgLx¿ sljtf jfrg ============== . -u/\ M ;Defjgfy{_

-#_ ;ljgf / ;/f]h #'Dg ======== . -hf M cf!fy{_

-+_ xfdL uf}/j;fy =============== . -afFr\ M OR%fy{_

-r_ d /fd|f] sljtf ============ . -k(\ M ;Defjgfy{_

-%_ pm b]zsf nflu ========. -n*\ M OR%fy{_

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

-h_ pgLx¿ sljtf uf]i&Ldf ============== . -hf M ;Defjgfy{_

-em_ cfl:tsf k/LIffdf k|yd =============== . -x' M ;Defjgfy{_

-`_ xfdL /fd|f] uLt ============== . -ufp M OR%fy{_


kf&df k|of]u ePsf …/fv, nfUof], uP;\, eP;\’ h:tf zAb s/)f lj|mofkb x'g\ .s/)f lj|mofkbn] xf] jf x'G% eGg] ;sf/fTds cy{ lbG% . dflysf lj|mofkbnfO{cs/)fdf kl/jt{g ubf{ j|mdzM …g/fv, nfu]g, guP;\, geP;\’ h:tf lgif]wfTdslj|mofkb aG%g\ . cs/)fn] xf]Og jf x'Fb}g eGg] gsf/fTds cy{ lbG% . s/)f /cs/)f lj|mofkbl;t ;DalGwt Jofs/)ffTds sf] L x'g\ . s/)fnfO{ cs/)f agfpFbfcfjZostfcg';f/ lj|mofkbsf] ;'?, lar / cGTodf …g’ ylkG% eg] cs/)fnfO{s/)f agfpFbf …g’ lemlsG% . h:t} M

s/)f jfSo cs/)f jfSo

&'nf] kfgL knf{ . &'nf] kfgL gknf{ .

efO #'Dg uP% . efO #'Dg uPg% .

p;n] ;a} sfd ug]{ % . p;n] ;a} sfd ug]{ %}g .

/fd|/L k(] kf; eOG% . /fd|/L gk(] kf; eOFb}g .

pgLx¿ #/ hfG%g\ . pgLx¿ #/ hfFb}gg\ .

dflysf] sljtfaf^ kfFr cf]^f s/)f lj|mofkbx¿ l^k]/ cs/)fdf abn .dflysf] sljtfaf^ kfFr cf]^f s/)f lj|mofkbx¿ l^k]/ cs/)fdf abn .dflysf] sljtfaf^ kfFr cf]^f s/)f lj|mofkbx¿ l^k]/ cs/)fdf abn .dflysf] sljtfaf^ kfFr cf]^f s/)f lj|mofkbx¿ l^k]/ cs/)fdf abn .dflysf] sljtfaf^ kfFr cf]^f s/)f lj|mofkbx¿ l^k]/ cs/)fdf abn .

15= tn s/)f lj|mofkbx¿ lbOPsf %g\ . ltgnfO{ cs/)fdf kl/jt{g u/L15= tn s/)f lj|mofkbx¿ lbOPsf %g\ . ltgnfO{ cs/)fdf kl/jt{g u/L15= tn s/)f lj|mofkbx¿ lbOPsf %g\ . ltgnfO{ cs/)fdf kl/jt{g u/L15= tn s/)f lj|mofkbx¿ lbOPsf %g\ . ltgnfO{ cs/)fdf kl/jt{g u/L15= tn s/)f lj|mofkbx¿ lbOPsf %g\ . ltgnfO{ cs/)fdf kl/jt{g u/LjfSodf k|of]u u/ MjfSodf k|of]u u/ MjfSodf k|of]u u/ MjfSodf k|of]u u/ MjfSodf k|of]u u/ M

agf}F, unf{g\, afFr, u%{, k(f];\, uy]{F


16=16=16=16=16= kf&sf] sljtfsf] nodf Pp^f sljtkf&sf] sljtfsf] nodf Pp^f sljtkf&sf] sljtfsf] nodf Pp^f sljtkf&sf] sljtfsf] nodf Pp^f sljtkf&sf] sljtfsf] nodf Pp^f sljtf n]v]/ sIffdf ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpm .f n]v]/ sIffdf ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpm .f n]v]/ sIffdf ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpm .f n]v]/ sIffdf ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpm .f n]v]/ sIffdf ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpm .

Curricu

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pmen

t Cen

tre

g]kfnL, sIff 8

e"uf]nljb\ xs{ u'?+e"uf]nljb\ xs{ u'?+e"uf]nljb\ xs{ u'?+e"uf]nljb\ xs{ u'?+e"uf]nljb\ xs{ u'?+

g]kfn k|fs[lts ljljwtfn] el/k")f{ ;'Gb/ d'n's xf] .

lxdfn, kxf*, t/fO{, %fFuf, %x/f, le/kfvf, pkTosf /

vf]Frx¿n] of] b]znfO{ yk cfsif{s agfPsf %g\ . hftLo,

eflifs / ;fª:s[lts b[li^sf])fn] ;d]t g]kfn ;d[b\w;d[b\w;d[b\w;d[b\w;d[b\w

% . oxL g]kfnL e"lddf ;dosf] sfnv)*df s}of}F dxfg\

JolStx¿ hGd]sf %g\ . pgLx¿n] b]zsf nflu pNn]vgLo

of]ubfg lbPsf %g\ . tLdWo] e"uf]nljb\e"uf]nljb\e"uf]nljb\e"uf]nljb\e"uf]nljb\ xs{ u'?+ cu|

k+\lStdf cfpF%g\ . pgL /fi «sf] pGgltsf nflu dxTTjk")f{

of]hgf agfpg] of]hgfljbof]hgfljbof]hgfljbof]hgfljbof]hgfljb\ klg x'g\ .

u'?+sf] hGd lj= ;ª= 1995 k'; 21 ut] ePsf] lyof] . pgsf lktf k|;fxL u'?+ / dftf

dfo;]jf] u'?+ x'g\ . pgL ndh'+ lhNnfsf] +fbL vf]nf glhs} t/fFr] eGg] ufpFdf hGd]sf

x'g\ . pgL ;fg}b]lv uDeL/uDeL/uDeL/uDeL/uDeL/, lrGtgzLnlrGtgzLnlrGtgzLnlrGtgzLnlrGtgzLn Pjd\ ;/n / ldng;f/ k|s[ltsf lyP . gf}

jif{sf] pd]/;Dd pgL cfkm\g} ufpFsf n]saF];L, v]taf/L / kfvf kv]/fdf /dfP . pgsf]

afNosfn ;'vb jftfj/)fdf laTof] . gf} jif{kl% sf&df*f}F l%g]{ df}sf kfPsf pgn] s]xL

;do sf&df*f}Fsf] b/af/ xfO:s'ndf k(] . To;kl% pgL cfkm\gf lktfsf] ;fydf ef/tsf]

b]x/fb'g k'u] / uf]vf{nL kN^gsf] lrN*«]g :s'ndf egf{ eP . ToxLFaf pgn] Dofl «s k/LIff pTtL)f{

u/] / g]kfn kms]{ . g]kfn kms{]kl% lýrGb| sn]hdf cfO{=P=df egf{ eP . o;kl% e"uf]n

ljifo lnP/ pRr lzIff xfl;n u/] . ;g\ 1965 df pgn] a]nfotsf] P*]ga/f ljZj


;d[b \w;d[b \w;d[b \w;d[b \w;d[b \w – wgL

e"uf]nljb\e"uf]nljb\e"uf]nljb\e"uf]nljb\e"uf]nljb\ – e"uf]nsf] !fg ePsf] JolSt

of]hgfljb\of]hgfljb\of]hgfljb\of]hgfljb\of]hgfljb\ – of]hgf agfpg hfGg] JolSt

uDeL/uDeL/uDeL/uDeL/uDeL/ – ulx/f], zfGt

lrGtgzLnlrGtgzLnlrGtgzLnlrGtgzLnlrGtgzLn – lrGtg ug]{, ljrf/zLn

Curricu

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t Cen

tre

g]kfnL, sIff 8

ljb\ofnoaf kf]v/f pkTosfpkTosfpkTosfpkTosfpkTosfsf] e"uf]n ljifodf ljb\ofjfl/lw u/] . e"uf]n ljifodf ljb\ofjfl/lw

ug]{ pgL g} klxnf] g]kfnL eP .

…laxfgLn] lbpF;f]sf] ;+\s]t u%{’ eg] em}F xs{ u'?+ ;fg}b]lv nugzLn, Odfgbf/ /

cg'zfl;t lyP . pgL cfkm\gf ;fyLx¿ / u'?x¿sf dfem c;fWo} lk|o lyP . ;fg}b]]]lv

cfkm\gf] ufpF#/df ePsf jgkfvf, gfua]nLgfua]nLgfua]nLgfua]nLgfua]nL k/]sf kxf*x¿ / ToxfF /dfpg] r/f r'?+\uLsf]

cfjfhnfO{ ;'g]/ nf]leGy] . afNosfnb]lv g} oxL k|fs[lts jftfj/)fn] pgsf] dgnfO{

df]lxt kf/]sf] lyof] . To;}n] e"uf]n ljifosf] cWoog ug]{ / b]zsf] e"uf]nsf] gS;f sf]g]{

clenfiffclenfiffclenfiffclenfiffclenfiff pgsf] dgdf ;hLj eP/ cfof] .

xs{ u'?+ v]n v]Ng], lrý sf]g]{ / lxdfn r(\g] sfddf klg ?lr /fVy] . km' an v]n

pgnfO{ c;fWo} dg kYof]{ . lrý sf]g]{ snf eg] pgn] dgf+] nfdfaf^ l;s]sf lyP . pgL

c;fWo} ;'Gb/ lrýx¿ agfpFy] . lj=;ª=2013 df ePsf] /fi «JofkL lrýsnf k|ltof]lutfdf pgn]

sf]/]sf] *fFkm] / d'gfnsf] lrý ;jf]{Ts[i^;jf]{Ts[i^;jf]{Ts[i^;jf]{Ts[i^;jf]{Ts[i^ &xl/of] . oxL lrý kl% uP/ x'nfs l^s^sf

¿kdf k|sfzg eof] .

xs{ u'?+ g]kfnL wtL{df pbfPsf Pp^f hfHjNodfghfHjNodfghfHjNodfghfHjNodfghfHjNodfg tf/f x'g\ . Pp } JolStdf w]/} u')f

e]l^g'n] pgnfO{ ax'd'vL k|ltefsf wgL JolSt dflgG% . pgn] e"uf]n, hg;+\Vof, ko{ g,

hfthflt, cy{zf:ý, kj{tf/f]x)f / ljsf; ;DaGwL ljleGg k':tsx¿ n]v]sf %g\ . pgn]

n]v]sf c&f/ cf] f k':tsx¿ k|sfzg ePsf %g\ . pgL ljb]zL;Fu C)f lnP/ b]znfO{

rnfpg'x'Gg eGy] . cfkm\g} b]zdf ePsf ;Dkbfaf^ b]znfO{ rnfpg'k%{ / cfkm\g} v' \ fdf

pleg'k%{ eGg] pgsf] ljrf/ lyof] .

xs{ u'?+ of] b]zsf] e"uf]nsf] gS;f sf]g]{ / ljsf;sf] of]hgf agfpg] JolSt x'g\ . pgn]

g]kfnsf] e"uf]nsf] af/]df ulx/f] cWoog u/]sf lyP . g]kfn ef}uf]lns / k|fs[lts b[li^n]

lgs} ;DkGg % . oxfFsf lxdfn, kxf* / t/fO{sf h+\unx¿df ax'd"No h*La' Lx¿ kfOG%g\ .

tL h*La' Lx¿nfO{ laj|mL u/]/ b]zsf] cy{tGý alnof] agfpg'k%{ eGg] pgsf] ljrf/ lyof] .

pkTosfpkTosfpkTosfpkTosfpkTosf – kxf*sf] km]bLsf] ;dy/ hldg, rf/}lt/ kxf*n] #]/]sf] larsf] ;dy/ efu

gfua ]nLgfua ]nLgfua ]nLgfua ]nLgfua ]nL – gfu -;k{_ sf] lxF*fO h:tf] af+\uf]l^+\uf]

clenfiffclenfiffclenfiffclenfiffclenfiff – OR%f, rfxgf

;jf] {Ts[i^;jf] {Ts[i^;jf] {Ts[i^;jf] {Ts[i^;jf] {Ts[i^ – ;a}eGbf /fd|f], ;jf]{Ttd

hfHjNodfghfHjNodfghfHjNodfghfHjNodfghfHjNodfg – k|efjzfnL, Hofb} rlDsnf]

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tre

g]kfnL, sIff 8

b'u{db'u{db'u{db'u{db'u{d If]ýsf] ljsf; u/]/ dfý ;'ud;'ud;'ud;'ud;'ud If]ýsf] ljsf; ;Dej x'G% eGg] pgsf] wf/)ff lyof] .

pgL g]kfnsf hghfltsf] pTyfgsf af/]df cfjfh p&fpg] JolSt x'g\ . pgn] cfkm" …Pl;of

PG* k]l;lkms *]enkd]G^ ;]G^/’ dn]l;ofsf] k|d'v x'Fbf …km];]h ckm g]kfn’ gfds k':ts

n]v] . o; k':tsn] g]kfnsf hghfltnfO{ ljZjdf lrgfpg] sfd u¥of] .

xs{ u'?+ slxNo} JolStut :jfy{df nfu]gg\ . pgn] kb, k|lti&f / k};fsf] df]xk|lt nfu]/

cfkm\gf] :jfledfg u'dfPgg\ . pgL ;wF} cWoog / cg';Gwfgdf Jo:t /x] . pgn] /fi «sf]

pGglt / k|ultsf nflu lgeL{stflgeL{stflgeL{stflgeL{stflgeL{stfsf ;fy :ki^jfbL / Odfgbf/ eP/ sfd u/] . ljljw

If]ýdf pgsf] of]ubfg /x\of] tfklg pgL d"ntM of]hgfsf/sf ¿kdf a(L rlr{t %g\ . pgn]

/fli «o of]hgf cfof]usf] pkfWoIf ;d]t eP/ sfd u/] . Tolt a]nf cfkm\gf] b]znfO{ s;/L

ljsl;t agfpg ;lsG% eGg] ljifodf dxTTjk")f{ ljrf/x¿ cufl* ;f/] . pgn] lzIff,

:jf:Yo h:tf If]ýdf &'nf] of]ubfg lbP . pgn] cufl* ;f/]sf of]hgf / ljsf;n] cfh

klg b]zsf] pGgltdf nfUg yk pmhf{pmhf{pmhf{pmhf{pmhf{ k|bfg u/]sf] % .

xs{ u'?+n] jg, jGohGt', /fli «o lgs'~hlgs'~hlgs'~hlgs'~hlgs'~h / cf/If)f If]ýx¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t ljz]if

!fg xfl;n u/]sf lyP . pgL g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] nflu uj{ ug{ nfos JolSt x'g\ . pgsf]

lgwg lj=;ª= 2063 c;f]h 7 ut] x]lnsf]K^/ b'#{ gfdf k/L eof] . To; lbg s~rgh+\#f

;ª/If)f;ª/If)f;ª/If)f;ª/If)f;ª/If)f If]ý cfof]hgfsf] Joj:yfkg x:tfGt/)f sfo{j|mddf ;xefuL x'g hfg] sfo{j|md

lyof] . pgL k"jL{ g]kfnsf] #'G;f ufpFaf^ tfKn]h'+sf] km'+ln+sf nflu p*]sf] >L

Po/nfOG;sf] x]lnsf]K^/df r(]sf lyP . ;f] x]lnsf]K^/ b'#{ gfdf kbf{ c¿ rf}la;

hgfsf] ;d]t b'Mvb lgwg ePsf] lyof] . of] b'Mvb #^gfsf] va/n] l;+\uf] /fi « :tAw:tAw:tAw:tAw:tAw /

zf]sdUgzf]sdUgzf]sdUgzf]sdUgzf]sdUg eof] .

; 'ud;'ud;'ud;'ud;'ud – ;lhn};Fu k'Ug ;lsg], ;'ljwf ;DkGg &fpF

lgeL {sgeL {sgeL {sgeL {sgeL {s – s;};Fu g*/fpg]

pmhf {pmhf {pmhf {pmhf {pmhf { – zlSt

lgs'~hlgs'~hlgs'~hlgs'~hlgs'~h – jGohGt' tyf ?vx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf lglDt hf]ufOg] If]ý

; ª/If)f; ª/If)f; ª/If)f; ª/If)f; ª/If)f – hf]ufpg] sfd

:tAw:tAw:tAw:tAw:tAw – kL*fn] af]Ng} g;Sg]

zf ]sdUgzf ]sdUgzf ]sdUgzf ]sdUgzf ]sdUg – zf]sdf *'a]sf]

b 'u{db'u{db'u{db'u{db'u{d – d'l:sn;Fu dfý hfg ;lsg] &fpF

Curricu

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t Cen

tre

g]kfnL, sIff 8

xs{ u'?+ cfh xfdL;fd' %}gg\ t/ g]kfn / g]kfnLsf nflu lbPsf] of]ubfgsf sf/)f pgL

;a}sf] dgdf hLljt %g\ . pgsf] gfddf ljZj jGohGt' sf]ifn] %fýj[lTt sf]if :yfkgf

u/]sf] % . o; sf]ifsf] :yfkgfaf^ jGohGt' / jftfj/)fsf] ;ª/If)fdf nfu]sf JolStnfO{

%fýj[lTt k|bfg ug]{ ul/Psf] % . pgsf] ;Demgfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] pgs} hGd:yfgdf

;flns lgdf{)f u/]/ ;Ddfg k|s^ u/]sf] % . pgsf] cg's/)fLocg's/)fLocg's/)fLocg's/)fLocg's/)fLo cfbz{ hLjg ufyfaf^

;w}F /fi «sf] pTyfgdf nfUg'kg]{ k|]/)ff lng ;lsG% .

cg's/)fLocg's/)fLocg's/)fLocg's/)fLocg's/)fLo – gSsn jf cg's/)f ug{ nfos

1= sIffdf kf& kfn}kfnf] k( .1= sIffdf kf& kfn}kfnf] k( .1= sIffdf kf& kfn}kfnf] k( .1= sIffdf kf& kfn}kfnf] k( .1= sIffdf kf& kfn}kfnf] k( .


-s_ g]kfn s'g s'g s'/fn] ;d[b\w % <

-v_ xs{ u'?+sf] hGd slxn] ePsf] lyof] <

-u_ xs{ u'?+n] s;af^ lrý agfpg] snf l;s]sf lyP <

-#_ xs{ u'?+sf] d[To' slxn] eof] <

-+_ xs{ u'?+sf] ;Demgfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] s] u/]sf] % <

3= l&s a]l&s %' \ofP/ n]v M3= l&s a]l&s %' \ofP/ n]v M3= l&s a]l&s %' \ofP/ n]v M3= l&s a]l&s %' \ofP/ n]v M3= l&s a]l&s %' \ofP/ n]v M

-s_ xs{ u'?+sf] hGd ndh'+ lhNnfdf ePsf] lyof] .

-v_ xs{ u'?+ lj!fg ljifodf ljb\ofjfl/lw ug]{ klxnf] g]kfnL x'g\ .

-u_ xs{ u'?+ e"uf]nljb\ tyf of]hgfsf/ x'g\ .

-#_ xs{ u'?+ ljb]zL C)f lnP/ eP klg b]zsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG% eGg] ljrf/

/fVy] .

-+_ xs{ u'?+n] w]/} lstfax¿ n]v]sf %g\ .

Curricu

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

4= kf&sf] rf}yf] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g / tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ eg M4= kf&sf] rf}yf] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g / tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ eg M4= kf&sf] rf}yf] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g / tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ eg M4= kf&sf] rf}yf] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g / tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ eg M4= kf&sf] rf}yf] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g / tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ eg M

-s_ xs{ u'?+ s'g s'g sfddf ?lr /fVy] <

-v_ xs{ u'?+nfO{ s'g v]n c;fWo} dg kYof]{ <

-u_ /fi «JofkL lrýsnf k|ltof]lutf slxn] ePsf] lyof] <

-#_ xs{ u'?+n] sf]/]sf] s'g lrý ;jf]{Ts[i^ &xl/of] <

-+_ xs{ u'?+ s:tf lrýx¿ agfpFy] <

-r_ …;jf]{Ts[i^’ zAbsf] cy{ s] xf] <

5= kf&sf] ;ftf}F cg'R%]b /fd|/L k(]/ rf/ cf] f d'Vo a'Fbf l^k / Ps5= kf&sf] ;ftf}F cg'R%]b /fd|/L k(]/ rf/ cf] f d'Vo a'Fbf l^k / Ps5= kf&sf] ;ftf}F cg'R%]b /fd|/L k(]/ rf/ cf] f d'Vo a'Fbf l^k / Ps5= kf&sf] ;ftf}F cg'R%]b /fd|/L k(]/ rf/ cf] f d'Vo a'Fbf l^k / Ps5= kf&sf] ;ftf}F cg'R%]b /fd|/L k(]/ rf/ cf] f d'Vo a'Fbf l^k / Ps

t[tLofªzdf ;f/fªz n]v .t[tLofªzdf ;f/fªz n]v .t[tLofªzdf ;f/fªz n]v .t[tLofªzdf ;f/fªz n]v .t[tLofªzdf ;f/fªz n]v .


-s_ xs{ u'?+sf] afNosfn s;/L laTof] <

-v_ xs{ u'?+nfO{ s] ug]{ clenfiff cfof] <

-u_ xs{ u'?+nfO{ lsg ax'd'vL k|ltefsf wgL JolSt dflgG% <

-#_ xs{ u'?+n] g]kfnL efiff, hfthflt / b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu s] s:tf ljrf/x¿

cufl* ;f/] <

-+_ xs{ u'?+sf] d[To' s;/L eof] <

-r_ xs{ u'?+sf] hLjgLaf^ s] k|]/)ff lng ;lsG% <

7= efj :ki^ u/ M7= efj :ki^ u/ M7= efj :ki^ u/ M7= efj :ki^ u/ M7= efj :ki^ u/ M

g]kfn k|fs[lts ljljwtfn] el/k")f{ ljZjsf] ;'Gb/ d'n's xf] .


8= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M8= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M8= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M8= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M8= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

;'ud ;'Gb/ b[Zo k|sflzt

cb[Zo b'u{d ck|sflzt s'¿k jGohGt'

Curricu

lum D

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g]kfnL, sIff 8


lgs'~h, cg's/)fLo, ;hLj, hfHjNodfg, pkTosf


ko{ g, nugzLn, x:tfGt/)f, %fýj[lTt

1111111111= /fi^« ± JofkL /fi^« ± JofkL /fi^« ± JofkL /fi^« ± JofkL /fi^« ± JofkL = /fi^«JofkL eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …JofkL’ hf]*]/ gofF/fi^«JofkL eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …JofkL’ hf]*]/ gofF/fi^«JofkL eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …JofkL’ hf]*]/ gofF/fi^«JofkL eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …JofkL’ hf]*]/ gofF/fi^«JofkL eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …JofkL’ hf]*]/ gofF

zAb agfpm M zAb agfpm M zAb agfpm M zAb agfpm M zAb agfpm M

lhNnf, If]ý, b]z, pkTosf, ;Ktfx


12= tnsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M12= tnsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M12= tnsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M12= tnsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M12= tnsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M

;d[b\w, ;fª:s[lts, pTtL)f{, clenfiff, hfHjNodfg, cy{zf:ý, :ki^jfbL, Joj:yf

13= af]nfO / n]vfOsf] km/s a'em M13= af]nfO / n]vfOsf] km/s a'em M13= af]nfO / n]vfOsf] km/s a'em M13= af]nfO / n]vfOsf] km/s a'em M13= af]nfO / n]vfOsf] km/s a'em M

af]nfO n]vfO

O:s'n :s'n

lb|l:^ b[li^

sf&dfG*' sf&df*f}F

k|flslt{s k|fs[lts

lhag hLjg

14= kf&df C)f, pTtL{)f, g]kfn, lgeL{stf h:tf …)f’ / …g’ j)f{sf] k|of]u14= kf&df C)f, pTtL{)f, g]kfn, lgeL{stf h:tf …)f’ / …g’ j)f{sf] k|of]u14= kf&df C)f, pTtL{)f, g]kfn, lgeL{stf h:tf …)f’ / …g’ j)f{sf] k|of]u14= kf&df C)f, pTtL{)f, g]kfn, lgeL{stf h:tf …)f’ / …g’ j)f{sf] k|of]u14= kf&df C)f, pTtL{)f, g]kfn, lgeL{stf h:tf …)f’ / …g’ j)f{sf] k|of]u

ePsf w]/} zAbx¿ %g\ . …)f’ / …g’ sf] k|of]u ePsf b; b; cf]^fePsf w]/} zAbx¿ %g\ . …)f’ / …g’ sf] k|of]u ePsf b; b; cf]^fePsf w]/} zAbx¿ %g\ . …)f’ / …g’ sf] k|of]u ePsf b; b; cf]^fePsf w]/} zAbx¿ %g\ . …)f’ / …g’ sf] k|of]u ePsf b; b; cf]^fePsf w]/} zAbx¿ %g\ . …)f’ / …g’ sf] k|of]u ePsf b; b; cf]^f

zAbx¿ kf&af^ vf]h]/ n]v .zAbx¿ kf&af^ vf]h]/ n]v .zAbx¿ kf&af^ vf]h]/ n]v .zAbx¿ kf&af^ vf]h]/ n]v .zAbx¿ kf&af^ vf]h]/ n]v .

15= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .15= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .15= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .15= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .15= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .

Curricu

lum D

evelo

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t Cen

tre

g]kfnL, sIff 8


16= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ kl/jt{g u/ M16= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ kl/jt{g u/ M16= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ kl/jt{g u/ M16= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ kl/jt{g u/ M16= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ kl/jt{g u/ M

-s_ xs{ u'?+n] e"uf]nsf] gS;f sf]/] . -k")f{ e"t_

-v_ xs{ u'?+n] lrN*«]g :s'naf^ Dofl «s pTtL)f{ u/] . -c!ft e"t_

-u_ pgL cg'zfl;t eP/ k(\y] . -ck")f{ e"t_

-#_ pgsf k':tsx¿ k|sfzg eP . -k")f{ jt{dfg_

-+_ pgL ;'Gb/ b[Zox¿nfO{ x]/]/ d':s'/fpFy] . -;fdfGo jt{dfg_

17= kf&sf] 17= kf&sf] 17= kf&sf] 17= kf&sf] 17= kf&sf] ;ft;ft;ft;ft;ftf}F cg'R%]bnfO{ k")f{ f}F cg'R%]bnfO{ k")f{ f}F cg'R%]bnfO{ k")f{ f}F cg'R%]bnfO{ k")f{ f}F cg'R%]bnfO{ k")f{ e"te"te"te"te"t sfndf kl/jt{g u/L k'gn]{vg u/ . sfndf kl/jt{g u/L k'gn]{vg u/ . sfndf kl/jt{g u/L k'gn]{vg u/ . sfndf kl/jt{g u/L k'gn]{vg u/ . sfndf kl/jt{g u/L k'gn]{vg u/ .

18= tnsf jfSox¿df cfPsf uf(f cIf/ ePsf zAbx¿ /fd|/L k( / a'em M18= tnsf jfSox¿df cfPsf uf(f cIf/ ePsf zAbx¿ /fd|/L k( / a'em M18= tnsf jfSox¿df cfPsf uf(f cIf/ ePsf zAbx¿ /fd|/L k( / a'em M18= tnsf jfSox¿df cfPsf uf(f cIf/ ePsf zAbx¿ /fd|/L k( / a'em M18= tnsf jfSox¿df cfPsf uf(f cIf/ ePsf zAbx¿ /fd|/L k( / a'em M

xs{ u'?+ ljb]zL;Fu C)f lnP/ b]znfO{ rnfpg'x'Gg ///// cfkm\gf] b]zdf ePsf ;Dkbfaf^

b]znfO{ rnfpg'k%{ clgclgclgclgclg cfkm\g} v' \ fdf pleg'k%{ eGeGeGeGeGg]g]g]g]g] dxfg\ ljrf/ /fVy] . pgL cfh

xfdL;fd' %}gg\ t/t/t/t/t/ pgn] g]kfnLsf nflu lbPsf] of]ubfgsf sf/)f ;a}sf] dgdf

hLljt %g\ .

dflysf jfSodf k|of]u ePsf /,/,/,/,/, clg, eGg], t/clg, eGg], t/clg, eGg], t/clg, eGg], t/clg, eGg], t/ h:tf zAbx¿ ;ªof]hs x'g\ .

oLafx]s jfSodf jf,jf,jf,jf,jf, cyjfcyjfcyjfcyjfcyjf, tfklgtfklgtfklgtfklgtfklg, lsgeg]lsgeg]lsgeg]lsgeg]lsgeg], ha taha taha taha taha ta, eg]eg]eg]eg]eg], Pjd\,Pjd\,Pjd\,Pjd\,Pjd\, tyftyftyftyftyf, gýgýgýgýgý,

t}klgt}klgt}klgt}klgt}klg, To;}n]To;}n]To;}n]To;}n]To;}n], lsglslsglslsglslsglslsgls, gýeggýeggýeggýeggýeg]] ]] ] cflb zAbx¿n] klg jfSodf ;ªof]hssf] sfd

u%{g\ . ;ªof]hsn] b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a(L kb, kbfjnL, jfSo / jfSo v)*nfO{ hf]*\g]

sfd u%{ .

dflysf] kf&af^ km/s km/s ;ªof]hs k|of]u ePsf ltg cf]^f jfSo vf]h]/dflysf] kf&af^ km/s km/s ;ªof]hs k|of]u ePsf ltg cf]^f jfSo vf]h]/dflysf] kf&af^ km/s km/s ;ªof]hs k|of]u ePsf ltg cf]^f jfSo vf]h]/dflysf] kf&af^ km/s km/s ;ªof]hs k|of]u ePsf ltg cf]^f jfSo vf]h]/dflysf] kf&af^ km/s km/s ;ªof]hs k|of]u ePsf ltg cf]^f jfSo vf]h]/

n ]v .n ]v .n ]v .n ]v .n ]v .

Curricu

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g]kfnL, sIff 8


111119=9=9=9=9= tn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f] f] hLjgL n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm Mtn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f] f] hLjgL n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm Mtn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f] f] hLjgL n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm Mtn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f] f] hLjgL n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm Mtn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f] f] hLjgL n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm M

gfd M uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn

hGd M lj=;ª= 1975 h]& 18, sf&df*f}F

dftflktf M cflbTos'df/L / pdfsfGt l/dfn

lzIff M lj=;ª= 1992 sf] k|j]lzsf k/LIffdf k|yd >])fLdf k|yd

;ªnUgtf

lj=;ª= 1990 b]lv g} ;flxTo n]vgdf nfu]sf

efiffg'jfb kl/ifb\df ;/sf/L n]vssf ¿kdf hflu/], …zf/bf’ klýsfsf

;Dkfbs, lj=;ª= 1997 df rf}w dlxgf;Dd nK^g eO{ sfd u/]sf

k|d'v k|sflzt s[ltx¿

— …d;fg’ / …of] k|]d’ -gf^s_, …cfdfsf] ;kgf’ -sljtf ;+\u|x_


lg*/, j|mflGtsf/L / :jfledfgL JolSt

g]kfnL ;flxTodf gf^s / ub\o sljtfsf If]ýdf pTs[i^ of]ubfg lbPsf

;fdflhs lje]bsf] lj/f]w ub}{ sljtfdf k|tLsfTds z}nLdf ljb|f]xL

:j/ lbg] slj

;Ddfg tyf k'/:sf/ M dbg k'/:sf/ -2019_, lýe'jg k'/:sf/ -2030_

d[To' M lj=;ª= 2030, sflTts 8 ut], sf&df*f}F

20= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ckf+\utf ePsf JolStn] u/]sf pNn]vgLo sfo{x¿nfO{20= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ckf+\utf ePsf JolStn] u/]sf pNn]vgLo sfo{x¿nfO{20= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ckf+\utf ePsf JolStn] u/]sf pNn]vgLo sfo{x¿nfO{20= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ckf+\utf ePsf JolStn] u/]sf pNn]vgLo sfo{x¿nfO{20= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ckf+\utf ePsf JolStn] u/]sf pNn]vgLo sfo{x¿nfO{

;d]^]/ Pp^f hLjgL tof/ kf/ / k|bz{g kf^Ldf ^fF; .;d]^]/ Pp^f hLjgL tof/ kf/ / k|bz{g kf^Ldf ^fF; .;d]^]/ Pp^f hLjgL tof/ kf/ / k|bz{g kf^Ldf ^fF; .;d]^]/ Pp^f hLjgL tof/ kf/ / k|bz{g kf^Ldf ^fF; .;d]^]/ Pp^f hLjgL tof/ kf/ / k|bz{g kf^Ldf ^fF; .

Curricu

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

k|s[lt / jftfj/)fk|s[lt / jftfj/)fk|s[lt / jftfj/)fk|s[lt / jftfj/)fk|s[lt / jftfj/)f{{ {{ {

dflg; k|s[ltsf] pkhpkhpkhpkhpkh xf] . k|s[lt JolSt jf j:t'sf] ljz]iftf xf] . afgL, :jefj cflbnfO{

klg k|s[lt elgG% . o;n] hut\hut\hut\hut\hut\sf] lgdf{)f / ljsf;nfO{ klg ;+\s]t u%{ . jftfj/)f

zAbn] d"n ¿kdf k[YjL jl/kl/sf] xfjfnfO{ hgfpF% . o;n] dflg;, hLj / jg:kltsf]

cj:yfnfO{ ;d]t ;+\s]t u%{{ . k|s[lt / jftfj/)f dfgj hLjg;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw /fVg]

ljifo x'g\ .

k|f)fL / jg:kltjg:kltjg:kltjg:kltjg:kltsf] hLjg jftfj/)fdf lge{/lge{/lge{/lge{/lge{/ /xG% . ;[li^j|md;Fu} k|s[ltdf k|f)fL /

jg:kltsf] hLjgsf nflu lglZrt jftfj/)f l;h{gf ePsf] % . jftfj/)fs} sf/)f k|f)fL

/ hLjlar #lgi^#lgi^#lgi^#lgi^#lgi^ ;DaGw :yfkgf x'G% . ljZjdf /x]sf hLjx¿dWo] dflg; ;j{>]i& k|f)fL

xf] . dflg;n] k|s[ltnfO{ laufg{ / hf]ufpg klg ;S% . jg:klt / cGo hLjn] k|s[lt ;ª/If)f;ª/If)f;ª/If)f;ª/If)f;ª/If)f

ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . k|fs[lts ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ eg] hLj / jg:klt b'j}sf] e"ldsf x'G% . ;a}

k|f)fL / jg:klt lglZrt kfl/l:yltskfl/l:yltskfl/l:yltskfl/l:yltskfl/l:ylts k|)ffnLleý /x]sf x'G%g\ . k|s[ltsf] o; ;Gt'lnt

cj:yfleý hLj / jg:kltsf] cl:tTj ;'/lIft x'G% . kfl/l:ylts k|)ffnL vnalnof] eg]

k|fs[lts cj:yf c;Gt'lnt x'G% . o;af^ jg:klt nf]k x'g] / hLjn] cg]sf}F ;+\s^

em]Ng'kg]{ x'G% . k|fs[lts ;DkbfnfO{ hf]ufO/fv]df jftfj/)f ;ª/If)f x'G% . jg h+\un,

gbL, lxdfn, kxf*, vlghvlghvlghvlghvlgh cflbnfO{ ;Gt'lnt (+\un] pkof]u ug'{k%{ . jftfj/)f

;ª/If)fsf] of] sfo{ dflg;n] dfý ug{ ;S% .

pkhpkhpkhpkhpkh – pTkGg x'g] s'g} j:t', efjgf jf ljrf/

hut\hut\hut\hut\hut\ – ;ª;f/

jg:kltjg:kltjg:kltjg:kltjg:klt – k|foM km'n gkm'nL kmn nfUg] ?v ljz]if, af] la?jf, ntf cflb

lge{/lge{/lge{/lge{/lge{/ – e/f];fdf /x]sf], cfl>t

#lgi^#lgi^#lgi^#lgi^#lgi^ – Hofb} glhssf]

; ª/If)f; ª/If)f; ª/If)f; ª/If)f; ª/If)f – hf]ufpg] sfd, ;'/Iff

kfl/l:yltskfl/l:yltskfl/l:yltskfl/l:yltskfl/l:ylts – kl/l:yltn] hGdfPsf], pAhfPsf]

v lghvlghvlghvlghvlgh – hldgleý /x]sf], vfgLaf^ lgsflng] jf lg:sg]


– u)f]zk|;fb e \ /fO{{{

Curricu

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tre

g]kfnL, sIff 8

dflg;n] cfkm\gf] ;'ljwfsf nflu k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]u u%{{ . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]uubf{ ljj]sljj]sljj]sljj]sljj]s k'¥ofpg'k%{ . dflg;sf cljj]sL lj|mofsnfkn] k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf ljs[ltcfpF% . k|fs[lts jftfj/)f ljs[t eof] eg] lj;+\ult b]vf k%{ . xfdLn] e"Ifoe"Ifoe"Ifoe"Ifoe"Ifo, af(L,klx/f], cltj[li^, cgfj[li^ h:tf ;d:of ef]Ug'k%{ . ?v la?jf dfl;G%g\ . hLjx¿sf]hLjg ;+\s^u|:t x'G% . k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ gfl;G% . vfb\ofGg, kmnkm'n, t/sf/Lsf] pTkfbg

sd x'G% . df};ddf kl/jt{g cfpF% . afnLgfnLsf] pTkfbg ;do kl/jt{g x'G% . gbLx¿

;'Sg yfN%g\ . lxdfnx¿ kUng yfN%g\ . o;sf] k|ltkmn dflg; :jod\ ;+\s^df k%{ . o;y{

jftfj/)f k|lts"n x'g glbg / k|s[lt :jR% /fVg dflg;n] g} k|oTg ug'{k%{ .

dflg; a'b\lwn] afFR% . dflg;;Fu ;f]Rg] dl:tis / sfd ug]{ xft %g\ . dl:tisn] ;'Gb/

k|s[ltsf] sNkgf ug'{k%{ . dfgjLo lj|mofsnfk jftfj/)fsf] /Iffdf s]lGb|t x'g'k%{ .

j}!flgs rdTsf/ / dfgjLo pGgltleý k|s[ltsf] ljgfz ;d]l^g' x'Fb}g . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf]

kl/rfng ubf{ cfkm\g} v' \ fdf aGr/f] xfGg' x'Fb}g . dflg; sNkgfzLnsNkgfzLnsNkgfzLnsNkgfzLnsNkgfzLn k|f)fL klg xf] .

ljj]sljj]sljj]sljj]sljj]s – c;n / v/fa %' \ofpg ;Sg] Ifdtf

e"Ifoe"Ifoe"Ifoe"Ifoe"Ifo – af(L, klx/f] cflbaf^ hldg efl;g], aUg] jf gfl;g] sfd

sNkgfzLnsNkgfzLnsNkgfzLnsNkgfzLnsNkgfzLn – sNkgf ug]{, ;f]r ljrf/ ug]{ Ifdtf ePsf]

Curricu

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t Cen

tre

g]kfnL, sIff 8

p;n] ljsf;, pGglt, cfljisf/, /rgf, l;h{gfsf ¿kdf sNkgfnfO{ ;fsf/ u%{{ . sNkgf

;fsf/ kfg]{ / pb\b]Zo k"lt{ ug]{ j|mddf k|s[ltsf] ljgfz ug'{ x'Fb}g . dfgjLo lj|mofsnfk

jftfj/)f k|lts"n eP dflg; ;+\s^sf] e'd/Ldf km:% . hLjg ;/n agfpg dflg;n]

pb\of]u wGbf :yfkgf u%{{ / sn sf/vfgf rnfpF% . o;n] jftfj/)fdf /x]sf] xfjf, kfgL

/ hldg k|b"lift agfpF% . &'nf] cfjfh lgsfNg] ldl;g, oftfoft / ;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿

;~rfngn] Wjlg k|b"if)f u/fpF%g\ . o:t} s[lif sfo{df ljiffbL k|of]u ugf{n] vfg]s'/fdf

cvfb\o /;fog ldl;G% . /f;folgs dnsf] clws / cJojl:yt k|of]un] k|f+\ufl/s

pTkfbgdf sdL cfpF% . oL ;a}n] jftfj/)f k|lts"n agfpF%g\ . b"lift xfjf / kfgLsf] k|of]un]

ljleGg /f]u lglDtG%g\ . hldg k|b"lift eP pAhgL # \% .

h+\un ljgfz eof] eg] ;'Svf, v*]/Lnufot cg]sf}F ;d:of b]lvG%g\ . kfgLsf ;|f]t ;'Sg

yfN%g\ . jGohGt'sf] jf;:yfg ljgfz x'G% . pb\of]uaf^ lg:sg] w'jfF / ljiffn' UofF;n]

jftfj/)fdf xflgsf/s UofF;sf] j[b\lw ePsf] % . ;"o{af^ cfpg] xflgsf/s ls/)f /f]Sg]

jftfj/)fsf] cf]hf]g tx kftlnFb} % . kl/)ffd:j¿k jg:klt / hLj nf]k x'g], k|fs[lts

ljklTt cfpg], cDn jiff{ x'g] j|md a(\% . ;fy} cg]sf}F /f]u b]vf kg]{, vfb\ofGg / kfgLsf]

cefj x'g] h:tf ;+\s^ b]lvPsf %g\ . k[YjLsf] tfkj|md a(\g yfn]sf] % . oL ;a}sf] sf/s

dflg; xf] . dflg;n] dfý k|s[ltnfO{ cg's"n agfO{ jftfj/)f /Iff ug{ ;S% .

;Gt'lnt jftfj/)fsf] pTk|]/s klg dflg; g} xf] . k[YjLdf cg]sf}F k|fs[lts ;Dkbf %g\ .

k[YjLdf k|fKt ;Dkbf ;a}sf nflu cfjZos k%{g\ . ltgsf] ljj]sk")f{ k|of]u ug'{k%{ .

k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwg eljiosf nflu klg hf]ufpg'k%{ . k[YjL ;a}sf] ;femf #/ xf] .

k[YjLsf ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] klg ;dfg'kflts k|of]u ug'{k%{ . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]un]

k|s[ltnfO{ s'¿k agfpg' x'Fb}g . ufF;, jf; / skf;sf] k|oTgn] jftfj/)f vnalng' x'Fb}g .

dflg;nfO{ jg:klt rflxG% . jg:klt dflg;n] hf]ufpg ;S% . jg:kltsf] pkof]u

ugf{;fy p;n] gofF la?jf nufpg'k%{ . #/ / ljb\ofno jl/kl/ la?jf /f]Kg'k%{ . gf+\uf

*fF*f xl/of agfpg'k%{ . cem ;s] k|To]s JolStn] k|To]s hGd lbgdf ?v /f]k]/ z'e sfdgf

;f \g] ;ª:sf/ ljsf; ug'{k%{ . ?v la?jfsf] ;~ro ;~ro ;~ro ;~ro ;~ro ug'{k%{ .

kfgL hLjgbflogLhLjgbflogLhLjgbflogLhLjgbflogLhLjgbflogL ;|f]t xf] . kfgLsf ;|f]tsf] ;'/Iff u/L k|b"if)f x'gaf^ /f]Sg'k%{ .

hldgdf k|f+\ufl/s dn lapsf] k|of]u a(fpg'k%{ . a(L pTkfbg lng] gfddf hldgnfO{

ljiffbLsf] e)*f/ agfpg' x'Fb}g . ;f; km]g{ rflxg] xfjfnfO{ b"lift agfpg' x'Fb}g . hLjhGt'sf]

;~ro;~ro;~ro;~ro;~ro – cln cln u/L a 'n]/ w]/} kfg]{ sfd

hLjgbflogL–hLjgbflogL–hLjgbflogL–hLjgbflogL–hLjgbflogL– hLjg lbg], hLjgsf nflu geO{ gx'g]

Curricu

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

cj}w l;sf/ / rf]/L lgsf;L cGTo ug'{k%{ . jg kmF*fgL / jGo kbfy{ t:s/Lt:s/Lt:s/Lt:s/Lt:s/Lsf] cGTo ug'{k%{ .

k|f)f arfpg] h*La' Lsf] ;b'kof]u ug'{k%{ . af^f]#f^f], k'n k'n];f, ejg lgdf{)f ubf{

jftfj/)fLo ;Gt'ngnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'k%{ . oL ;a} sfo{sf nflu dfgjLo ;f]r,

lj|mofsnfk / Jojxf/nfO{ z'b\wLs/)f ug'{k%{ . dflg;sf] :jR% ljrf/n] ;'Gb/ k|s[lt

lgdf{)f ug{ ;S% . ljj]szLn Jojxf/n] ;Gt'lnt jftfj/)f l;h{gf ug{ ;S% . ;xcl:tTj

/ e|ft[Tj efjn] ljZjsf] d'xf/ xF;fpg ;S% .

hg;+\Vof j[b\lw, cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/)f / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] :Jffy{k")f{ k|of]un] k|s[lt /

jftfj/)f b'j}sf] ljgfz u%{{ . jftfj/)f :jR% geP dflg; c:j:y x'G% . dflg;sf] ;f]r,

:jf:Yo / ;Gt'li^sf nflu jftfj/)f :jR% x'g'k%{ . ;'Gb/ k|s[ltn] :j:y ljrf/ hGdfpF% .

k|s[ltdf ;+\s^ cfP dflg;sf] dg / dl:tis :j:y x'Fb}g . jftfj/)f ljgfz eP

dflg;sf] cl:tTj ;+\s^df k%{ . k|fs[lts c;Gt'ng eO{ k|s[lt ljgfzsf] k'~hk'~hk'~hk'~hk'~h aG% .

o;af^ aRg xfdL ;a} ;r]t aGg'k%{ . s~rgs~rgs~rgs~rgs~rg k|s[lt / jftfj/)fsf nflu hg:t/df

r]tgf km}nfpg'k%{ . k|s[lt, jftfj/)f / dflg;sf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGwnfO{ arfO{ /fVg'k%{ .

lzIff / Jojxf/n] o;nfO{ k'li^ ug'{k%{ . c;n ljrf/ / ;Tk|oTg;Tk|oTg;Tk|oTg;Tk|oTg;Tk|oTgn] k|s[lt / jftfj/)f

;'Gb/ agfpg'k%{ .

t:s/Lt:s/Lt:s/Lt:s/Lt:s/L ––––– n's]/ ul/g] cj}w Jofkf/

k'~hk'~hk'~hk'~hk'~h – y'k|f], j:t'x¿sf] ;d"x

s~rgs~rgs~rgs~rgs~rg ––––– :jR%, ;kmf

;Tk |oTg;Tk |oTg;Tk |oTg;Tk |oTg;Tk |oTg – c;n k|of;, sf]l;;

Curricu

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

1= sIffdf dflysf] kf& cfnf]kfnf] u/L k( .1= sIffdf dflysf] kf& cfnf]kfnf] u/L k( .1= sIffdf dflysf] kf& cfnf]kfnf] u/L k( .1= sIffdf dflysf] kf& cfnf]kfnf] u/L k( .1= sIffdf dflysf] kf& cfnf]kfnf] u/L k( .

22222 pTt/ egpTt/ egpTt/ egpTt/ egpTt/ eg M

-s_ s] u/]df jftfj/)fsf] ;ª/If)f x'G% <

-v_ dflg; s:tf] cj:yfdf ;+\s^sf] e'd/Ldf km:% <

-u_ dflg;n] s'g ¿kdf sNkgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kf%{ <

-#_ lsg k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf ljs[lt cfpF% <

-+_ jftfj/)f zAbn] d"n ¿kdf s]nfO{ hgfpF% <

-r_ s'g s'g s'/fnfO{ ;Gt'lnt (+\un] pkof]u ug'{k%{ <

-%_ dfgjLo lj|mofsnfk s]df s]lGb|t x'g'k%{ <

-h_ dflg;n] jftfj/)fsf] /Iff s;/L ug{ ;S% <

-em_ jftfj/)f ljgfz eP s] x'G% <

3=3=3=3=3= pko'St zAb /fv]/ vfnL &fpF e/ Mpko'St zAb /fv]/ vfnL &fpF e/ Mpko'St zAb /fv]/ vfnL &fpF e/ Mpko'St zAb /fv]/ vfnL &fpF e/ Mpko'St zAb /fv]/ vfnL &fpF e/ M

-s_ k|f)fL / jg:kltsf] hLjg ============== df lge{/ /xG% .

-v_ ;xcl:tTj =========== efjn] ljZjsf] d'xf/ xF;fpg ;S% .

-u_ hldg k|b"lift eP ================= # \% .

-#_ k|fs[lts ;DkbfnfO{ hf]ufO /fv]df ======================= ;ª/If)f x'G% .

-+_ ?v la?jfsf] ============== ug'{k%{ .

4=4=4=4=4= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ n]v Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ n]v Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ n]v Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ n]v Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ n]v M

-s_ dflg;sf s:tf lj|mofsnfkn] ubf{ jftfj/)f k|lts"n x'G% <

-v_ jftfj/)f k|lts"n x'Fb} hfFbf clxn] s] s] ;+\s^x¿ b]lvPsf %g\ <

-u_ xfdLn] ;Gt'lnt jftfj/)fsf] l;h{gf ug{ s] s] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k%{ <

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g]kfnL, sIff 8


-s_ j}!flgs rdTsf/ / dfgjLo pGgltleý k|s[ltsf] ljgfz ;d]l^g' x'Fb}g .

-v_ k|s[lt, jftfj/)f / dflg;sf lardf cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw % .

-u_ dflg;sf] ;f]r, :jf:Yo / ;Gt'li^sf nflu jftfj/)f :jR% x'g'k%{ .

6=6=6=6=6= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b k(L rf/ cf]^f d'Vo a'Fbfx¿ l^k / ;f/fªz n]v .kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b k(L rf/ cf]^f d'Vo a'Fbfx¿ l^k / ;f/fªz n]v .kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b k(L rf/ cf]^f d'Vo a'Fbfx¿ l^k / ;f/fªz n]v .kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b k(L rf/ cf]^f d'Vo a'Fbfx¿ l^k / ;f/fªz n]v .kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b k(L rf/ cf]^f d'Vo a'Fbfx¿ l^k / ;f/fªz n]v .


7=7=7=7=7= ldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

:jR% k'~h ;"o{ xfjf hut\

/f; lbjfs/ ;kmf ;ª;f/ jfo' k|fs[lts

8=8=8=8=8= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm Mljk/LtfyL{ zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm Mljk/LtfyL{ zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm Mljk/LtfyL{ zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm Mljk/LtfyL{ zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

hLjg ;Gt'ng k|fs[lts cltj[li^ k|lts"n

ck|fs[lts d/)f cgfj[li^ c;Gt'ng cvfb\o cg's"n

9=9=9=9=9= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ eg Mtnsf zAbsf] cy{ eg Mtnsf zAbsf] cy{ eg Mtnsf zAbsf] cy{ eg Mtnsf zAbsf] cy{ eg M

e"Ifo, ;ª/If)f, ljj]s, cltj[li^

10=10=10=10=10= lj±s[lt lj±s[lt lj±s[lt lj±s[lt lj±s[lt = …ljs[lt’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …lj’ pk;u{ nufP/ gofF …ljs[lt’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …lj’ pk;u{ nufP/ gofF …ljs[lt’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …lj’ pk;u{ nufP/ gofF …ljs[lt’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …lj’ pk;u{ nufP/ gofF …ljs[lt’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …lj’ pk;u{ nufP/ gofFzAb agfpm MzAb agfpm MzAb agfpm MzAb agfpm MzAb agfpm M

!fg, of]u, rf/, dlt, s[lt

11 =11 =11 =11 =11 = ljj]s ± zLn ljj]s ± zLn ljj]s ± zLn ljj]s ± zLn ljj]s ± zLn = …ljj]szLn’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …zLn’ hf]*]/ gofF …ljj]szLn’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …zLn’ hf]*]/ gofF …ljj]szLn’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …zLn’ hf]*]/ gofF …ljj]szLn’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …zLn’ hf]*]/ gofF …ljj]szLn’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …zLn’ hf]*]/ gofFzAb agfpm MzAb agfpm MzAb agfpm MzAb agfpm MzAb agfpm M

sd{, pb\od, ljrf/, ult, sNkgf

12=12=12=12=12= s'±¿k s'±¿k s'±¿k s'±¿k s'±¿k = …s'¿k’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …s'’ pk;u{ nufP/ gofF zAb…s'¿k’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …s'’ pk;u{ nufP/ gofF zAb…s'¿k’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …s'’ pk;u{ nufP/ gofF zAb…s'¿k’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …s'’ pk;u{ nufP/ gofF zAb…s'¿k’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …s'’ pk;u{ nufP/ gofF zAbagfpm Magfpm Magfpm Magfpm Magfpm M

sfo{, sd{, ljrf/, lbg, b[li^

13=13=13=13=13= jftfj/)f ± O{o jftfj/)f ± O{o jftfj/)f ± O{o jftfj/)f ± O{o jftfj/)f ± O{o = …jftfj/)fLo’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …O{o’, k|Too …jftfj/)fLo’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …O{o’, k|Too …jftfj/)fLo’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …O{o’, k|Too …jftfj/)fLo’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …O{o’, k|Too …jftfj/)fLo’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …O{o’, k|Too

nufP/ gofF zAb agfpm MnufP/ gofF zAb agfpm MnufP/ gofF zAb agfpm MnufP/ gofF zAb agfpm MnufP/ gofF zAb agfpm M

s]Gb|, dfgj, bfgj, :ju{, cfTdf

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

14= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M14= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M14= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M14= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M14= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

jg:klt, jftfj/)f, lj;+\ult, sNkgfzLn, ;~rf/, k|b"if)f, ;ª/If)f, :jR%

15= dflysf] kf&df k|of]u ePsf s]xL kfl/eflifs tyf k|fljlws zAbx¿ oxfF15= dflysf] kf&df k|of]u ePsf s]xL kfl/eflifs tyf k|fljlws zAbx¿ oxfF15= dflysf] kf&df k|of]u ePsf s]xL kfl/eflifs tyf k|fljlws zAbx¿ oxfF15= dflysf] kf&df k|of]u ePsf s]xL kfl/eflifs tyf k|fljlws zAbx¿ oxfF15= dflysf] kf&df k|of]u ePsf s]xL kfl/eflifs tyf k|fljlws zAbx¿ oxfF

lbOPsf %g\ . lzIfssf] ;xfotfn] ltgsf] cy{ a'em / n]v M lbOPsf %g\ . lzIfssf] ;xfotfn] ltgsf] cy{ a'em / n]v M lbOPsf %g\ . lzIfssf] ;xfotfn] ltgsf] cy{ a'em / n]v M lbOPsf %g\ . lzIfssf] ;xfotfn] ltgsf] cy{ a'em / n]v M lbOPsf %g\ . lzIfssf] ;xfotfn] ltgsf] cy{ a'em / n]v M

UofF;, cDn, tfkj|md, /;fog, vlgh, e"Ifo

pRrf/)f lxHh]pRrf/)f lxHh]pRrf/)f lxHh]pRrf/)f lxHh]pRrf/)f lxHh]

16= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .16= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .16= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .16= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .16= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .

17= tn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf^ z'b\w zAb %fg]/ n]v M17= tn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf^ z'b\w zAb %fg]/ n]v M17= tn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf^ z'b\w zAb %fg]/ n]v M17= tn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf^ z'b\w zAb %fg]/ n]v M17= tn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf^ z'b\w zAb %fg]/ n]v M

-s_ e"Ifo, e"%o, e'Ifo

-v_ #lg:^, #lgZ^, #lgi^

-u_ ca:yf, cj:yf, cj:&f

-#_ claj]sL, clja]sL, cljj]sL

-+_ sNkgfzLn, sNkgflzn, sNkgfl;n

18= kf& k(L tflnsfdf pNn]v ePsf j)f{x¿ k|of]u ePsf kfFr kfFr cf]^f18= kf& k(L tflnsfdf pNn]v ePsf j)f{x¿ k|of]u ePsf kfFr kfFr cf]^f18= kf& k(L tflnsfdf pNn]v ePsf j)f{x¿ k|of]u ePsf kfFr kfFr cf]^f18= kf& k(L tflnsfdf pNn]v ePsf j)f{x¿ k|of]u ePsf kfFr kfFr cf]^f18= kf& k(L tflnsfdf pNn]v ePsf j)f{x¿ k|of]u ePsf kfFr kfFr cf]^f

zAb e/ MzAb e/ MzAb e/ MzAb e/ MzAb e/ M

j)f{j)f{j)f{j)f{j)f{ k|of]u ePsf zAbx¿k|of]u ePsf zAbx¿k|of]u ePsf zAbx¿k|of]u ePsf zAbx¿k|of]u ePsf zAbx¿

`

z, if, ;

g,)f

pm

a, j

19= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]bdf 19= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]bdf 19= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]bdf 19= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]bdf 19= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]bdf ‘:jR%, c:j:y’ h:tf cfwf cIf/ ePsf:jR%, c:j:y’ h:tf cfwf cIf/ ePsf:jR%, c:j:y’ h:tf cfwf cIf/ ePsf:jR%, c:j:y’ h:tf cfwf cIf/ ePsf:jR%, c:j:y’ h:tf cfwf cIf/ ePsf

zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . ltdLn] o:t} cfwf cIf/ k|of]u ePsf c¿ kfFrzAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . ltdLn] o:t} cfwf cIf/ k|of]u ePsf c¿ kfFrzAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . ltdLn] o:t} cfwf cIf/ k|of]u ePsf c¿ kfFrzAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . ltdLn] o:t} cfwf cIf/ k|of]u ePsf c¿ kfFrzAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . ltdLn] o:t} cfwf cIf/ k|of]u ePsf c¿ kfFr

cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8


20= tnsf jfSox¿ k(L s/)f eP cs/)f / cs/)f eP s/)fdf abn M20= tnsf jfSox¿ k(L s/)f eP cs/)f / cs/)f eP s/)fdf abn M20= tnsf jfSox¿ k(L s/)f eP cs/)f / cs/)f eP s/)fdf abn M20= tnsf jfSox¿ k(L s/)f eP cs/)f / cs/)f eP s/)fdf abn M20= tnsf jfSox¿ k(L s/)f eP cs/)f / cs/)f eP s/)fdf abn M

-s_ dflg;n] k|s[ltnfO{ hf]ufpg ;S% .

-v_ k[YjLdf k|fKt ;Dkbf ;a}sf nflu cfjZos k%{ .

-u_ dflg;n] k|s[ltnfO{ lauf/]sf] % .

-#_ dfgjLo pGgltleý k|s[ltsf] ljgfz ;d]l^Psf] %}g .

-+_ dl:tisn] ;'Gb/ k|s[ltsf] sNkgf ug'{k%{ .

-r_ dflg; a'b\lwn] afFR% .

-%_ vfg] s'/fdf cvfb\o /;fog ldl;Fb}g .

-h_ ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;dfg'kflts k|of]u ug'{k%{ .

-em_ #/ / ljb\ofno jl/kl/ la?jf /f]lkPsf] %}g .

-`_ dflg;n] jftfj/)fsf] ;'/Iff u/]sf] % .


kbof]u Mkbof]u Mkbof]u Mkbof]u Mkbof]u M alxgLn], ltdLnfO{, lxhf]b]lv, n'lDagLaf^, ;fyLsf], #/df, tnlt/,

dflyk \l^, cfdf;Fu, pTt/tkm{, sfnLdf^L, gf^ssf/, cWoogzLn, kmn:j¿k,

cfTdk/s

kb ljof]u Mkb ljof]u Mkb ljof]u Mkb ljof]u Mkb ljof]u M hfg] %, v]Nb} %g\, k(]sf] %, cfP x'GYof], g tn g dfly, /fdsf nflu,

g]kfn ;/sf/, ;dfh ;]jf, dfgj wd{, dfgj clwsf/

dflysf] pbfx/)f x]/L kf&af^ kbof]u / kb ljof]u ePsf kfFr kfFr cf] fdflysf] pbfx/)f x]/L kf&af^ kbof]u / kb ljof]u ePsf kfFr kfFr cf] fdflysf] pbfx/)f x]/L kf&af^ kbof]u / kb ljof]u ePsf kfFr kfFr cf] fdflysf] pbfx/)f x]/L kf&af^ kbof]u / kb ljof]u ePsf kfFr kfFr cf] fdflysf] pbfx/)f x]/L kf&af^ kbof]u / kb ljof]u ePsf kfFr kfFr cf] f

zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v . zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v . zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v . zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v . zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .


22= …jftfj/)f k|b"if)f’ zLif{sdf Ps ;o krf; zAbdf g#^fO{ Pp^f22= …jftfj/)f k|b"if)f’ zLif{sdf Ps ;o krf; zAbdf g#^fO{ Pp^f22= …jftfj/)f k|b"if)f’ zLif{sdf Ps ;o krf; zAbdf g#^fO{ Pp^f22= …jftfj/)f k|b"if)f’ zLif{sdf Ps ;o krf; zAbdf g#^fO{ Pp^f22= …jftfj/)f k|b"if)f’ zLif{sdf Ps ;o krf; zAbdf g#^fO{ Pp^f

k|aGw n]v .k|aGw n]v .k|aGw n]v .k|aGw n]v .k|aGw n]v .

2222233333===== ltd|f] ljb\ofnosf] jftfj/)f ;kmf / :jR% /fVg s] s] ul/Psf] % <ltd|f] ljb\ofnosf] jftfj/)f ;kmf / :jR% /fVg s] s] ul/Psf] % <ltd|f] ljb\ofnosf] jftfj/)f ;kmf / :jR% /fVg s] s] ul/Psf] % <ltd|f] ljb\ofnosf] jftfj/)f ;kmf / :jR% /fVg s] s] ul/Psf] % <ltd|f] ljb\ofnosf] jftfj/)f ;kmf / :jR% /fVg s] s] ul/Psf] % < s'g} kfFr cf] f a'Fbf tof/ u/ / Pp^f cg'R%]b n]v .s'g} kfFr cf] f a'Fbf tof/ u/ / Pp^f cg'R%]b n]v .s'g} kfFr cf] f a'Fbf tof/ u/ / Pp^f cg'R%]b n]v .s'g} kfFr cf] f a'Fbf tof/ u/ / Pp^f cg'R%]b n]v .s'g} kfFr cf] f a'Fbf tof/ u/ / Pp^f cg'R%]b n]v .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

Pp^f #^gfPp^f #^gfPp^f #^gfPp^f #^gfPp^f #^gf– zfGtbf; dfgGw/

ljb\ofnosf ;a} ljb\ofyL{x¿ Ps} vfn] sxfF x'G%g\ / < t/ ;a} ljb\ofyL{x¿ k(\\g eg]

ljb\ofno k'U%g\ . ;'/]z klg lbgx'F :s'n hfGYof] . p;sf] rfv v]n / v]Ng] k|lj|mofdf lyof] . pm

k(\g} grfxg] ljb\ofyL{ eg] kSs} lyPg . pm k(\g ;Sg] cfkm\gf ;fyLx¿sf] /fd|/L tfl/kmtfl/kmtfl/kmtfl/kmtfl/km

uYof]{ . cfkm"n] k(fOdf Wofg lbg g;s]sf] s'/f ;fyLx¿sf cl#lNt/ v'n:t /fVYof] .

;fg}b]lv p;sf] ?lr?lr?lr?lr?lr / Wofg v]nlt/ lyof] . p;nfO{ yfxf gePsf] s'g} v]n} lyPg . pm

y/Ly/Lsf v]nx¿sf af/]df hlt s'/f u/] klg yfSb}gYof] . s'/}s'/fdf pm eGYof], ædnfO{

t lbg lbg} ;do tflnsfcg';f/ pxLsf pxL ljifo j:t' k(\g /dfOnf] nfUb}g . lbgsf lbg

pxL s'/f /l^/xg'/l^/xg'/l^/xg'/l^/xg'/l^/xg' h:tf] p/f&p/f&p/f&p/f&p/f& nfUbfnfUbfnfUbfnfUbfnfUbf] c¿ s]xL x'g ;Sb}g . cF, ;fFRr} k(fOdf klg t

tfl/kmtfl/kmtfl/kmtfl/kmtfl/km – k|zª;f

?lr?lr?lr?lr?lr – rfxgf, OR%f

/l^/xg'/l^/xg'/l^/xg'/l^/xg'/l^/xg' – s)& x'g] u/L kl(/xg'

p/f& nfUbf]p/f& nfUbf]p/f& nfUbf]p/f& nfUbf]p/f& nfUbf] – lbSs nfUbf]


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g]kfnL, sIff 8

v]n v]Nbf h:t} /dfOnf] x'g] u/L k(\g l;sfpg] lstfax¿ ePsf] eP slt k|ult x'GYof]

xf]nf, xlu ! o:tf] lsg gePsf] xf]nf < jif{el/ pxL lstfax¿sf] Pp } emf]nf af]sL lxF*\g'

h:tf] lbSs nfUbf] sfd c¿ s] % t <Æ ;'/]z ;fyLx¿sf] lardf o:t} k|Zg uYof]{ . t/ pm

emf]nfsf lstfaafx]s csf]{ s'g} lstfa eg] k(\b}gYof] . cgf}&f] s'/f s] lyof] eg] p;sf]

s'/f ;'Gg a;]sf p;sf ;fyLx¿ p;sf] s'/f ;'g]/ la/n} la/n} la/n} la/n} la/n} yfSy] . pm s'g} klg v]nsf]

ljifodf ;'Gg]x¿ ;a} n \l&g] u/Ln \l&g] u/Ln \l&g] u/Ln \l&g] u/Ln \l&g] u/L /dfOnf] kf/fn] #G^f}F;Dd aofg ug{ ;SYof] .

ljb\ofnosf tkm{af^ v]n v]n]sf] ef]lnkN^ s'g} sIff vfnL /x\of] eg] pm v]ns} s'/f uYof]{ .

;fyLx¿sf dfem /x]/ v]ndf s;n] s;/L /fd|/L v]Nof] clg sf] sxfF s;/L r'Sof], ;a}

s'/fsf] a]nL la:tf/ ul//x]sf] x'GYof] . cfh pm cfkm\gf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfO/x]sf] lyof],

ælxhf]sf] v]ndf ljhon] v]n]sf] v]n ;f/} /fd|f] lyof] . p;sf k|xf/x¿ / s/fdtn] ubf{ g}

xfd|f] ljb\ofnon] lht xft kfg{ ;s]sf] xf] .Æ

p;sf] s'/f ;'lg/x]sf] ;'dgn] ;'/]z;Fu ;f]Wof], æx}g ;'/]z, ljhon] Tolt ^f(faf^ xfg]/

klg slt /fd|/L uf]n u/]sf], Sof crDd ! of] p;n] s;/L ;s]sf] xf]nf xlu <Æ

æxf], ljhosf] t s'/} gu/f}F, pm v]Nbf cfkm\gf] tgtgtgtgtg, dg ;a} nufP/ v]N% . yfxf % < xfd|f]

km' an l^dsf] t pm uj{uj{uj{uj{uj{ xf], uj{ . sIffdf k(\bf klg t pm ;w}F tg, dg nufP/ k(\% .

xfdLn] klg ljhon] h:t} tg, dg nufP/ Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ ;Sof}F eg] p;n] h:t} v]n /

k(fO b'j}df k|ult ug{ ;lsxfN%f}F lg .Æ ;'/]zsf] o; s'/fdf ;a}sf] ;xdlt x'G% .

;'/]zlt/ kms]{/ ;'dgn] km]l/ eGof], ætg, dg lbg ;Sof}F eg] v]ndf xfd|f] k|ult x'Fb} hfG% .

clg nuftf/ cEof; ub}{ /x\of}F eg] Psflt/ cfkm" kSsf x'Fb} uOG% eg] csf]{lt/ gofF gofF

bfpbfpbfpbfpbfp l;Sb} uOG% . clg km' an xfGbf To;}df ;Dk")f{ zlSt / Wofg s]lb|t ug{ ;Sof}F eg]

htf eGof] Tot} / h;/L rfx\of] To;/L g} xfGg ;Sg] x'G%f}F lg t .Æ

To;kl% pgLx¿n] To; ;fn rln/x]sf] cf]nlDks v]nsf ljifodf s'/f u/] . s'g s'g b]zn]

s] slt :j)f{ kbs lht] eGg] af/]df klg %nkmn u/] . s'/} s'/fdf km' an v]nsf ljifodf

la/n}la/n}la/n}la/n}la/n} – slxn]sfxLF, sd dfýfdf

n^\l&g] u/Ln^\l&g] u/Ln^\l&g] u/Ln^\l&g] u/Ln^\l&g] u/L – n \& kg]{ u/L

t gt gt gt gt g – z/L/

uj{uj{uj{uj{uj{ – uf}/j, cf}lrTok")f{ cxd\ efjgf

bfpbfpbfpbfpbfp – df}sf, cj;/, sf&kft sf \g k|of]u ul/g] Ps k|sf/sf] xltof/

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

klg pgLx¿n] s'/f u/] . ;'/]zn] efj'sefj'sefj'sefj'sefj's eP/ lar}df eGof], æxfdL plxn] g} ufpFsf gbL

lsgf/lt/ *'Ng hfFbf gbLsf au|]&au|]&au|]&au|]&au|]& ('+\ufx¿ x'TofP/ w]/} a]/;Dd v]NYof}F . d Tolt a]nf

;a}nfO{ pl%Gy]F . xfdL plxn] ('+\ufx¿ xftn] x'TofpFYof}F t/ km' an t v' \ fn] kf] v]Ng'k%{ t .Æ

of] s'/f ;'lg/x]sf ;a}nfO{ /dfOnf] nfUof] . To;} a]nf r]tgn] ljb\ofnosf] rp/df /x]sf]

km' annfO{ ePe/sf] zlSt lgsfn]/ hf]*n] lxsf{of] . To;kl% s]zjsf] kfnf] cfof] .

p;n] klg km' an r]tgsf] eGbf k/ k'¥ofof] . v]ndf c¿ klg ;fd]n x'g yfn] . ;'/]z

;fyLx¿sf] k|lt:kwf{Tdsk|lt:kwf{Tdsk|lt:kwf{Tdsk|lt:kwf{Tdsk|lt:kwf{Tds v]nsf] /ldtf/ldtf/ldtf/ldtf/ldtf x]l//x]sf] lyof] . olTts}df ljdnn] ;'/]zlt/

kms]{/ ;f]Wof], æ;'/]z bfO, tkfO{Fsf] slt k/;Dd k'U% xf]nf PskN^ b]vfpg'xf];\ g .Æ

Tolt a]nf;Dddf ;'/]zleý Ps hgf v]nf*Lsf] dgdf pn{g] IfdtfIfdtfIfdtfIfdtfIfdtf k|bz{g ug]{ rfxgf k'/f

r'lnO;s]sf] lyof] . rp/df al;/x]sf] ;'/]z la:tf/} p&\of] / p;n] z/L/sf] ;Dk")f{ an

nufP/ hf]*n] xfGof] . To;} a]nf an km'nsf] udnfdf &f]lsP/ udnf km' ]sf] cfjfh cfof] .

ænf}, udnf km' ]sf] xf] Sof/] !Æ eGb} v]ndf ;ªnUg ;a} s] fx¿ ToxfFaf^ Ps}kN^ cnkcnkcnkcnkcnk eP

/ sIff sf]&fleý k;]/ cfcfkm\gf &fpFdf rgfvf] eP/ a;] .

Ps} l%gkl% Ps hgf lzIfs pgLx¿sf] sIff sf]&fdf k:g'eof] . ;a} ljb\ofyL{x¿ cbkcbkcbkcbkcbksf

;fy Ps}kN^ h¥ofs h'?s p&] . ljb\ofyL{x¿ a:g gkfpFb} lzIfsn] ;f]Wg'eof], ædnfO{

nfU% ltdLx¿n] klg b]v]s} xf}nf, ptf sf]&fsf] e\mofnaflx/ udnf km' fOPsf] b[Zo < ls

b]v]sf %}gf} ls s;f] <Æ ljb\ofyL{x¿ s;}n] r'F klg u/]gg\ . lzIfsn] km]l/ eGg yfNg'eof],

æcl:t dfý /flvPsf] ltg ;o kg]{ &'nf] udnf cfh km' \of] . udnf ltdLx¿dWo] s;}n]

km' fPsf] x'g'k%{ .Æ clxn] klg s;}n] s]xL gaf]nL ;'lg/x] .

efj 'sefj 'sefj 'sefj 'sefj 's – s'g} s'/fsf] ;f]r ljrf/ ug]{, ulx/f] ;f]rfOdf kg]{

au| ]&au| ]&au| ]&au| ]&au| ]& – vf]nfn] aufP/ NofO{ au/df kmflnPsf j:t', s*f vfnsf ('+\uf cflb

k|lt:kwf{Tdsk|lt:kwf{Tdsk|lt:kwf{Tdsk|lt:kwf{Tdsk|lt:kwf{Tds – s'g} s'/fdf cfkm" pTtd x'g jf lhTg ul/Psf] k|of;, sfd

/ldtf/ldtf/ldtf/ldtf/ldtf – /dfOnf], tdf;f

IfdtfIfdtfIfdtfIfdtfIfdtf – zlSt

cnkcnkcnkcnkcnk – nf]k

cbkcbkcbkcbkcbk – dfg, dof{bf, &'nfa*fsf] cfb/

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

To;kl% lzIfs cln uDeL/uDeL/uDeL/uDeL/uDeL/ b]lvg'eof] / ;f]Wg'eof], æudnf km' ]sf] cfjfh cfpg'eGbf

cufl* d}n] aflx/ rp/df s]xL s] fx¿ b]v]sf] lyPF . tL ltdLx¿ g} xf} lg, x}gf} / <Æ o;

a]nf klg s;}n] s]xL af]n]gg\ . To;kl% lzIfsn] eGg'eof], æltdLx¿ s;}n] gaf]n]sfn]

km' fNg] sfd Ps} hgfaf^ eP klg d]/f] ljrf/df gofF udnf lsGgsf nflu nfUg] k};f

ltdLx¿ ;a}n] bfdf;fxLbfdf;fxLbfdf;fxLbfdf;fxLbfdf;fxLn] a]xf]g'{k%{ .Æ o;kfln ;a}n] d'v vf]n], æx'G% ! xfdL a]xf]%fF}{ .Æ

cfkm\gf ;a} ;fyLx¿n] udnfsf nflu nfUg] vr{ a]xf]%f}{F eg]sf] ;'lg/x]sf] ;'/]zsf] cg'xf/df

olt a]nf ;fyLx¿k|lt s[t!tfs[t!tfs[t!tfs[t!tfs[t!tfsf efjx¿ pln{/x]sf] k|:^ emlNsof] . To;kl% p;n] gd|

eP/ eGof], æudnf d]/} sf/)fn] km' ]sf] xf] . d}n] xfg]sf] an ;f]em} uP/ udnf km' ]sf] eg]

xf]Og . d}n] km' fpF%' eg]/ km' fPsf] t x'Fb} x}g . d}n] cfkm\gf] Ifdtf / l;k k|bz{g ug{ vf]Hbf

To;f] x'g uPsf] xf] . To;}n] nfUg] k};f d}n] a]xf]g'{kYof]{ t/ gofF udnf lsGg d;Fu k};f %}g .Æ olt

a]nf p;sf] :j/ ;f/} dl;g' lyof] .

;'/]zsf s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'lg/xg'ePsf u'?n] k|;Gg eP/ eGg'eof], ædnfO{ yfxf %, ;'/]z

Pp^f /fd|f] v]nf*L xf], To;}n] pm cg'zfl;t % . ltdLn] ;sf¥of}, dnfO{ v';L nfUof] . udnf

lsGg nfUg] cfwf vr{ d a]xf]%'{ . ljb\ofyL{n] k(fOsf] ;fydf v]Ng' klg k%{ t/ cab]lv o:tf]

k|bz{g s'g} Iflt gx'g] u/L xf];\ .Æ olt elg;s]kl% lzIfs aflxl/g'eof] . ;a} ljb\ofyL{x¿n]

nfdf] ;f; %f*] . Tolt a]nf ;a} ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] cg'xf/ uDeL/ b]lvGYof] eg] ;'/]zsf]

cg'xf/df lzIfs / cfkm\gf ;fyLx¿k|ltsf] s[t!tfsf] efj ´lNs/x]sf] lyof] .

uDeL/uDeL/uDeL/uDeL/uDeL/ – ulx/fO yfxf gkfOg], zfGt, wL/

bfdf;fxLbfdf;fxLbfdf;fxLbfdf;fxLbfdf;fxL – ;a}n] a/fa/ u/]/ afF*L lng] jf lbg] Joj:yf, efuaG*f

s [t!tfs [t!tfs [t!tfs [t!tfs [t!tf – s[t! x'gfsf] efj jf cj:yf, v';L;fy JoSt ul/Psf] cfef/


-s_ ;'/]zsf] rfv stflt/ lyof] <

-v_ ;'/]znfO{ s'g s'/f ug{ p/f& nfU% <

-u_ ljho s;/L v]N% <

-#_ ljb\ofyL{n] v]nsf] ;fydf s] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k%{ <

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

2= l&s pTt/df l&s -2= l&s pTt/df l&s -2= l&s pTt/df l&s -2= l&s pTt/df l&s -2= l&s pTt/df l&s - _ lrx\g nufpm M _ lrx\g nufpm M _ lrx\g nufpm M _ lrx\g nufpm M _ lrx\g nufpm M

-s_ ;'/]z s:tf] v]nf*L xf] <

-c_ c/fhs -cf_ cg'zfl;t -O_ pTt]hs

-v_ km' ]sf] udnfsf] d"No slt kbf]{ /x]% <

-c_ b'O{ ;o -cf_ ltg ;o -O_ kfFr ;o

-u_ ;'/]znfO{ an xfGg nufpg] sf] lyof] <

-c_ ljho -cf_ r]tg -O_ ljdn

-#_ v]ndf ;ªnUg ;a} s] fx¿ lsg cnk eP <

-c_ udnf km' ]sfn] -cf_ e\mofn v;]sfn] -O_ sIff ;'? ePsfn]

3= tnsf egfO s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v M3= tnsf egfO s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v M3= tnsf egfO s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v M3= tnsf egfO s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v M3= tnsf egfO s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v M

-s_ ljb\ofyL{n] k(fOsf] ;fydf v]Ng' klg k%{ .

-v_ lxhf]sf] v]ndf ljhon] v]n]sf] v]n ;f/} /fd|f] lyof] .

-u_ xfd|f] km' an l^dsf] t pm uj{ xf], uj{ .


-s_ ;'/]znfO{ v]ndf h:t} k(fOdf ?lr gnfUg'sf] sf/)f s] xf] <

-v_ ljhonfO{ lsg km' an l^dsf] uj{ elgPsf] xf] <

-u_ ;'/]zn] v]n l;b\lwPsf] ef]lnkN^ ljb\ofnodf s] s] s'/fsf af/]df j)f{g uYof]{ <

-#_ ;'/]zsf] s'g s'/fdf ;a} ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] ;xdlt x'G% <

-+_ ;'/]zsf] cg'xf/df lzIfs / cfkm\gf ;fyLx¿k|lt lsg s[t!tfsf] efj

emlNs/x]sf] lyof] <

-r_ …Pp^f #^gf’ syfn] s:tf] lzIff lbg vf]h]sf] % <

5= …Pp^f #^gf’ syfdf clxn]sf ljb\ofno :t/sf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] s:tf]5= …Pp^f #^gf’ syfdf clxn]sf ljb\ofno :t/sf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] s:tf]5= …Pp^f #^gf’ syfdf clxn]sf ljb\ofno :t/sf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] s:tf]5= …Pp^f #^gf’ syfdf clxn]sf ljb\ofno :t/sf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] s:tf]5= …Pp^f #^gf’ syfdf clxn]sf ljb\ofno :t/sf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] s:tf]

dgf]lj!fgsf] ljZn]if)f ug{ vf]lhPsf] %, j)f{g u/ .dgf]lj!fgsf] ljZn]if)f ug{ vf]lhPsf] %, j)f{g u/ .dgf]lj!fgsf] ljZn]if)f ug{ vf]lhPsf] %, j)f{g u/ .dgf]lj!fgsf] ljZn]if)f ug{ vf]lhPsf] %, j)f{g u/ .dgf]lj!fgsf] ljZn]if)f ug{ vf]lhPsf] %, j)f{g u/ .

6= o; syfdf k|of]u ePsf kfýx¿dWo] ltdLnfO{ ;a}eGbf dg kg]{ kfý sf] xf]6= o; syfdf k|of]u ePsf kfýx¿dWo] ltdLnfO{ ;a}eGbf dg kg]{ kfý sf] xf]6= o; syfdf k|of]u ePsf kfýx¿dWo] ltdLnfO{ ;a}eGbf dg kg]{ kfý sf] xf]6= o; syfdf k|of]u ePsf kfýx¿dWo] ltdLnfO{ ;a}eGbf dg kg]{ kfý sf] xf]6= o; syfdf k|of]u ePsf kfýx¿dWo] ltdLnfO{ ;a}eGbf dg kg]{ kfý sf] xf]

/ lsg </ lsg </ lsg </ lsg </ lsg <

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

7=7=7=7=7= ltd|f] ljb\ofnodf ltdLn] s'g} lbg uNtL u/]sf] yfxf kfPkl% ltd|fltd|f] ljb\ofnodf ltdLn] s'g} lbg uNtL u/]sf] yfxf kfPkl% ltd|fltd|f] ljb\ofnodf ltdLn] s'g} lbg uNtL u/]sf] yfxf kfPkl% ltd|fltd|f] ljb\ofnodf ltdLn] s'g} lbg uNtL u/]sf] yfxf kfPkl% ltd|fltd|f] ljb\ofnodf ltdLn] s'g} lbg uNtL u/]sf] yfxf kfPkl% ltd|f

lzIfsn] ltdLnfO{ s] ug'{ePsf] lyof]lzIfsn] ltdLnfO{ s] ug'{ePsf] lyof]lzIfsn] ltdLnfO{ s] ug'{ePsf] lyof]lzIfsn] ltdLnfO{ s] ug'{ePsf] lyof]lzIfsn] ltdLnfO{ s] ug'{ePsf] lyof] < < < < < #^gf ljj/)f;lxt v'n:t kf/ . #^gf ljj/)f;lxt v'n:t kf/ . #^gf ljj/)f;lxt v'n:t kf/ . #^gf ljj/)f;lxt v'n:t kf/ . #^gf ljj/)f;lxt v'n:t kf/ .

8=8=8=8=8= slxn]sfxLF c;n dg;fon] cfkm\gf] l;k / Ifdtf k|bz{g ug{ vf]Hbf klgslxn]sfxLF c;n dg;fon] cfkm\gf] l;k / Ifdtf k|bz{g ug{ vf]Hbf klgslxn]sfxLF c;n dg;fon] cfkm\gf] l;k / Ifdtf k|bz{g ug{ vf]Hbf klgslxn]sfxLF c;n dg;fon] cfkm\gf] l;k / Ifdtf k|bz{g ug{ vf]Hbf klgslxn]sfxLF c;n dg;fon] cfkm\gf] l;k / Ifdtf k|bz{g ug{ vf]Hbf klg

&'nf] Iflt x'Fbf] /x]% . To;}n] ltd|f] ljb\ofnodf v]n v]Ng] ;fyLx¿nfO{ s'g&'nf] Iflt x'Fbf] /x]% . To;}n] ltd|f] ljb\ofnodf v]n v]Ng] ;fyLx¿nfO{ s'g&'nf] Iflt x'Fbf] /x]% . To;}n] ltd|f] ljb\ofnodf v]n v]Ng] ;fyLx¿nfO{ s'g&'nf] Iflt x'Fbf] /x]% . To;}n] ltd|f] ljb\ofnodf v]n v]Ng] ;fyLx¿nfO{ s'g&'nf] Iflt x'Fbf] /x]% . To;}n] ltd|f] ljb\ofnodf v]n v]Ng] ;fyLx¿nfO{ s'g

s'g ;Defljt #^gf #^\gaf^ ;hu u/fpg rfxG%f}, :ki^ kf/ .s'g ;Defljt #^gf #^\gaf^ ;hu u/fpg rfxG%f}, :ki^ kf/ .s'g ;Defljt #^gf #^\gaf^ ;hu u/fpg rfxG%f}, :ki^ kf/ .s'g ;Defljt #^gf #^\gaf^ ;hu u/fpg rfxG%f}, :ki^ kf/ .s'g ;Defljt #^gf #^\gaf^ ;hu u/fpg rfxG%f}, :ki^ kf/ .


9=9=9=9=9= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v Mtnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v Mtnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v Mtnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v Mtnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M

?lr, k|ult, uj{, efj, Ifdtf

10=10=10=10=10= cy{ :ki^ x'g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mcy{ :ki^ x'g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mcy{ :ki^ x'g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mcy{ :ki^ x'g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mcy{ :ki^ x'g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

cgf}&f], la/n}, zlSt, ;xdlt

11=11 =11 =11 =11 = k| ± bz{g k| ± bz{g k| ± bz{g k| ± bz{g k| ± bz{g …k|bz{g’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …k|bz{g’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …k|bz{g’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …k|bz{g’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …k|bz{g’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf ‘k|’ pk;u{ nufP/k|’ pk;u{ nufP/k|’ pk;u{ nufP/k|’ pk;u{ nufP/k|’ pk;u{ nufP/


xf/, sf/, of]u, rf/, s[lt, ult

12=12=12=12=12= cl# ± lt/ cl# ± lt/ cl# ± lt/ cl# ± lt/ cl# ± lt/ ‘cl#lNt/’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbx¿af^ gofFcl#lNt/’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbx¿af^ gofFcl#lNt/’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbx¿af^ gofFcl#lNt/’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbx¿af^ gofFcl#lNt/’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbx¿af^ gofF

zAb agfpm MzAb agfpm MzAb agfpm MzAb agfpm MzAb agfpm M

tn ± lt/

dfly ± lt/

d'lg ± lt/


13=13=13=13=13= tnsf zAb z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mtnsf zAb z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mtnsf zAb z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mtnsf zAb z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mtnsf zAb z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M

k|bz{g, ljho, uDeL/, bfdf;fxL, cg'zfl;t

14=14=14=14=14= kf&sf] b;f}F cg'R%]b /fd|/L k( / ToxfF k|of]u ePsf x|:j Osf/ / bL#{kf&sf] b;f}F cg'R%]b /fd|/L k( / ToxfF k|of]u ePsf x|:j Osf/ / bL#{kf&sf] b;f}F cg'R%]b /fd|/L k( / ToxfF k|of]u ePsf x|:j Osf/ / bL#{kf&sf] b;f}F cg'R%]b /fd|/L k( / ToxfF k|of]u ePsf x|:j Osf/ / bL#{kf&sf] b;f}F cg'R%]b /fd|/L k( / ToxfF k|of]u ePsf x|:j Osf/ / bL#{

Osf/ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .Osf/ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .Osf/ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .Osf/ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .Osf/ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .

15=15=15=15=15= ‘a’ / a’ / a’ / a’ / a’ / ‘j’ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf] f zAbx¿ kf&af^ vf]h]/ n]v .j’ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf] f zAbx¿ kf&af^ vf]h]/ n]v .j’ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf] f zAbx¿ kf&af^ vf]h]/ n]v .j’ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf] f zAbx¿ kf&af^ vf]h]/ n]v .j’ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf] f zAbx¿ kf&af^ vf]h]/ n]v .

16=16=16=16=16= tn lbOPsf zAbx¿ k( / j)f{sf] leGgtfn] x'g] km/s cy{ lzIfsnfO{tn lbOPsf zAbx¿ k( / j)f{sf] leGgtfn] x'g] km/s cy{ lzIfsnfO{tn lbOPsf zAbx¿ k( / j)f{sf] leGgtfn] x'g] km/s cy{ lzIfsnfO{tn lbOPsf zAbx¿ k( / j)f{sf] leGgtfn] x'g] km/s cy{ lzIfsnfO{tn lbOPsf zAbx¿ k( / j)f{sf] leGgtfn] x'g] km/s cy{ lzIfsnfO{

;f]w]/ a'em / n]v M;f]w]/ a'em / n]v M;f]w]/ a'em / n]v M;f]w]/ a'em / n]v M;f]w]/ a'em / n]v M

e\mofn, :ofn, ¥ofn, Vofn

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

17=17=17=17=17= tnsf zAbnfO{ z'b\w kf/ Mtnsf zAbnfO{ z'b\w kf/ Mtnsf zAbnfO{ z'b\w kf/ Mtnsf zAbnfO{ z'b\w kf/ Mtnsf zAbnfO{ z'b\w kf/ M

ef]nLkN^, a]nL lj:tf/, s]Gb|Lt, s[tUotf



-s_ ljdnn] ;'/]zlt/lt/lt/lt/lt/ kms]{/ ;f]Wof], ætkfO{Fn] xfg]sf] an slt k/;Dd;Dd;Dd;Dd;Dd k'U% xf]nf,

PskN^kN^kN^kN^kN^ b]vfpg'xf];\ g .Æ

-v_ xfdL gbL lsgf/lt/lt/lt/lt/lt/ *'Ng hfFbf w]/} a]/;Dd;Dd;Dd;Dd;Dd v]NYof}F .

dflysf jfSox¿df k|of]u ePsf uf(f cIf/ ePsf zAb gfdof]uL x'g\ . o:tf

gfdof]uL zAbx¿ kf&df c¿ klg w]/} %g\ . gfdof]uL PSn}sf] vf; cy{ x'Fb}g .

logLx¿ gfd, ;j{gfd, ljz]if)f / cGo kb;Fu hf]l*P/ cfpg] u%{g\ .

lt/, ;Dd, kN^, adf]lhd, ;d]t, afx]s, cg';f/, tkm{, ;Fu, d'lg, dflylt/, ;Dd, kN^, adf]lhd, ;d]t, afx]s, cg';f/, tkm{, ;Fu, d'lg, dflylt/, ;Dd, kN^, adf]lhd, ;d]t, afx]s, cg';f/, tkm{, ;Fu, d'lg, dflylt/, ;Dd, kN^, adf]lhd, ;d]t, afx]s, cg';f/, tkm{, ;Fu, d'lg, dflylt/, ;Dd, kN^, adf]lhd, ;d]t, afx]s, cg';f/, tkm{, ;Fu, d'lg, dfly

h:tf w]/} gfdof]uL zAbx¿ dflysf] kf&df k|of]u ePsf %g\ .

kf&af^ gfdof]uL k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSox¿ n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ kf&af^ gfdof]uL k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSox¿ n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ kf&af^ gfdof]uL k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSox¿ n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ kf&af^ gfdof]uL k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSox¿ n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ kf&af^ gfdof]uL k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSox¿ n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{

b]vfpm .b]vfpm .b]vfpm .b]vfpm .b]vfpm .

1919191919= lt/, ;Dd, b]lv, af^, ;Fu, tkm{= lt/, ;Dd, b]lv, af^, ;Fu, tkm{= lt/, ;Dd, b]lv, af^, ;Fu, tkm{= lt/, ;Dd, b]lv, af^, ;Fu, tkm{= lt/, ;Dd, b]lv, af^, ;Fu, tkm{ h:tf h:tf h:tf h:tf h:tf gfdof]uL k|of]u u/]/ jfSox¿ agfpm .gfdof]uL k|of]u u/]/ jfSox¿ agfpm .gfdof]uL k|of]u u/]/ jfSox¿ agfpm .gfdof]uL k|of]u u/]/ jfSox¿ agfpm .gfdof]uL k|of]u u/]/ jfSox¿ agfpm .

20= tnsf] pbfx/)f x]/L jfSodf cfPsf uf(f cIf/ ePsf zAb /fd|/L k(20= tnsf] pbfx/)f x]/L jfSodf cfPsf uf(f cIf/ ePsf zAb /fd|/L k(20= tnsf] pbfx/)f x]/L jfSodf cfPsf uf(f cIf/ ePsf zAb /fd|/L k(20= tnsf] pbfx/)f x]/L jfSodf cfPsf uf(f cIf/ ePsf zAb /fd|/L k(20= tnsf] pbfx/)f x]/L jfSodf cfPsf uf(f cIf/ ePsf zAb /fd|/L k(

/ kf&df ;j{gfd zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSox¿ l^k . / kf&df ;j{gfd zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSox¿ l^k . / kf&df ;j{gfd zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSox¿ l^k . / kf&df ;j{gfd zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSox¿ l^k . / kf&df ;j{gfd zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf] f jfSox¿ l^k .

pbfx/)f Mpbfx/)f Mpbfx/)f Mpbfx/)f Mpbfx/)f M

u'?n] k|;Gg eP/ eGg'eof], ædnfO{ yfxf % . ;'/]z Pp^f /fd|f] v]nf*L xf], To;}n]

pm pm pm pm pm cg'zfl;t % . ltdLltdLltdLltdLltdLn] ;sf¥of}, dnfO{ dnfO{ dnfO{ dnfO{ dnfO{ v';L nfUof] .Æ


21=21=21=21=21= ltdLn] ;'g]sf] syfsf] cfwf/df sDtLdf b; cf]^f a'Fbfx¿ l^k /ltdLn] ;'g]sf] syfsf] cfwf/df sDtLdf b; cf]^f a'Fbfx¿ l^k /ltdLn] ;'g]sf] syfsf] cfwf/df sDtLdf b; cf]^f a'Fbfx¿ l^k /ltdLn] ;'g]sf] syfsf] cfwf/df sDtLdf b; cf]^f a'Fbfx¿ l^k /ltdLn] ;'g]sf] syfsf] cfwf/df sDtLdf b; cf]^f a'Fbfx¿ l^k /

%'^\^} zLif{s /fv]/ Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ .%'^\^} zLif{s /fv]/ Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ .%'^\^} zLif{s /fv]/ Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ .%'^\^} zLif{s /fv]/ Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ .%'^\^} zLif{s /fv]/ Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ .

22=22=22=22=22= ltd|f cleefjsnfO{ ;f]wL Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ / sIffdfltd|f cleefjsnfO{ ;f]wL Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ / sIffdfltd|f cleefjsnfO{ ;f]wL Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ / sIffdfltd|f cleefjsnfO{ ;f]wL Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ / sIffdfltd|f cleefjsnfO{ ;f]wL Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ / sIffdf

;fyLnfO{;fyLnfO{;fyLnfO{;fyLnfO{;fyLnfO{ ;'gfpm .;'gfpm .;'gfpm .;'gfpm .;'gfpm .

Curricu

lum D

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pmen

t Cen

tre

g]kfnL, sIff 8

bfh'nfO{ lr&Lbfh'nfO{ lr&Lbfh'nfO{ lr&Lbfh'nfO{ lr&Lbfh'nfO{ lr&LljGWojfl;gL, kf]v/f

ldlt M 2071÷09÷08

cfb/)fLo bfh',

;fb/ k|)ffd !

s'zn /xL s'zntfsf] sfdgf u%{' . bfh', tkfO{Fn] k&fPsf] ký d}n] lxhf] dfý k|fKt u/]F . lgs}

v';L nfUof] t/ tkfO{Fn] ljb]zd} a:g] lg)f{o ug'{eP% . o;n]] xfdL ;a}nfO{ :tAw t'Nofof] .

bfh' tkfO{Fn] #/ %f*]sf] nfdf] ;do eO;s]sf] % . #/df a'(f ePsf cfdfa'af slt a]nf

%f]/f] kms]{nf eg]/ tkfO{Fs} k|tLIffdf x'g'x'G% . tkfO{Fdfly a'afcfdfsf] &'nf] e/f];fe/f];fe/f];fe/f];fe/f];f % .

tkfO{Fn] g} ;fgL alxgL / dnfO{ klg ;'Gb/ eljiosf] af^fdf *f]¥ofpg' % . of] #/ /fd|/L

;DxfNg] bfloTjbfloTjbfloTjbfloTjbfloTj klg tkfO{Fsf] sfFwdf % .

o; ljifodf Ps k^s tkfO{Fn] #/df s;};Fu ;Nnfx ug'{ePg . tkfO{Fsf] of] lg)f{o xfdL

s;}nfO{ klg dg k/]sf] %}g . sfd / dfdsf nflu ljb]zd} a:g'k%{ eGg] %}g . oxL b]zdf

a;]/ klg w]/}n] wg / ;Ddfg sdfPsf %g\ . tkfO{F;Fu} k(]sL ;'lDgdf lbbL cfkm\g} ufpFsf]

ljb\ofnodf k|wfgfWofks eP/ lzIffsf] pHofnf] %b}{ x'g'x'G% . To:t} tkfO{Fs} ;fyL

uf]ljGb, *f]Ndf, dgf]h / cfo{ klg cfkm\g} ufpFdf kf}/v u/]/ afFRg'ePsf] % . pxfFx¿n]

cfw'lgs (+\un] kmnkm'n / t/sf/L v]tL u/]/ wg sdfpg'ePsf] % . sdn bfOn] ufpFd}

skmL pb\of]u vf]Ng'ePsf] % . clxn] t ;/sf/n] klg a]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/]/

:j/f]huf/:j/f]huf/:j/f]huf/:j/f]huf/:j/f]huf/ sfo{j|md NofPsf] % . df}/L kfng / kmnkm'n v]tLaf^ w]/} o'jf o'jtLx¿n]

/fd|f] cfDbfgL u/]sf %g\ . ;/sf/n] klg :jb]zd} a;]/ s]xL ug{ rfxg] o'jf o'jtLx¿nfO{

;:tf] Jofhdf C)f lbg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] % .


e/f ];fe/f ];fe/f ];fe/f ];fe/f ];f – ljZjf;, cf*

bfloTjbfloTjbfloTjbfloTjbfloTj – lhDd]jf/L, st{Jo

:j/f ]huf/:j/f ]huf/:j/f ]huf/:j/f ]huf/:j/f ]huf/ – cfkm\g} sfd, cfkm}Fn] s]xL ug{ ;Sg]

Curricu

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t Cen

tre

g]kfnL, sIff 8

x/]s g]kfnLn] cfkm\g} b]zdf a;]/ >d / kl;gf aufPdf b]zsf] pGglt ;Dej % . b]zsf

nflu tkfOF{ h:tf w]/} k|ltefx¿sf] vfFrf] % . tkfO{F ToxfF a;]/ …s[lif If]ýsf] cfw'lgsLs/)f’

ljifodf h'g !fg k|fKt ug'{ePsf] %, To;n] of] b]zsf] d'xf/d'xf/d'xf/d'xf/d'xf/ km]g{ ;lsG% . cfkm"n] l;s]sf]

l;k cfkm\g} b]zsf] pGgltsf lglDt vr{ ug'{k%{ . of] c;n gful/ssf] st{Jo klg xf] . ctM

b]zk|ltsf] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ cjZo k'/f ug'{x'g] % eGg] s'/fdf d cfzfjfbL %' .

cGTodf, …hggL hGde"ldZr :juf{blk u/Lo;L’ cyf{t\ cfkm"nfO{ hGd lbg] cfdf / hGde"ld

;a}eGbf &'nf x'G%g\ . o; dGýnfO{ :d/)f ub}{ zL#|fltzL#|zL#|fltzL#|zL#|fltzL#|zL#|fltzL#|zL#|fltzL#| :jb]zd} kmls{g'x'g] % eGg]

ljZjf;sf ;fy of] kýaf^ labf x'g rfxG%' . clxn]nfO{ olTt g} .

tkfO{Fsf] Kof/f] efO

zf]efs/ u'?+

d'xf/d'xf/d'xf/d'xf/d'xf/ – cg'xf/

zL#|fltzL#|zL#|fltzL#|zL#|fltzL#|zL#|fltzL#|zL#|fltzL#| – hlt;Sbf] rfF*f], l%^f]eGbf l%^f]

1= kf&sf] lr&L kfn}kfnf] k( .1= kf&sf] lr&L kfn}kfnf] k( .1= kf&sf] lr&L kfn}kfnf] k( .1= kf&sf] lr&L kfn}kfnf] k( .1= kf&sf] lr&L kfn}kfnf] k( .


-s_ of] lr&L s;n] s;nfO{ n]v]sf] xf] <

-v_ s'g s'/fn] ;a}nfO{ :tAw t'Nofof] <

k&fpg]

zf]efs/ u'?+

ljGWojfl;gL,

kf]v/f, g]kfn

kfpg]

k|efs/ u'?+

P– 77, o'lgel;{ L j],

hh{ ^fpg, cd]l/sf

vfdsf] gd'gf vfdsf] gd'gf vfdsf] gd'gf vfdsf] gd'gf vfdsf] gd'gf

l^s^

Curricu

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pmen

t Cen

tre

g]kfnL, sIff 8

-u_ k|efs/n] s'g ljifodf !fg xfl;n u/]sf %g\ <

-#_ ;'lDgdf lbbL s] ub}{ x'g'x'G% <

-+_ c;n gful/ssf] st{Jo s] xf] <

3= l&s pTt/ %fg]/ n]v M3= l&s pTt/ %fg]/ n]v M3= l&s pTt/ %fg]/ n]v M3= l&s pTt/ %fg]/ n]v M3= l&s pTt/ %fg]/ n]v M

-s_ cfdfa'afsf] e/f];f s;dfly % <

-c_ zf]efs/ -cf_ k|efs/ -O_ lbjfs/

-v_ k|efs/ cd]l/sfsf] s'g &fpFdf a:b} %g\ <

-c_ jfl;+\ g -cf_ hh{ ^fpg -O_ Go'of]s{

-u_ ufpFdf s;n] skmL pb\of]u vf]ln;s]sf %g\ <

-c_ sfG%f bfO -cf_ sdn bfO -O_ ;'af]w bfO

-#_ zf]efs/ sxfF a:b} %g\ <

-c_ kf]v/f -cf_ lj/f^gu/ -O_ *f]Nkf

4= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M4= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M4= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M4= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M4= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M

-s_ ufpF#/df ss;n] s] s] u/]/ wg sdfPsf %g\ <

-v_ b]znfO{ lsg k|efs/ h:tf k|ltefx¿sf] cfjZostf % <

5= lr&Ldf lsg …cfkm"nfO{ hGd lbg] cfdf / hGde"ld ;a}eGbf &'nf x'G%g\’5= lr&Ldf lsg …cfkm"nfO{ hGd lbg] cfdf / hGde"ld ;a}eGbf &'nf x'G%g\’5= lr&Ldf lsg …cfkm"nfO{ hGd lbg] cfdf / hGde"ld ;a}eGbf &'nf x'G%g\’5= lr&Ldf lsg …cfkm"nfO{ hGd lbg] cfdf / hGde"ld ;a}eGbf &'nf x'G%g\’5= lr&Ldf lsg …cfkm"nfO{ hGd lbg] cfdf / hGde"ld ;a}eGbf &'nf x'G%g\’

elgPsf] xf]nf, cfkm\gf] ljrf/ k|:t't u/ .elgPsf] xf]nf, cfkm\gf] ljrf/ k|:t't u/ .elgPsf] xf]nf, cfkm\gf] ljrf/ k|:t't u/ .elgPsf] xf]nf, cfkm\gf] ljrf/ k|:t't u/ .elgPsf] xf]nf, cfkm\gf] ljrf/ k|:t't u/ .

6= …bfh'nfO{ lr&L’ kf& k(]kl% k|To'Tt/ lbFb} efOnfO{ Pp^f lr&L n]v .6= …bfh'nfO{ lr&L’ kf& k(]kl% k|To'Tt/ lbFb} efOnfO{ Pp^f lr&L n]v .6= …bfh'nfO{ lr&L’ kf& k(]kl% k|To'Tt/ lbFb} efOnfO{ Pp^f lr&L n]v .6= …bfh'nfO{ lr&L’ kf& k(]kl% k|To'Tt/ lbFb} efOnfO{ Pp^f lr&L n]v .6= …bfh'nfO{ lr&L’ kf& k(]kl% k|To'Tt/ lbFb} efOnfO{ Pp^f lr&L n]v .

7= cfkm\gf] ljb\ofnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] s'g} sfo{j|mdsf] j)f{g u/L cfkm\gf]7= cfkm\gf] ljb\ofnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] s'g} sfo{j|mdsf] j)f{g u/L cfkm\gf]7= cfkm\gf] ljb\ofnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] s'g} sfo{j|mdsf] j)f{g u/L cfkm\gf]7= cfkm\gf] ljb\ofnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] s'g} sfo{j|mdsf] j)f{g u/L cfkm\gf]7= cfkm\gf] ljb\ofnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] s'g} sfo{j|mdsf] j)f{g u/L cfkm\gf]

;fyLnfO{ Pp^f lr&L n]v .;fyLnfO{ Pp^f lr&L n]v .;fyLnfO{ Pp^f lr&L n]v .;fyLnfO{ Pp^f lr&L n]v .;fyLnfO{ Pp^f lr&L n]v .



k|tLIff, eljio, zL#|fltzL#||, k|ltef, st{Jo

Curricu

lum D

evelo

pmen

t Cen

tre

g]kfnL, sIff 8

9= pbfx/)f x]/L tn lbOPsf cg]sfyL{ zAbx¿sf] km/s cy{ a'em / jfSodf9= pbfx/)f x]/L tn lbOPsf cg]sfyL{ zAbx¿sf] km/s cy{ a'em / jfSodf9= pbfx/)f x]/L tn lbOPsf cg]sfyL{ zAbx¿sf] km/s cy{ a'em / jfSodf9= pbfx/)f x]/L tn lbOPsf cg]sfyL{ zAbx¿sf] km/s cy{ a'em / jfSodf9= pbfx/)f x]/L tn lbOPsf cg]sfyL{ zAbx¿sf] km/s cy{ a'em / jfSodf

k|of]u u/ Mk|of]u u/ Mk|of]u u/ Mk|of]u u/ Mk|of]u u/ M

h:t} M ký – lr&L = /ljn] bfh'nfO{ ký n]Vof] .

ký – kfgf = /ljgfn] lstfasf ký kN^fOg\ .

t/, km'n, k'/f, dfg, kmn, s/, cy{, sn, tfn


10= tnsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M10= tnsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M10= tnsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M10= tnsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M10= tnsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M

s'zntf, ;'Gb/, t/sf/L, k|wfgfWofks, >d

11= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g / n]v .11= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g / n]v .11= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g / n]v .11= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g / n]v .11= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g / n]v .


12= tnsf jfSodf uf(f cIf/df ePsf zAb k( / a'em M12= tnsf jfSodf uf(f cIf/df ePsf zAb k( / a'em M12= tnsf jfSodf uf(f cIf/df ePsf zAb k( / a'em M12= tnsf jfSodf uf(f cIf/df ePsf zAb k( / a'em M12= tnsf jfSodf uf(f cIf/df ePsf zAb k( / a'em M

of] #/ /fd|/L/fd|/L/fd|/L/fd|/L/fd|/L ;DxfNg] bfloTj klg tkfO{Fs} sfFwdf % .

clxnclxnclxnclxnclxn] t ;/sf/n] klg a]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/]/u/]/u/]/u/]/u/]/ :j/f]huf/ sfo{j|md

NofPsf] % .

dflysf jfSodf uf(f cIf/df cfPsf …/fd|/L, clxn], u/]/’ h:tf zAbx¿ lj|mof

ljz]if)f x'g\ . lj|mof ljz]if)fnfO{ lj|mofof]uL klg elgG% . jfSodf lj|mofkbsf]

ljz]iftf hgfpg cfpg] zAbnfO{ lj|mof ljz]if)f elgG% . lj|mof ljz]if)fn] lj|mofsf]

;do, :yfg, tl/sf, sf/)f cflb a'emfpF%g\, h:t} M

slxn] lxhf], cfh, ef]ln, clxn], klxn], ca ===

sxfF tn, dfly, leý, aflx/, jfl/, kfl/ ===

s;/L /fd|/L, (sdSs, lemlnldnL, lrl^Ss, u/]/, k(]/ ===

lsg k(\g, u/]sfn], vfg, n]Vg ===

slt w]/}, yf]/} ===

Curricu

lum D

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t Cen

tre

g]kfnL, sIff 8

13=13=13=13=13= kf&df k|of]u ePsf sDtLdf kfFr cf]^f lj|mof ljz]if)f zAb l^k]/ jfSodfkf&df k|of]u ePsf sDtLdf kfFr cf]^f lj|mof ljz]if)f zAb l^k]/ jfSodfkf&df k|of]u ePsf sDtLdf kfFr cf]^f lj|mof ljz]if)f zAb l^k]/ jfSodfkf&df k|of]u ePsf sDtLdf kfFr cf]^f lj|mof ljz]if)f zAb l^k]/ jfSodfkf&df k|of]u ePsf sDtLdf kfFr cf]^f lj|mof ljz]if)f zAb l^k]/ jfSodf

k|of]u u/ .k|of]u u/ .k|of]u u/ .k|of]u u/ .k|of]u u/ .

14= 14= 14= 14= 14= kkkkkf&df k|of]u ePsf gfdof]uL, ;ªof]hs / lgkft l^k .f&df k|of]u ePsf gfdof]uL, ;ªof]hs / lgkft l^k .f&df k|of]u ePsf gfdof]uL, ;ªof]hs / lgkft l^k .f&df k|of]u ePsf gfdof]uL, ;ªof]hs / lgkft l^k .f&df k|of]u ePsf gfdof]uL, ;ªof]hs / lgkft l^k .

15= /]vf+\lst zAbx¿sf] kbju{ %'^\ofpm M15= /]vf+\lst zAbx¿sf] kbju{ %'^\ofpm M15= /]vf+\lst zAbx¿sf] kbju{ %'^\ofpm M15= /]vf+\lst zAbx¿sf] kbju{ %'^\ofpm M15= /]vf+\lst zAbx¿sf] kbju{ %'^\ofpm M

-s_ kl/>dL ls;fgn] ;w}F kl/>d u%{ / o; wtL{df cfkm" afFr]/ c¿nfO{ klg

arfpF% .

-v_ df}/L kfng / kmnkm'n v]tLaf^ w]/} o'jf o'jtLx¿n] /fd|f] cfDbfgL u/]sf %g\ .



lgdGý)fflgdGý)fflgdGý)fflgdGý)fflgdGý)ff

>L ============================== Ho"

o; ljb\ofnosf] kGw|f}F jflif{sf]T;jsf cj;/df ljljw ;fª:s[lts sfo{j|md

tyf k'/:sf/ ljt/)f sfo{j|mdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] x'gfn] pSt sfo{j|mddf

pkl:yltsf nflu xflb{s lgdGý)ff ub{%f}F .

:yfg M ljb\ofnosf] k|f+\u)f k|fyL{|fyL{|fyL{|fyL{|fyL{;do M l&s 10M00 ah] bf]dfsfGt ofbj

ldlt M 2071÷10÷15 k|wfgfWofks

dflysf] h:t} u/L ljb\ofnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] v]ns'b tyf k'/:sf/ ljt/)fdflysf] h:t} u/L ljb\ofnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] v]ns'b tyf k'/:sf/ ljt/)fdflysf] h:t} u/L ljb\ofnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] v]ns'b tyf k'/:sf/ ljt/)fdflysf] h:t} u/L ljb\ofnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] v]ns'b tyf k'/:sf/ ljt/)fdflysf] h:t} u/L ljb\ofnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] v]ns'b tyf k'/:sf/ ljt/)f

;df/f]xdf pkl:yltsf nflu k&fOg] lgdGý)ff kýsf] gd'gf tof/ u/ .;df/f]xdf pkl:yltsf nflu k&fOg] lgdGý)ff kýsf] gd'gf tof/ u/ .;df/f]xdf pkl:yltsf nflu k&fOg] lgdGý)ff kýsf] gd'gf tof/ u/ .;df/f]xdf pkl:yltsf nflu k&fOg] lgdGý)ff kýsf] gd'gf tof/ u/ .;df/f]xdf pkl:yltsf nflu k&fOg] lgdGý)ff kýsf] gd'gf tof/ u/ .

17= cfkm"n] hf*f] labfsf] %'^\^Ldf u/]sf] s'g} /d)fLo &fpFsf] j)f{g u/L17= cfkm"n] hf*f] labfsf] %'^\^Ldf u/]sf] s'g} /d)fLo &fpFsf] j)f{g u/L17= cfkm"n] hf*f] labfsf] %'^\^Ldf u/]sf] s'g} /d)fLo &fpFsf] j)f{g u/L17= cfkm"n] hf*f] labfsf] %'^\^Ldf u/]sf] s'g} /d)fLo &fpFsf] j)f{g u/L17= cfkm"n] hf*f] labfsf] %'^\^Ldf u/]sf] s'g} /d)fLo &fpFsf] j)f{g u/L

cfkm\gf ;fyLnfO{ lr&L n]v .cfkm\gf ;fyLnfO{ lr&L n]v .cfkm\gf ;fyLnfO{ lr&L n]v .cfkm\gf ;fyLnfO{ lr&L n]v .cfkm\gf ;fyLnfO{ lr&L n]v .

tyfldlynf pRr dfWolds ljb\ofno kl/jf/ hgsk'/ wfd

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

d]/f] #/d]/f] #/d]/f] #/d]/f] #/d]/f] #/

– k|ef e^\^/fO{– k|ef e^\^/fO{– k|ef e^\^/fO{– k|ef e^\^/fO{– k|ef e^\^/fO{

of] d]/f] #/, %fgfdf v/,v/,v/,v/,v/, ('+\ufsf] cfFug

dg % &'nf] lbP/} k'U% kb}{g dfug .

#fdn] lbG% dfofn' Gofgf] h"gn] zLtn

dfofn] lehL /l;nf] ;w}F d]/f] of] e"tne"tne"tne"tne"tn ..

kml/of rf]nL nfPsf r]nL, %g\ d]/f ;x]nL;x]nL;x]nL;x]nL;x]nL

wfg / ux'F hlTts} v]N%g,\ v]tdf ao]nL .

df?gLdf?gLdf?gLdf?gLdf?gL, #f ', ;f]/&L, ;]nf]#f ', ;f]/&L, ;]nf]#f ', ;f]/&L, ;]nf]#f ', ;f]/&L, ;]nf]#f ', ;f]/&L, ;]nf], ;jfO{, bf]xf]/L

dfGb}g dg, cfgGb;Fu gv]nL, gx]/L ..

dlGb/, u'Daf, dl:hbu'Daf, dl:hbu'Daf, dl:hbu'Daf, dl:hbu'Daf, dl:hb, rr{, ;a}df %l/G%'

kf]N^fdf lbG%g\ ;a}n] dfof, olTts} el/G%' .

ltxf/, b;}F, %& / Ob, df#L df#L df#L df#L df#L / Nxf];f/Nxf];f/Nxf];f/Nxf];f/Nxf];f/

;fyL %g\ w]/}, /dfOnf] ub}{, dgfpF%' rxf* ..


v /v /v /v /v / – #/, uf]& %fpg k|of]u ul/g] nfdf nfdf dl;gf l;Gs] kft x'g] Ps k|sf/sf] #fF;e "tne "tne "tne "tne "tn – e"ld, k[YjLsf] aflx/L efu, tx;x]nL;x ]nL;x ]nL;x ]nL;x ]nL – ;fyL, ;FlugLdf?gLdf?gLdf?gLdf?gLdf?gL – dlxnfsf] e]ifdf gfRg] / ufpg] k'?if#f^'#f^ '#f^ '#f^ '#f^ ' – s'df/L o'jtLx¿n] uLt ufP/ xfpefp;lxt gflrg] k'/fgf syfdf

cfwfl/t u'?+ hfltsf] nf]sg[To;f ]/&;f ]/&;f ]/&;f ]/&;f ]/&LLLLL – u'?+, du/ cflb hfltdf k|rlnt uLlt gfr;]nf;]nf;]nf;]nf;]nf ]] ]] ] – ef] ], tfdf+, z]kf{ hfltsf] k|l;b\w nf]suLtu 'Dafu 'Dafu 'Dafu 'Dafu 'Daf – a'b\w wd{sf] b]jfno, Wofg pkf;gf ug]{ s]Gb|dl:hbdl:hbdl:hbdl:hbdl:hb – O:nfd wd{ dfGg]x¿n] k|fy{gf ug]{ #/df#Ldf#Ldf#Ldf#Ldf#L – yf? hfltn] df#] ;+\j|mflGtsf lbg gj jif{sf] ¿kdf dgfpg] k|l;b\w rf*Nxf ];f/Nxf ];f/Nxf ];f/Nxf ];f/Nxf ];f/ – tfdf+, z]kf{, u'?+ cflb hfltn] gofF jif{sf ¿kdf dgfpg] k|l;b\w rf*

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

;a}sf] dfof nfu]/ xf]nf, km'n]sf] lxdfn

/;fO{ aU%g\ vf]nf / gfnf, /l;nf] g]kfn .

ufpF%g\ vf]nf, gfRb%g\ ?v, af]Nb%g\ kxf*

;a}n] lbG%g\ ;a}sf] ;fy, ub}{gg\ *xf* ..

lxpFb, jiff{, laxfg, ;fFem, vl^G%' xfF;]/

df^fsf] u%'{ cr{gfcr{gfcr{gfcr{gfcr{gf ld&f], ;DaGw ufF;]/ .

d ldlxg]tL, d sd{jL/,sd{jL/,sd{jL/,sd{jL/,sd{jL/, wtL{sf] ;Gtfg

pdf/L cGg hxfg kfN%', eGb%g\ ls;fg ..

cr{gfcr{gfcr{gfcr{gfcr{gf – k"hf

sd{jL/sd{jL/sd{jL/sd{jL/sd{jL/ – ;w}F sfddf v \g], lgM:jfy{ ¿kn] st{Jo kfngdf c^n /xg]

1=1=1=1=1= …d]/f] #/’ sljtf sIffdf lzIfsn] k(]sf] ;'g / ;fd"lxs ¿kdf no xfn]/ k( .…d]/f] #/’ sljtf sIffdf lzIfsn] k(]sf] ;'g / ;fd"lxs ¿kdf no xfn]/ k( .…d]/f] #/’ sljtf sIffdf lzIfsn] k(]sf] ;'g / ;fd"lxs ¿kdf no xfn]/ k( .…d]/f] #/’ sljtf sIffdf lzIfsn] k(]sf] ;'g / ;fd"lxs ¿kdf no xfn]/ k( .…d]/f] #/’ sljtf sIffdf lzIfsn] k(]sf] ;'g / ;fd"lxs ¿kdf no xfn]/ k( .


-s_ ls;fgsf] #/ s:tf] % <

-v_ ls;fgsf ;x]nLx¿ s:tf %g\ <

-u_ ls;fg sxfF %l/G%g\ <

-#_ ls;fgn] hxfg s;/L kfN%g\ <

3=3=3=3=3= pbfx/)f x]/L kf&sf] bf];|f] Znf]snfO{ jfSodf ldnfP/ n]v Mpbfx/)f x]/L kf&sf] bf];|f] Znf]snfO{ jfSodf ldnfP/ n]v Mpbfx/)f x]/L kf&sf] bf];|f] Znf]snfO{ jfSodf ldnfP/ n]v Mpbfx/)f x]/L kf&sf] bf];|f] Znf]snfO{ jfSodf ldnfP/ n]v Mpbfx/)f x]/L kf&sf] bf];|f] Znf]snfO{ jfSodf ldnfP/ n]v M

pbfx/)f M kml/of rf]nL nfPsf r]nL, %g\ d]/f ;x]nL

kml/of rf]nL nfPsf r]nL d]/f ;x]nL %g\ .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

4=4=4=4=4= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v Mtnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v Mtnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v Mtnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v Mtnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M

-s_ e"tnnfO{ s'g ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] % <

-v_ g]kfnsf] wfld{s ;lxi)f'tfnfO{ s;/L k|:t't ul/Psf] % <

-u_ g]kfnsf] k|s[lt lrý)f s;/L ul/Psf] % <

-#_ ls;fgnfO{ lsg wtL{sf] sd{jL/ ;Gtfg elgPsf] xf] <

-+_ sljtfsf] d'Vo efj s] xf] <

5=5=5=5=5= dflysf] kf& x]/L sljtf k'/f u/ Mdflysf] kf& x]/L sljtf k'/f u/ Mdflysf] kf& x]/L sljtf k'/f u/ Mdflysf] kf& x]/L sljtf k'/f u/ Mdflysf] kf& x]/L sljtf k'/f u/ M

;a}sf] dfof ========================== lxdfn

/;fO{ aU%g\ ========================= g]kfn


-s_ dlGb/, u'Daf, dl:hb, rr{, ;a}df %l/G%'

kf]N^fdf lbG%g\ ;a}n] dfof, olTts} el/G%' .

ltxf/, b;}F, %& / Ob, df#L / Nxf];f/

;fyL %g\ w]/}, /dfOnf] ub}{, dgfpF%' rxf* ..

-v_ lxpFb jiff{, laxfg, ;fFem, vl^G%' xfF;]/

df^fsf] u%'{ cr{gf ld&f], ;DaGw ufF;]/ .

d ldlxg]tL, d sd{jL/, wtL{sf] ;Gtfg

pdf/L cGg hxfg kfN%', eGb%g\ ls;fg ..


7=7=7=7=7= ldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

e"tn sd{jL/ cr{gf ;x]nL

k"hf k[YjLsf] aflx/L efu ;w}F sfddf v \g] dfof ;fyL


df#L, %&, df?gL, v/, wtL{

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

9= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M9= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M9= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M9= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M9= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

lxdfn, laxfg, cfgGb, kxf*, ltxf/

10= kf&af^ rGb|laGb' nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .10= kf&af^ rGb|laGb' nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .10= kf&af^ rGb|laGb' nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .10= kf&af^ rGb|laGb' nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .10= kf&af^ rGb|laGb' nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .


11 =11 =11 =11 =11 = z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M

('+\uf, zLtn, dl:hb, kf]N^f], Nxf];f/

12=12=12=12=12= kf&af^ rf]nL, r]nL h:tf zAbsf] cGTodf bL#{ Osf/ nfu]sf zAbx¿kf&af^ rf]nL, r]nL h:tf zAbsf] cGTodf bL#{ Osf/ nfu]sf zAbx¿kf&af^ rf]nL, r]nL h:tf zAbsf] cGTodf bL#{ Osf/ nfu]sf zAbx¿kf&af^ rf]nL, r]nL h:tf zAbsf] cGTodf bL#{ Osf/ nfu]sf zAbx¿kf&af^ rf]nL, r]nL h:tf zAbsf] cGTodf bL#{ Osf/ nfu]sf zAbx¿

vf]h]/ sfkLdf n]v .vf]h]/ sfkLdf n]v .vf]h]/ sfkLdf n]v .vf]h]/ sfkLdf n]v .vf]h]/ sfkLdf n]v .

13= sljtfsf] t];|f] Znf]s lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .13= sljtfsf] t];|f] Znf]s lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .13= sljtfsf] t];|f] Znf]s lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .13= sljtfsf] t];|f] Znf]s lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .13= sljtfsf] t];|f] Znf]s lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .


14=14=14=14=14= kf&af^ ltg ltg cf]^f gfd / ljz]if)f zAb vf]hL jfSodf k|of]u u/ .kf&af^ ltg ltg cf]^f gfd / ljz]if)f zAb vf]hL jfSodf k|of]u u/ .kf&af^ ltg ltg cf]^f gfd / ljz]if)f zAb vf]hL jfSodf k|of]u u/ .kf&af^ ltg ltg cf]^f gfd / ljz]if)f zAb vf]hL jfSodf k|of]u u/ .kf&af^ ltg ltg cf]^f gfd / ljz]if)f zAb vf]hL jfSodf k|of]u u/ .

1515151515= kf&af^ s/)f / cs/)f lj|mofkb l^kL Ps csf{df abn .= kf&af^ s/)f / cs/)f lj|mofkb l^kL Ps csf{df abn .= kf&af^ s/)f / cs/)f lj|mofkb l^kL Ps csf{df abn .= kf&af^ s/)f / cs/)f lj|mofkb l^kL Ps csf{df abn .= kf&af^ s/)f / cs/)f lj|mofkb l^kL Ps csf{df abn .

16= lbOPsf sljtfdf /]vf+\lst zAbx¿sf] kbju{ %'^\ofpm M16= lbOPsf sljtfdf /]vf+\lst zAbx¿sf] kbju{ %'^\ofpm M16= lbOPsf sljtfdf /]vf+\lst zAbx¿sf] kbju{ %'^\ofpm M16= lbOPsf sljtfdf /]vf+\lst zAbx¿sf] kbju{ %'^\ofpm M16= lbOPsf sljtfdf /]vf+\lst zAbx¿sf] kbju{ %'^\ofpm M

-s_-s_-s_-s_-s_ #fdn] lbG% dfofn' Gofgf], h"gn] zLtn dfofn] lehL /l;nf] ;w}F, d]/f] of] e"tn ..

-v_ -v_ -v_ -v_ -v_ d ldlxg]tL, d sd{jL/, wtL{sf] ;Gtfg pdf/L cGg hxfg kfN%', eGb%g\ ls;fg ..


1111177777===== tn lbOPsf zAbx¿dWo] pko'St zAb %fg]/ vfnL &fpF etn lbOPsf zAbx¿dWo] pko'St zAb %fg]/ vfnL &fpF etn lbOPsf zAbx¿dWo] pko'St zAb %fg]/ vfnL &fpF etn lbOPsf zAbx¿dWo] pko'St zAb %fg]/ vfnL &fpF etn lbOPsf zAbx¿dWo] pko'St zAb %fg]/ vfnL &fpF e///// M M M M M

cfgGb, sflGt, d';'Ss, s]xL, /fd|f], kf}/v, cfP/ cfgGb, sflGt, d';'Ss, s]xL, /fd|f], kf}/v, cfP/ cfgGb, sflGt, d';'Ss, s]xL, /fd|f], kf}/v, cfP/ cfgGb, sflGt, d';'Ss, s]xL, /fd|f], kf}/v, cfP/ cfgGb, sflGt, d';'Ss, s]xL, /fd|f], kf}/v, cfP/

g]kfn xfd|f] % emg} ============== ljZjsf dfemdf

rGb|n] =========== %b{%g\, oxfF ============== ;fFemdf .

g]kfnL l&^f] ================ xfF;L ========== u/f}F eGb%

k'vf{sf] =========== ;Dem]/ oxfF ================ dfGb% ..

18= ltdLnfO{ dg kg]{ ljifodf s'g} sljtf n]v]/ leTt] klýsfdf ^fF; .18= ltdLnfO{ dg kg]{ ljifodf s'g} sljtf n]v]/ leTt] klýsfdf ^fF; .18= ltdLnfO{ dg kg]{ ljifodf s'g} sljtf n]v]/ leTt] klýsfdf ^fF; .18= ltdLnfO{ dg kg]{ ljifodf s'g} sljtf n]v]/ leTt] klýsfdf ^fF; .18= ltdLnfO{ dg kg]{ ljifodf s'g} sljtf n]v]/ leTt] klýsfdf ^fF; .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

lj!fg clezfk geO{ j/bfglj!fg clezfk geO{ j/bfglj!fg clezfk geO{ j/bfglj!fg clezfk geO{ j/bfglj!fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg

-cfh z'j|maf/sf] lbg xf] . x/]s z'j|maf/ s}nfnLsf] wgu(Ldf cjl:yt ltngu/ pRr

dfWolds ljb\ofnodf cltl/lSt sfo{j|mdsf] cfof]hgf ul/G% . ljb\ofnosf] jflif{s

sfo{ tflnsfcg';f/ cfh sIff cf&sf ljb\ofyL{x¿n] jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng ub}{

%g\ . ljb\ofnosf] cfFug /+\uLr+\uL Wjhf ktfsfx¿n] l;Fufl/Psf] % . Pp^f &'nf]

t'ndf …jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutf’ n]v]/ ^fFluPsf] % . sfo{j|mddf ;efWoIfsf] cf;g u|x)f

ljb\ofnos} k|wfgfWofksn] ug'{ePsf] % . ljb\ofnosf ;a} lzIfs / cltlyx¿n] cfkm\gf]

cf;g u|x)f ul/;Sg'ePsf] % . ltg ;b:oLo lg)ff{os d)*n / ;do kfnsnfO{ bz{ssf]

cl#Nnf] k+\lStdf /flvPsf] % . d~rsf] cufl*k \l^ ;a} ljb\ofyL{x¿ cToGt} pT;flxt

d'b|fdf %g\ . sfo{j|md ;'? x'g} cfF ]sf] % . sfo{j|mdsf] ;~rfng sIff cf&s} %fýf

cfl:tsf dxh{gn] ub}{ l%g\ ._


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g]kfnL, sIff 8

sfo{j|md pb\#f]ifs

cfb/)fLo ;efWoIf, cltly dxfg'efjx¿, lg)ff{os d)*n, lg)ff{os d)*n, lg)ff{os d)*n, lg)ff{os d)*n, lg)ff{os d)*n, u'?x¿ Pjd\ d]/f Kof/f

;fyLx¿ !

cfhsf] jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutfsf] ljifo …lj!fg clezfkclezfkclezfkclezfkclezfk geO{ j/bfg’j/bfg’j/bfg’j/bfg’j/bfg’ xf] . cfhsf] o;

k|ltof]lutfdf sIff cf&s} ljb\ofyL{ ;Ldf vfg / uf]kfn a'(fdu/n] ljifosf] kIfdf tyf

df]lgsf a'(fyf]sL tyf cfzf/fd yf?n] ljifosf] ljkIfdf cfkm\gf ts{x¿ k|:t't ub}{ %g\ .

sfo{j|md ;'? x'g'cl# k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL k|ltof]uLx¿n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ s]xL lgodx¿

;'gfpF%' M

1= k|To]s jStfnfO{ kfFr ldg] sf] ;do lbOg] % . rf/ ldg] k'Ugf;fy hgfp #G^L aHg]% . clGtd #G^L ah]kl% jStfn] cfkm\gf] egfO '+\Uofpg'kg]{ % .

2= k|ltof]uLx¿n] cfkm\gf ljrf/x¿ cToGt} lzi^ / ;Eo efiffdf /fVg'kg]{ % .

3= s'g} JolSt, hflt, ju{, ln+\u / ;Dk|bfodfly cfIf]kcfIf]kcfIf]kcfIf]kcfIf]k nufP/ af]Ng kfOg] %}g .

4= s'g} klg k|sf/sf] lnlvt sfuh jf l^kf] x]/]/ af]Ng kfOg] %}g .

5= lg)ff{os d)*nsf] lg)f{o g} clGtd x'g] % .

ca d …lj!fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg’ eGg] ljifosf] kIfdf cfkm\gf ts{x¿ k|:t't ug{ ;Ldf

vfgnfO{ d~rdf cfdGý)f ub{%' .

-;Ldf vfg d~rdf hflG%g\ / af]Ng yflN%g\ ._

;Ldf vfg

cfb/)fLo ;efWoIf, cltly dxfg'efjx¿, lg)ff{os d)*n, u'?x¿ tyf d]/f ;xkf&L

;fyLx¿ !

lg)ff{os d)*n lg)ff{os d)*n lg)ff{os d)*n lg)ff{os d)*n lg)ff{os d)*n – lg)f{o ug]{ JolStx¿sf] ;d"x

clezfkclezfkclezfkclezfkclezfk – xflg gf]S;fgL, ;/fk

j/bfgj/bfgj/bfgj/bfgj/bfg – OR%f ul/Psf] j:t'sf] k|flKt, j/, cfzLjf{b

cfIf ]kcfIf ]kcfIf ]kcfIf ]kcfIf ]k – cf/f]k, ufnL, bf]if

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

cfhsf] o; jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf d …lj!fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg’ eGg] ljifosf]kIfdf af]Nb} %' . cfhsf] o'u lj!fg / sDKo' /sf] o'u xf] . lj!fgs} sf/)f clxn]sf] o'u;'ljwf ;DkGg x'g k'u]sf] % . ('+\u] o'uaf^ cufl* a(]sf] dflg; cfh cGtl/IcGtl/IcGtl/IcGtl/IcGtl/Ifdf dfgja:tL a;fpg] tof/Ldf % . k|frLg o'usf] dflg; a;]{ e]nnfO{ kf/ ug{ g;s]/ gbLsf]kfl/k \l^ 'n' 'n' x]l//xGYof] . cfw'lgs o'udf cfOk'Ubf kfgL hxfhsf] cfljisf/ u/L;fd'lb|s ofýfdf tNnLg % . lj!fgn] cfljisf/ u/]sf /]n, df] /, sf/, kfgL hxfh,xjfO{hxfh h:tf oftfoftsf ;fwgn] dfgjsf] hLjgdf &'nf] kl/j{tg cfPsf] % . hn,ynynynynyn / gegegegegedf ;d]t cfhsf] dflg;n] ljho k|fKt u/]sf] % . dfgj hLjgnfO{ ljkGgtfaf^;DkGgtflt/ / cFWof/f] o'uaf^ pHofnf] eljiolt/ *f]¥ofpg] sfd lj!fgn] g} u/]sf] % .dfgjsf lglDt c!ft / c;Dej h:tf b]lvPsf s'/fx¿ lj!fgs} sf/)f ;xh / ;DejePsf %g\ . dfgjsf lglDt cToGt} vt/gfs b]lvPsf lakm/,lakm/,lakm/,lakm/,lakm/, Kn]uKn]uKn]uKn]uKn]u / x}hfx}hfx}hfx}hfx}hf h:tf k|f)fk|f)fk|f)fk|f)fk|f)f#fts#fts#fts#fts#fts /f]ux¿nfO{ lj!fgn] lgoGý)fdf lnPsf] % . ;ª;f/df b]vf k/]sf w]/} /f]usf]cf}ifwL kTtf nufP/ d[To'sf] d'vaf^ dflg;nfO{ arfPsf] % . -hgfp #G^L aH% ._

oGý dfgjsf] cfljisf/ u/]kl% dflg;sf nflu sl&g dflgPsf sfdx¿;d]t ;xh(+\un] ;DkGg x'g yfn]sf] % . dfgjsf lglDt lj!fg j/bfg ;fljt ePsf] % . To;}n] d]/f]ljrf/df cfhsf] lj!fgnfO{ clezfk eGg' lbpF;} cfFvf aGb u/]/ cFWof/fsf] clego ug'{ dfý}xf] . ctM lj!fg slxNo} clezfk x'g ;Sb}g . of] dfgj ;Eotfsf] j/bfg xf] eGg] s'/fdfhf]* lbFb} cfkm\gf] egfO '+\Uofpg rfxG%' . wGojfb . -hf]*bf/ tfnL aH% ._

pb\#f]ifs

d ;Ldf vfgnfO{ wGojfb lbFb} ljkIfdf cfkm\gf ts{x¿ k|:t't ug{ df]lgsf a'(fyf]sLnfO{

o; d~rdf lgDTofpF%' .

cGtl/IfcGtl/IfcGtl/IfcGtl/IfcGtl/If – k[YjL / u|x, gIf cflbsf] larsf] vfnL efu, cfsfz

ynynynynyn – kfgLafx]ssf] k[YjLsf] e"efu, hldg

gegegegege – cfsfz, uug

lakm/lakm/lakm/lakm/lakm/ – Hj/f]sf ;fy;fy} z/L/el/ kmf]sf kmf]sf eP/ vl^/f cfpg] / Hofg;d]t

lng] k|f)f #fts /f]u

Kn]uKn]uKn]uKn]uKn]u – plkofF, d';f cflbaf^ dflg;df km}lnP/ z/L/sf v' \ f hf]gL{, sfvL cflbdf

*Nnf] lg:sg] / To;sf] kL*fn] h/f] cfO{ d[To';d]t x'g] /f]u

x }hfx }hfx }hfx }hfx }hf – nuftf/ jf tf/Gtf/ lb;f / afGtf eO/xg] Ps ;?jf /f]u, sn]/f

k|f)f #ftsk|f)f #ftsk|f)f #ftsk|f)f #ftsk|f)f #fts – k|f)f lng], Hofg dfg]{, Hofgdf/f

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

df]lgsf a'(fyf]sL

cfb/)fLo ;efWoIf, cltlyx¿, ;Ddflgt u'?x¿, lg)ff{os d)*n Pjd\ d]/f ldýx¿ !

cfhsf] jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf d ljifosf] ljkIfdf af]Nb} %' . xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf % .

cfhsf] dfgj xTof, lxª;f, eo / cft+\sn] ýl;t % . cfw'lgs lj!fgn] cfljisf/ u/]sf

xft xltof/sf sf/)f dfgjsf] hLjg ;+\s^df k/]sf] % . ;fFem vfgf vfP/ ;'t]sf]

dflg; ef]ln laxfgsf] ;"of]{bo x]g{ kfOG% ls kfOFb}g eg]/ ;z+\lst % . x/]s lbg sxLF g

sxLF uf]nL rn]sf], ad jiff{ ePsf] va/ ;'Gg'k/]sf] % . klxnf] ljZjo'b\w / bf];|f] ljZjo'b\wn]

;ª;f/df g/;ªxf/ dRrfO;s]sf %g\ . bf];|f] ljZjo'b\wdf cd]l/sfn] %f*]sf k/df)f' adn]

hfkfgsf ;'Gb/ ;x/ lx/f]l;df / gfuf;fsL Wj:t eP . nfvf}F dflg;n] cgfxsdf Hofg

u'dfP . To; sxfnL nfUbf] cfj|md)fdf o'b\wsf] #fp af]s]/ afFr]sf JolStx¿sf ;Gtltx¿

clxn];Dd kL*fn] %^k^fO/x]sf %g\ . ;ª;f/sf] v';L vf]:g / ;'Gb/ wtL{nfO{ Wj:t kfg{

lj!fgn] cfljisf/ u/]sf z:ýc:ýx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . ctM cfw'lgs lj!fg cfh

dfgjsf lglDt clezfk l;b\w eO;s]sf] % . lj!fgn] ljsf; / lgdf{)f xf]Og, ljklTt /

Wjª;Wjª;Wjª;Wjª;Wjª; lgDTofPsf] % . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg d]/f ljkIfL ldýn] cfw'lgs lj!fgsf pknlAwsf] lgs}

k|zª;f ug'{eof] . pxfFn] hn, yn, gedf ;d]t cfw'lgs lj!fgn] ljho k|fKt u/]sf skf]nskf]nskf]nskf]nskf]n

slNktslNktslNktslNktslNkt ts{x¿ k|:t't ug'{'eof] . ;fob d h:t} oxfFx¿ klg pxfFsf ljrf/l;t ;xdt x'g'x'Gg

xf]nf . pxfFn] eg] h:t} cfh lj!fg Tolt zlStzfnL ePsf] eP cfhsf] dflg;nfO{ lsg

/f]u, ef]s / zf]sn] ;tfPsf] % < af(L, klx/f], x'/L, atf;, b}jL ljklTt, Hjfnfd'vL /

e"sDkn] lsg dfgj dgnfO{ t*\kfPsf %g\ < cltj[li^, cgfj[li^n] lsg dfgj dgnfO{

t;f{Psf %g\ < SofG;/ / P*\; h:tf vt/gfs /f]ux¿ lsg b]vf k/]sf %g\ < pxfF;Fu o;sf]

ts{;+\ut hjfkm % < cjZo %}g . -hgfp #G^L aH% ._

olt dfý xf]Og, d]/f k"j{jStf ldýn] cfw'lgs lj!fgn] cfljisf/ u/]sf] oGý dfgjnfO{

lgs} &'nf] j/bfg &fGg'eof] . s] oGý dfgjsf] k|of]un] dfgj hLjgdf b]vf kg]{ csNkgLo

kl/)ffdsf] af/]df pxfFn] ;f]Rg'ePsf] % < cjZo %}g . oGý dfgjsf] cTolws k|of]un]

eljiodf w]/} dflg;x¿ a]/f]huf/ x'g] %g\ . ef]sd/Lsf] ;d:of b]vf kg]{ % / dfgjsf]

Wjª;Wjª;Wjª;Wjª;Wjª; – ljgfz

skf]n slNktskf]n slNktskf]n slNktskf]n slNktskf]n slNkt – cfwf/xLg, sfNklgs

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

cl:tTj;d]t ;+\s^df kg]{ % . To;}n] of] j/bfg geP/ clezfk g} xf] eGg] s'/fdf hf]*lbFb} oxfFaf^ labf x'G%' . -#G^L aH% ._ wGojfb .

pb\#f]ifs

df]lgsf a'(fyf]sLnfO{ wGojfb lbFb} ca d csf{ k|ltof]uL uf]kfn a'(fdu/nfO{ lgDTofpF%' .pxfF …lj!fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg xf]’ eGg] ljifosf] kIfdf cfkm\gf ts{x¿ k|:t't ub}{ x'g'x'G% .

uf]kfn a'(fdu/

>b\w]o ;efWoIf dxf]bo, cltly dxfg'efjx¿, lg)ff{os d)*n Pjd\ d]/f Kof/f ;fyLx¿ !

cfhsf] o; jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf d ljifosf] kIfdf cfkm\gf ts{x¿ k|:t't ub}{ %' .xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf %, cfw'lgs lj!fgn] cfljisf/ u/]sf /]l*of], ]lnkmf]g, ]lnlehg,df]afOn lj!fgsf j/bfg ;fljt ePsf %g\ . sDKo' / / OG^/g] n] cfhsf] dfgjhLjgnfO{ lgs} ;xh t'NofPsf %g\ . lj!fg dflg;sf] cleGg c+\u ag]sf] % / lj!fgsfpknlAwlagfsf] dfgj hLjg cfh k|foM c;Dej eO;s]sf] % . ;~rf/sf] If]ýdf cfw'lgslj!fgn] u/]sf] k|ultn] ;ª;f/ lgs} ;fF#'/f] alg;s]sf] % . Pp^f #/sf] ;fgf] sf]&fdf a;]/xfdL ;ª;f/sf] cjnf]sg ug{ ;Sg] ePsf %f}F . cfh ;ª;f/sf s'gf s'gfdf # ]sf #^gfnfO{#/d} a;L a;L x]g{ / ;'Gg ;lsG% . ;ª;f/sf s'g} klg s'gfdf cfkmGt;Fu t'?Gt} s'/f ug{;lsG% . lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, pb\of]u / oftfoftsf If]ýdf klg &'nf] kl/jt{g cfPsf]% . xnf], s' f] / sf]bfnfsf] &fpF \ofS^/n] lnPsf] % . ls;fgn] s}of}F lbg kl;gfaufpg'kg]{ v]tnfO{ ^\ofS^/n] s]xL If)fdf hf]Tg / ;Dofpg ;S% . SofG;/ / P*\;h:tf s}of}F /f]usf] lgbfgsf nflu cg';Gwfgx¿ eO/x]sf %g\ . cf}b\of]lus If]ýdf cfPsf]kl/jt{gn] gofF gofF ;fdfgx¿ pTkfbg ePsf %g\ . a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:ofdf sdL cfPsf] % .ljb\o't\ pmhf{n] dfgjsf] hLjgnfO{ yk ;'ljwf ;DkGg agfPsf] % . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg d]/fk"j{jStf ldýn] cfw'lgs lj!fgsf pknlAwk|lt cfFvf lrDn]/ lj!fgnfO{ clezfk eGg'eof] .pxfFn] cfw'lgs lj!fgnfO{ ljklTt / Wjª;sf] ;ª!f lbg'eof] . d pxfFsf tL dgdgdgdgdg u(Gt]u(Gt]u(Gt]u(Gt]u(Gt]ts{x¿;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lSbgF . x/]s s'/fsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIf x'G%g\ . cflv/dflg;n] dfn kfP/ rfn klg t kfpg'k%{ . of] t dfgjdf b]vf k/]sf] bfgjLo k|j[lTt xf]Og/ < ck/fwLnfO{ tx nufP/ Gofo / zflGt :yfkgf ug{ cfljisf/ ul/Psf xft xltof/b'i^sf ;xf/f aGg lbg] ;dfh bf]ifL xf] ls lj!fg < o;af/]df /fd|/L ljrf/ k'¥ofpgcfjZos % . -hgfp #G^L aH% ._

dgdgdgdgdg u(Gt]u(Gt]u(Gt]u(Gt]u(Gt] – – – – – dgn] ;f]r]sf]

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

ldý ! lgbfPsf] JolStnfO{ p&fpg ;lsG% t/ lgbfPsf] gf s ug]{nfO{ p&fpg ;lsFb}g . d]/f

k"j{jStf ldý #/df /fO; s's/df ksfPsf] vfgf vfg'x'G% . lj!fgn] cfljisf/ u/]sf]

uf*L r(]/ ljb\ofno cfpg'x'G% . ljb\ofnodf lj!fgn] cfljisf/ u/]sf] dfOj|mf]kmf]g

;dfP/ eGb} x'g'x'G% lj!fg clezfk xf] . s] pxfFsf] of] egfOdf ;Totf % < cjZo %}g .

To;}n] dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;df gofF prfO yKg] lj!fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg xf] eGg]

s'/fdf hf]* lbFb} cfkm\gf] egfO oxLF '+\UofpF%' . wGojfb . -tfnL aH% ._

pb\#f]ifs

uf]kfn a'(fdu/nfO{ wGojfb lbFb} ca d ljifosf] ljkIfdf cfkm\gf ljrf/x¿ k|:t't ul/lbg'x'g

cfzf/fd yf?nfO{ o; d~rdf lgDTofpF%' .

cfzf/fd yf?

;efWoIf, cltlyx¿, lg)ff{os d)*n, u'?ju{ Pjd\ d]/f Kof/f ;fyLx¿ !

cfh d lj!fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg ljifosf] ljkIfdf cfkm\gf ts{x¿ k|:t't ub}{ %' . cfh

lj!fgs} sf/)f dfgj hLjg c;xh, hl^n / oflGýs aGb} uPsf] % . dfgjLo d"No /

dfGotfx¿ ;dfKt x'Fb} uPsf %g\ . lj!fgn] cfljisf/ u/]sf xft xltof/sf] ;Gýf; dfý

xf]Og, k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tf ;d]t cfh gf; x'Fb} % . sn sf/vfgfsf] w'jfFn] jftfj/)f k|b"lift

ag]sf] % . cf)fljs z:ýf:ýsf] pTkfbg, k/LIf)f / k|of]un] df^fsf] pj{/f zlSt gi^ x'Fb}

uPsf] % . pTkfbgdf sdL cfpg yfn]sf] % / ljZjsf dfgjdf cefj, ul/aL / tgfj

a(|\b} uPsf] % . dflg;n] lj!fgn] cfljisf/ u/]sf xltof/sf] cf*df Wjª;sf] af^f]

lnPsf] % / dfgjtf x/fPsf] % . xltof/sf] pGdfbpGdfbpGdfbpGdfbpGdfbn] dflg;df b'ef{jgf a(\bf dfgjtfsf

kvf{nx¿ uNof{du'n'{d (Ng yfn]sf %g\ . Pp^f /f]usf] lgbfgsf nflu /f;folgs cf}ifwL

k|of]u ubf{ cs}{ vfnsf w]/} /f]ux¿ b]vf k/]sf %g\ . dflg;sf] hLjg Pskl% csf]{ ub}{

cem} ;+\s^sf] e'd/Ldf km:b} uPsf] % . j}!flgs cfljisf/, cf}b\of]lusLs/)fsf] lj:tf/,

cTolws ¿kdf oftfoftsf ;fwgn] kmfNg] w'jfF cflbn] jftfj/)f k|b"lift ePsf] % . o;n]

ubf{ cf]hf]g txdf Kjfn k/L ;"o{sf ls/)fx¿ ;f]em} k[YjLdf cfpg] ;Defjgf % . o;n]

tfkLo k|b"if)f a(\g ;S% / jftfj/)fLo kl/jt{gsf ;fydf ;Dk")f{ k|f)fLsf] cl:tTj

;+\s^df kg{ ;S% . To;}n] cfw'lgs lj!fg dfgjsf nflu clezfk l;b\w eO;s]sf] % .

pGdfbpGdfbpGdfbpGdfbpGdfb – dflTtP/ h] dg nfUof] ToxL ug]{ jf af]Ng] sfd, ax'n&\&Lkg

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

d]/f ljkIfL ldýn] lj!fgnfO{ j/bfgsf ¿kdf ;fljt ug{ vf]Hg'eof] . lj!fgsf s]xL

;sf/fTds kIf x'g ;S%g\ . To;nfO{ d gsfg{ ;lSbgF tfklg pxfFn] lj!fgsf] cfljisf/

sDKo' / / OG^/g] nfO{ h'g dxTTj lbg'eof], To;df d ;xdt x'g ;lSbgF . cfh

OG^/g] af^ dxTTjk")f{ ;"rgfx¿sf] r'xfj^ x'Fbf Jofkf/sf If]ýdf ;d:of b]vf k/]sf %g\ .

k|ljlwx¿ rf]/L ePsf %g\ . uf]kgLotf e+\u ePsf] % / o;n] &'nf] ;d:of lgDTofPsf]

% . -hgfp #G^L aH% ._

ck/fwLx¿n] o;sf] b'?kof]u ubf{ ;f+\u&lgs ck/fwsf #^gfx¿ a(\g ;S%g\ . o;n]

s}of}F JolStsf] hLjg vt/fdf kg{ ;S% . To;}n] lj!fg j/bfg geO{ clezfk xf] eGg] s'/fdf

hf]* lbFb} d oxfFaf^ labf x'G%' . wGojfb . -tfnL aH% ._

pb\#f]ifs

wGojfb, cfzf/fd yf?nfO{ . ca d cfhsf] jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf jStfx¿sf] af]Ng]

j|md oxLF ;dfKt ePsf] hfgsf/L u/fpF%' . o;kl% lg)ff{osx¿n] cfkm\gf] lg)f{o ;'gfpg'eGbf

klxn] cltly dxfg'efjx¿n] cfkm\gf] dGtJo /fVg'x'g] % . lg)ff{ossf] lg)f{okl% ljh]tf

k|ltof]uLx¿nfO{ k'/:sf/ ljt/)f ul/g] % / cGTodf ;efWoIfsf] dGtJo;lxt ;ef

ljh;{g x'g] % . olt eGb} cfhsf] o; sfo{j|mdaf^ d labf x'G%' . wGojfb .

1 =1 =1 =1 =1 = …lj!fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg’ eGg] kf&nfO{ pb\#f]ifs;lxt c¿ rf/ hgf…lj!fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg’ eGg] kf&nfO{ pb\#f]ifs;lxt c¿ rf/ hgf…lj!fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg’ eGg] kf&nfO{ pb\#f]ifs;lxt c¿ rf/ hgf…lj!fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg’ eGg] kf&nfO{ pb\#f]ifs;lxt c¿ rf/ hgf…lj!fg clezfk geO{ j/bfg’ eGg] kf&nfO{ pb\#f]ifs;lxt c¿ rf/ hgf

kfýn] xfpefp;lxt kfn}kfnf] k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .kfýn] xfpefp;lxt kfn}kfnf] k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .kfýn] xfpefp;lxt kfn}kfnf] k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .kfýn] xfpefp;lxt kfn}kfnf] k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .kfýn] xfpefp;lxt kfn}kfnf] k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .

2=2=2=2=2= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] df}lvs pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] df}lvs pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] df}lvs pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] df}lvs pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] df}lvs pTt/ b]pm M

-s_ jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutfsf] ;~rfng sxfF x'Fb} % <

-v_ jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf slt hgf k|ltof]uLx¿n] efu lnPsf %g\ <

-u_ jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutf s'g ljifodf ePsf] lyof]] <

-#_ …lj!fg clezfk xf]Og j/bfg xf]’ eGg] ljifosf] kIf / ljkIfdf ss;n] af]n] <

3=3=3=3=3= tnsf egfO s;n] eg]sf] xf], eg Mtnsf egfO s;n] eg]sf] xf], eg Mtnsf egfO s;n] eg]sf] xf], eg Mtnsf egfO s;n] eg]sf] xf], eg Mtnsf egfO s;n] eg]sf] xf], eg M

-s_ k|ltof]uLx¿n] cfkm\gf ljrf/x¿ /fVbf cToGt} lzi / ;Eo efiffdf /fVg'kg]{ % .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

-v_ hn, yn / gedf ;d]t dflg;n] ljho k|fKt u/]sf] % .

-u_ lakm/, Kn]u / x}hf h:tf k|f)f #fts /f]unfO{ lj!fgn] lgoGý)fdf

lnPsf] % .

-#_ lj!fgn] ljklTt / Wjª;nfO{ lgDTofPsf] % .

-+_ dflg;df b'ef{jgf a(\bf dfgjtfsf kvf{nx¿ uNof{du'n'{d (n]sf %g\ .

4= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M4= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M4= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M4= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M4= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M

-s_ cfw'lgs o'u dfgjsf lglDt lsg j/bfg ;fljt ePsf] % <

-v_ lj!fgnfO{ clezfk dfGg'kg]{ sf/)fx¿ s] s] x'g\ <

-u_ cfzf/fd yf?n] eg]sf d'Vo d'Vo s'/f n]v .

5=5=5=5=5= olb ltdL o; jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf lg)ff{os aGg] cj;/ kfPsf] ePolb ltdL o; jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf lg)ff{os aGg] cj;/ kfPsf] ePolb ltdL o; jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf lg)ff{os aGg] cj;/ kfPsf] ePolb ltdL o; jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf lg)ff{os aGg] cj;/ kfPsf] ePolb ltdL o; jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf lg)ff{os aGg] cj;/ kfPsf] eP

s;nfO{ klxnf] #f]lift uYof}{ / lsg <s;nfO{ klxnf] #f]lift uYof}{ / lsg <s;nfO{ klxnf] #f]lift uYof}{ / lsg <s;nfO{ klxnf] #f]lift uYof}{ / lsg <s;nfO{ klxnf] #f]lift uYof}{ / lsg <

6=6=6=6=6= lj!fg j/bfg xf] eGg] kIfdf af]Ng] b'j} jStfsf ts{x¿ /fd|/L k(]/ kfFrlj!fg j/bfg xf] eGg] kIfdf af]Ng] b'j} jStfsf ts{x¿ /fd|/L k(]/ kfFrlj!fg j/bfg xf] eGg] kIfdf af]Ng] b'j} jStfsf ts{x¿ /fd|/L k(]/ kfFrlj!fg j/bfg xf] eGg] kIfdf af]Ng] b'j} jStfsf ts{x¿ /fd|/L k(]/ kfFrlj!fg j/bfg xf] eGg] kIfdf af]Ng] b'j} jStfsf ts{x¿ /fd|/L k(]/ kfFr

cf]^f a'Fbf l^k / ;f/fªz n]v .cf]^f a'Fbf l^k / ;f/fªz n]v .cf]^f a'Fbf l^k / ;f/fªz n]v .cf]^f a'Fbf l^k / ;f/fªz n]v .cf]^f a'Fbf l^k / ;f/fªz n]v .


7=7=7=7=7= tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfOP h:t} u/L k|Too hf]*L zAb agfpm Mtnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfOP h:t} u/L k|Too hf]*L zAb agfpm Mtnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfOP h:t} u/L k|Too hf]*L zAb agfpm Mtnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfOP h:t} u/L k|Too hf]*L zAb agfpm Mtnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfOP h:t} u/L k|Too hf]*L zAb agfpm M

k|Took|Took|Took|Took|Too zAbzAbzAbzAbzAb zAb ± k|Too zAb ± k|Too zAb ± k|Too zAb ± k|Too zAb ± k|Too yk zAbx¿ yk zAbx¿ yk zAbx¿ yk zAbx¿ yk zAbx¿

Os ;d'b| ;d'b| ±Os = ;fd'lb|s ;dfh, lbg, lj!fg, oGý

Ot ljsf; ljsf;±Ot = ljsl;t s]Gb|, k|b"if)f, ;~rfng, k|lti&f

O{o tfk tfk±O{o = tfkLo dfgj, bfgj, s]Gb|, :ju{, cfTdf


j/bfg, cfIf]k, clezfk, cGtl/If


uNof{du'n'{d, lzi^, 'n' 'n', k|f)f #fts, ;fF#'/f]

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

10=10=10=10=10= tn lbOPsf k|fljlws zAbx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mtn lbOPsf k|fljlws zAbx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mtn lbOPsf k|fljlws zAbx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mtn lbOPsf k|fljlws zAbx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mtn lbOPsf k|fljlws zAbx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

sDKo' /, OG^/g] , oGý dfgj, k/df)f' ad, P^d ad

11=11 =11 =11 =11 = pN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MpN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MpN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MpN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MpN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

;Dej j/bfg cfw'lgs b'?kof]u

pkof]u c;Dej k|frLg clezfk cfljisf/

12=12=12=12=12= ldNbf] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNbf] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNbf] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNbf] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNbf] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

k|ult ýf; skf]n slNkt gofF lgbfg

pGglt dg u(Gt] ;dfwfg ;Gýf; gjLg uf]kgLotf


13=13=13=13=13= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M

cfljisf/, oftfoft, ;+\s^, ljt/)f, pknlAw, z:ýc:ý

14=14=14=14=14= uf]kfn a'(fdu/n] af]n]sf s'/fx¿ lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ tnsf k|Zgx¿sf]uf]kfn a'(fdu/n] af]n]sf s'/fx¿ lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ tnsf k|Zgx¿sf]uf]kfn a'(fdu/n] af]n]sf s'/fx¿ lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ tnsf k|Zgx¿sf]uf]kfn a'(fdu/n] af]n]sf s'/fx¿ lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ tnsf k|Zgx¿sf]uf]kfn a'(fdu/n] af]n]sf s'/fx¿ lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ tnsf k|Zgx¿sf]

pTt/ b]pm MpTt/ b]pm MpTt/ b]pm MpTt/ b]pm MpTt/ b]pm M

-s_ s'g s'g s'/fn] dfgj hLjgnfO{ ;xh t'NofOlbPsf %g\ <

-v_ s]n] s]xL If)fdf v]t hf]Tg / ;Dofpg ;S% <

-u_ x/]s s'/fsf s:tf kIf x'G%g\ <

-#_ lj!fgn] ubf{ s'g s'g If]ýdf &'nf] kl/jt{g cfPsf] % <

15=15=15=15=15= cfzf/fd yf?n] af]n]sf s'/fx¿ k(L hLjg, dfgjLo zAbdf h:t} bL#{cfzf/fd yf?n] af]n]sf s'/fx¿ k(L hLjg, dfgjLo zAbdf h:t} bL#{cfzf/fd yf?n] af]n]sf s'/fx¿ k(L hLjg, dfgjLo zAbdf h:t} bL#{cfzf/fd yf?n] af]n]sf s'/fx¿ k(L hLjg, dfgjLo zAbdf h:t} bL#{cfzf/fd yf?n] af]n]sf s'/fx¿ k(L hLjg, dfgjLo zAbdf h:t} bL#{

Osf/ k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f c¿ zAb vf]h]/ n]v .Osf/ k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f c¿ zAb vf]h]/ n]v .Osf/ k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f c¿ zAb vf]h]/ n]v .Osf/ k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f c¿ zAb vf]h]/ n]v .Osf/ k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f c¿ zAb vf]h]/ n]v .

16=16=16=16=16= ;Ldf vfgn] af]n]sf s'/fx¿ k(L …lj!fg, ljifo’ zAbdf h:t} zAbsf];Ldf vfgn] af]n]sf s'/fx¿ k(L …lj!fg, ljifo’ zAbdf h:t} zAbsf];Ldf vfgn] af]n]sf s'/fx¿ k(L …lj!fg, ljifo’ zAbdf h:t} zAbsf];Ldf vfgn] af]n]sf s'/fx¿ k(L …lj!fg, ljifo’ zAbdf h:t} zAbsf];Ldf vfgn] af]n]sf s'/fx¿ k(L …lj!fg, ljifo’ zAbdf h:t} zAbsf]

;'?df x|:j Osf/ nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .;'?df x|:j Osf/ nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .;'?df x|:j Osf/ nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .;'?df x|:j Osf/ nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .;'?df x|:j Osf/ nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

17=17=17=17=17= tn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf^ z'b\w zAb %fg]/ n]v Mtn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf^ z'b\w zAb %fg]/ n]v Mtn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf^ z'b\w zAb %fg]/ n]v Mtn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf^ z'b\w zAb %fg]/ n]v Mtn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf^ z'b\w zAb %fg]/ n]v M

-s_ cfblg{o cfb/l)fo cfb/)fLo

-v_ clezfk ceL;fk cle;fk

-u_ ctLly cltyL cltly

-#_ k"j{aStf k"j{jStf k"a{jStf

18= kf&df k|of]u ePsf lz/laGb' nfu]sf s]xL zAbx¿ tn lbOPsf %g\ .18= kf&df k|of]u ePsf lz/laGb' nfu]sf s]xL zAbx¿ tn lbOPsf %g\ .18= kf&df k|of]u ePsf lz/laGb' nfu]sf s]xL zAbx¿ tn lbOPsf %g\ .18= kf&df k|of]u ePsf lz/laGb' nfu]sf s]xL zAbx¿ tn lbOPsf %g\ .18= kf&df k|of]u ePsf lz/laGb' nfu]sf s]xL zAbx¿ tn lbOPsf %g\ .

ltgnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ MltgnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ MltgnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ MltgnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ MltgnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

lxª;f, ;ª;f/, g/;ªxf/, Wjª;, ;ª!f


19=19=19=19=19= tnsf jfSox¿ k(, a'em / u/ Mtnsf jfSox¿ k(, a'em / u/ Mtnsf jfSox¿ k(, a'em / u/ Mtnsf jfSox¿ k(, a'em / u/ Mtnsf jfSox¿ k(, a'em / u/ M

-s_ Pp^fPp^fPp^fPp^fPp^f #/sf] ;fgf];fgf];fgf];fgf];fgf] sf]&fdf a;]/ xfdL ;ª;f/sf] cjnf]sg ug{ ;Sg] ePsf %f}F .

-v_ cfw'lgs cfw'lgs cfw'lgs cfw'lgs cfw'lgs lj!fgn] u/]sf] k|ultn] ;ª;f/ ;fF#'/f;fF#'/f;fF#'/f;fF#'/f;fF#'/f] alg;s]sf] % .

-u_ cFWof/f]cFWof/f]cFWof/f]cFWof/f]cFWof/f] o'uaf^ pHofnf]pHofnf]pHofnf]pHofnf]pHofnf] eljiolt/ *f]¥ofpg] sfd lj!fgn] g} u/]sf] % .

-#_ lj!fgn] gofFgofFgofFgofFgofF ;ª;f/sf] ;'Gb/;'Gb/;'Gb/;'Gb/;'Gb/ ;kgf b]vfPsf] % .

pbfx/)f x]/L kf&df k|of]u ePsf b; cf] f ljz]if)f zAb l^k]/ jfSodfpbfx/)f x]/L kf&df k|of]u ePsf b; cf] f ljz]if)f zAb l^k]/ jfSodfpbfx/)f x]/L kf&df k|of]u ePsf b; cf] f ljz]if)f zAb l^k]/ jfSodfpbfx/)f x]/L kf&df k|of]u ePsf b; cf] f ljz]if)f zAb l^k]/ jfSodfpbfx/)f x]/L kf&df k|of]u ePsf b; cf] f ljz]if)f zAb l^k]/ jfSodf

k|of]u u/ .k|of]u u/ .k|of]u u/ .k|of]u u/ .k|of]u u/ .

20= kf&df ;Ldf vfgn] JoSt u/]sf ljrf/sf] cGTolt/ …aH%, ;Sb}g, rfxG%'’20= kf&df ;Ldf vfgn] JoSt u/]sf ljrf/sf] cGTolt/ …aH%, ;Sb}g, rfxG%'’20= kf&df ;Ldf vfgn] JoSt u/]sf ljrf/sf] cGTolt/ …aH%, ;Sb}g, rfxG%'’20= kf&df ;Ldf vfgn] JoSt u/]sf ljrf/sf] cGTolt/ …aH%, ;Sb}g, rfxG%'’20= kf&df ;Ldf vfgn] JoSt u/]sf ljrf/sf] cGTolt/ …aH%, ;Sb}g, rfxG%'’

h:tf jt{dfg sfnsf lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . tL lj|mofkbnfO{ k")f{h:tf jt{dfg sfnsf lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . tL lj|mofkbnfO{ k")f{h:tf jt{dfg sfnsf lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . tL lj|mofkbnfO{ k")f{h:tf jt{dfg sfnsf lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . tL lj|mofkbnfO{ k")f{h:tf jt{dfg sfnsf lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . tL lj|mofkbnfO{ k")f{

jt{dfg sfnsf lj|mofkbdf kl/jt{g u/L n]v .jt{dfg sfnsf lj|mofkbdf kl/jt{g u/L n]v .jt{dfg sfnsf lj|mofkbdf kl/jt{g u/L n]v .jt{dfg sfnsf lj|mofkbdf kl/jt{g u/L n]v .jt{dfg sfnsf lj|mofkbdf kl/jt{g u/L n]v .

21=21=21=21=21= eljiot\ sfnsf lj|mofkbsf] k|of]u u/]/ cfkm"n] ef]ln ug'{kg]{ sfdsfeljiot\ sfnsf lj|mofkbsf] k|of]u u/]/ cfkm"n] ef]ln ug'{kg]{ sfdsfeljiot\ sfnsf lj|mofkbsf] k|of]u u/]/ cfkm"n] ef]ln ug'{kg]{ sfdsfeljiot\ sfnsf lj|mofkbsf] k|of]u u/]/ cfkm"n] ef]ln ug'{kg]{ sfdsfeljiot\ sfnsf lj|mofkbsf] k|of]u u/]/ cfkm"n] ef]ln ug'{kg]{ sfdsf af/]dfaf/]dfaf/]dfaf/]dfaf/]df

kfFr cf]^f jfSo n]v .kfFr cf]^f jfSo n]v .kfFr cf]^f jfSo n]v .kfFr cf]^f jfSo n]v .kfFr cf]^f jfSo n]v .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8


kb ;+\ult gldn]sf jfSo kb ;+\ult ldn]sf jfSokb ;+\ult gldn]sf jfSo kb ;+\ult ldn]sf jfSokb ;+\ult gldn]sf jfSo kb ;+\ult ldn]sf jfSokb ;+\ult gldn]sf jfSo kb ;+\ult ldn]sf jfSokb ;+\ult gldn]sf jfSo kb ;+\ult ldn]sf jfSo

d lj!fg j/bfg xf] eGg] kIfdf af]N% . d lj!fg j/bfg xf] eGg] kIfdf af]N%' .

d]/f] cfdfn] lj!fgnfO{ clezfk eGof] . d]/L cfdfn] lj!fgnfO{ clezfk eGg'eof] .

xfdLn] jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf efu lnof] . xfdLn] jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutfdf efu lnof}F .

d]/f] alxgL k|ltof]lutfdf efu lnG% . d]/L alxgL k|ltof]lutfdf efu lnlG%g\ .

dflysf] tflnsf cWoog u/L tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ kb ;+\ult ldnfP/ n]v dflysf] tflnsf cWoog u/L tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ kb ;+\ult ldnfP/ n]v dflysf] tflnsf cWoog u/L tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ kb ;+\ult ldnfP/ n]v dflysf] tflnsf cWoog u/L tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ kb ;+\ult ldnfP/ n]v dflysf] tflnsf cWoog u/L tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ kb ;+\ult ldnfP/ n]v MMMMM

-s_ d]/f] ;fyLx¿ af]Nb} % .

-v_ d]/f] afafn] dnfO{ sfo{j|mddf efu lng k&fof] .

-u_ pgLx¿ jfb ljjfb ub}{ % .

-#_ u'? d~rdf cfof] .

-+_ ltd|f] ;fyLx¿n] k|ltof]lutf lhTg] % .


23=23=23=23=23= …ufpFn] hLjgeGbf ;xl/of hLjg a];’ eGg] ljifosf] kIfdf Pp^f…ufpFn] hLjgeGbf ;xl/of hLjg a];’ eGg] ljifosf] kIfdf Pp^f…ufpFn] hLjgeGbf ;xl/of hLjg a];’ eGg] ljifosf] kIfdf Pp^f…ufpFn] hLjgeGbf ;xl/of hLjg a];’ eGg] ljifosf] kIfdf Pp^f…ufpFn] hLjgeGbf ;xl/of hLjg a];’ eGg] ljifosf] kIfdf Pp^f

jfb ljjfb n]v .jfb ljjfb n]v .jfb ljjfb n]v .jfb ljjfb n]v .jfb ljjfb n]v .

24=24=24=24=24= …hflu/eGbf Jofkf/ a];’ eGg] ljifosf] kIf / ljkIfdf cfkm\gf…hflu/eGbf Jofkf/ a];’ eGg] ljifosf] kIf / ljkIfdf cfkm\gf…hflu/eGbf Jofkf/ a];’ eGg] ljifosf] kIf / ljkIfdf cfkm\gf…hflu/eGbf Jofkf/ a];’ eGg] ljifosf] kIf / ljkIfdf cfkm\gf…hflu/eGbf Jofkf/ a];’ eGg] ljifosf] kIf / ljkIfdf cfkm\gf

ts{x¿ k|:t't u/ .ts{x¿ k|:t't u/ .ts{x¿ k|:t't u/ .ts{x¿ k|:t't u/ .ts{x¿ k|:t't u/ .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

;flxTosf/ /jLGb|gfy &fs'/ ;flxTosf/ /jLGb|gfy &fs'/ ;flxTosf/ /jLGb|gfy &fs'/ ;flxTosf/ /jLGb|gfy &fs'/ ;flxTosf/ /jLGb|gfy &fs'/

dflg; af}b\lws Ifdtf ePsf] k|f)fL xf] . dflg;dWo]

sltko o:tf k|ltefzfnL dflg;n] ljZjnfO{ rlst

kf/]sf %g\ . tL dWo] ;flxTosf/ /jLGb|gfy &fs'/

o:t} k|ltefzfnLk|ltefzfnLk|ltefzfnLk|ltefzfnLk|ltefzfnL JolSt x'g\ . pgL ljZj ljVoftljVoftljVoftljVoftljVoft

gf]a]n k'/:sf/ lhTg] klxnf] Pl;ofnL ;flxTosf/

x'g\ . To;}n] /jLGb|gfynfO{ cGt/f{li «o ;flxTosf/sf]

pRr :yfgdf /flvG% . pgn] kfFr jif{sf] slnnf]

pd]/df g} sljtf /r]/ cfkm\gf u'?x¿nfO{ ;d]t

%Ss kf/]sf lyP . clxn] pgsf /rgf ef/t /

a+\unfb]zsf /fli «o ufg ag]sf %g\ . of] ljZjdf

s;}n] xfl;nxfl;nxfl;nxfl;nxfl;n ug{ g;s]sf] uf}/jdo k|lti&f xf] . pgL

slj, syfsf/, pkGof;sf/, gf^ssf/ / lrýsf/sf ¿kdf klg k|l;b\w %g\ .

/jLGb|gfy &fs'/sf] hGd ;g\ 1861 d] 7 df ePsf] lyof] . pgL ef/tl:yt sf]nsftfsf]

hf]*f;fFs' eGg] &fpFdf hGd]sf lyP . pgsf afh] åf/sfgfy To; If]ýsf k|Voft JolSt

lyP . pgsf lktfsf] gfd b]j]Gb|gfy / dftfsf] gfd zf/bfb]jL lyof] . pgsf] kl/jf/

lzlIft / ;DkGg lyof] . pgL ;ft hgf bfh'efOdWo] sfG%f lyP . ;fg}df pgnfO{

k(fpgsf nflu ljb\ofno egf{ ul/of] . pgL ljb\ofnosf] ;Lldt jftfj/)fdf eGbf

:jtGý /x]/ v'nf jftfj/)fdf l;Sg rfxGy] . To;}n] #/df x'g] ;flxTo, ;+\uLt /

lrýsnf ;DaGwL rrf{df pgL ljz]if Wofg lbGy] . of] s'/f a'emL pgnfO{ #/d} k(\g] /

;+\uLtsf] cEof; u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/of] .


k|ltefzfnLk|ltefzfnLk|ltefzfnLk|ltefzfnLk|ltefzfnL – ljlzi^ Ifdtf ePsf JolSt

ljVoftljVoftljVoftljVoftljVoft – k|l;b\w

xfl;nxfl;nxfl;nxfl;nxfl;n – k|fKt

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

/jLGb|gfy &fs'/n] P#f/ jif{s} pd]/df …k[YjL k/fho’ gfds uxlsnf] gf^s n]v] . To;} jif{

/jLGb|gfys} ?lrcg';f/ pgnfO{ a'afn] k|s[ltsf] ljlrý :yn lxdfno e|d)f ug{ nu] .

To; a]nf pgn]] dxf;fu/b]lv lxdfno;Ddsf] hLjg / hut\ ;DaGwL km/flsnf] cg'ej

a^'n] . To;} df}sfdf ljleGg If]ýsf dflg; / ltgn] ef]u]sf b'Mv, si^, zf]if)f,

pTkL*gnfO{ pgn] glhs}af^ a'e\mg kfP . pgsf cg'ejx¿sf] %fk ;flxlTos s[ltx¿df

kfOG% . rf}w jif{sf] afNosfndf ;f]/ ;o x/kmsf] …agkm'n’ sljtf n]vL pgn] ;a}nfO{

ljl:dtljl:dtljl:dtljl:dtljl:dt kf/] . o;/L pgL ;flxTosf/sf ¿kdf htftt} k|l;b\w x'g yfn] .

/jLGb|gfy cf}krfl/s cWoognfO{ cl# a(fpg a]nfot uP . ToxfF nG*g ljZj ljb\ofnodf

egf{ eO{ k(\g klg yfn] . pgnfO{ cfkm\gf] b]zsf] dfofn] %f*]g . pgL ef/t kmls{P/

cWoog, e|d)f / n]vgdf tNnLg eP . ;g\ 1883 df 22 jif{sf] pd]/df pgsf] ljjfx

d[)fflngLb]jL;Fu eof] . To;kl% pgL u[x:y hLjg / ;flxTodf r'n'{Dd *'a] . pgL j|mdzM

jf+\dojf+\dojf+\dojf+\dojf+\dosf dd{!dd{!dd{!dd{!dd{! / ;flxTosf pTs[i^pTs[i^pTs[i^pTs[i^pTs[i^ ;h{s dflgg yfn] . To; avt /jLGb|gfy ;flxTo

l;h{gfdf nLg eP . To;}n] pgL ljlzi^ >])fLsf ;flxTosf/ aGg ;kmn eP . pgn] efiff

;flxTodf bfh' Hof]lt/]Gb|;Fu ldnL ef/tL klýsfsf] ;Dkfbg u/] . To;} u/L efph"sf]

efjgf / rfxgfaf^ clek|]l/t eO{ ;fgf s] fs] Lsf nflu afn klýsf klg lgsfn] . oL

sfo{x¿n] ubf{ pgsf] of]ubfgnfO{ cem km/flsnf] kf¥of] .

hLjg #fd%fofsf] ofýf xf] . dflg;n] hLjgdf slxn] ;'v t slxn] b'Mv ef]Ug'k%{ .

/jLGb|gfy ;DkGg kl/jf/sf ePsfn] afNo hLjg w]/}h;f] ;'vdo g} /x\of] t/ pgn]] ;'v

dfý ef]Ug kfPgg\ . cg]sf}F b'Mv klg ef]u]sf lyP . 13 jif{sf] afNosfndf pgn] ddtfdoL

dftfsf] la%f]* ;xg'k¥of] . pgnfO{ ;+\uLt / ;flxTodf k|]/)ff lbg] efph"sf] klg c;fdlos

d[To' eof] . pgnfO{ cfdf / cfdft'No efph"sf] lj%f]*n] c;fWo} cl:y/ agfof] . To:tf

zf]snfO{ ljljw ;fwgfsf] ;|f]t agfpFb} pgn] cfkm"nfO{ ;Dxfn] . clg t ´g\ tNnLgtNnLgtNnLgtNnLgtNnLg eO{

sljtfsf] cf/fwgfdf nfu] . To;/L g} pgn] syf, pkGof;, gf^s cflbsf] /rgf u/] .

o;afx]s uLt, ;+\uLt / lrýsnfsf] ;fwgfdf klg pgL nfu] . ;g\ 1901 df pgn] zflGt

lgs]tg gfds ljb\ofnosf] klg :yfkgf u/] . o; ljb\ofnodf k|fs[lts Pjd\ ljb\ofyL{

ljl:dtljl:dtljl:dtljl:dtljl:dt – rlstjf+\dojf+\dojf+\dojf+\dojf+\do – efiffdf n]lvPsf ;a} s[lt jf u|Gydd {!dd {!dd {!dd {!dd {! – dd{ a'e\mg]pTs [ i^pTs[i^pTs[i^pTs[i^pTs[i^ – >]i&, ;a}eGbf /fd|f]tNnLgtNnLgtNnLgtNnLgtNnLg – sfddf nflu k/]sf], tTk/

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

d}ýL jftfj/)fdf lzIff lng] Joj:yf lyof] . Tolt dfý geP/ To; ljb\ofnosf nflu

kf&\o k':ts klg n]v] . log} ;'sfo{;'sfo{;'sfo{;'sfo{;'sfo{x¿n] ubf{ pgsf] rrf{ ;j{ý x'g yfNof] .

/jLGb|gfysf] hLjgdf km]l/ b'Mvsf] em/L ;'? eof] . ;g\ 1902 df pgn] kTgL ljof]usf]

s&f]/ kL*f ;xg'k¥of] . %f] f] cGt/fndf g} ;g\ 1903 df dflxnL %f]/L laltg\ . To;kl%

;g\ 1905 df a'afsf] lgwg eof] . pgsf] bodf %f]/L / a'afsf] lj%f]*n] agfPsf] #fp

gk'l/Fb} ;g\ 1907 df pgn] sfG%f] %f]/fsf] ljof]u vKg'k¥of] . t/ klg pgL ljrlnt geO{

;fwgfdf h' L g} /x] . pgn] cfkm"n] :yflkt u/]sf] ljb\ofnonfO{ ljZj ljb\ofnodf kl/)ft

u/] . ;flxTosf If]ýdf cg]sf}F /rgf tof/ kf/] . logsf /rgfdWo] sljtf ljwfdf

…uLtf~hnL’ Hofb} k|l;b\w % . o; s[ltdf k|s[ltsf] aflx/L / cfGtl/s ;f}Gbo{sf] lrý)f

/ O{Zj/sf] dlxdf ufg ul/Psf] % . To;/L g} o;df k|s[lt, O{Zj/ / dflg;sf] dfem

#lgi^#lgi^#lgi^#lgi^#lgi^ ;DaGw b]vfOPsf] % . a+\ufnLdf k|ydtM %f] f syf /rgf ug]{ pgsf syfdf

…sfa'nL afnf’ / pkGof;df …uf]/f’ k|Voft %g\ . pgsf gf^sdf …/Sts/aL’ / …kmfNu'gL’

lgs} rlr{t %g\ . o;} j|mddf pgn] uLtf~hnLnfO{ c+\u|]hLdf ;d]t cg'jfb u/] . o;

sfo{n] ubf{ cGt/f{li «o :t/df ;d]t pgsf] Voflt km}lnof] . ;g\ 1913 df pgsf]

…uLtf~hnL’ s[ltsf nflu ljZj ljVoftljZj ljVoftljZj ljVoftljZj ljVoftljZj ljVoft gf]a]n k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/of] . pgL ljZj

;flxTosf pHHjn gIfýgIfýgIfýgIfýgIfýsf ¿kdf ljVoft ag] . o;/L ljljw ;fwgfdf nfUbfnfUb} c;L

jif{sf] pd]/df ;g\ 1941 cu:^ 7 df pgsf] d[To' eof] .

gf]a]n k'/:sf/ ljh]tf /jLGb|gfyn] pgsf s[ltdf k|s[lt, O{Zj/ / dflg;sf ckf/ dlxdf

ufPsf %g\ . pgn] !fgsf] k|;f/nfO{ ;j{ý dxTTj lbPsf %g\ . pgsf b[li^df dfgj

clwsf/, /fi «k|]d / ;dfh ;'wf/ ;jf]{kl/;jf]{kl/;jf]{kl/;jf]{kl/;jf]{kl/ dxTTjsf ljifo x'g\ . pgL :jtGýtf ;+\u|fdsf

of]b\wf ePsfn] ;Dk")f{ dfgjsf] d'lStd'lStd'lStd'lStd'lSt / ;d[b\lw pgsf] ceLi^ceLi^ceLi^ceLi^ceLi^ xf] . pgsf ;d:t

l;h{gfaf^ log} cd/ cfbz{ k|]/)ff kfpg ;lsG% .

;'sfo{;'sfo{;'sfo{;'sfo{;'sfo{ – /fd|f] sfd

#lgi^#lgi^#lgi^#lgi^#lgi^ – Hofb} uxg

ljZj ljVoftljZj ljVoftljZj ljVoftljZj ljVoftljZj ljVoft – ;ª;f/ k|l;b\w

gIfýgIfýgIfýgIfýgIfý – tf/f

;jf] {kl/;jf] {kl/;jf] {kl/;jf] {kl/;jf] {kl/ – ;a}eGbf dfly

d'lStd'lStd'lStd'lStd'lSt – :jtGýtf

ceLi^ceLi^ceLi^ceLi^ceLi^ – rfx]sf] s'/f

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

1= k|:t't kf& sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k( / ;'g .1= k|:t't kf& sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k( / ;'g .1= k|:t't kf& sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k( / ;'g .1= k|:t't kf& sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k( / ;'g .1= k|:t't kf& sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k( / ;'g .

2= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ eg M2= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ eg M2= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ eg M2= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ eg M2= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ eg M

-s_ /jLGb|gfysf] hGd sxfF ePsf] lyof] <

-v_ /jLGb|gfyn] ;flxTo l;h{gf ug]{ k|]/)ff s;/L k|fKt u/] <

-u_ /jLGb|gfyn] s'g ljZj k|l;b\w k'/:sf/ kfP <

-#_ /jLGb|gfysf] ljjfx slt jif{sf] pd]/df sf];Fu eof] <

-+_ /jLGb|gfysf k|d'v rf/ cf] f s[ltx¿ s] s] x'g\ <

-r_ /jLGb|gfysf b[li^df ;jf]{kl/ dlxdfsf ljifo s] x'g\ <

3= hf]*f ldnfpm M3= hf]*f ldnfpm M3= hf]*f ldnfpm M3= hf]*f ldnfpm M3= hf]*f ldnfpm M

/jLGb|gfysf] hGd ;g\ 1883

d[)fflngLb]jL;Fu ljjfx hf]*f;fFs'

zflGt lgs]tg ;g\ 1902

d[)fflngLb]jLsf] d[To' uf]/f

gf]a]n k'/:sf/ k|flKt ljb\ofno

/jLGb|gfysf] b]x Tofu ;g\ 1913

;g\ 1941


-s_ /jLGb|gfysf] afNosfn s;/L lat]sf] lyof] <

-v_ /jLGb|gfyn] lxdfnsf] ofýfaf^ s] s] cg'ej a 'n] <

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

-u_ /jLGb|gfysf] …uLtf~hnL’ s:tf] s[lt xf] <

-#_ zflGt lgs]tg ljb\ofno :yfkgfsf] d'Vo pb\b]Zo s] lyof] <

-+_ /jLGb|gfyn] s[ltsf dfWodaf^ lbPsf d'Vo ;Gb]z s] s] x'g\ <

5 kf&sf] kfFrf}F cg'R%]b k(L rf/ cf] f d'Vo a'Fbfx¿ l^k / Ps t[tLofªzdf ;f/fªz n]v .


6=6=6=6=6= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf]*f ldnfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ Mljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf]*f ldnfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ Mljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf]*f ldnfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ Mljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf]*f ldnfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ Mljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf]*f ldnfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M

h:t} M pTs[i^ = lgs[i^

cfsif{)f lktf cf}krfl/s

cgf}krfl/s ljsif{)f c?lr dftf

7=7=7=7=7= p:t} cy{ lbg] zAbx¿;Fu hf]*f ldnfpm Mp:t} cy{ lbg] zAbx¿;Fu hf]*f ldnfpm Mp:t} cy{ lbg] zAbx¿;Fu hf]*f ldnfpm Mp:t} cy{ lbg] zAbx¿;Fu hf]*f ldnfpm Mp:t} cy{ lbg] zAbx¿;Fu hf]*f ldnfpm M

rlst k|l;b\w cgdf]n :jtGý

k|Voft cd"No lj%f]* %Ss d'St

8=8=8=8=8= tnsf zAbsf PseGbf a(L cy{ k( / a'em Mtnsf zAbsf PseGbf a(L cy{ k( / a'em Mtnsf zAbsf PseGbf a(L cy{ k( / a'em Mtnsf zAbsf PseGbf a(L cy{ k( / a'em Mtnsf zAbsf PseGbf a(L cy{ k( / a'em M

;DkGg M 1= wgL 2= ;lsPsf]

df}sf M 1= ;ªof]u 2= cj;/

If]ý M 1= :yfg 2= v]t

b[li^ M 1= cfFvf 2= x]/fO

;+\u|fd M 1= ;+\#if{ 2= n*fOF

9=9=9=9=9= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ eg Mtnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ eg Mtnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ eg Mtnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ eg Mtnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ eg M

ljljw, ;flxTosf/, k|lti&f, uf}/jdo, dgf]/d, uxlsnf], u[x:y, ;|f]t, cf/fwgf,

lgeL{s, cGt/fn, ddtfdoL

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

10=10=10=10=10= …lje"if)f’ zAbaf^ …lje"lift’ eP em}F tnsf zAbaf^ x'g] ¿k n]v M…lje"if)f’ zAbaf^ …lje"lift’ eP em}F tnsf zAbaf^ x'g] ¿k n]v M…lje"if)f’ zAbaf^ …lje"lift’ eP em}F tnsf zAbaf^ x'g] ¿k n]v M…lje"if)f’ zAbaf^ …lje"lift’ eP em}F tnsf zAbaf^ x'g] ¿k n]v M…lje"if)f’ zAbaf^ …lje"lift’ eP em}F tnsf zAbaf^ x'g] ¿k n]v M

/rgf ============================ k|;f/ =====================

k|lti&f =============================== cfsif{)f =======================

Joj:yf =============================== lzIff ========================

11=11=11=11=11= ;flxTo ± sf/ ;flxTo ± sf/ ;flxTo ± sf/ ;flxTo ± sf/ ;flxTo ± sf/ = …;flxTosf/’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbaf^ gofF zAb agfpm M…;flxTosf/’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbaf^ gofF zAb agfpm M…;flxTosf/’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbaf^ gofF zAb agfpm M…;flxTosf/’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbaf^ gofF zAb agfpm M…;flxTosf/’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbaf^ gofF zAb agfpm M

syf, pkGof;, gf^s, lrý, ;+\uLt, uLt, d"lt{

12=12=12=12=12= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mcy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mcy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mcy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mcy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

k|ltef, ljZj, cEof;, cd/, k|]/)ff


13=13=13=13=13= z'b\w pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mz'b\w pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mz'b\w pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mz'b\w pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ Mz'b\w pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M

af}b\lws, k|f)fL, cgdf]n, uxlsnf], tNnLg, dd{!, ;h{s, jf+\do, ;|f]t, ;fwgf,

/fi «k|]d, :jtGýtf, ceLi^, k|;f/, cd"No

14=14=14=14=14= af]nfO / n]vfOsf] km/s a'´ Maf]nfO / n]vfOsf] km/s a'´ Maf]nfO / n]vfOsf] km/s a'´ Maf]nfO / n]vfOsf] km/s a'´ Maf]nfO / n]vfOsf] km/s a'´ M

af]nfO n]vfO af]nfO n]vfO

O:;f]/ O{Zj/ la:j ljZj

cAEof;\ cEof; l;lS%t\ lzlIft

klt{ef k|ltef lrTýsnf lrýsnf

15=15=15=15=15= kf&sf] bf];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ eg Mkf&sf] bf];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ eg Mkf&sf] bf];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ eg Mkf&sf] bf];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ eg Mkf&sf] bf];|f] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ eg M

-s_ /jLGb|gfy lsg :jtGý /x]/ l;Sg rfxGy] <

-v_ /jLGb|gfy s] ;DaGwL rrf{df ljz]if Wofg lbGy] <

-u_ /jLGb|gfysf] s]df a(L cfsif{)f lyof] <

-#_ /jLGb|gfynfO{ ;flxTodf ?lr a(fpg] #^gf s'g xf] <

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

16=16=16=16=16= kf&af^ bL#{ Osf/ / bL#{ psf/ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf] f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .kf&af^ bL#{ Osf/ / bL#{ psf/ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf] f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .kf&af^ bL#{ Osf/ / bL#{ psf/ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf] f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .kf&af^ bL#{ Osf/ / bL#{ psf/ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf] f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .kf&af^ bL#{ Osf/ / bL#{ psf/ nfu]sf kfFr kfFr cf] f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .


17=17=17=17=17= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]bsf lj|mofkbnfO{ c!ft e"t sfndf kl/jt{g u/Lkf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]bsf lj|mofkbnfO{ c!ft e"t sfndf kl/jt{g u/Lkf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]bsf lj|mofkbnfO{ c!ft e"t sfndf kl/jt{g u/Lkf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]bsf lj|mofkbnfO{ c!ft e"t sfndf kl/jt{g u/Lkf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]bsf lj|mofkbnfO{ c!ft e"t sfndf kl/jt{g u/L

k'gn]{vg u/k'gn]{vg u/k'gn]{vg u/k'gn]{vg u/k'gn]{vg u/ .

18=18=18=18=18= tnsf e"t sfnsf ;fdfGo kIfsf lj|mofkbnfO{ cEo:t kIfdf kl/jt{gtnsf e"t sfnsf ;fdfGo kIfsf lj|mofkbnfO{ cEo:t kIfdf kl/jt{gtnsf e"t sfnsf ;fdfGo kIfsf lj|mofkbnfO{ cEo:t kIfdf kl/jt{gtnsf e"t sfnsf ;fdfGo kIfsf lj|mofkbnfO{ cEo:t kIfdf kl/jt{gtnsf e"t sfnsf ;fdfGo kIfsf lj|mofkbnfO{ cEo:t kIfdf kl/jt{g

u/L k'gn]{vg u/ Mu/L k'gn]{vg u/ Mu/L k'gn]{vg u/ Mu/L k'gn]{vg u/ Mu/L k'gn]{vg u/ M

-s_ /jLGb|gfyn] tNnLg eO{ sljtfsf] cf/fwgf u/] .

-v_ pgn] gf^s /rgf u/] .

-u_ pgn] gofF lsl;dsf %f] f syf n]v] .

-#_ pgn] dgf]j}!flgs cfwf/df pkGof; /r] .

-+_ pgL lrýsnfsf] ;fwgfdf nfu] .

-r_ pgn] zflGt lgs]tg gfds ljb\ofno vf]n] .

-%_ pgn] ljb\ofnosf nflu kf&\o k':ts klg n]v] .

19=19=19=19=19= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g u/ Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g u/ Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g u/ Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g u/ Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M

-s_ pgLx¿ sljtf n]V%g\ . -;Defjgfy{_

-v_ ltdLx¿ kf&\o k':ts k(\%f} . -;Defjgfy{_

-u_ xfdL %f] f syf k(\%f}F . -OR%fy{_

-#_ /jLGb|gfyn] sljtfsf] cf/fwgf u/] . -;Defjgfy{_

-+_ efOn] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ kfpF% . -OR%fy{_

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g]kfnL, sIff 8


20=20=20=20=20= tnsf ljj/)fsf cfwf/df %f] f] hLjgL n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm Mtnsf ljj/)fsf cfwf/df %f] f] hLjgL n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm Mtnsf ljj/)fsf cfwf/df %f] f] hLjgL n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm Mtnsf ljj/)fsf cfwf/df %f] f] hLjgL n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm Mtnsf ljj/)fsf cfwf/df %f] f] hLjgL n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm M

gfd M lzj clwsf/L

hGd M lj=;ª= 2010, a}/]gL uflj;, wflb+

afNo hLjg M ;fdfGo kl/jf/sf] ePsfn] b'Mv ;'vdf lat]sf]

dftflktf M O{Zj/Lb]jL / k")f{rGb| clwsf/L

lzIff M :gftsf]Tt/ -g]kfnL_

k];f M kýsfl/tf

;ªnUgtf

– 2030 ;fnb]lv kýsfl/tf If]ýdf ;ªnUg

– …b]zfGt/’ ;fKtflxs sf] ;Dkfbs

– …;'?lr’ ;fKtflxs sf] k|wfg ;Dkfbs

– …uf]/vfký’ b}lgsdf k|wfg ;Dkfbs / dxfk|aGws

k|sflzt k|d'v s[ltx¿

– pkGof;x¿ M …k'ZrnL’, …r]i^f’, …ljlbzf’, …cfv] ’ cflb

– – – – – gf^sx¿ M …ýf;bL d'b|fx¿’, …tf;sf] hfdf’ cflb

– sljtf ;+\u|xx¿ M …;Dk|lt’ cflb


– – – – – ljb|f]xL gf^ssf/, k|ultzLn slj

– – – – – lj;+\ultjfbL lrGtg, , , , , /fhgLlts ljs[ltk|lt Jo+\Uo

k'/:sf/ tyf dfg ;Ddfg M o'jfjif{ df]tL k'/:sf/, uf]/vf blIf)fafx' rf}yf]

lgwg M lj=;ª= 2060

21= s'g} :yfgLo k|]/s JolStsf] hLjgL ;DaGwL tYo ;+\sng u/]/21= s'g} :yfgLo k|]/s JolStsf] hLjgL ;DaGwL tYo ;+\sng u/]/21= s'g} :yfgLo k|]/s JolStsf] hLjgL ;DaGwL tYo ;+\sng u/]/21= s'g} :yfgLo k|]/s JolStsf] hLjgL ;DaGwL tYo ;+\sng u/]/21= s'g} :yfgLo k|]/s JolStsf] hLjgL ;DaGwL tYo ;+\sng u/]/

a'Fbf tof/ kf/L hLjgL n]v .a'Fbf tof/ kf/L hLjgL n]v .a'Fbf tof/ kf/L hLjgL n]v .a'Fbf tof/ kf/L hLjgL n]v .a'Fbf tof/ kf/L hLjgL n]v .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

&u ;dfltof]&u ;dfltof]&u ;dfltof]&u ;dfltof]&u ;dfltof]

–ljho rfln;]–ljho rfln;]–ljho rfln;]–ljho rfln;]–ljho rfln;]

ljj|md / lj/fh ;fg}b]lv cfkm\gf] sfd cfkm}F uy]{ . pgLx¿ k(\gdf klg t]h lyP . ljj|md

;fgf] eP klg Psbd} rnfv lyof] . ;fgL alxgL eg] cfkm\gf] sfd cfkm}F ug]{ pd]/sL lyOg .

To;}n] p;nfO{ cfdf / bfh'n] db\bt ug'{x'GYof] . ljj|md / lj/fh ;dodf k(\g hfGy] .

;dodf s]xL a]/ v]Ny] / ;dod} #/ kms{Gy] .

afaf kf]v/f hfg'ePsf] lyof] . ljj|md :s'naf^ kms]{/ s]xL a]/ v]Ng egL lgl:sof] .

v]n]/ kms{Fbf ;fFem kg}{ cfF ]sf] lyof] . Tolt a]nf klg lj/fh #/ kms]{sf] lyPg . ;w}F

;dod} cfpg] %f]/fn] ca]/ u/]sfdf cfdf lrlGtt x'g'x'GYof] . cfh lj/fhn] lsg ca]/

u¥of] < cfdfsf] lrGtf a(\b} lyof] . TolTts}df aflx/ s;}n] #G^L ahfof] . lj/fh

cfOk'u]sf] xf]nf eGg] ;Dem]/ cfdfsf] cg'xf/ pHofnf] eof] t/ aflx/ lj/fhs} pd]/sf] cs}{

s] f] plePsf] lyof] .

ætkfO{F lj/fhsL cfdf xf] <Æ cfdfnfO{

b]Vgf;fy p;n] s]xL cflTtP em}F u/L ;f]Wof] .

æxf] afa' sf] lg < lj/fhnfO{ lrGg'x'G% <Æ

p;sf] cflTtP h:tf] :j/:j/:j/:j/:j/ ;'g]/ cfdf cem

lrlGtt x'g'eof] . æd lj/fhsf] ;fyL x'F .

sn]haf^ kms{Fbf lj/fhnfO{ df] /n] &Ss/

lbof] . xfdLn] c:ktfn nu]sf %f}F . t'?Gt}

pkrf/ ug'{k%{ /], d k};f lng cfPsf] . b;

xhf/ lbg'xf];\, d lnP/ uOxfN%' .Æ p;sf]

s'/f ;'g]/ cfdf Psbd} cflTtg'eof] . ækv

afa', d k};f lnP/ cfpF%' . ;Fu} hfpFnf .Æ

cfdf cflTtPs} cj:yfdf hjfkm} gkvL{ leý


:j/:j/:j/:j/:j/ – cfjfh

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

k:g'eof] . ljj|mdn] ;'?b]lv g} To; s] fsf] cg'xf/ u*]/ x]l//x]sf] lyof] . lj/fhsf w]/};fyLx¿nfO{ pm lrGbYof] t/ o; s] fnfO{ eg] p;n] lrg]g . p;sf] cg'xf/ klg ToltcflTtPsf] / lrlGtt h:tf] nfu]g .

æn lxF* ljj|md, ltdL alxgL x]/]/ al;/xg" x}, d rfF*} cfpF%' .Æ cfdf c:ktfn hfglxF*\g vf]Hg'eof] . æxf]Og, #/df ;fgf efO alxgL %g\ . tkfO{F guP klg x'G% . xfdL %Fb}%f}F lg, lj/fhsf] x]/ ljrf/ ug{ .Æ To; s] fn] eGof] . p;sf] s'/fn] ljj|mdnfO{ emg\z+\sf nfUof] . p;n] em \ ;lDemof], æbfOn] laxfg #/ kms{g ca]/ca]/ca]/ca]/ca]/ x'G% eGg'ePsf] lyof] ./d]zsxfF uP/ k(\g' % klg eGg'ePsf] lyof] .Æ ljj|mdnfO{ Ps k^s /d]zsxfF kmf]g u/]/a'e\mg dg nfUof] . æcfdf Psl%g kv{g'xf];\ x} Æ c¿ s]xL gegL pm leý k:of] . /d]zsf]#/df kmf]g u¥of] . kmf]g /d]zn] g} p&fof] . ljj|mdn] #/df ePsf ;a} s'/f ;'gfof] .

æTo; s] fsf] cg'xf/ s:tf] %, eg t < lj/fh / xl/ ;Fu;Fu} lgl:sPsf lyP . xl/ kf]xf] ls t Æ /d]zn] ;f]Wof] . ljj|mdn] ;Dem];Dd ldNg] u/L s] fsf] x'lnofx'lnofx'lnofx'lnofx'lnof atfof] . x'lnof;'g]/ /d]znfO{ st} &u &u &u &u &u t xf]Og eGg] nfUof] . /d]zn] eGof], æTo;nfO{ s]xL a]/ cndNofP/cndNofP/cndNofP/cndNofP/cndNofP//fv . d cfpF%' . c:ktfn k'¥ofPsf] xf] /x]% eg] klg pkrf/ eOxfN% .Æ /d]zsf] s'/f;'g]kl% ljj|mdn] l%d]sL ljsf; sfsfnfO{ klg kmf]g u¥of] . ljsf; sfsf k|x/Ldf xflsdx'g'x'GYof] . p;n] sfsfnfO{ klg ;a} s'/f atfof] .

æcfdf, l(nf ug'{ePg . d vr{ vr{ vr{ vr{ vr{ lnP/ hfFb} u%'{, tkfOF{ cfpFb} ug'{xf]nf . ;dod} cf}ifwLgk'u] s] x'G%, s] <Æ ljj|md aflx/ lg:sFbf Tof] s] f] x*a*fP/ eGb} lyof] .

cfdfnfO{ s;/L /f]Sg] < ljj|mdnfO{ c;lhnf] k¥of] . æcfdf e\mofn(f]sf y'g]/ hfg'xf];\ g,d e] \lbgF, rf]/ cfof] eg] d}n] s] ug]{ <Æ p;n] s]xL ;f]r]/ eGof] . æslt cndNofpF% of]s] f] klg Æ cfdf kmtkmtfpFb} km]l/ leý k:g'eof] . Tof] s] f] emg\ cflTtP/ x*a*fPsf]

b]lvof] .

ca ]/ca]/ca]/ca]/ca]/ – l(nf], ca]nf

x 'lnofx 'lnofx 'lnofx 'lnofx 'lnof – dflg;nfO{ lrgfpg] ¿k, /+, cfs[lt cflbsf] ljj/)f

& u&u&u&u&u – &u]/ jf wf]sf lbP/ c¿sf] wgdfn lng] JolSt

cndNofP/cndNofP/cndNofP/cndNofP/cndNofP/ – s;}nfO{ e|ddf kf/L /f]s]/

vrvrvrvrvr {{ {{ { – s'g} sfdsf lglDt dfl;g] ?lkofF, wgdfn

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

æljj|md, pgL g} x'g\, lj/fhsf] va/ Nofpg] <Æ

ljsf; sfsf cfP/ ;f]Wgf;fy Tof] s] f] emg\

ctflNnP h:tf] b]lvof] . æxf] xf] sfsf,

ljj|mdn] eGof] . ætkfO{Fx¿ ;do aaf{b ub}{ x'g'x'G% .

d lxF*]F], tkfO{Fx¿ cfpFb} ug'{xf];\ .Æ To;n]

RofF \l&Psf] :j/df eGof] .

pm x*a*fPsf]x*a*fPsf]x*a*fPsf]x*a*fPsf]x*a*fPsf] b]v]/ ljsf; sfsfnfO{ klg

z+\sf nfu]% . sfsfn] eGg'eof], æ;Fu} hfcf}Fnf .

c:ktfn k'¥ofPsf] eP lsg cflTtg' Æ

sfsfsf] s'/fn] Tof] emg} cflTtof] .

æcf]xf] ljsf; sfsf klg s] eof] <Æ

PSsfl; lj/fhnfO{ ToxLF b]v]/ ;a} rlst eP .

æw]/} rf] t nfu]g afa' Æ cfdfn] cFufnf] cFufnf] cFufnf] cFufnf] cFufnf] xfNb}

;f]Wg'eof] . ærf] /] s] ePsf] % / dnfO{ < d

t /d]zsxfFaf^ ;/f;/ cfpFb} %' . efOnfO{ eg]s} lyPF lg, cln ca]/ x'G% eg]/, la:of]{ ls

Sof xf] <Æ p;n] %Ss%Ss%Ss%Ss%Ss kb}{ ;f]Wof] .

æva/bf/ efUg] xf]Og . ca tFnfO{ d l&s u%'{ .Æ sfsfsf] cfjfhn] ;a}sf] Wofg To;

s] flt/ uof] . pm efUg vf]Hb} /x]% . sfsfn] p;nfO{ ;dfTg'eof] . /d]z klg cfOk'Uof] .

æljj|md, ltdLn] ubf{ cfdf &lugaf^ aRg'eof] . o:tf &ux¿sf] clxn] laulauLlaulauLlaulauLlaulauLlaulauL % .Æ

ljsf; sfsfsf] s'/fn] ;a} %Ss k/] . ljj|md dgdg} v';L lyof] . afaf of] s'/f yfxf

kfPkl% slt v';L x'g'xf]nf <

x*a*fP/x*a*fP/x*a*fP/x*a*fP/x*a*fP/ – xtfl/P/, cflTtP/

cFufnf]cFufnf]cFufnf]cFufnf]cFufnf] – :g]x jf cfTdLotf hgfpg s;}nfO{ cfkm\gf] %ftLdf ^fF:g] sfd

%Ss kg' {%Ss kg' {%Ss kg' {%Ss kg' {%Ss kg' { – b+\+ kg'{, lhNn kg'{, cfZro{df kg'{

laulauLlaulauLlaulauLlaulauLlaulauL – */, ýf;

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

1= …&u ;dfltof]’ syf sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k( .1= …&u ;dfltof]’ syf sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k( .1= …&u ;dfltof]’ syf sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k( .1= …&u ;dfltof]’ syf sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k( .1= …&u ;dfltof]’ syf sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k( .


-s_ …&u ;dfltof]’ syfsf n]vs sf] x'g\ <

-v_ lj/fhsL cfdf lsg lrlGtt x'g'x'GYof] <

-u_ lj/fh sxfF uPsf] lyof] <

-#_ &un] cfdf;Fu slt ?lkofF dfu]sf] lyof] <

-+_ s;n] ubf{ cfdf &lugaf^ aRg'eof] <


-s_ kv afa', d k};f lnP/ cfpF%' .

-v_ To; s] fsf] cg'xf/ s:tf] %, eg t <

-u_ To;nfO{ s]xL a]/ cndNofP/ /fv .

-#_ d vr{ lnP/ hfFb} u%'{, tkfO{F cfpFb} ug'{xf]nf .

-+_ tkfO{Fx¿ ;do aaf{b ub}{ x'g'x'G% . d lxF*F], tkfO{Fx¿ cfpFb} ug'{xf];\ .

4= kf& /fd|/L k(L l&s zAb vf]h]/ vfnL &fpFdf e/ M4= kf& /fd|/L k(L l&s zAb vf]h]/ vfnL &fpFdf e/ M4= kf& /fd|/L k(L l&s zAb vf]h]/ vfnL &fpFdf e/ M4= kf& /fd|/L k(L l&s zAb vf]h]/ vfnL &fpFdf e/ M4= kf& /fd|/L k(L l&s zAb vf]h]/ vfnL &fpFdf e/ M

-s_ cfdfsf] cg'xf/ ============ eof] .

-v_ cfdf ========= km]l/ leý k:g'eof] .

-u_ cfdf aflx/ lg:sFbf Tof] s] f] ========== eGb} lyof] .

-#_ PSsfl; lj/fhnfO{ ToxLF b]v]/ ;a} =========== eP .

-+_ d t /d]zsxfFaf^ =============== cfpFb} %' .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

5= tnsf 5= tnsf 5= tnsf 5= tnsf 5= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;+\lIfKt pTt/ b]pm Mk|Zgx¿sf] ;+\lIfKt pTt/ b]pm Mk|Zgx¿sf] ;+\lIfKt pTt/ b]pm Mk|Zgx¿sf] ;+\lIfKt pTt/ b]pm Mk|Zgx¿sf] ;+\lIfKt pTt/ b]pm M

-s_ cfdf s] sf/)fn] ubf{ Psbd} cflTtg'eof] <

-v_ cfdf lsg c:ktfn hfg lxF*\g vf]Hg'eof] <

-u_ ljj|mdn] s;nfO{ lsg kmf]g u¥of] <

-#_ ljj|mdn] cfdfnfO{ cndNofpg'sf] sf/)f s] lyof] <

-+_ …&u ;dfltof]’ syfn] s] ;Gb]z lbPsf] % <

6= tn lbOPsf syfsf jfSox¿nfO{ kf&sf cfwf/df j|md ldnfP/ n]v M6= tn lbOPsf syfsf jfSox¿nfO{ kf&sf cfwf/df j|md ldnfP/ n]v M6= tn lbOPsf syfsf jfSox¿nfO{ kf&sf cfwf/df j|md ldnfP/ n]v M6= tn lbOPsf syfsf jfSox¿nfO{ kf&sf cfwf/df j|md ldnfP/ n]v M6= tn lbOPsf syfsf jfSox¿nfO{ kf&sf cfwf/df j|md ldnfP/ n]v M

- _ ;w}F ;dod} cfpg] %f]/fn] ca]/ u/]sfdf cfdf lrlGtt x'g'eof] .

- _ ljj|md / lj/fh ;fg}b]lv cfkm\gf] sfd cfkm}F uy]{ .

- _ ljj|md v]n]/ #/ kms{Fbf klg bfh' #/ kms]{sf] lyPg .

- _ æcfh lj/fhn] lsg ca]/ u¥of] <Æ cfdfsf] lrGtf a(\b} uof] .

- _ d lj/fhsf] ;fyL, sh]haf^ kms{Fbf lj/fhnfO{ df] /n] &Ss/ lbof] .

- _ ljj|mdn] ;'?b]lv g} To; s] fsf] cg'xf/ u*]/ x]l//x]sf] lyof] .

- _ xfdLn] c:ktfn nu]sf %f}F . t'?Gt} pkrf/ ug'{k%{ /] .

- _ bfOn] laxfg #/ kms{g ca]/ x'G% eGg'ePsf]] lyof] .


7=7=7=7=7= pN^f] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MpN^f] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MpN^f] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MpN^f] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MpN^f] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

rf]/ ;fFem pHofnf] ;lhnf] cfjfh

cFWof/f] laxfg c;lhnf] ;fw'

8 =8 =8=8=8= ldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm MldNbf] cy{ %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

PSsfl; cg'xf/ x*a*fP/ rnfv %Ss

k};f cflTtP/ crDd d'xf/ rt'/ cfsl:ds

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rlst, lrlGtt, vr{, cf}ifwL, &Ss/


10= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M10= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M10= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M10= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M10= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M

cj:yf, z+\sf, cndNofP/, x*a*fP/, lg:sFbf


tkfO la/fhsL cfdf xf] cfdfnfO b]Vgf ;fy p;n] s]lx cfTtLPsf] em} u/L ;f]Wof] .

12= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .12= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .12= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .12= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .12= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .

13= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b z'b\w;Fu sfkLdf ;f/ .13= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b z'b\w;Fu sfkLdf ;f/ .13= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b z'b\w;Fu sfkLdf ;f/ .13= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b z'b\w;Fu sfkLdf ;f/ .13= kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]b z'b\w;Fu sfkLdf ;f/ .


14=14=14=14=14= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]baf^ n], nfO{, b]lv h:tf ljelSt nfu]sf zAb vf]h kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]baf^ n], nfO{, b]lv h:tf ljelSt nfu]sf zAb vf]h kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]baf^ n], nfO{, b]lv h:tf ljelSt nfu]sf zAb vf]h kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]baf^ n], nfO{, b]lv h:tf ljelSt nfu]sf zAb vf]h kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]baf^ n], nfO{, b]lv h:tf ljelSt nfu]sf zAb vf]h]/]/]/]/]/

n]vn]vn]vn]vn]v . . . . .

15= dflysf] kf&df …lg, t, g’ h:tf lgkftx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . kf&df k|of]u15= dflysf] kf&df …lg, t, g’ h:tf lgkftx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . kf&df k|of]u15= dflysf] kf&df …lg, t, g’ h:tf lgkftx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . kf&df k|of]u15= dflysf] kf&df …lg, t, g’ h:tf lgkftx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . kf&df k|of]u15= dflysf] kf&df …lg, t, g’ h:tf lgkftx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . kf&df k|of]u

ePsf lgkftnfO{ sfkLdf l^k .ePsf lgkftnfO{ sfkLdf l^k .ePsf lgkftnfO{ sfkLdf l^k .ePsf lgkftnfO{ sfkLdf l^k .ePsf lgkftnfO{ sfkLdf l^k .

16= dflysf] kf&df …d, pm, tkfOF{’ h:tf ;j{gfd zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ .16= dflysf] kf&df …d, pm, tkfOF{’ h:tf ;j{gfd zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ .16= dflysf] kf&df …d, pm, tkfOF{’ h:tf ;j{gfd zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ .16= dflysf] kf&df …d, pm, tkfOF{’ h:tf ;j{gfd zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ .16= dflysf] kf&df …d, pm, tkfOF{’ h:tf ;j{gfd zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ .

kf&af^ ;j{gfd k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSox¿ l^k .kf&af^ ;j{gfd k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSox¿ l^k .kf&af^ ;j{gfd k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSox¿ l^k .kf&af^ ;j{gfd k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSox¿ l^k .kf&af^ ;j{gfd k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]^f jfSox¿ l^k .

h:t} M s] ePsf] % / dnfO{ <


17= cfkm\g} ufpF&fpFsf] #^gfnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ s'g} Pp^f syf n]v]/ leTt]17= cfkm\g} ufpF&fpFsf] #^gfnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ s'g} Pp^f syf n]v]/ leTt]17= cfkm\g} ufpF&fpFsf] #^gfnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ s'g} Pp^f syf n]v]/ leTt]17= cfkm\g} ufpF&fpFsf] #^gfnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ s'g} Pp^f syf n]v]/ leTt]17= cfkm\g} ufpF&fpFsf] #^gfnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ s'g} Pp^f syf n]v]/ leTt]

klýsfdf k|bz{g u/ . klýsfdf k|bz{g u/ . klýsfdf k|bz{g u/ . klýsfdf k|bz{g u/ . klýsfdf k|bz{g u/ .

1111188888===== #/ kl/jf/ cyjf l%d]sLx¿af^ ;'g]sf] s'g} syf n]v / sIffdf ;'gfpm .#/ kl/jf/ cyjf l%d]sLx¿af^ ;'g]sf] s'g} syf n]v / sIffdf ;'gfpm .#/ kl/jf/ cyjf l%d]sLx¿af^ ;'g]sf] s'g} syf n]v / sIffdf ;'gfpm .#/ kl/jf/ cyjf l%d]sLx¿af^ ;'g]sf] s'g} syf n]v / sIffdf ;'gfpm .#/ kl/jf/ cyjf l%d]sLx¿af^ ;'g]sf] s'g} syf n]v / sIffdf ;'gfpm .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

sDKo' / / OG^/g]sDKo' / / OG^/g]sDKo' / / OG^/g]sDKo' / / OG^/g]sDKo' / / OG^/g]

sDKo' / cfw'lgs lj!fgn] dfgjnfO{ lbPsf]

cg'kdcg'kdcg'kdcg'kdcg'kd pkxf/ xf] . sDKo' /nfO{ Ps ;fdfGo

k|of]hgsf] hl^n ljb\o'tLo :jrflnt:jrflnt:jrflnt:jrflnt:jrflnt pks/)f

elgG% . o;n] c+\s ul)ftsf hl^ntdhl^ntdhl^ntdhl^ntdhl^ntd

;d:ofx¿nfO{ tLj| ultsf ;fy ;xL (+\un]

;Dkfbg ug]{ sfd u%{ . Pp } ;dodf clwstd

sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ug{ ;Sg' o;sf] dxTTjk")f{

ljz]iftf xf] . lghL{jlghL{jlghL{jlghL{jlghL{j j:t' eP/ klg w]/}

tYox¿nfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd :d/)f / e)*f/g

u/L /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtf sDKo' /df x'G% . sDKo' / dfgjsf] dl:tisåf/f lgld{t oGý xf] .

cfh sDKo' /n] dfgjsf] hLjgdf kl/jt{g NofOlbPsf] % . lzIff, :jf:Yo, Jofkf/,

pb\of]u, oftfoft ;a}lt/ sDKo' /sf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] % . cGtl/Ifsf] vf]h / cg';Gwfgdf

sDKo' /sf] k|of]u x'G% . oGý dfgjsf] lgoGý)f / ;~rfngdf klg sDKo' /s} k|of]u

ul/G% . ljb\ofno, dxfljb\ofno, ;/sf/L sfof{no, c:ktfn htf;'s} sDKo' /sf] dxTTj

a(\b} uPsf] % . Pp^f efiffsf] ;fdu|L cs}{ efiffdf cg'jfb ug]{ sfd klg sDKo' /af^ ug{

;lsG% . lgjf{rgsf] dtbfg / dt u)fgf klg sDKo' /af^ ug{ ;lsG% . hl^n /f]usf]

zNolj|mof klg sDKo' /sf dfWodn] ug{ ;lsG% . cfh dgf]/~hgsf If]ýdf klg sDKo' /sf]

cTolws k|of]u eO/x]sf] % . ljb\ofyL{x¿ sDKo' /df ljleGg lsl;dsf cfs[lt / lrýx¿

agfP/ /dfOnf] ug{ ;S%g\ . To;}n] sDKo' /nfO{ pkof]lutfsf] b[li^n] lgs} dxTTjk")f{

dflgG% .

kf& M 16 kf& M 16 kf& M 16 kf& M 16 kf& M 16

cg'kdcg'kdcg'kdcg'kdcg'kd – cgf}&f], crDdsf]

:jrflnt:jrflnt:jrflnt:jrflnt:jrflnt – cfkm}F rNg]

hl^ntdhl^ntdhl^ntdhl^ntdhl^ntd – kTtf nufpg jf ;dfwfg ug{ uf/f] kg]{, cToGt sl&g

lghL {jlghL {jlghL {jlghL {jlghL {j – k|f)f gePsf]

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

dfgj hLjgsf nflu cToGt} pkof]uL l;b\w ePsf] sDKo' /sf] Oltxf; lgs} k'/fgf] % .cfheGbf sl/a b'O{ xhf/ jif{ klxn] lrgdf u)fgfsf lglDt …cafs;’ gfdsf] oGý lgdf{)fePsf] lyof] . To;n] ul)ftsf hf]*, #^fp, u')fg, efu h:tf lx;fax¿ ug{ ;SYof] . ToxLcafs;af^ ;'? ePsf] cfhsf] PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLsf *]:s^k, Nofk^k;Dd cfOk'UbfsDKo' /n] ljleGg r/)fx¿ kf/ ul/;s]sf] % . ;g\ 1642 df k|mfG;sf ul)ft! n]hkf:snn] Sofns'n]^/sf] cfljisf/ u/] . o;df ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ x'Fb} uof] . h;sf]kl/)ffd:j¿k ;g\ 1822 df a]nfotsf rfN;{ afa]hn] SoflDa|h ljZj ljb\ofnodf Pp^fsDKo' / h:t} :jrflnt oGý …cGt/ OlGhg’ agfP . o;sf] ;kmntfkl% afa]hn] g} la|l^;;/sf/sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf …Pgflnl^sn OlGhg’ gfds ljzfn oGý agfpg ;'? u/] .cfhsf] b'lgofFsf] sDKo' / lgdf{)fdf pgsf] Pgflnl^sn OlGhgdf k|of]u ePsf] l;b\wfGtsf]k|of]u ul/Psf] % . o;/L ;a}eGbf klxn] k")f{ ¿kdf :jrflnt ljz]iftf ePsf] oGýsf]cfljisf/ rfN;{ afa]hn] u/] . To;}n] pgnfO{ sDKo' /sf lktf elgG% .

OG^/g] cfhsf] dfgj hfltn] sDKo' /sf dfWodaf^ k|fKt u/]sf] dxTTjk")f{ pknlAw xf] .o;n] ljZjsf] s'g} klg &fpFsf] ;"rgfnfO{ ljb\o'tLo ultdf ljZjsf dfgj ;d'bfodfk'¥ofpg ;S% . b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a(L sDKo' /lar tf/ jf lagftf/sf] dfWodaf^ ;Dks{:yfkgf u/fO{ tYof+\s tyf ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ ljlwnfO{ sDKo' / ;~hfn elgG% .o;n] Pp^f sDKo' / / csf]{ sDKo' /sf] lardf ;"rgfsf] k|jfx u%{ . OG^/g] ;a}eGbf&'nf] sDKo' / ;~hfn xf] . cfh OG^/g] sf] k|of]u u/]/ ljZjdf # ]sf #^gf, ;dfrf/,Jofkfl/s ultljlwultljlwultljlwultljlwultljlw cflb ;Dk")f{ s'/fsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG% . OG^/g] df h*fgeO;s]kl% x/]s sDKo' / cfkm}Fdf ;~hfn xf] . To;}n] ljZjdf sDKo' /sf lardf ;"rgf /;~rf/ k|jfx u/L cGt;{DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ sfd OG^/g] n] u%{ .

OG^/g] sf dfWodaf^ ljZjsf h'g;'s} &fpFdf ;~rf/ ug{ ;lsG% . xfn ljZjsf s/f]*f}Fdflg;n] OG^/g] sf] k|of]u ub{%g\ . sDKo' /df OG^/g] sf] k|of]u ug{sf nflu xfd|f] sDKo' /OG^/g] df h*fg ul/Psf] x'g'k%{ . OG^/g] sf] k|of]u ug{ Pp^f sDKo' / / ;~rf/pks/)f, Pp^f ]lnkmf]g tyf tf/ jf lagftf/sf] dfWodsf] cfjZostf k%{ . OG^/g] sf]ljz]if ;'ljwf On]S «f]lgs d]n jf Od]nOd]nOd]nOd]nOd]n xf] . Od]nsf] pkof]u u/L kmfOn :yfgfGt/)f jf

ultljlwultljlwultljlwultljlwultljlw ————— lj|mofsnfk

Od]nOd ]nOd ]nOd ]nOd ]n — ljb\o'tLo ký jf lr&L, ;Gb]z

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

cfbfg k|bfg ug{ / cgnfOgcgnfOgcgnfOgcgnfOgcgnfOg s'/fsfgL ug{ ;S%f}F . ;ª;f/e/sf dflg;sf h'g;'s}If]ýsf] !fg, ljrf/ / cg'ejsf] ;f^f;f^ Od]ndfkm{t ug{ ;lsG% .

sDKo' / / OG^/g] dfgj hLjgsf x/]s If]ýdf plTts} pkof]uL %g\ . b"/ ;~rf/,

x'nfs, jfo';]jf, c:ktfn, lzIff cflbdf sDKo' / / OG^/g] sf] k|of]u ckl/xfo{ckl/xfo{ckl/xfo{ckl/xfo{ckl/xfo{

alg;s]sf] % . sDKo' /sf] k|of]un] w]/} k|efjsf/L (+\un] b:tfj]h n]Vg, ;Dkfbg ug{ jf

e)*f/g ug{ ;lsG% . l%^f]eGbf l%^f] lxHh] k/LIf)f ug{ / zAbsf]zsf] k|of]u ug{

;lsG% . b[Zo, >Jo ;fdu|Lsf] dfWodaf^ cWoog cWofkg ug{ ;lsG% . of] lzIfs tyf

ljb\ofyL{sf nflu klg lgs} pkof]uL x'G% . ljb\ofno tyf dxfljb\ofnodf z}lIfs ;fdu|L

lzIfs tyf ljb\ofyL{sf] tYof+\s /fVg] sfddf of] lgs} pkof]uL x'G% . ljb\ofnodf lnOg]

k/LIffsf] glthf tof/ kfg]{, k|sfzg ug]{ h:tf sfo{sf nflu klg sDKo' / lgs} ;xof]uL

l;b\w x'g k'u]sf] % . To:t} sIffdf ;xefuL x'g g;Sg] / zf/Ll/s sdhf]/L ePsf

ljb\ofyL{x¿sf nflu OG^/g] dfkm{t cgnfOg z}lIfs sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG% .

OG^/g] df df] f df] f k':tsx¿sf] ; \ fdf l%^f] tyf ;lhnf] u/L tYox¿ vf]Hg

;lsG% . ljleGg If]ý;Fu ;DalGwt gjLgtd ;dfrf/, n]v, /rgf, hLjgL, efif)f cflb

k(\g tyf x]g{ ;lsG% . ljb\ofno tyf dxfljb\ofnodf lbOg] vf]h cg';GwfgfTds

kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ OG^/g] n] &'nf] ;xof]u k'¥ofpF% . To:t} hl^n lx;fa tyf

k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ xfdLn] OG^/g] df vf]Hg ;S%f}F . k(\bfk(\b} s'g} gofF ljifosf] af/]df

a'e\mg'k¥of] eg] xfdLnfO{ OG^/g] n] ;xof]u k'¥ofpF% . sl&g zAbx¿sf] cy{ a'e\mg klg

OG^/g] sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG% . ljZjsf]z ljZjsf]z ljZjsf]z ljZjsf]z ljZjsf]z tyf k':tsfnosf] kx'Fr gx'g]x¿sf nflu

OG^/g] lgs} ;xof]uL ;fyL aGg ;S% .

ctM sDKo' / / OG^/g] cfhsf] dfgjsf nflu j/bfg ;flat ePsf %g\ . cfh ;ª;f/sf

!fgsf ;Dk")f{ s'/f OG^/g] df hf]l*Psf %g\ . sDKo' / / OG^/g] sf] k|of]ulagfsf]

cfhsf] dfgj hLjg ck'/f] / cw'/f] b]lvg yfn]sf] % . o;y{ o;sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u u/]/

a(LeGbf a(L !fg k|fKt ug'{ g} ;a}eGbf &'nf] a'b\lwdfgL x'g] % .

cgnfOgcgnfOgcgnfOgcgnfOgcgnfOg – OG^/g] df /xL ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ k|ljlw

ckl/xfo{ckl/xfo{ckl/xfo{ckl/xfo{ckl/xfo{ – – – – – geO{ gx'g]

ljZjsf]zljZjsf]zljZjsf]zljZjsf]zljZjsf]z – ljZjdf /x]sf ;Dk")f{ lrhlahx¿sf] hfgsf/L ePsf] k':tsx¿sf] ;+\u|x

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

1= sIffdf cfnf]kfnf] u/L kf& k(]/ ;'gfpm .1= sIffdf cfnf]kfnf] u/L kf& k(]/ ;'gfpm .1= sIffdf cfnf]kfnf] u/L kf& k(]/ ;'gfpm .1= sIffdf cfnf]kfnf] u/L kf& k(]/ ;'gfpm .1= sIffdf cfnf]kfnf] u/L kf& k(]/ ;'gfpm .


-s_ sDKo' /sf ljz]iftfx¿ s] s] x'g\ <

-v_ sDKo' /df s:tf] Ifdtf x'G% <

-u_ sDKo' /sf lktf eg]/ s;nfO{ elgG% <

-#_ Od]ndfkm{t s'g s'g s'/f ;f^f;f^ ug{ ;lsG% <

3= l&s a]l&s %'^\ofpm M3= l&s a]l&s %'^\ofpm M3= l&s a]l&s %'^\ofpm M3= l&s a]l&s %'^\ofpm M3= l&s a]l&s %'^\ofpm M

-s_ vf]h / cg';Gwfgdf sDKo' /sf] k|of]u ul/G% .

-v_ OG^/g] sDKo' /sf] dfWodaf^ k|fKt ePsf] dxTTjk")f{ pknlAw xf] .

-u_ Od]n ;a}eGbf &'nf] sDKo' / ;~hfn xf] .

-#_ sDKo' / / OG^/g] cfh clezfk ;fljt ePsf %g\ .

4= pko'St zAb /fvL vfnL &fpF e/ M4= pko'St zAb /fvL vfnL &fpF e/ M4= pko'St zAb /fvL vfnL &fpF e/ M4= pko'St zAb /fvL vfnL &fpF e/ M4= pko'St zAb /fvL vfnL &fpF e/ M

-s_ sDKo' / cfw'lgs lj!fgn] lbPsf] cg'kd ========= xf] .

-v_ Od]nsf] pkof]u u/L =============== ug{ ;S%f}F .

-u_ ljrf/ / cg'ejsf] ;f^f;f^ ================== dfkm{t ug{ ;lsG% .

-#_ OG^/g] df h*fg eO;s]kl% =============== cfkm}Fdf g] js{ xf] .


-s_ sDKo' /nfO{ lsg dfgj dl:tis;Fu t'ngf ul/G% <

-v_ sDKo' /sf] pkof]u s'g s'g If]ýdf ug{ ;lsG% <

-u_ OG^/g] n] s] s] sfd u%{ <

6= efj lj:tf/ u/ M6= efj lj:tf/ u/ M6= efj lj:tf/ u/ M6= efj lj:tf/ u/ M6= efj lj:tf/ u/ M

sDKo' / / OG^/g] dfgj hLjgsf x/]s If]ýdf plTts} pkof]uL %g\ .

7= sDKo'^/ / OG^/g]^sf] k|of]ulagfsf] dfgj hLjg ck'/f] / cw'/f] b]lvg'sf7= sDKo'^/ / OG^/g]^sf] k|of]ulagfsf] dfgj hLjg ck'/f] / cw'/f] b]lvg'sf7= sDKo'^/ / OG^/g]^sf] k|of]ulagfsf] dfgj hLjg ck'/f] / cw'/f] b]lvg'sf7= sDKo'^/ / OG^/g]^sf] k|of]ulagfsf] dfgj hLjg ck'/f] / cw'/f] b]lvg'sf7= sDKo'^/ / OG^/g]^sf] k|of]ulagfsf] dfgj hLjg ck'/f] / cw'/f] b]lvg'sf

sf/)fx¿ s] s] x'g\, v'n:t kf/ .sf/)fx¿ s] s] x'g\, v'n:t kf/ .sf/)fx¿ s] s] x'g\, v'n:t kf/ .sf/)fx¿ s] s] x'g\, v'n:t kf/ .sf/)fx¿ s] s] x'g\, v'n:t kf/ .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8



;"Id pks/)f :jrflnt cg'kd dl:tis ck'/f]

cfkmF} rNg] cgf}&f] clt ;fgf] cGt;{DaGw cw'/f] oGý lbdfu

9= pN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fgL hf]*f ldnfpm M9= pN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fgL hf]*f ldnfpm M9= pN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fgL hf]*f ldnfpm M9= pN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fgL hf]*f ldnfpm M9= pN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fgL hf]*f ldnfpm M

hl^n cfbfg j}!flgs ;hLj :jLsf/

k|bfg c:jLsf/ ;/n lghL{j cj}!flgs ;fy{s

10= kf&df sDKo'^/, ^]lnkmf]g, *]:s^k h:tf k|fljlws zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf10= kf&df sDKo'^/, ^]lnkmf]g, *]:s^k h:tf k|fljlws zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf10= kf&df sDKo'^/, ^]lnkmf]g, *]:s^k h:tf k|fljlws zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf10= kf&df sDKo'^/, ^]lnkmf]g, *]:s^k h:tf k|fljlws zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf10= kf&df sDKo'^/, ^]lnkmf]g, *]:s^k h:tf k|fljlws zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf

%g\ . kf&af^%g\ . kf&af^%g\ . kf&af^%g\ . kf&af^%g\ . kf&af^ b; cf] f k|fljlws zAbb; cf] f k|fljlws zAbb; cf] f k|fljlws zAbb; cf] f k|fljlws zAbb; cf] f k|fljlws zAbx¿x¿x¿x¿x¿ l^k / jfSodf k|of]u u/ . l^k / jfSodf k|of]u u/ . l^k / jfSodf k|of]u u/ . l^k / jfSodf k|of]u u/ . l^k / jfSodf k|of]u u/ .


lgoGý)f, cfly{s, hl^ntd, kl/of]hgf

12= pk ± s/)f 12= pk ± s/)f 12= pk ± s/)f 12= pk ± s/)f 12= pk ± s/)f = …pks/)f’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …pk’ pk;u{ nufP/…pks/)f’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …pk’ pk;u{ nufP/…pks/)f’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …pk’ pk;u{ nufP/…pks/)f’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …pk’ pk;u{ nufP/…pks/)f’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …pk’ pk;u{ nufP/


;u{, sf/, b]z, rf/, of]u

13= ul)ft ± O{o 13= ul)ft ± O{o 13= ul)ft ± O{o 13= ul)ft ± O{o 13= ul)ft ± O{o = …ul)ftLo’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …O{o’ k|Too hf]*]/…ul)ftLo’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …O{o’ k|Too hf]*]/…ul)ftLo’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …O{o’ k|Too hf]*]/…ul)ftLo’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …O{o’ k|Too hf]*]/…ul)ftLo’ eP h:t} tn lbOPsf zAbdf …O{o’ k|Too hf]*]/


tfk, tYof+\s, s]Gb|, u)fgf, ju{, ljb\o't\


14= lzIfssf] ;xof]u lnP/ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M14= lzIfssf] ;xof]u lnP/ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M14= lzIfssf] ;xof]u lnP/ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M14= lzIfssf] ;xof]u lnP/ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M14= lzIfssf] ;xof]u lnP/ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M

lglb{i^, :yfgfGt/)f, ultljlw, kl/of]hgf

15= tn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf^ z'b\w zAb %fg]/ n]v M15= tn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf^ z'b\w zAb %fg]/ n]v M15= tn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf^ z'b\w zAb %fg]/ n]v M15= tn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf^ z'b\w zAb %fg]/ n]v M15= tn lbOPsf zAb ;d"xaf^ z'b\w zAb %fg]/ n]v M

-s_ dl:tZs, dl:tis, dlZt:s

-v_ ;StLzfnL, zlSt;fnL, zlStzfnL

-u_ k/LIf)f, kl/If)f, kl/Ifg =

-#_ zfl/l/s, zf/Ll/s, zfl//Ls

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

16= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b z'b\w;Fu sfkLdf ;f/ .16= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b z'b\w;Fu sfkLdf ;f/ .16= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b z'b\w;Fu sfkLdf ;f/ .16= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b z'b\w;Fu sfkLdf ;f/ .16= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b z'b\w;Fu sfkLdf ;f/ .


17= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]baf^ kfFr cf]^f ljz]if)f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .17= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]baf^ kfFr cf]^f ljz]if)f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .17= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]baf^ kfFr cf]^f ljz]if)f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .17= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]baf^ kfFr cf]^f ljz]if)f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .17= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]baf^ kfFr cf]^f ljz]if)f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .

1111188888= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]bnfO{ ;fdfGo eljiot\ sfndf kl/jt{g u/L k'gn]{vg u/ .= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]bnfO{ ;fdfGo eljiot\ sfndf kl/jt{g u/L k'gn]{vg u/ .= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]bnfO{ ;fdfGo eljiot\ sfndf kl/jt{g u/L k'gn]{vg u/ .= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]bnfO{ ;fdfGo eljiot\ sfndf kl/jt{g u/L k'gn]{vg u/ .= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]bnfO{ ;fdfGo eljiot\ sfndf kl/jt{g u/L k'gn]{vg u/ .

19= tnsf jfSox¿ k( / ;ªof]hs l^k M19= tnsf jfSox¿ k( / ;ªof]hs l^k M19= tnsf jfSox¿ k( / ;ªof]hs l^k M19= tnsf jfSox¿ k( / ;ªof]hs l^k M19= tnsf jfSox¿ k( / ;ªof]hs l^k M

sDKo' / lj!fgn] lbPsf] cg'kd pkxf/ xf] lsgeg] of] w]/} pkof]uL % . xfdL k(\g]

/ n]Vg] sfddf sDKo' /sf] k|of]u ug{ ;S%f}F . xfdLn] o;sf] dxTTj a' ]gf}F eg] lgs}

kl% k%f}F{ . To;sf/)f o;sf] k|of]udf xfdL ;a}n] Wofg lbg'k%{ .


20=20=20=20=20= tnsf zLif{sdf 150 zAbdf g#^fO{ k|aGw n]v Mtnsf zLif{sdf 150 zAbdf g#^fO{ k|aGw n]v Mtnsf zLif{sdf 150 zAbdf g#^fO{ k|aGw n]v Mtnsf zLif{sdf 150 zAbdf g#^fO{ k|aGw n]v Mtnsf zLif{sdf 150 zAbdf g#^fO{ k|aGw n]v M

-s_ ]lnlehg -v_ oGý dfgj

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

-;':t ;':t kbf{ ;%{ . d~rdf ;kmf ;'U#/ sf]&fsf] b[Zo % . Psflt/sf] ;f]kmfdf cfdf

zflGt / %f]/f sdn a;]sf %g\ eg] csf{lt/sf] ;f]kmfdf afa' hgs / %f]/L ljhof a;]sf

%g\ . ;a} lêLdf g[Tosf] sfo{j|md x]b}{ %g\ . lêLdfly &'nf] Unf]a /flvPsf] % . k/

leTtflg/sf] ]a'ndfly kfgL el/Psf] hu % ._

-sdn cfkm\gf] &fpFaf^ h'?Ss p&\% / lêLlt/ nfU% ._

sdn – -lêL aGb ug{ vf]Hb}_ o:tf] /b\bL sfo{j|md klg x]g]{ <

zflGt – -r:df lems]/ cfFvf k'%\b}_ Psl%g aGb u/] x'G%, d klg gx]g]{ . -sdn lêL

aGb u%{ / lêL k'%\g yfN% ._

ljhof – -lemlhFb}_ l% lsg lgefPsf] xf]nf . -^fFl;P/_ a'af, vf]Ng eGg'xf];\ g

bfOnfO{, csf]{ sfo{j|md cfpg] a]nf eO;Sof] Sof .

hgs – -ljhofsf] ^fpsf] d';fb}{_ n, n, -sdn;Fu_ sdn, lêL vf]n, alxgL eG%],

ca /fd|f] sfo{j|md cfpF% /] .


xfdL Pp } xf}FxfdL Pp } xf}FxfdL Pp } xf}FxfdL Pp } xf}FxfdL Pp } xf}F– dlgj|md/fh zdf{– dlgj|md/fh zdf{– dlgj|md/fh zdf{– dlgj|md/fh zdf{– dlgj|md/fh zdf{

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

sdn – -;Dem] h:tf] u/]/ hf]l;nf] kf/fn]_ a'af, a? cl:t ljb\ofnodf v]n]sf] kl/ro

v]n v]nf}F, x'Fb}g <

hgs – -;f]kmfaf^ p&]/ sdnsf lkl&pFlkl&pFlkl&pFlkl&pFlkl&pFdf wfk dfb}{_ l&s eGof} sdn, xfdL ;a} ldn]/

kl/ro v]n v]Ng] . -ljhoflt/ x]/]/_ s;f] ljhof <

ljhof – cfxf kl/ro v]n v]Ng Sof dHhf cfpF% a'af, v]n ;'? ug'{xf];\ g .

hgs – -kfn}kfnf] ;a}nfO{ x]b}{_ ;'? ug]{ xf] t <

;a – -Ps}rf]l^_ xf] xf], ;'? ug]{ .

hgs – -hgs ;fg;Fu ;f]kmfdf a:b}_ nf} t, ca d kl/ro v]n ;'? u%'{ . o; v]ndf

k|To]sn] cfkm\gf] %f] f] kl/ro lbg'k%{ . -sdnlt/ cfF}NofP/_ n, klxnf ltdL

cfkm\gf] %f] f] kl/ro b]pm . -sdn cln k/ hfG% / b'j} xft hf]*]/ pleG% ._

sdn – -xft hf]*]/_ d]/f] gfd sdn xf] . -uj{;fy_ d s]^f] x'F .

-ljhof dl:sFb} p&\%] / sdnsf %]pdf pleG%] ._

ljhof – -xft hf]*]/_ d]/f] gfd ljhof xf] . -uj{;fy_ d s]^L x'F .

-zflGt xfF:b} ljhofsf %]pdf hflG%g\ / plelG%g\ ._

zflGt – -xft hf]*]/_ d]/f] gfd zflGt xf] . -uj{;fy_ d dlxnf x'F . -hgs nfdf

nfdf kfOnf rfn]/ zflGtsf %]pdf k'U%g\ / pleG%g\ ._

hgs – -xft hf]*]/_ d hgs xF' . -----uj{;fy_ d k'?if x'F . -skfn sGofpFb}_

cF, ca s] ug]{ < -;Dem]/_ xf], /]nuf*L xfFSg] .

-hgs d'vaf^ /]nsf] nfdf] l;^L ahfpF%g\ / %ofs\ %ofs\ %ofs\

%ofs\sf] :j/ lgsfNb} cl# nfU%g\ . c¿x¿ pgLaf } tflgPsf] em}F u/L

kl% lxF*\%g\ ._

sdn – -cflTtFb}_ /]nuf*L /f]Sg'xf];\ a'af, Totf k'n eTs]sf] % .

lkl&pFlkl&pFlkl&pFlkl&pFlkl&pF – (f*sf] k%fl*sf] efu

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

ljhof – g/f]Sg'xf];\ a'af, To; k'nsf] dd{t eO;s]sf] % . -hgs pxL ;'/df lxFl*/xG%g\

/ l^eLsf %]pdf k'u]/ cl*G%g\ ._

hgs – -l^eLdflysf] Unf]a kmgg #'dfP/ Ps PsnfO{ x]b}{ uDeL/ :j/df_ pm s] f, pm

s] L, pm dlxnf / d k'?if . xfdL hf] hf] h] h] eP klg xfdL ;a} -km]l/ Unf]a

#'dfpFb}_ o; e"d)*ne"d)*ne"d)*ne"d)*ne"d)*nsf k|f)fL xf}F, o; k[YjL gfds ;'Gb/ au}Frfdf km'n]kmn]sf

sd{zLnsd{zLnsd{zLnsd{zLnsd{zLn k|f)fLju{ xf}F . -;a}lt/ x]/]/_ xfdLn] xfd|f] of] kl/ro la;{g' x'Fb}g .

zflGt – -hf]l;P/_ xf] t, k|f)fLx¿df xfdL ;j{>]i& k|f)fL xf}F . -Ps Ps cIf/df hf]*

lbFb}_ dfgj . of] ljZj xfdL h:tf dfgj} dfgjsf] pTtd ;+\u|xfno;+\u|xfno;+\u|xfno;+\u|xfno;+\u|xfno /

ljzfn e)*f/ xf] .

sdn – ljZjsf c;+\Vo dfgjdWo] xfdL g]kfnL xf}F . xfd|f] lxdfnsf] ljzfn dfydfydfydfydfy

%, a'b\wsf] zfGt dg % / e[s' Lsf] pbf/ Jojxf/ % .

ljhof – g]kfnLx¿ sf]xL lxdfn, sf]xL kxf* / sf]xL t/fO{df a:%g\ . d xfd|f] b]zsf]

/fhwfgLdf a:%' .

zflGt – :ofaf;\, %f]/L .

hgs – ca o; kl/ro v]nsf] Pp^f rj|m k'/f eof], -k|ZgfTds cfFvfn] x]b}{_ s]

bf];|f] rj|m klg v]Ng] <

;a} – -Ps}rf]l^_ v]Ng], v]Ng] . -klxnf hgs / kl% c¿x¿ ;f]kmfdf a:%g\ ._

hgs – -;a}lt/ ;/;tL{ cfFvf bf}*fPkl% ljhofnfO{ x]b}{_ cF, ca ltdL cfkm\gf] yk

kl/ro b]pm .

ljhof – -;fg;Fu_ d %f]/L x'F . -a'afsf cf+df #'l;|Fb}_

e "d)*ne"d)*ne"d)*ne"d)*ne"d)*n – k[YjLsf] ;tx, k[YjL, wtL{

sd {zLnsd{zLnsd{zLnsd{zLnsd{zLn – pb\odL, sd{&

;+\u|xfno;+\u|xfno;+\u|xfno;+\u|xfno;+\u|xfno – e)*f/, ('s' L

dfydfydfydfydfy – lz/

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

sdn – -o;} u/L_ d %f]/f x'F .

zflGt – -o;} u/L_ d cfdf x'F .

hgs – -o;} u/L_ d lktf x'F . -Psl%g /f]lsP/_ ljhof pm Tof] kfgLsf] hu Nofpm

t, ltvf{ nfUof] .

ljhof – -p&]/ hfFb}_ x;\ a'af .

-ljhof hu NofpF%] . hu lnP/ hgs #^#^L kfgL vfG%g\ ._

hgs – -kfgL vfP/ hu /fVb}_ xfdL hf] hf] h] h] eP klg xfdL ;a} dflg;sf

snsnfpFbf ;Gtlt xf}F, ;f/;f}Fbf;f/;f}Fbf;f/;f}Fbf;f/;f}Fbf;f/;f}Fbf jªzh xf}F .

zflGt – clg ;'vdf xfdL p;} u/L ;'vL x'G%f}F / b'Mvdf p;} u/L b'MvL x'G%f}F . :g]x

kfpFbf xfd|f] dg do"/ em}F KjfFv lkmFhfP/ gfRg yfN% / kL*f kfpFbf sfnf] afbn

em}F w'Dd k%{ .

sdn – xfdL ;a}sf /StjflxgL/StjflxgL/StjflxgL/StjflxgL/StjflxgL lz/flz/flz/flz/flz/fdf h:t} /ftf] / tftf] /ut aU% . xfdLnfO{

rf] k^s nfUbf Pp } /ftf] /+sf] /ut cfpF%, km/s /+sf] cfpFb}g .

ljhof – xfdL ;a}sf z/L/df ;]tf ;]tf / b/f b/f xf* clg s/+x¿ %g\ .

hgs – xfdL ;a} o; /fi «sf lhpFbf / :jtGý gful/s xf}F .

sdn – xfdL ;a} o; /fi «sf] ;Ldf /Iffdf t}gfyt}gfyt}gfyt}gfyt}gfy ;hu k|x/L xf}F .

zflGt – xfdL ;a} o; b]zsf eSt xf}F, ;Rrf /fi «eSt .

;a} – -Pp } :j/df_ xfdL Ps xf}F . xfd|f] kl/ro klg Pp } % .

hgs – -pleP/ xft yfKb}_ d k'?if x'F, t/ d g]kfn cfdfsf] ;Gtfg x'F .

zflGt – -hgssf xftdfly cfkm\gf] xft /fVb}_ d dlxnf x'F, t/ g]kfn cfdfsL ;Gtfg x'F .

sdn – -zflGtsf xftdfly cfkm\gf] xft /fVb}_ d s] f x'F, t/ d g]kfn cfdfsf]

;Gtfg x'F .

;f/;f} Fbf;f/;f} Fbf;f/;f} Fbf;f/;f} Fbf;f/;f} Fbf – tGb'?:t, x[i^k'i^, ;a}eGbf >]i&, pTtd

/StjflxgL lz/f/StjflxgL lz/f/StjflxgL lz/f/StjflxgL lz/f/StjflxgL lz/f – /ut aUg] g;f

t}gfyt}gfyt}gfyt}gfyt}gfy – lgo'St, vl^Psf]

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

ljhof – -sdnsf xftdfly cfkm\gf] xft /fVb}_ d s] L x'F, t/ d g]kfn cfdfsL

;Gtfg x'F .

;a} – -Ps}rf]l^_ xfdL Pp } xf}F, xfdL Pp } xf}F .

hgs – -xfF:b}_ ca cfhsf] kl/ro v]n oxLF '+\luG% . -;a}n] d]]n};Fu cfkm\gf

cfkm\gf xft lgsfN%g\ ._

ljhof – -s/ ub}{_ bfO, ca l^eL vf]Ng'xf];\ g .

sdn – cfpm, ;Fu} vf]nf}F .

-b'j} xft]dfnf] u/]/ l^eLlt/ hfG%g\ . hgs / zflGt ;f]kmfdf a;]/ k|;Ggk|;Ggk|;Ggk|;Ggk|;Gg d'b|fdf

pgLx¿sf] lj|mofsnfk x]l//xG%g\ . -kbf{ aGb x'G% ._

k|;Ggk|;Ggk|;Ggk|;Ggk|;Gg – xlif{t, k|km'Nn, v';L

1= …xfdL Pp^} xf}F’ Psf+\sLsf kfýx¿sf] ;ªjfbnfO{ xfpefp;lxt ;:j/ jfrg1= …xfdL Pp^} xf}F’ Psf+\sLsf kfýx¿sf] ;ªjfbnfO{ xfpefp;lxt ;:j/ jfrg1= …xfdL Pp^} xf}F’ Psf+\sLsf kfýx¿sf] ;ªjfbnfO{ xfpefp;lxt ;:j/ jfrg1= …xfdL Pp^} xf}F’ Psf+\sLsf kfýx¿sf] ;ªjfbnfO{ xfpefp;lxt ;:j/ jfrg1= …xfdL Pp^} xf}F’ Psf+\sLsf kfýx¿sf] ;ªjfbnfO{ xfpefp;lxt ;:j/ jfrg

u/ . u/ . u/ . u/ . u/ .


-s_ …xfdL Pp } xf}F’ s:tf] ljwf xf] <

-v_ o; Psf+\sLdf slt hgf kfý %g\ <

-u_ :g]x kfpFbf xfd|f] dg s] ug{ yfN% <

-#_ sdnn] a'afnfO{ lsg /]nuf*L /f]Sg cg'/f]w u¥of] <

-+_ kL*f x'Fbf xfd|f] dg s:tf] x'G% <

3= kf&sf cfwf/df l&s a]l&s %'^\ofpm M3= kf&sf cfwf/df l&s a]l&s %'^\ofpm M3= kf&sf cfwf/df l&s a]l&s %'^\ofpm M3= kf&sf cfwf/df l&s a]l&s %'^\ofpm M3= kf&sf cfwf/df l&s a]l&s %'^\ofpm M

-s_ ljhof xfd|f] b]zsf] /fhwfgLdf al:%g\ .

-v_ xfdL ;a} o; /fi «sf] ;Ldf /Iffdf t}gfy ;hu k|x/L xf}F .

Curricu

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

-u_ ljZjsf c;+\Vo dfgjdWo] xfdL g]kfnL xf}F .

4= ;+\lIfKt pTt/ b]pm M4= ;+\lIfKt pTt/ b]pm M4= ;+\lIfKt pTt/ b]pm M4= ;+\lIfKt pTt/ b]pm M4= ;+\lIfKt pTt/ b]pm M

-s_ sdnn] l^eL aGb ug{ / ljhofn] vf]Ng cfu|x ug'{sf] sf/)f s] xf] <

-v_ hgsn] dflg;sf] kl/ro s;/L lbPsf %g\ <

-u_ zflGtn] ljZjnfO{ s] eg]sL l%g\ <

-#_ Psf+\sLdf g]kfnLx¿sf] kl/ro s;n] s] eg]/ u/fPsf] % <

5= JofVof u/ M5= JofVof u/ M5= JofVof u/ M5= JofVof u/ M5= JofVof u/ M

-s_ of] ljZj xfdL h:tf dfgj} dfgjsf] pTtd ;+\u|xfno / ljzfn e)*f/ xf] .

-v_ xfdL ;a} o; /fi^«sf] ;Ldf /Iffdf t}gfy k|x/L xf}F .

-u_ :g]x kfpFbf xfd|f] dg do"/ em}F KjfFv lkmFhfP/ gfRg yfN% / kL*f kfpFbf sfnf]

afbn em}F w'Dd k%{ .

6= …xfdL Pp^} xf}F’ Psf+\sLsf] d'Vo ;Gb]z n]v .6= …xfdL Pp^} xf}F’ Psf+\sLsf] d'Vo ;Gb]z n]v .6= …xfdL Pp^} xf}F’ Psf+\sLsf] d'Vo ;Gb]z n]v .6= …xfdL Pp^} xf}F’ Psf+\sLsf] d'Vo ;Gb]z n]v .6= …xfdL Pp^} xf}F’ Psf+\sLsf] d'Vo ;Gb]z n]v .


7= pN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M7= pN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M7= pN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M7= pN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M7= pN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

zfGt pTtd k|Zg

cg'Ttd czfGt /fi « pTt/


dfy, t}gfy, sd{zLn, k|;Gg, uj{;fy


;Gtlt, rj|m, :jtGý, e"d)*n, KjfFv lkmFhfP/ gfRg', w'Dd kg'{

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g]kfnL, sIff 8


10= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M10= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M10= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M10= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M10= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M

/StjflxgL, #'l;|Fb}, ;+\u|xfno, g[To, jªzh, :j/


xfdL P; e'dG*nsf k|f)fL xf}, o; k[YjLgfds ;'Gb/ ju}Frfdf kmn]km'n]sf sd{lzn

k|f)fLau{ xf}F .

12= lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v M12= lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v M12= lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v M12= lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v M12= lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v M

xf] t, k|f)fLx¿df xfdL ;j{>]i& k|f)fL xf}F . -Ps Ps cIf/df hf]* lbFb}_ dfgj . of]

ljZj xfdL h:tf dfgj} dfgjsf] pTtd ;+\u|xfno / ljzfn e)*f/ xf] .


13= pbfx/)fdf lbP h:t} u/L tn lbOPsf lgkftx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ M13= pbfx/)fdf lbP h:t} u/L tn lbOPsf lgkftx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ M13= pbfx/)fdf lbP h:t} u/L tn lbOPsf lgkftx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ M13= pbfx/)fdf lbP h:t} u/L tn lbOPsf lgkftx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ M13= pbfx/)fdf lbP h:t} u/L tn lbOPsf lgkftx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

pbfx/)f M pbfx/)f M pbfx/)f M pbfx/)f M pbfx/)f M

;'? ug]{ xf] ttttt nfnfnfnfnf} t,t,t,t,t, ca kl/ro v]n ;'? x'G% . nnnnn ltdL cfkm\gf] kl/ro b]pm . ca

l^eL vf]Ngf];\ ggggg .

lg, kf], Sof/], t, n, nf}, g, v}, /], x}, cF, cxF, g}

14= kf&df v]nf}F, u/f}F h:tf OR%fy{s lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . ltdLn]14= kf&df v]nf}F, u/f}F h:tf OR%fy{s lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . ltdLn]14= kf&df v]nf}F, u/f}F h:tf OR%fy{s lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . ltdLn]14= kf&df v]nf}F, u/f}F h:tf OR%fy{s lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . ltdLn]14= kf&df v]nf}F, u/f}F h:tf OR%fy{s lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . ltdLn]

s'g} kfFr cf]^f OR%fy{s lj|mofkbx¿ l^k / ltgnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ .s'g} kfFr cf]^f OR%fy{s lj|mofkbx¿ l^k / ltgnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ .s'g} kfFr cf]^f OR%fy{s lj|mofkbx¿ l^k / ltgnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ .s'g} kfFr cf]^f OR%fy{s lj|mofkbx¿ l^k / ltgnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ .s'g} kfFr cf]^f OR%fy{s lj|mofkbx¿ l^k / ltgnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ .

15= kf&df …b]pm, v]n, Nofpm’ h:tf cf!fy{s lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ .15= kf&df …b]pm, v]n, Nofpm’ h:tf cf!fy{s lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ .15= kf&df …b]pm, v]n, Nofpm’ h:tf cf!fy{s lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ .15= kf&df …b]pm, v]n, Nofpm’ h:tf cf!fy{s lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ .15= kf&df …b]pm, v]n, Nofpm’ h:tf cf!fy{s lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ .

kf&df k|of]u ePsf o:tf lj|mofkbx¿ vf]h / sfkLdf n]v .kf&df k|of]u ePsf o:tf lj|mofkbx¿ vf]h / sfkLdf n]v .kf&df k|of]u ePsf o:tf lj|mofkbx¿ vf]h / sfkLdf n]v .kf&df k|of]u ePsf o:tf lj|mofkbx¿ vf]h / sfkLdf n]v .kf&df k|of]u ePsf o:tf lj|mofkbx¿ vf]h / sfkLdf n]v .


16= ltd|f] ;fyL;Fu xf^ ahf/, hfýf, d]nf jf kj{sf cj;/df #'Dg hfFbfsf]16= ltd|f] ;fyL;Fu xf^ ahf/, hfýf, d]nf jf kj{sf cj;/df #'Dg hfFbfsf]16= ltd|f] ;fyL;Fu xf^ ahf/, hfýf, d]nf jf kj{sf cj;/df #'Dg hfFbfsf]16= ltd|f] ;fyL;Fu xf^ ahf/, hfýf, d]nf jf kj{sf cj;/df #'Dg hfFbfsf]16= ltd|f] ;fyL;Fu xf^ ahf/, hfýf, d]nf jf kj{sf cj;/df #'Dg hfFbfsf]

cg'ej ;d]^]/ %f]^f] ;ªjfb tof/ kf/ .cg'ej ;d]^]/ %f]^f] ;ªjfb tof/ kf/ .cg'ej ;d]^]/ %f]^f] ;ªjfb tof/ kf/ .cg'ej ;d]^]/ %f]^f] ;ªjfb tof/ kf/ .cg'ej ;d]^]/ %f]^f] ;ªjfb tof/ kf/ .

Curricu

lum D

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

cfx\jfgcfx\jfgcfx\jfgcfx\jfgcfx\jfg

– hLjgfy wdnf– hLjgfy wdnf– hLjgfy wdnf– hLjgfy wdnf– hLjgfy wdnf

xftx¿ rNb} %g\, rNg'k%{ cem}

df^f] af]s]/ d'&Lx¿df

dgx¿ hfUb} %g\, hfUg'k%{ cem}

ljZjf; le/]/ cfFvfx¿df

df^f] b]z xf]

b]z d' ' xf]

hxfF HjfnfHjfnfHjfnfHjfnfHjfnf csfl;G% cl:tTjcl:tTjcl:tTjcl:tTjcl:tTjsf]

elSt jf aneb|sf g;fx¿df

hxfF jr{:jjr{:jjr{:jjr{:jjr{:j km}lnG% af]lw;TTjaf]lw;TTjaf]lw;TTjaf]lw;TTjaf]lw;TTjsf]

s}nfzs}nfzs}nfzs}nfzs}nfzsf lgZ%n s/];f / cfFugs/];f / cfFugs/];f / cfFugs/];f / cfFugs/];f / cfFugx¿df

cfpm, ltd}| x'g\

HjfnfHjfnfHjfnfHjfnfHjfnf – bgbg an]sf] cfuf]af^ p&]sf] cfufsf] /fFsf]

cl:tTjcl:tTjcl:tTjcl:tTjcl:tTj – cfkm\gf] d"No / dxTTjsf] vf]hL ug]{ bfz{lgs ljrf/

jr{:jjr{:jjr{:jjr{:jjr{:j – cfkm\gf] an jf zlStn] k|fKt :yfg, clwsf/

af ]lw;TTjaf ]lw;TTjaf ]lw;TTjaf ]lw;TTjaf ]lw;TTj – a'b\wTTj k|flKtsf] vf]hLdf nfu]sf] JolSt, a'b\w aGg] clwsf/

s }nfzs}nfzs}nfzs}nfzs}nfz – lxdfno kj{tdf dfg;/f]j/sf] lsgf/df /x]sf] k|l;b\w lzv/, kljý tLy{ :yn

s/];fs/];fs/];fs/];fs/];f – #/sf] bfofFafofF efudf /x]sf] cfFugafx]ssf] hUuf

cf Fugcf Fugcf Fugcf Fugcf Fug – #/sf] cufl*k \l^ /x]sf] tf%Lv'sL{ agfOPsf] ldn]sf] hUuf


Curricu

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

eGHof+eGHof+eGHof+eGHof+eGHof+ clg d}bfgsf rf}tf/L / la;f}gLla;f}gLla;f}gLla;f}gLla;f}gLx¿

hxfF b]z kl;gfsf #'*\sLx¿n] ysfO la;{Fb}

uLtsf efvfx¿df gofF o'u *fls/x]% .

]Sg'k%{, ca k}tfnfn] ;Defjgfsf le/le/le/le/le/x¿df

b'wd'v] %f]/fsf] k] eg{ / hf*f] %f]Kg

/fdaxfb'/x¿ ljb]z hfg' x'Fb}g

jiff{df h'&], lav]{ / ;fgLx¿ ca leHg' x'Fb}g

d]rL dxfsfnL st} klg clnslt b]z b'Vg' x'Fb}g

s;}sf klg cfFvfx¿af^ kL*fsf yf]kfx¿ v:g' x'Fb}g

cfpm ltd|} x'g\

nfnL u'/fF; / /f/f bxsf] lglj{sf/ ;f}Gbo{

hxfF b]z ltd|f as{tas{tas{tas{tas{tx¿sf] rf]vf] :kz{ dflu/x]% .

eGHof+eGHof+eGHof+eGHof+eGHof+ – kxf*sf] km]baf^ dfly r(]kl% cfpg] ;dy/ efu

la;f }gLla;f }gLla;f }gLla;f }gLla;f }gL – el/ofx¿ jf cGo JolStn] cfkm\gf] ef/L la;fpg] / cf* kfpg] &fpF

le/le/le/le/le/ – &f*f] / Psbd} s*f r \ fgn] ag]sf] */nfUbf] kx/f]

as {tas {tas {tas {tas {t – zlSt, Ifdtf, a'tf

1= kf&df lbOPsf] sljtf no ldnfO{ jfrg u/]/ ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpm .1= kf&df lbOPsf] sljtf no ldnfO{ jfrg u/]/ ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpm .1= kf&df lbOPsf] sljtf no ldnfO{ jfrg u/]/ ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpm .1= kf&df lbOPsf] sljtf no ldnfO{ jfrg u/]/ ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpm .1= kf&df lbOPsf] sljtf no ldnfO{ jfrg u/]/ ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpm .


-s_ dgx¿n] cem} s] ug'{k%{ <

-v_ b]z s] s] xf] <

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

-u_ cl:tTjsf] Hjfnf sxfF csfl;G% <

-#_ k}tfnfx¿n] sxfF ]Sg'k%{ <

-+_ /fdaxfb'/x¿ lsg ljb]z hfg' x'Fb}g <

3= kf&df x]/]/ vfnL &fpF e/L sljtfsf x/kmx¿ k'/f u/ M3= kf&df x]/]/ vfnL &fpF e/L sljtfsf x/kmx¿ k'/f u/ M3= kf&df x]/]/ vfnL &fpF e/L sljtfsf x/kmx¿ k'/f u/ M3= kf&df x]/]/ vfnL &fpF e/L sljtfsf x/kmx¿ k'/f u/ M3= kf&df x]/]/ vfnL &fpF e/L sljtfsf x/kmx¿ k'/f u/ M

xftx¿ =========================== cem}

df^f] ======================= d'&Lx¿df

dgx¿ ============================ cem}

ljZjf; ===================== cfFvfx¿df

df^f] ============================ xf]


-s_ …cfx\jfg’ sljtfdf lsg dgx¿ cem} hfUg'k%{ elgPsf] xf] <

-v_ kfOtfnfx¿n] ;Defjgfsf le/x¿df lsg ]Sg'k%{ <

-u_ …cfx\jfg’ sljtfdf g]kfnsf] ul/aLnfO{ s;/L k|:t't ul/Psf] % <

-#_ …cfx\jfg’ sljtfsf] d'Vo efj s] xf] <

5= JofVof u/ 5= JofVof u/ 5= JofVof u/ 5= JofVof u/ 5= JofVof u/ MMMMM

d]rL dxfsfnL st} klg clnslt b]z b'Vg' x'Fb}g

s;}sf klg cfFvfx¿af^ kL*fsf yf]kfx¿ v:g' x'Fb}g

6= sljtfdf sljn] ef]lnsf] g]kfnsf] ;'Gb/ lrý s;/L ptf/]sf %g\ < cfkm\g}6= sljtfdf sljn] ef]lnsf] g]kfnsf] ;'Gb/ lrý s;/L ptf/]sf %g\ < cfkm\g}6= sljtfdf sljn] ef]lnsf] g]kfnsf] ;'Gb/ lrý s;/L ptf/]sf %g\ < cfkm\g}6= sljtfdf sljn] ef]lnsf] g]kfnsf] ;'Gb/ lrý s;/L ptf/]sf %g\ < cfkm\g}6= sljtfdf sljn] ef]lnsf] g]kfnsf] ;'Gb/ lrý s;/L ptf/]sf %g\ < cfkm\g}

z}nLdf n]v . z}nLdf n]v . z}nLdf n]v . z}nLdf n]v . z}nLdf n]v .


7= pN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M7= pN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M7= pN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M7= pN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M7= pN^f] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

ljZjf; hf*f] jiff{ d}bfg km}lnG%

^fk' v'lDrG% l/Tofpg udL{ cljZjf; lxpFb

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

8= ldNbf] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M8= ldNbf] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M8= ldNbf] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M8= ldNbf] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M8= ldNbf] cy{ lbg] zAb %fg]/ hf]*f ldnfpm M

rf]vf] au{t cfFvf kL*f cfsfz

zlSt b'Mv kljý g]ý hf*f] uug


d' ', rf}tf/L, :kz{, kl;gf, Hjfnf, k] eg'{, hf*f] %f]Kg'

10= lg/\ ± ljsf/ 10= lg/\ ± ljsf/ 10= lg/\ ± ljsf/ 10= lg/\ ± ljsf/ 10= lg/\ ± ljsf/ = …lglj{sf/’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …lg/\’ pk;u{ nufP/…lglj{sf/’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …lg/\’ pk;u{ nufP/…lglj{sf/’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …lg/\’ pk;u{ nufP/…lglj{sf/’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …lg/\’ pk;u{ nufP/…lglj{sf/’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf …lg/\’ pk;u{ nufP/

gofF zAb agfpm M gofF zAb agfpm M gofF zAb agfpm M gofF zAb agfpm M gofF zAb agfpm M

dfof, bf]if, wg, ljsNk, hg


kL*f, le/, ;Defjgf, au{t, s}nfz


12= tnsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M12= tnsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M12= tnsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M12= tnsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M12= tnsf zAbx¿ z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M

elSt, aneb|, af]lw;TTj, jr{:j, cl:tTj

13= …cfx\jfg’ sljtfsf clGtd b'O{ x/km lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .13= …cfx\jfg’ sljtfsf clGtd b'O{ x/km lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .13= …cfx\jfg’ sljtfsf clGtd b'O{ x/km lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .13= …cfx\jfg’ sljtfsf clGtd b'O{ x/km lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .13= …cfx\jfg’ sljtfsf clGtd b'O{ x/km lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .

14= kf&df …rNg'k%{, hfUg'k%{’ h:tf cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u14= kf&df …rNg'k%{, hfUg'k%{’ h:tf cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u14= kf&df …rNg'k%{, hfUg'k%{’ h:tf cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u14= kf&df …rNg'k%{, hfUg'k%{’ h:tf cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u14= kf&df …rNg'k%{, hfUg'k%{’ h:tf cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf lj|mofkbx¿ k|of]u

ePsf %g\ . To:t} cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf c¿ kfFr cf] f lj|mofkb vf]h]/ ePsf %g\ . To:t} cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf c¿ kfFr cf]^f lj|mofkb vf]h]/ ePsf %g\ . To:t} cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf c¿ kfFr cf]^f lj|mofkb vf]h]/ ePsf %g\ . To:t} cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf c¿ kfFr cf]^f lj|mofkb vf]h]/ ePsf %g\ . To:t} cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf c¿ kfFr cf]^f lj|mofkb vf]h]/

sfkLdf ;f/ . sfkLdf ;f/ . sfkLdf ;f/ . sfkLdf ;f/ . sfkLdf ;f/ .

15= kf&df …Hjfnf, cl:tTj’ h:tf cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf lj|mofkb afx]ssf c¿15= kf&df …Hjfnf, cl:tTj’ h:tf cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf lj|mofkb afx]ssf c¿15= kf&df …Hjfnf, cl:tTj’ h:tf cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf lj|mofkb afx]ssf c¿15= kf&df …Hjfnf, cl:tTj’ h:tf cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf lj|mofkb afx]ssf c¿15= kf&df …Hjfnf, cl:tTj’ h:tf cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf lj|mofkb afx]ssf c¿

w]/} zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . To:tf w]/} zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . To:tf w]/} zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . To:tf w]/} zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . To:tf w]/} zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf %g\ . To:tf kfFr cf]^f kfFr cf]^f kfFr cf]^f kfFr cf]^f kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ kf&af^zAbx¿ kf&af^zAbx¿ kf&af^zAbx¿ kf&af^zAbx¿ kf&af^

vf]h]/ n]v .vf]h]/ n]v .vf]h]/ n]v .vf]h]/ n]v .vf]h]/ n]v .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8


16= dflysf] kf&df …xft, df^f], d'&L’ h:tf w]/} gfd zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf16= dflysf] kf&df …xft, df^f], d'&L’ h:tf w]/} gfd zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf16= dflysf] kf&df …xft, df^f], d'&L’ h:tf w]/} gfd zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf16= dflysf] kf&df …xft, df^f], d'&L’ h:tf w]/} gfd zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf16= dflysf] kf&df …xft, df^f], d'&L’ h:tf w]/} gfd zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf

%g\ . kf&af^ b; cf]^f gfd zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .%g\ . kf&af^ b; cf]^f gfd zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .%g\ . kf&af^ b; cf]^f gfd zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .%g\ . kf&af^ b; cf]^f gfd zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .%g\ . kf&af^ b; cf]^f gfd zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .

17= pbfx/)f x]/L cs/)f lj|mofkb k|of]u u/L b]zsf] af/]df kfFr cf]^f17= pbfx/)f x]/L cs/)f lj|mofkb k|of]u u/L b]zsf] af/]df kfFr cf]^f17= pbfx/)f x]/L cs/)f lj|mofkb k|of]u u/L b]zsf] af/]df kfFr cf]^f17= pbfx/)f x]/L cs/)f lj|mofkb k|of]u u/L b]zsf] af/]df kfFr cf]^f17= pbfx/)f x]/L cs/)f lj|mofkb k|of]u u/L b]zsf] af/]df kfFr cf]^f

jfSox¿ n]v MjfSox¿ n]v MjfSox¿ n]v MjfSox¿ n]v MjfSox¿ n]v M

pbfx/)f M pbfx/)f M pbfx/)f M pbfx/)f M pbfx/)f M

/fdaxfb'/ ljb]z hfg' x'Fb}g .hfg' x'Fb}g .hfg' x'Fb}g .hfg' x'Fb}g .hfg' x'Fb}g .

jiff{df h'&], lav]{ / ;fgLx¿ ca leHg' x'Fb}gleHg' x'Fb}gleHg' x'Fb}gleHg' x'Fb}gleHg' x'Fb}g .

d]rL dxfsfnL st} klg clnslt b]z b'Vg' x'Fb}gb'Vg' x'Fb}gb'Vg' x'Fb}gb'Vg' x'Fb}gb'Vg' x'Fb}g .

s;}sf klg cfFvfx¿af^ kL*fsf yf]kfx¿ v:g' x'Fb}gv:g' x'Fb}gv:g' x'Fb}gv:g' x'Fb}gv:g' x'Fb}g .


18= kf&df lbOPsf] sljtf /fd|/L k(L To:t} 18= kf&df lbOPsf] sljtf /fd|/L k(L To:t} 18= kf&df lbOPsf] sljtf /fd|/L k(L To:t} 18= kf&df lbOPsf] sljtf /fd|/L k(L To:t} 18= kf&df lbOPsf] sljtf /fd|/L k(L To:t} z}nLdf …d ljb\ofyL{’ zLif{sdfz}nLdf …d ljb\ofyL{’ zLif{sdfz}nLdf …d ljb\ofyL{’ zLif{sdfz}nLdf …d ljb\ofyL{’ zLif{sdfz}nLdf …d ljb\ofyL{’ zLif{sdf

sljtf n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .sljtf n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .sljtf n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .sljtf n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .sljtf n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

l;ªx / :ofnsf] syfl;ªx / :ofnsf] syfl;ªx / :ofnsf] syfl;ªx / :ofnsf] syfl;ªx / :ofnsf] syf

w]/} klxn]sf] s'/f xf] . Pp^f &'nf] h+\un lyof] . To; h+\undf efn] / kf]yL l;ªxsf]

Pp^f hf]*L a:Yof] . ltgLx¿ Ps cfk;df v'a} ldNy], h+\undf ljxf/ljxf/ljxf/ljxf/ljxf/ uy]{, l;sf/

v]Ny] . ltgLx¿sf tL lbgx¿ lgs} /dfOnf lyP . Ps lbg kf]yL l;ªxn] b'O{ cf] f aRrf

hGdfof] . aRrf hGd]kl% efn] l;ªxn] eGof], ælk|of ! ca ltdL aRrfsL cfdf eof} .

cfhb]lv ltdL aRrfsf] /]vb]v ug]{ %f} . d l;sf/sf] Joj:yf u%'{ .Æ kf]yL l;ªxn] klg

p;sf] s'/fdf ;dy{g hgfof] . efn] l;ªxn] lbglbg} h+\unL hgfj/x¿nfO{ df/]/ Nofpg

yfNof] .

Ps lbgsf] s'/f xf] . efn] l;ªx ;w}F em}F l;sf/sf] vf]hL ub}{ k'/f h+\un #'Dof] . st} s]xL

e] \ fPg . ;fFem kl/;s]sf] lyof] . ;"o{ lIflthlIflthlIflthlIflthlIflthdf *'Ag} cfF ]sf] lyof] . h+\undf #fF; bfp/f

ug{ uPsf dflg;x¿ klg cfcfkm\gf #/lt/ kmls{Fb} lyP . efn] l;ªx klg h+\undf

#'Dbf#'Db} ylst eP/ #/lt/ kmls{Fb} lyof] . p;n] af^fdf Pp^f :ofnsf] aRrf] b]Vof] . pm

v';L eof] . æcfxf ! Sof /fd|f] :ofnsf] aRrf] /x]% . ca o;}nfO{ n}hfg'k¥of] .Æ p;n]

;f]Rof] . To;kl% p;n] To; :ofnsf] aRrf]nfO{ lhpFb} #/df Nofof] / kf]yL

l;ªxnfO{ a'emfof] .

lhpFbf] :ofnsf] aRrf] b]v]/ kf]yL l;ªx cfZro{ rlst eof] . ;w}F hgfj/x¿nfO{ df/]/

NofpFy] . cfh lsg lhpFbf] :ofnsf] aRrf] NofP < p;sf] dgdf k|Zg plAhof] . clg efn]

l;ªxnfO{ ;f]Wof], æcfh ltdLn] d]/f] ef]hgsf nflu s'g} Joj:yf ldnfOlbof} < s'g} k|f)fL

df/]/ NofOlbPsf %f} <Æ kf]yL l;ªxsf] s'/f ;'g]/ efn] l;ªxn] eGof], æx]/ lk|of ! cfh of]

:ofnsf] aRrf]afx]s c¿ s'g} k|f)fL km]nf k/]g . o;nfO{ klg afns &fg]/ dfl/gF .Æ

zf:ýdf klg ljåfg\, , , , , ljb'ifL, a|x\drf/L a|x\drf/L a|x\drf/L a|x\drf/L a|x\drf/L / afnsnfO{ slxNo} dfg'{ x'Fb}g elgPsf] % . of]

t af^fdf PSn} /x]% . dnfO{ b]v]/ efUg'sf] ; \ f emg\ glhs kf] cfof] . olb sf]xL

ljZjf; u/]/ cfkm";Fu cfPsf] % eg] To;nfO{ dfg'{ x'Fb}g . cem of] aRrf] t xfd|f] lardf


ljxf/ljxf/ljxf/ljxf/ljxf/ – #'dlkm/ ug]{ sfd

lIflthlIflthlIflthlIflthlIflth – k[YjL / cfsfz hf]l*Psf] h:tf] b]lvg] &fpF

a |x \drf/La|x \drf/La|x \drf/La|x \drf/La|x \drf/L – j|t cflb lgod kfng ug]{ wdf{Tdf JolSt, a|x\dro{ cf>ddf /xg] JolSt

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v';L g} b]lvG% . ltdLnfO{ s'g} ef]hgsf] Joj:yf ePg eg] o;}sf] l;sf/ u/]/ cfkm\gf]

%fs f/ . ef]ln laxfg x'g]lalTts} csf]{ s'g} vfg]s'/fsf] aGbf]a:t u?Fnf .Æ efn] l;ªxn] eGof] .

efn] l;ªxsf] s'/f ;'g]kl% kf]yL l;ªxn] eGof], æltdLn] o;nfO{ aRrf] &fg]/ df/]gf} . d klg

cfkm\gf] k] eg{sf nflu o;sf] xTof lsg u%'{ / < Hofg} hfg] cj:yf cfOnfUbf klg ug{

gx'g] sfd slxNo} s;}n] ug'{ x'Fb}g . of] :ofnsf] aRrf] clxn] xfd|f] z/)f z/)f z/)f z/)f z/)fdf % . z/)fsf]

d/)f slxNo} ug'{ x'Fb}g . of] ;gftg;gftg;gftg;gftg;gftg wd{ klg xf] .Æ

kf]yL l;ªxn] km]l/ eGof], æcfhb]lv of] d]/f] t];|f] aRrf] x'g] % .Æ o;kl% kf]yL l;ªxn] To;

:ofnsf] aRrf]nfO{ cfkm\gf] b'w v'jfP/ x'sf{pg yfNof] . l;ªxsf kl/jf/df ltg cf] }

aRrfx¿ ;Fu} x'ls{g yfn] . pgLx¿ ;Fu} ldlnh'nL v]Ng], vfg], a:g] / #'dlkm/ ug]{ uy]{ . o;/L

pgLx¿sf] afNosfn laTof] . ltgsf] zf/Ll/s agf] df klg leGgtf b]lvg yfNof] . t}klg

kl/jf/df slxNo} sf] s;sf] ;Gtfg eGg] ljifodf %nkmn g} ePg . ltg cf] } aRrfx¿

x'ls{{Fb} / a(\b} uP . ltgLx¿sf oL lbgx¿ v'a cfgGbsf lyP .

Ps lbgsf] s'/f xf] . pgLx¿ h+\undf v]ln/x]sf] a]nf x&ft\ Pp^f h+\unL xfTtL b]vf

k¥of] . To;nfO{ b]Vg]lalTts} l;ªxsf b'O{ cf] f aRrfx¿ l/;fpFb} emD^g k'u] . of] b]Vgf;fy

:ofnsf] aRrf]n] ltgLx¿nfO{ /f]Sb} eGof], æc/] efO xf] ! of] ltdLx¿sf] s'nsf] hGdhfthGdhfthGdhfthGdhfthGdhft

z/)fz/)fz/)fz/)fz/)f – s'g} sl&g jf b'Mvb cj:yfdf s;}sf] cf* lnP/ ;'/lIft /xg] sfd

;gftg;gftg;gftg;gftg;gftg – klxn]b]lv rlncfPsf]

hGdhfthGdhfthGdhfthGdhfthGdhft – hGd}b]lvsf], hGdl;b\w

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zý' xfTtL xf] . To;}n] ltdLx¿ o;sf cufl* hfg' x'Fb}g .Æ efOx¿nfO{ olt eGgf;fy pm

#/lt/ ^fk s:of]^fk s:of]^fk s:of]^fk s:of]^fk s:of] . :ofn bfh' efu]sf] b]v]kl% l;ªxsf aRrfx¿ klg lg/fz eP/ kmls{P .

#/df k'u]kl% tL b'O{ efOn] kf]yL l;ªxsf cufl* #^gfsf] ;a} j[TtfGt atfP . cfkm\gf]

:ofn bfOnfO{ lgs} lv;L / Vofn& \ f ub}{ p*fP . pgLx¿n] xfTtLnfO{ b]Vg] lalTts} pm

cflTtP/ efu]sf] / cfkm"x¿nfO{ klg efUg] ;Nnfx lbPsf] s'/f ;'gfP . l;ªxsf aRrfx¿sf]

s'/f ;'g]/ :ofnsf] aRrf] v'a l/;fof] . p;sf cf]&x¿ l/;n] y/y/L sfFKg yfn] . p;sf

cfFvf /ftf eP . p;n] cfFvLef}F ;d]t af+\uf / l^+\uf kfb}{ b'O{ efOnfO{ ufnL ug{ yfNof] .

olTts}df kf]yL l;ªxn] p;nfO{ PsfGtdf nu]/ ;DemfpFb} eGof], æafa' ! ltdL To;/Lgl/;fpm . tL b'j} ltd|f efOx¿ x'g\ .Æ

kf]yL l;ªxsf s'/f ;'Ggf;fy pm l/;n] emg\ cfuf] eof] . p;n] eGof], æs] d zf}o{,zf}o{,zf}o{,zf}o{,zf}o{, ljb\of,

¿k, l;k cflb s]xLdf ltgLx¿ eGbf sd %' / < logLx¿n] lsg dnfO{ o;/L x]lk/x]sf %g\ <Æ

:ofnsf aRrf]sf] Toýf] cfj|mf]zcfj|mf]zcfj|mf]zcfj|mf]zcfj|mf]z b]v]/ kf]yL l;ªx ;f]rdUg eof] . To;sf] hLjg /Iff ug'{

p;sf] st{Jo lyof] . olb emu*f eOxfn]df l;ªxsf b'O{ cf] f aRrfx¿n] p;nfO{ l;Wofpg]

lyP . To;}n] kf]yL l;ªxn] ;ªoldt eP/ xfF:t} eGof], æafa' ! ltdLn] eg]sf] s'/f l&s xf] .

ltdL jL/, ljåfg\ / b]Vgdf klg /fd|f %f} t/ ltdL h'g s'ndf hlGdPsf lyof}, To; s'ndf

xfTtLsf] l;sf/ ul/Fb}gYof] .Æ

kf]yL l;ªxsf] s'/f ;'g]/ :ofn eml:sof] .

To;} a]nf kf]yL l;ªxn] cem /fd|/L ;DemfpFb}

eGg yfNof] . æ;'g, ca d ;a} ;To

s'/f atfpF%' . afa' ! ltdL :ofnsf] aRrf]

xf} . d}n] ltdLnfO{ dfof u/]/ d]/f] b'w

v'jfP/ x'sf{PF . tL d]/f %f]/fx¿n] clxn]

ltdLnfO{ :ofn eg]/ lrlg;s]sf %}gg\ .

To;}n] ltdL oxfFaf^ efu / cfkm\g} s'nsf

:ofnx¿;Fu ldn]/ a; . olb To;f] u/]gf}

eg] kl% logLx¿n] ltdLnfO{ dfg]{ %g\ .

^fk s:g'^fk s:g'^fk s:g'^fk s:g'^fk s:g' – efUg'

zf}o{zf}o{zf}o{zf}o{zf}o{ – k/fj|md, jL/tf

cfj|mf ]zcfj|mf ]zcfj|mf ]zcfj|mf ]zcfj|mf ]z – l/;, j|mf]w

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

kf]yL l;ªxsf] s'/f ;'g]kl% pm */n] ys{dfg eof] . l;ªxsf %f]/fx¿l;t emu*f gx'Fbf

pgLx¿ v';L lyP . ;do laTb} hfFbf emu*fn] kl/l:ylt ablnof] . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf]

lardf &'nf] cljZjf; b]vf k¥of] . ;a}sf] v';L PsfPs vf]l;of] . :ofn cfkm" PSn}

ePsfn] lgs} cflTtof] . cfkm\gf] Hofg hf]ufpg ToxfFaf^ s'n]nd &f]Sof]s'n]nd &f]Sof]s'n]nd &f]Sof]s'n]nd &f]Sof]s'n]nd &f]Sof] . clg sxfF uP/

cfkm\gf] :ofnsf] ayfg;Fu} ldl;of], s;}nfO{ yfxf ePg .

æz/)fdf cfPsfnfO{ ;ª/If)f ug'{k%{ . cfk;df slxNo} emu*f ug'{ x'Fb}g . plrt ;dodf

;xL s'/f atfpg'k%{ . ;s];Dd ;a}sf] enf] ug'{k%{ . of] xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] . of] s'/f ca

d d]/f ;GtfgnfO{ klg l;sfpF%' .Æ kf]yL l;ªxn] dgdg} ;f]Rof] .

s'n]nd &f]Sg's'n]nd &f]Sg's'n]nd &f]Sg's'n]nd &f]Sg's'n]nd &f]Sg' – c¿nfO{ yfxf glbO{ efUg] sfd, ;'OFs'Rrf &f]Sg'

1= kf& kfn}kfnf] k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .1= kf& kfn}kfnf] k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .1= kf& kfn}kfnf] k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .1= kf& kfn}kfnf] k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .1= kf& kfn}kfnf] k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .


-s_ efn] / kf]yL l;ªxsf] hf]*L sxfF a:Yof] <

-v_ kf]yL l;ªxn] slt cf] f aRrf hGdfof] <

-u_ kf]yL l;ªx lsg cfZro{ rlst eof] <

-#_ l;ªxsf %f]/fx¿ s;nfO{ emD^g k'u] <

-+_ l;ªxsf aRrfx¿ lsg lg/fz eP <

3= kf&af^ l&s zAb vf]h]/ vfnL &fpF e/ M3= kf&af^ l&s zAb vf]h]/ vfnL &fpF e/ M3= kf&af^ l&s zAb vf]h]/ vfnL &fpF e/ M3= kf&af^ l&s zAb vf]h]/ vfnL &fpF e/ M3= kf&af^ l&s zAb vf]h]/ vfnL &fpF e/ M

-s_ l;ªxsf] kl/jf/df ============ aRrfx¿ ;Fu} x'ls{g yfn] .

-v_ kf]yL l;ªxn] =========== eP/ xfF:t} eGof] .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

-u_ z/)fsf] =========== slxNo} ug'{ x'Fb}g .

-#_ o;nfO{ klg cfkm\gf] ============= aRrf] =========== dfl/gF .


-s_ cfxf Sof /fd|f] :ofnsf] aRrf] /x]% .

-v_ cfhb]lv of] d]/f] t];|f] aRrf] x'g] % .

-u_ of] ;gftg wd{ klg xf] .

-#_ ltdL jL/, ljåfg\ / b]Vgdf klg /fd|f %f} .

-+_ afa' ! ltdL :ofnsf] aRrf xf} .


-s_ efn] l;ªxn] :ofnsf] aRrf]nfO{ lsg df/]g <

-v_ kf]yL l;ªxn] :ofnsf] l;sf/ ug{ gdfGg'sf] sf/)f s] xf] <

-u_ ltg cf] f aRrfx¿sf lbgx¿ s;/L lat]sf lyP <

-#_ :ofnsf] aRrf] l;ªxsf aRrfx¿;Fu lsg l/;fof] <

-+_ :ofnsf] aRrf] lsg */n] ys{dfg eP/ efUg'k¥of] <

-r_ o; syfn] lbg vf]h]sf] ;Gb]z s] xf] <

6= efj :ki^ kf/ M6= efj :ki^ kf/ M6= efj :ki^ kf/ M6= efj :ki^ kf/ M6= efj :ki^ kf/ M

Hofg} hfg] cj:yf cfOnfUbf klg ug{ gx'g] sfd slxNo} s;}n] ug'{ xF'b}g .


7= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ eg M7= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ eg M7= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ eg M7= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ eg M7= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ eg M

j[TtfGt, ;gftg, ljb'ifL, lIflth, x&ft\

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g]kfnL, sIff 8


^fk s:g', Hofg hf]ufpg', cfuf] x'g', s'n]nd &f]Sg', lg/fz x'g', z/)fsf] d/)f ug'{



p;n] eGof] s] d zf}o{, ljb\of, ?k, ;Lk cfbL s]lxdf ltlgx¿ eGbf sd %' /

10= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .10= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .10= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .10= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .10= kf&sf] clGtd cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .

11= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M11= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M11= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M11= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M11= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/ M

cfFvLef}F, a|x\drf/L, zf:ý, Joj:yf, kl/l:ylt, cfj|mf]z

12= tnsf zAbsf] ;'?sf] cIf/df lz/l12= tnsf zAbsf] ;'?sf] cIf/df lz/l12= tnsf zAbsf] ;'?sf] cIf/df lz/l12= tnsf zAbsf] ;'?sf] cIf/df lz/l12= tnsf zAbsf] ;'?sf] cIf/df lz/laaaaaGb' yk]/ z'b\w u/ Gb' yk]/ z'b\w u/ Gb' yk]/ z'b\w u/ Gb' yk]/ z'b\w u/ Gb' yk]/ z'b\w u/ M

h:t} M l;x — l;ªx

l;x, ;jfb, ;f:s[lts, ;xf/, df;fxf/L, ;:yf, ;:sf/, ;;f/, ;/rgf, ;of]u


13= k( / a' M13= k( / a' M13= k( / a' M13= k( / a' M13= k( / a' M

-s_ k")f{ lj/fd -._

– d}n] ltdLnfO{ dfof u/]/ x'sf{PF .

– ca d ;a} ;To s'/f atfpF%' .

-v_ k|Zg lrx\g -<_

– logLx¿n] lsg dnfO{ o;/L x]l//x]sf %g\ <

– s'g} k|f)fL df/]/ NofOlbPsf %f} <

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

-u_ cNk lj/fd lrx\g -,_

– zf:ýdf klg ljåfg\, ljb'ifL, a|x\drf/L / afnsnfO{ slxNo} dfg'{ x'Fb}g

elgPsf] % .

– pgLx¿ ldlnh'nL v]Ng], vfg], a:g] / #'dlkm/ ug]{ uy]{ .

-#_ cw{ lj/fd -Ù_

– ltgLx¿ v'a} ldNy] Ù h+\undf ljxf/ uy]{ Ù l;sf/ v]Ny] .

-+_ pb\uf/ lrx\g - _

–cfxf Sof /fd|f] :ofnsf] aRrf] /x]% .

– lk|of ca ltdL aRrfsL cfdf eof} .

-r_ of]hs lrx\g -–_

– h+\undf #fF; bfp/f ug{ uPsf dflg;x¿ klg ;dodf g} cfcfkm\gf #/–

lt/ kms{Fb} lyP .

-%_ sf]i&s lrx\g - _

– g]kfn e"kl/j]li&t -rf/}lt/ hldgn] #]l/Psf]_ b]z xf] . o;sf] /fhwfgL

sf&df*f}F pkTosf -rf/}lt/ kxf*n] #]l/Psf] ;dy/ e"efu_ lgs} ;'Gb/ % .

kfNkfaf^ sf&df*f}F k'Ug y'k|} eGHof+x¿ -kxf*sf] km]bLaf^ dfly r(]kl% cfpg]

;dy/ efu_ kf/ ug'{k%{ .

-h_ pb\w/)f lrx\g -æ Æ_ -… ’_

– kf]yL l;ªxn] eGof], æcfhb]lv of] d]/f] t];|f] aRrf] x'g] % .Æ

– d}n] …l;ªx / :ofn’ syf k(]F .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

-´_ lgb]{zs lrx\g -M_

tn lbOPsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M

;ª/If)f, z/)f, ;Gtfg

zAb / jfSosf] Ps cfk;df ;DaGw b]vfpg, cy{ v'n:t kfg{ / efjdf l;nl;nf

ldnfpg n]vfOdf k|of]u ul/g] lrx\gx¿nfO{ n]Vo lrx\g elgG% . efjnfO{ /fd|f];Fu

JoSt ug{ pko'St lrx\gx¿sf] k|of]u ug'{k%{ . gý jfSosf] cy{ sl&g x'g uO{ cy{sf]

cgy{ klg x'g ;S% .

– s'g} egfO k'/f ePkl% jfSosf] cGTodf k|of]u ul/g] lrx\gnfO{ k")f{ lj/fd lrx\g

- . _ elgG% . k")f{ lj/fd lrx\gn] jfSo k'/f ePsf] ;+\s]t u%{ .

– s'g} s'/fsf] pTt/ hfGg] lh!f;f /fVbf k|Zg lrx\g -<_ sf] k|of]u ul/G% .

– jfSodf Ps} lsl;dsf zAbx¿ j|mlds ¿kdf cfP eg] cNk lj/fd lrx\gsf] k|of]u

ul/G% . o; lrx\gn] jfSodf %f] f] c*fgnfO{ hgfpF% .

– s'g} jfSosf] ;xof]uL eP/ cfpg] ljleGg pkjfSosf lardf cw{ lj/fd lrx\gsf]

k|of]u ul/G% .

– xif{, #[)ff, cfZro{ cflb a'emfpg pb\uf/ lrx\gsf] k|of]u ul/G% . o;nfO{ lj:do

;"rs lrx\g klg elgG% .

– b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a(L zAbnfO{ hf]*\g'kbf{ / x/kmsf] cGTodf zAb gc^fO{ csf]{

x/kmdf n]Vg'k/]df of]hs lrx\gsf] k|of]u ul/G% .

– jfSosf] lardf s'g} zAbsf] cy{nfO{ :ki^ kfg'{k/]df sf]i&s lrx\gsf] k|of]u ul/G% .

– s;}sf] egfOnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} /fVbf pb\w/)f lrx\gsf] k|of]u ul/G% .

– s'g} s'/fnfO{ tf]s]/ b]vfpFbf jf lgb]{zg ubf{ lgb]{zg lrx\gsf] k|of]u ul/G% .

14= pko'St lrx\gsf] k|of]u u/L z'b\w u/ M14= pko'St lrx\gsf] k|of]u u/L z'b\w u/ M14= pko'St lrx\gsf] k|of]u u/L z'b\w u/ M14= pko'St lrx\gsf] k|of]u u/L z'b\w u/ M14= pko'St lrx\gsf] k|of]u u/L z'b\w u/ M

kf]yL l;ªxn] eGof] ;'g ca d ;a} ;To s'/f atfpF%' afa' ltdL Pp^f :ofnsf] aRrf xf} .

15= kf&af^ k|Zg lrx\g / pb\w/)f lrx\g k|of]u ePsf b'O{ b'O{ cf]^f jfSox¿15= kf&af^ k|Zg lrx\g / pb\w/)f lrx\g k|of]u ePsf b'O{ b'O{ cf]^f jfSox¿15= kf&af^ k|Zg lrx\g / pb\w/)f lrx\g k|of]u ePsf b'O{ b'O{ cf]^f jfSox¿15= kf&af^ k|Zg lrx\g / pb\w/)f lrx\g k|of]u ePsf b'O{ b'O{ cf]^f jfSox¿15= kf&af^ k|Zg lrx\g / pb\w/)f lrx\g k|of]u ePsf b'O{ b'O{ cf]^f jfSox¿

vf]h]/ n]v .vf]h]/ n]v .vf]h]/ n]v .vf]h]/ n]v .vf]h]/ n]v .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

1616161616= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b k( / k")f{ lj/fd lrx\g nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b k( / k")f{ lj/fd lrx\g nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b k( / k")f{ lj/fd lrx\g nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b k( / k")f{ lj/fd lrx\g nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b k( / k")f{ lj/fd lrx\g nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f

jfSox¿jfSox¿jfSox¿jfSox¿jfSox¿ n ]v .n ]v .n ]v .n ]v .n ]v .


17= tnsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f]^f] syf n]v / zLif{s klg b]pm M17= tnsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f]^f] syf n]v / zLif{s klg b]pm M17= tnsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f]^f] syf n]v / zLif{s klg b]pm M17= tnsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f]^f] syf n]v / zLif{s klg b]pm M17= tnsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f]^f] syf n]v / zLif{s klg b]pm M

s'g} ufpFdf em' f] af]Ng] sfn' gfd u/]sf] s] f] x'g' === ;w}F h+\undf afv|f r/fpg

hfg' ========= af# cfof] u'xf/ ! u'xf/ !! u'xf/ !! ! eg]/ ?vdf r(]/ s/fpg'

=======ufpFn]x¿ af# wkfpg h+\undf bf}*g'==========af# ge] \g'========= sfn'n]

af/Daf/ of] #^gf bf]xf]¥ofO/xg'=========ufpFn]x¿ sfn'sf Jojxf/af^ lbSs x'g'

======= Ps lbg ;fFRr} af# cfpg'=========sfn' u'xf/ ! u'xf/ ! ! af# cfof] eg]/

s/fpg'===========ufpFn]x¿ sf]xL klg gcfpg' ==========af#n] sfn'sf ;a} afv|f

df/]/ vfg' ==========sfn' ?Fb} ?F}b} #/ kmls{g'========em'&f] af]Nbf cfkmF} k%'tfpg'k%{

eGg] ;Gb]z lbg' .

18=18=18=18=18= ltdLn] ;'g]sf] s'g} Pp^f nf]ssyf n]v]/ sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .ltdLn] ;'g]sf] s'g} Pp^f nf]ssyf n]v]/ sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .ltdLn] ;'g]sf] s'g} Pp^f nf]ssyf n]v]/ sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .ltdLn] ;'g]sf] s'g} Pp^f nf]ssyf n]v]/ sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .ltdLn] ;'g]sf] s'g} Pp^f nf]ssyf n]v]/ sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltg]kfnL ;ª:s[ltg]kfnL ;ª:s[ltg]kfnL ;ª:s[ltg]kfnL ;ª:s[lt

g]kfn lxdfn, kxf* / t/fO{sf] ljljwtfn] el/Psf] ;'Gb/ au}Frf xf] . au}Frfdf /+\uLr+\uL

km'nx¿ /x] em}F oxfF w]/} hfthflt %g\ . oxfF /+\uL la/+\uL r/f r'?+\uLx¿sf ld&f uLt

h:t} w]/} lsl;dsf efiff %g\ . cg]sf}F d&, dlGb/, u'Daf, dl:hb / luhf{#/ %g\ . oxfF

cg]sf}F rf*kj{, /Llt l/jfh / k|rngx¿ %g\ . cg]sf}F d'xfgaf^ lg:s]sf kljý gbL h:t}

oxfF cg]sf}F k/Dk/f / dfGotf %g\ . g]kfn ljleGg hfltx¿sf] ;+\ud :yn klg xf] .

o;nfO{ ljleGg hftsf km'nsf] ;femf km'naf/L klg elgG% . oxfFsf log} ljljwtfdo

;dfhsf] hudf g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf] pbo ePsf] xf] . To;}n] g]kfnL ;ª:s[lt g]kfnL ;dfhsf]

c;n Jojxf/, dfGotf / efjgfsf] Pp } :j¿k xf] . o;leý tdfd hfthflt, efiffefifL /

wdf{jnDaLwdf{jnDaLwdf{jnDaLwdf{jnDaLwdf{jnDaLx¿sf ljrf/ / efjgf ldn]sf %g\ .

/+}/+sf] ;'Gb/ ;[li^ OGb|])fLOGb|])fLOGb|])fLOGb|])fLOGb|])fL xf] . To;} u/L ljljw hflt, j]z / k/Dk/fsf] pkh g]kfnL

;ª:s[lt xf] . OGb|])fLsf x/]s /+sf] cnUu} kl/ro / ljz]iftf x'G% . t/ klg ltgLx¿sf]

;dlGjt Pstf tL ;a}nfO{ ;hfpg] gofF l;h{gf ag]sf] x'G% .


wdf {jnDaLwdf {jnDaLwdf {jnDaLwdf {jnDaLwdf {jnDaL – wd{sf cg'ofoL OGb|])fL OGb|])fL OGb|])fL OGb|])fL OGb|])fL – OGb| wg'if

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

g]kfndf cg]s hflt / ltgsf efiff, j]z / k/Dk/f %g\ . tL ;a}sf ;femf ljz]iftf …;Fu}

afFrf}F / xfF;f}F’ eGg] xf] . To;}n] ljljwtflarsf] Pstf g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf] d"n vDaf xf] .

g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltnfO{ ;o y/L afhfaf^ k}bf x'g] Pp^f dgf]x/ tfntfntfntfntfn;Fu klg t'ngf ul/G% .

h;/L ;gxL, 'df{, dfbn, (f]ns cflbaf^ s'g} dgf]/d tfn lg:sG%, To;/L g} xfdLaf^

g]kfnL ;ª:s[lt hGdG% . of] ;ª:s[lt ljsf;sf] Pp } nIodf nDs]sf s/f}*f}F g]kfnLsf]

Pstf cleofg h:t} % . o;df x/]s g]kfnLsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; ug]{ dxfg\ pb\b]Zo

;d]l^Psf] % .

jf:tjdf g]kfnL ;ª:s[lt /+\uL la/+\uL km'nx¿n] el/Psf] km'naf/Lsf] ;f}Gbo{ xf] .

km'naf/Ldf ;okýL, u'nfkm, sdn, a]nL, rd]nL, hfO{, h'xL cflb x'G%g\ . km'naf/LnfO{

;okýLn] dfý ;'Gb/ agfPsf] xf]Og / rd]nLn] dfý rDsfPsf] klg xf]Og . Tof] km'naf/L

;hfpg ;a} lsl;dsf km'nsf] ;femf ;xof]u % . To:t} g]kfnL ;ª:s[lt ;a} g]kfnLsf]

;d'Gglt;d'Gglt;d'Gglt;d'Gglt;d'Gglt rfxg] ;femf efjgf xf] . of] efjgf kf/:kl/s ;b\efj, ;xof]u, ;';DaGwdf

df}nfPdf}nfPdf}nfPdf}nfPdf}nfPsf] % . To;}n] g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltdf …lhpFbfsf] hGtL / dbf{sf] dnfdL’ pvfg ;fy{s

ePsf] % .

d}ýLd}ýLd}ýLd}ýLd}ýL, s?)ffs?)ffs?)ffs?)ffs?)ff / IfdfIfdfIfdfIfdfIfdf g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf d"n dGý x'g\ . xfd|f] ;dfhdf …ufF; %f*\g', ;fy

g%f*\g'’ pvfg Hofb} nf]slk|o % . xfdL s;}nfO{ k/fOk/fOk/fOk/fOk/fO &fGb}gf}F . ;a}nfO{ cfkmGt g} &fG%f}F .

xfdL wd{sf gfddf s'g} emu*f ub}{gf}F . oxfF dlGb/n] dl:hbsf] l/; ub}{g eg] u'Dafn]

luhf{#/nfO{ ufnL ub}{g . oxfF lxGb', af}b\w, d'l:nd, lj|ml:rog h] eP klg xfdL cfk;df

xft]dfnf] u%f}F{ . olt dfý xf]Og, xfdL kz'kIfLdfly bof / ckf/ dfof klg u%fF}{ . xfdL

xfd|f rf*kj{df sfu, s's'/, ufO{, uf]? cflbnfO{ ;Ddfg u%f}{F . xfdL j[If jg:kltnfO{ klg

pgLx¿sf] pksf/ ;DemL >b\wf u%fF}{ . xfdL t'n;L, j/, lkkn cflbnfO{ k"hf u%f}F{ . xfdL

;a}sf rf*kj{df Ps csf{df z'e sfdgf JoSt u%f}{F . xfdL a'b\w k"l)f{df, lth, b;}F,

ttttt fnfnfnfnfn – gfrufg jf jfb\o jfbgsf] /fd|/L ldn]sf] rfn jf (+\u

;d'Gglt;d'Gglt;d'Gglt;d'Gglt;d'Gglt – /fd|f] pGglt

df}nfPsf] df}nfPsf] df}nfPsf] df}nfPsf] df}nfPsf] – ljsf; ePsf], ;lk|Psf], km}lnPsf]

d }ýLd }ýLd}ýLd}ýLd}ýL – ldýtf

s?)ffs?)ffs?)ffs?)ffs?)ff – bof

IfdfIfdfIfdfIfdfIfdf – dfkmL

k/fOk/fOk/fOk/fOk/fO – ckl/lrt, zý'

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

ltxf/, %& xiff]{Nnf;sf ;fy dgfpF%f}F . To;} u/L Ob, lj|m;d;, pFwf}nL, pFef}nL, Nxf];f/,

df#L, xf]nL cflb kj{x¿ klg dgfpF%f}F . oL xfd|f /fli «o kj{x¿ x'g\ . oxfF lj|m;d;sf

v'l;ofnLdf lxGb' / d'l:ndsf] klg ;xeflutf kfOG% . b;}F, ltxf/ h:tf kj{x¿ dgfpg

oxfF h'g;'s} wd{sf JolStsf] klg cfkm\g} lsl;dsf] cu|;/tf e]l^G% . g]kfnLx¿ /f]bL,

#f ', ehg, afn'g, b]p;L, e}nf], uLtx¿df c;fWo} cfglGbt aG%g\ . clg df?gL, nfv],

;fs]nf, wfg gfr / wfdL gfr cflbdf klg ;a} plTts} /dfpF%g\ . o;/L oxfF h'g;'s}

/fli «o kj{ ckf/ xif{sf ;fy dgfOG% . o;af^ ljljw k/Dk/fsf] ;+\ud;+\ud;+\ud;+\ud;+\ud eO{ Pp^f

g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf] ;d'bo;d'bo;d'bo;d'bo;d'bo ePsf] % . To;} u/L xfd|f] g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltdf ;Tosf] k|zª;f

ul/G% . xfd|f kf}/fl)fs / nf]s syfdf ;TojfbL ;TojfbL ;TojfbL ;TojfbL ;TojfbLsf] cflv/df sNof)f ePsf] atfOG% .

xfd|f] ;dfhdf c;n sfdsf] sb/ / ;Ddfg ul/G% . oxfF c;n dg;fon] sfd ubf{ uNtL

x'g uP Ifdf klg ul/G% .

k/f]ksf/ / ;dfh ;]jf g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf cfwf/e"t kIfdf x'g\\ . xfdL xfd|f] cf>odf

cfPsf kfx'gfnfO{ :jfut u%f}{F . kfx'gfnfO{ b]jtf ;/x &fgL ;Tsf/ u%f}{ . cfkt\df

k/]sfsf] pb\wf/ ug'{ xfd|f] klxnf] st{Jo x'G% . xfdL k/f]ksf/L efjgfaf^ k|]l/t eP/

kf^L, kf}jf, rf}tf/f] agfpF%f}F . d&, dlGb/, k'n, wd{zfnf / wf/f] lgdf{)f u%fF}{ . xfdL cfkm\gf]

;DklTt ;dfh ;]jfdf ck{)f ug{ ;w}F nfnflot x'G%f}F . cgfyfno, j[b\wf>d cflb

;fdflhs ;ª:yf :yfkgf ug'{nfO{ xfdL &'nf] ;f}efUo &fG%f}F . xfd|f] ;ª:s[ltdf bfgnfO{ dxfg\

sfo{ dflgG% . xfd|f j]bj]bj]bj]bj]b cflb k'/fgf u|Gyx¿df klg bfgjL/bfgjL/bfgjL/bfgjL/bfgjL/x¿sf] uf}/j ufguf}/j ufguf}/j ufguf}/j ufguf}/j ufg kfOG% .

;a}sf] sNof)f, ;d[b\lw, Pstf, ;dtf / ;]jfdf g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf] hu c*]sf] % . To;}n]

g]kfnL ;ª:s[lt lzi^, ;Eo / ;';ª:s[t cfr/)f tyf k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t % . o;df s]xL

ljs[lt kIf #';]sf] b]lvG% . s]xL sfn;Dd o;nfO{ %'jf%'t k|yf / dlxnf zlStnfO{

pk]Iffpk]Iffpk]Iffpk]Iffpk]Iff ug]{ k|j[lTtn] ufFh]sf] lyof] .

;+\ud;+\ud;+\ud;+\ud;+\ud – ;lDdng, ldNg] &fpF

;d'bo;d'bo;d'bo;d'bo;d'bo – /fd|f];Fu pbfPsf]

;TojfbL;TojfbL;TojfbL;TojfbL;TojfbL – ;w}F ;fFrf] af]Ng]

j ]bj]bj]bj]bj]b – ;j{ k|frLg dfGo u|Gy, lxGb'x¿sf] k|l;b\w wfld{s u|Gy, !fgsf] e)*f/, clgi^ x^fO{

Oi^ k|flKt ug]{ cnf}lss pkfo atfpg] zf:ý

bfgjL/bfgjL/bfgjL/bfgjL/bfgjL/ – bfg lbg]

uf}/j ufguf}/j ufguf}/j ufguf}/j ufguf}/j ufg – dlxdfsf] aofg

pk]Iffpk]Iffpk]Iffpk]Iffpk]Iff – lt/isf/, #[)ff

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

clxn] g]kfnL ;ª:s[lt o:tf s'k|yfs'k|yfs'k|yfs'k|yfs'k|yfaf^ d'St x'Fb} uPsf] % . ul/a / c;xfonfO{ x]Kg], gf]s/

agfpg] ;fdGtjfbL;fdGtjfbL;fdGtjfbL;fdGtjfbL;fdGtjfbL ;f]raf^ of] d'St ePsf] %}g . cem} xfd|f] ;dfhdf xfd|f /fd|f

k/Dk/f / ;ª:s[ltnfO{ e'n]/ k/fOsf] ;ª:s[ltnfO{ cfFvf lrDn]/ k%\ofpg] s]xL %g\ . g]kfnL

;ª:s[ltnfO{ o:tf] ljs[ltaf^ d'St kfg{ g]kfnL ;dfhdf hfu/)fhfu/)fhfu/)fhfu/)fhfu/)f k}bf ug'{k%{ . To;f] ePdf

g]kfnL ;ª:s[lt ;b}j lgd{n / cg's/)fLo aGg] % .

;]jf, ;xsfo{, ;dfgtf, ;b\efj, g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf hu x'g\ . ljljw e]usf ljljw

hfltx¿sf] ;+\ud g]kfn ePsfn] g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltdf cg]sf}F ;Eotfsf] ;lDd>)f kfOG% .

o;df ljljwtf;lxtsf] Pstf, kf/:kl/s d]n ldnfk, hftLo ;b\efj, ;lxi)f'tf;lxi)f'tf;lxi)f'tf;lxi)f'tf;lxi)f'tf cflb

kIfsf] ;dGjo;dGjo;dGjo;dGjo;dGjo e]l^G% . o;nfO{ ;a} hftsf km'naf/Lsf] ;'jf;;Fu t'ngf ul/G% . To;}n]

g]kfnL ;ª:s[lt log} ljljwtfdo g]kfnL ;dfhsf] c;n Jojxf/, dfGotf / efjgfsf]

;dlGjt ¿k x'g\ .

s'k|yfs'k|yfs'k|yfs'k|yfs'k|yf – v/fa rfn rng

;fdGtjfbL;fdGtjfbL;fdGtjfbL;fdGtjfbL;fdGtjfbL – cGofosf ;fy hgtfnfO{ zf]if)f ug]{x¿sf cg'ofoL

hfu/)fhfu/)fhfu/)fhfu/)fhfu/)f – r]tgf

;lxi)f 'tf;lxi)f 'tf;lxi)f 'tf;lxi)f 'tf;lxi)f 'tf – ;xgzLntf

;dGjo;dGjo;dGjo;dGjo;dGjo – /fd|f] d]n

1= sIffdf kf& kfn}kfnf] k(]/ ;'gfpm .1= sIffdf kf& kfn}kfnf] k(]/ ;'gfpm .1= sIffdf kf& kfn}kfnf] k(]/ ;'gfpm .1= sIffdf kf& kfn}kfnf] k(]/ ;'gfpm .1= sIffdf kf& kfn}kfnf] k(]/ ;'gfpm .

2= Ps jfSodf pTt/ eg M2= Ps jfSodf pTt/ eg M2= Ps jfSodf pTt/ eg M2= Ps jfSodf pTt/ eg M2= Ps jfSodf pTt/ eg M

-s_ g]kfn s:tf] au}Frf xf] <

-v_ g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltnfO{ s:tf] tfn;Fu t'ngf ul/G% <

-u_ …ufF; %f*\g' ;fy g%f*\g'’ pvfgsf] tfTko{ s] xf] <

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

-#_ g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf d'n dGý s] x'g\ <

-+_ xfdL j[If jg:kltnfO{ lsg >b\wf u%fF}{ <

-r_ xfdL s:tf] uNtLnfO{ Ifdf u%f}{F <

-%_ xfdL s'g s'g kj{df z'e sfdgf JoSt u%f}{F <

-h_ g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltdf kfx'gfsf] s:tf] :yfg % <

3= l&s pTt/df l&s lrx\g -3= l&s pTt/df l&s lrx\g -3= l&s pTt/df l&s lrx\g -3= l&s pTt/df l&s lrx\g -3= l&s pTt/df l&s lrx\g - _ nufpm M_ nufpm M_ nufpm M_ nufpm M_ nufpm M

-s_-s_-s_-s_-s_ g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf] d"n ljz]iftf s] xf] <g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf] d"n ljz]iftf s] xf] <g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf] d"n ljz]iftf s] xf] <g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf] d"n ljz]iftf s] xf] <g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf] d"n ljz]iftf s] xf] <

-c_ cg]stfdf Pstf -cf_ klZrdL ;ª:s[ltsf] ;xof]u

-O_ ;o y/L afhfsf] Pp } tfn -O{_ ;a} hftsf] km'naf/L

-v_ -v_ -v_ -v_ -v_ s]nfO{ ;a} hftsf] km'naf/Lsf] ;'jf;;Fu bfFHg ;lsG% <s]nfO{ ;a} hftsf] km'naf/Lsf] ;'jf;;Fu bfFHg ;lsG% <s]nfO{ ;a} hftsf] km'naf/Lsf] ;'jf;;Fu bfFHg ;lsG% <s]nfO{ ;a} hftsf] km'naf/Lsf] ;'jf;;Fu bfFHg ;lsG% <s]nfO{ ;a} hftsf] km'naf/Lsf] ;'jf;;Fu bfFHg ;lsG% <

-c_ g]kfnL ;ª:s[lt -cf_ g]kfnL hfthflt

-O_ k/f]ksf/ / Ifdfbfg -O{_ lhpFbfsf] hGtL

-u_ -u_ -u_ -u_ -u_ …ufF; %f]*\g', ;fy g%f]*\g'’ pvfgsf] cfzo s] xf] <…ufF; %f]*\g', ;fy g%f]*\g'’ pvfgsf] cfzo s] xf] <…ufF; %f]*\g', ;fy g%f]*\g'’ pvfgsf] cfzo s] xf] <…ufF; %f]*\g', ;fy g%f]*\g'’ pvfgsf] cfzo s] xf] <…ufF; %f]*\g', ;fy g%f]*\g'’ pvfgsf] cfzo s] xf] <

-c_ ;+\s^df klg ldýtf g%f*\g' -cf_ h:t} cj:yfdf klg vfg g%f*\g'

-O_ vfg] dfldnfdf ;fyLsf] jf:tf gug'{ -O{_ vfg kfOG% eg] ldýtf klg tf]*\g'


-s_ r/f r'?+\uLsf] af]nL;Fu g]kfnsf s] s'/fnfO{ bfFHg ;lsG% <

-v_ g]kfnnfO{ lsg ;a} hftsf] km'naf/L elgPsf] xf] <

-u_ g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltnfO{ lsg OGb|])fL;Fu bfFlhG% <

-#_ g]kfnLx¿sf] d}ýL efjgf sxfF :ki^;Fu JoSt x'G% <

-+_ g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltnfO{ cg's/)fLo agfpg] kIfx¿ s] s] x'g\ <

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

-r_ g]kfnL ;dfhdf bfgjL/sf] uf}/j ufg lsg ul/G% <

-%_ g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltdf s:tf ljs[ltx¿ kfOG%g\ <

5= efj lj:tf/ u/ M5= efj lj:tf/ u/ M5= efj lj:tf/ u/ M5= efj lj:tf/ u/ M5= efj lj:tf/ u/ M

ljljwtflarsf] Pstf g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf] d"n vDaf xf] .

6= g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf d'Vo d'Vo ljz]iftf s] s] x'g\, j)f{g u/6= g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf d'Vo d'Vo ljz]iftf s] s] x'g\, j)f{g u/6= g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf d'Vo d'Vo ljz]iftf s] s] x'g\, j)f{g u/6= g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf d'Vo d'Vo ljz]iftf s] s] x'g\, j)f{g u/6= g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf d'Vo d'Vo ljz]iftf s] s] x'g\, j)f{g u/ .


7= tnsf ;dfj]zs zAb;Fu ;dfj]Zo zAbsf] hf]*f ldnfpm M7= tnsf ;dfj]zs zAb;Fu ;dfj]Zo zAbsf] hf]*f ldnfpm M7= tnsf ;dfj]zs zAb;Fu ;dfj]Zo zAbsf] hf]*f ldnfpm M7= tnsf ;dfj]zs zAb;Fu ;dfj]Zo zAbsf] hf]*f ldnfpm M7= tnsf ;dfj]zs zAb;Fu ;dfj]Zo zAbsf] hf]*f ldnfpm M

h:t} M afhf = dfbn

km'n g]kfn gfr wd{ j[If

t/fO{ rd]nL lxGb' nfv] sfu lkkn

8= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ atfpm M8= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ atfpm M8= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ atfpm M8= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ atfpm M8= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ atfpm M

ljljwtfdo, wdf{jnDaL, tdfd, k|zª;s, ;d[b\lw, ;+\ud

9= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSo n]v M9= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSo n]v M9= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSo n]v M9= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSo n]v M9= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSo n]v M

;'jf;, bfgjL/, ljs[lt, nf]slk|o, ;d'Gglt, cg's/)fLo, OGb|])fL, cfglGbt, nfnflot

lhpFbfsf] hGtL dbf{sf] dnfdL, ufF; %f]*\g' ;fy g%f]*\g'


10= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm M10= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm M10= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm M10= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm M10= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm M

Nxf];f/, r/f r'?+\uL, ;dlGjt, ;';DaGw, ;TojfbL, ;lDd>)f, ;lxi)f'tf, cfr/)f,

;fj{hlgs

11= af]nfO / n]vfOsf] km/s a'´ M11= af]nfO / n]vfOsf] km/s a'´ M11= af]nfO / n]vfOsf] km/s a'´ M11= af]nfO / n]vfOsf] km/s a'´ M11= af]nfO / n]vfOsf] km/s a'´ M

af]nfO n]vfO af]nfO n]vfO

;l:slt{ ;ª:s[lt lj|m;\d; lj|m;d;

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

km'n\af/L km'naf/L klaý kljý

of} f Pp^f nR%o nIo

rf*\ka{ rf*kj{ wfg\gfr\ wfggfr

cu\/;/ cu|;/ x;f]{Nnf;\ xiff]{Nnf;

;ToafbL ;TojfbL las\lj|mlt ljs[lt

12= kf&sf] rfF}yf] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .12= kf&sf] rfF}yf] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .12= kf&sf] rfF}yf] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .12= kf&sf] rfF}yf] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .12= kf&sf] rfF}yf] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v .

13= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b sfkLdf /fd|f cIf/ kf/]/ ;f/ .13= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b sfkLdf /fd|f cIf/ kf/]/ ;f/ .13= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b sfkLdf /fd|f cIf/ kf/]/ ;f/ .13= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b sfkLdf /fd|f cIf/ kf/]/ ;f/ .13= kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b sfkLdf /fd|f cIf/ kf/]/ ;f/ .


14= k( / a' M14= k( / a' M14= k( / a' M14= k( / a' M14= k( / a' M

st[{jfRo st[{jfRo st[{jfRo st[{jfRo st[{jfRo sd{jfRosd{jfRosd{jfRosd{jfRosd{jfRo

xfdL kf^Lkf}jf agfpF%f}F . xfdLåf/f kf^Lkf}jf agfOG%g\ .

xfdL wd{sf gfddf emu*f ub}{gf}F . xfdLåf/f wd{sf gfddf emu*f ul/Fb}g .

;fyLx¿n] xf]nL dgfPsf %g\ . ;fyLx¿åf/f xf]nL dgfOPsf] % .

d /fdfo)f k(\g] %' . dåf/f /fdfo)f kl(g] % .

;Ltfn] %& kj{ dgfOg\ . ;Ltfåf/f %& kj{ dgfOof] .

ljZjf;n] nfv] gfr b]vfPsf %g\ . ljZjf;åf/f nfv] gfr b]vfOPsf] % .

ltdL efOnfO{ af]nfpFb} %f} . ltdLaf^ efO af]nfOFb} % .

dflysf] tflnsfdf afofFtkm{ /x]sf jfSo st[{jfRo x'g\ . st[{jfRodf stf{ kbsf] k|wfgtf

x'G% . jfSodf stf{ kbsf] ln+\u, jrg / cfb/cg';f/ lj|mofkbsf] k|of]u ul/G% .

st[{jfRodf ;sd{s / csd{s b'j} lj|mofsf] k|of]u x'G% .

dflysf] tflnsfdf bfofFtkm{ lbOPsf jfSo sd{jfRo x'g\ . sd{jfRodf sd{kbsf]

k|wfgtf x'G% . jfSodf sd{kbsf] ln+\u, jrg, k'?if / cfb/cg';f/ lj|mofkbsf] k|of]u

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

ul/G% . sd{jfRo ;sd{s lj|mofaf^ dfý aG% . st{[jfRonfO{ sd{jfRodf kl/jt{g

ubf{ lgDg lnlvt s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k%{ M

— k|Zgdf lbOPsf] stf{kbdf af^÷åf/f yKg'k%{ .

— cfjZostfg';f/ sd{ kbdf /x]sf] …nfO{’ ljelSt x^fpg'k%{ .

— lj|mofkbsf] wft'df …O’ k|Too hf]*\g'k%{ .

— sd{kbsf] ln+\u, jrg, k'?if / cfb/cg';f/sf] lj|mofkb k|of]u ug'{k%{ .

st[{jfRo st[{jfRo st[{jfRo st[{jfRo st[{jfRo efjjfRo efjjfRo efjjfRo efjjfRo efjjfRo

d t g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltdf /dfPF . cfkm" t g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltdf /dfOof] .

pgL g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltdf /dfOg\ . -pgLåf/f_ g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltdf /dfOof] .

pgLx¿ g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltdf /dfP . -pgLx¿åf/f_ g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltdf /dfOof] .

alxgL xf]nLdf xfF:%] . xf]nLdf xfFl;G% .

dfly afofFtkm{ /x]sf jfSo st[{jfRo x'g\ t/ bfofFtkm{ /x]sf jfSo eg] efjjfRo x'g\ .

efjjfRodf lj|mofsf] efj jf cy{ d'Vo x'G% / lj|mof ;w}F t[tLo k'?if, Ps jrg, cgfb/,

k'ln+\udf /xG% . csd{s lj|mofaf^ dfý efjjfRosf] jfSo aG% . st[{jfRonfO{

efjjfRodf kl/jt{g ubf{ lgDg lnlvt s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k%{ .

— olb lbOPsf] k|Zgdf …d’ stf{kb …% eg] cfkm"’ agfOG% .

— …d’ afx]s cGo stf{kb ePdf …åf/f÷af^’ yk]/ sf]i&df /flvG% jf stf{kb g}

x^fOG% .

— lj|mofkbsf] wft'df …O’ k|Too hf]l*G% .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

sd{ jf efjjfRo sd{ jf efjjfRo sd{ jf efjjfRo sd{ jf efjjfRo sd{ jf efjjfRo st[{jfRo st[{jfRo st[{jfRo st[{jfRo st[{jfRo

cUnf *fF*fkfvf b]lvP . /d]zn] cUnf *fF*fkfvf b]Vof] .

cfkm" t gflrof] . d t gfr]F .

nfv] gfr x]l/Fb} % . pgLx¿ nfv] gfr x]b}{ %g\ .

ltdLåf/f /fd|f sljtf n]lvGy] . ltdL /fd|f sljtf n]VYof} .

dfdfåf/f d af]nfOPsf] %' . dfdfn] dnfO{ af]nfpg'ePsf] % .

sd{ jf efj jfRonfO{ st[{jfRodf abNbf lgDg lnlvt s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k%{ M

— lbOPsf] k|Zgdf stf{kb %}g eg] cfkm}Fn] stf{ kb yKg'k%{ .

— cfjZos k/]df sd{kbdf …nfO{’ ljelSt hf]*\g'k%{ .

— lbOPsf] k|Zgdf stf{kb % eg] To;df nfu]sf] …åf/f, af^’ ljelSt x^fpg'k%{ .

— lbOPsf] k|Zgdf cfkm" stf{kb % eg] …d’ df kl/jt{g ug'{k%{ .

— stf{kbsf] ln+\u, jrg, k'?if / cfb/cg';f/sf] lj|mofkb agfpg'k%{ .

15= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfRo kl/jt{g u/ M15= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfRo kl/jt{g u/ M15= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfRo kl/jt{g u/ M15= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfRo kl/jt{g u/ M15= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfRo kl/jt{g u/ M

-s_ pgLx¿ g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf] cWoog ub}{ %g\ . -sd{jfRo_

-v_ g]kfndf w]/} kj{x¿ dgfOG%g\ . -st[{jfRo_

-u_ wfg gfrdf v'a /dfOof] . -st[{jfRo_

-#_ d t gfr]F . -efj jfRo_

-+_ xfdL rf*kj{df /dfOnf] ug]{ %f}{F . -sd{jfRo_

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

-r_ ;b\efjnfO{ g]kfnL ;ª:s[ltsf] hu dflgG% . -st[{jfRo_

-%_ ltdLx¿ /dfOnf kj{x¿ dgfpFb} lyof} . -sd{jfRo_

-h_ efO nfv] gfr x]/]/ xfF:Yof] . -efj jfRo_

-´_ cfdfn] %& kj{df alxgLnfO{ af]nfpg'x'g] % . -sd{jfRo_

-`_ /f]xg rf*kj{df v'a /dfpF%g\ . -efjjfRo_


16= 16= 16= 16= 16= cccccfkm"n] b]v]sf] s'g} fkm"n] b]v]sf] s'g} fkm"n] b]v]sf] s'g} fkm"n] b]v]sf] s'g} fkm"n] b]v]sf] s'g} wfld{s :ynsf] j)f{g u/Lwfld{s :ynsf] j)f{g u/Lwfld{s :ynsf] j)f{g u/Lwfld{s :ynsf] j)f{g u/Lwfld{s :ynsf] j)f{g u/L Pp^f k|aGw n]v . Pp^f k|aGw n]v . Pp^f k|aGw n]v . Pp^f k|aGw n]v . Pp^f k|aGw n]v .

17= ckf+\utf ePsf JolStn] kfpg] ljleGg ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt17= ckf+\utf ePsf JolStn] kfpg] ljleGg ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt17= ckf+\utf ePsf JolStn] kfpg] ljleGg ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt17= ckf+\utf ePsf JolStn] kfpg] ljleGg ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt17= ckf+\utf ePsf JolStn] kfpg] ljleGg ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt ug{ ug'{kg]{ug{ ug'{kg]{ug{ ug'{kg]{ug{ ug'{kg]{ug{ ug'{kg]{

sfo{x¿sf] j)f{g ub}{ Pp^f k|aGw tof/ kf/ .sfo{x¿sf] j)f{g ub}{ Pp^f k|aGw tof/ kf/ .sfo{x¿sf] j)f{g ub}{ Pp^f k|aGw tof/ kf/ .sfo{x¿sf] j)f{g ub}{ Pp^f k|aGw tof/ kf/ .sfo{x¿sf] j)f{g ub}{ Pp^f k|aGw tof/ kf/ .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

;/ cfOHofs Go' g;/ cfOHofs Go' g;/ cfOHofs Go' g;/ cfOHofs Go' g;/ cfOHofs Go' g

jt{dfg o'unfO{ lj!fgsf] o'u elgG% . j}!flgs

cfljisf/x¿n] ubf{ dfgjsf] hLjg ;'vL / ;DkGg

ag]sf] % . dflg;n] cfkm\gf] !fg, a'b\lw / ljj]ssf]

k|of]u ub}{ ;ª;f/nfO{ gofF gofF pkxf/ lbPsf] % .

clxn]sf] of] cj:yf;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;ª;f/df s}of}F dxfg\

j}!flgsx¿sf] hGd eO;s]sf] % . pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf]

cb\e't\cb\e't\cb\e't\cb\e't\cb\e't\ k|ltef / ;fdYo{;fdYo{;fdYo{;fdYo{;fdYo{åf/f ljZjnfO{ rlst kf/]sf

%g\ . tL dxfg\ k|ltefx¿dWo] ;/ cfOHofs Go' g Ps

x'g\ . pgsf] hGd ;g\ 1642 l*;]Da/ 25 sf lbg la| ]gsf]

a'n:y|f]kdf ePsf] xf] .

Go' gsf lktfsf] gfd cfOHofs Go' g l;lgo/ /

cfdfsf] gfd xfGgf P;skm xf] . Go' g hGdg'eGbf ltg dlxgf klxn] pgsf lktfsf] lgwg

ePsf] lyof] . Go' g hGd]kl% pgsL cfdfn] bf];|f] ljjfx u/]sL lyOg\ . To;}n] ;/

cfOHofs Go' gsf] hLjg afNosfnb]lv g} ;+\#if{do;+\#if{do;+\#if{do;+\#if{do;+\#if{do aGg k'u]sf] lyof] . cfdfsf] bf];|f]

ljjfxkl% Go' gsf] kfng kf]if)fdf dfjnsL xh'/cfdf dfu{]/L P;skmaf^ eof] . Go' gnfO{

af/ jif{df cWoogsf nflu u|fGyfdsf] ls+ :s'ndf egf{ ul/of] . ;'?df Go' gn] k(fOdf

Tolt Wofg lbg ;s]gg\ t/ la:tf/} k(fOdf /fd|f] k|ult ub}{ uP / ;a}nfO{ pl%g] . log}

Go' g kl% uP/ ;ª;f/df xnrn Nofpg] dxfg\ j}!flgs ag] .

Go' g af}b\lws Ifdtf ePsf lgs} k|ltefzfnL JolSt lyP . pgL lj!fgsf] b'lgofFdf /d]/

;ª;f/nfO{ &f]; of]ubfg lbg rfxGy] . bf];|f] klt d/]kl% Go' gsL cfdfn] pgnfO{ v]tdf

sfd ug{ nufOg\ . Go' gnfO{ v]tdf sfd ug{eGbf cGo cg';Gwfg ug{ dg nfUYof] . To;}n]

kGw| jif{s} slnnf] pd]/df pgsf] Wofg ul)ft / oGýx¿tkm{ cfslif{t eof] . pgn] ljleGg

cb\e't\cb\e't\cb\e't\cb\e't\cb\e't\ – – – – – cgf}&f]

;fdYo{;fdYo{;fdYo{;fdYo{;fdYo{ – zlSt, Ifdtf, of]Uotf

;+\#if {do;+\#if {do;+\#if {do;+\#if {do;+\#if {do ––––– ;+\#if}{ ;+\#if{n] el/Psf]

kf& M 21 kf& M 21 kf& M 21 kf& M 21 kf& M 21

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

lsl;dsf cf}hf/x¿ y'kf/]/ vf]h / cg';Gwfg ug{ yfn] . Go' gsf] of] cle?lraf^

k|efljt ePsf pgsf dfdfsf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ Go' gnfO{ km]l/ ljb\ofnodf egf{ ul/of] .

pgn] nfdf] vf]h / cg';Gwfgkl% kfgL#*L, w"k#*LkfgL#*L, w"k#*LkfgL#*L, w"k#*LkfgL#*L, w"k#*LkfgL#*L, w"k#*L / jfo'#^\^jfo'#^\^jfo'#^\^jfo'#^\^jfo'#^\^ agfP . Go'^g

pGgfO; jif{sf] pd]/df SoflDa|hsf] l «lg^L sn]hdf egf{ eP . pgn] ToxfF ul)ft ljifodf

lgs} &'nf] bIftf b]vfP . pgn] ;g\ 1667 df Sofns'n;Sofns'n;Sofns'n;Sofns'n;Sofns'n; / afOgf]ldon l;b\wfGtsf]

cfljisf/ u/] . of] dxfg\ cfljisf/kl% Go' g ul)ft!x¿sf] gh/df lgs} k|ltefzfnL

b]lvP . pgn] ljljw If]ýdf vf]h / cg';GwfgnfO{ hf/L /fv] . gofF gofF ljifodf vf]h

/ cg';Gwfg ug]{ pgsf] lh!f;' k|j[lTt cem} a(\b} uof] . To;} a]nf la| ]gdf Kn]usf] dxfdf/L

km}lnof] / ;a} sn]hx¿ wdfwd aGb eP . To;kl% Go' g klg cfkm\gf] ufpF pN;yf]k{

kms]{ . To;} a]nf pgsf] Wofg k|sfz / /+sf] ljifodf uof] . pgn] nfdf] cg';Gwfgkl%

;"o{sf] k|sfz x]bf{ ;]tf] b]lvG% t/ of] ;ft /+n] ag]sf] x'G% eGg] s'/f kTtf nufP . pgn]

oL ;ft /+nfO{ lk|Hdlk|Hdlk|Hdlk|Hdlk|Hdsf] ;xfotfn] cnu cnu ug{ ;lsG% eGg] tYo cufl* ;f/] . pgn]

g} oL ;ft /+nfO{ ldnfP/ ;]tf] /+df abNg ;lsG% eGg] s'/f k|dfl)ft u/] .

cfOHofs Go' gn] k|sfzsf] o; cWoogaf^ ;g\ 1668 df gofF lsl;dsf] ]ln:sf]k]ln:sf]k]ln:sf]k]ln:sf]k]ln:sf]ksf]

cfljisf/ u/] . Go' gsf] of] ]ln:sf]k hDdf 3=3 ;]=ld= nfdf] cyf{t\ ;fgf] lyof] . tfklg

cfw'lgs lj!fgsf] If]ýdf dxTTjk")f{ pknlAw lyof] . s'g} klg j:t'nfO{ o; ]ln:sf]kaf^

x]bf{ rfln; u')ff &'nf] b]lvGYof] . o;sf] ;xfotfn] Go' gn] j[x:kltsf pku|xx¿;d]t b]Vg

;Sy] .

Go' gn] lj!fgsf If]ýdf Pskl% csf]{ dxTTjk")f{ of]ubfg lbFb} uP . pgsf of]ubfgdWo]

;a}eGbf dxTTjk")f{ of]ubfg u'?Tjfsif{)fu'?Tjfsif{)fu'?Tjfsif{)fu'?Tjfsif{)fu'?Tjfsif{)f ;DaGwL lgod xf] . Go' g Ps lbg au}Frfdf

a;]sf lyP . pgn] To; a]nf ?vaf^ :ofp v;]sf] b]v] . :ofp dflyaf^ lsg e'OFdf v:of] <

pgsf] dgdf lh!f;f el/of] . w]/} lrGtg, dgg / cg';Gwfgkl% Go' gn] u'?Tjfsif{)fsf]

kfgL#*LkfgL#*LkfgL#*LkfgL#*LkfgL#*L – kfgLsf] kmf]xf]/faf^ rNg] #*L

w"k#*Lw"k#*Lw"k#*Lw"k#*Lw"k#*L – #fd -;f]nf/_af^ rNg] #*L

jfo'#^\^jfo'#^\^jfo'#^\^jfo'#^\^jfo'#^\^ – jfo'sf] a]uaf^ rNg] ldl;g

Sofns'n;Sofns'n;Sofns'n;Sofns'n;Sofns'n; – aLh ul)ftsf] s'g} Ps dxTTjk")f{ efu jf ;fgf] cªzsf] lx;fa

lk|Hdlk|Hdlk|Hdlk|Hdlk|Hd – lýe'h cfsf/sf] &f]; j:t'

^] ]ln:sf]k^] ]ln:sf]k^] ]ln:sf]k^] ]ln:sf]k^] ]ln:sf]k – b"/ bz{g oGý, ^f(fsf] j:t'nfO{ glhs} b]vfpg] oGý

u'?Tjfsif {)fu'?Tjfsif {)fu'?Tjfsif {)fu'?Tjfsif {)fu'?Tjfsif {)f – k[YjLdf x'g] cfsif{)f zlSt

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

lgod kTtf nufP . pgn] kTtf nufPsf] lgodcg';f/ b'O{ lk)*lardf ePsf] cfsif{)f

annfO{ u'?Tjfsif{)f elgG% . h'g kbfy{sf] b|Jodfgb|Jodfgb|Jodfgb|Jodfgb|Jodfg a(L x'G%, To;sf] cfsif{)f an klg

w]/} x'G% . t;y{ a(L b|Jodfg ePsf] kbfy{n] sd b|Jodfg ePsf] kbfy{nfO{ cfkm"lt/ lvR% .

oxL lgodfg';f/ k[YjL ;"o{lt/ cfslif{t x'G% / ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ kl/j|mdfkl/j|mdfkl/j|mdfkl/j|mdfkl/j|mdf u%{ . o;}

lgodcg';f/ ansf] sf/)fn] rGb|df k[YjLlt/ cfslif{t x'G% / k[YjLsf] jl/kl/

kl/j|mdf u%{ .

cfw'lgs lj!fgsf] If]ýdf Go' gn] dxTTjk")f{ of]ubfg lbPsf %g\ . pgn] ]ln:sf]ksf]

cfljisf/ u/] . pgn] u'?Tjfsif{)fsf] lgod kTtf nufP . pgn] k|sfz ;DaGwL l;b\wfGtsf]

k|ltkfbg u/] . pgL lj!fg hut\df bfz{lgs, j}!flgs / ef}lts zf:ýLx¿sf] gh/df lgs}

dfly p&] . pgn] y'k|} dfg, ;Ddfg / k'/:sf/x¿ kfP . pgn] lj!fgsf] If]ýdf lbPsf]

of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub}{ la|l^; ;/sf/n] …;/’ sf] pkflwaf^ lje"lift u¥of] . To;kl% pgL

cfOHofs Go' gaf^ ;/ cfOHofs Go' g eP . pgn] cfkm\gf] ;Dk")f{ hLjg vf]h /

cg';Gwfgd} vlr{P . pgn] cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] cGTolt/ cfkm\gf cfljisf/x¿nfO{ ;d] ]/

…lk|lG;lkof’lk|lG;lkof’lk|lG;lkof’lk|lG;lkof’lk|lG;lkof’ k':ts n]v] . pgsf] of] k':tsnfO{ lj!fg hut\df b]vf k/]sf] dxTTjk")f{

pknlAw dflgG% .

lj!fg hut\sf dxfg\ j}!flgs Go' gsf] dfr{ 20 ;g\ 1727 df krf;L jif{sf] pd]/df lgwg

eof] . pgL d/]/ uP klg cfw'lgs lj!fgsf If]ýdf lbPsf] of]ubfgn] ubf{ cd/ %g\ .

pgsf dxfg\ sfo{n] hLjgdf ;+\#if{ ug{ / gofF gofF /x:ox¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ k|]/)ff

lbPsf] % .

b |Jodfgb |Jodfgb |Jodfgb |Jodfgb |Jodfg – lk)*, tf}n;Fu ;DalGwt

kl/j|mdfkl/j|mdfkl/j|mdfkl/j|mdfkl/j|mdf – jl/kl/ #'Dg] sfd

lk|lG;lkoflk|lG;lkoflk|lG;lkoflk|lG;lkoflk|lG;lkof – Go' gsf] k|l;b\w lstfa

1 =1 =1 =1 =1 = kf&sf] cf&fF}kf&sf] cf&fF}kf&sf] cf&fF}kf&sf] cf&fF}kf&sf] cf&fF} cg'R%]b kfn}kfnf] u/L ;a}n] ;:j/ jfrg u/ .cg'R%]b kfn}kfnf] u/L ;a}n] ;:j/ jfrg u/ .cg'R%]b kfn}kfnf] u/L ;a}n] ;:j/ jfrg u/ .cg'R%]b kfn}kfnf] u/L ;a}n] ;:j/ jfrg u/ .cg'R%]b kfn}kfnf] u/L ;a}n] ;:j/ jfrg u/ .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8


-s_ dfgjsf] hLjg lsg ;'vL / ;DkGg ag]sf] % <

-v_ Go' gsf] kfng kf]if)f / x]/rfx lsg Go' gsL xh'/cfdfn] ug'{k¥of] <

-u_ Go' g lsg v]tdf sfd ug{ tof/ ePgg\ <

-ª#_ Go' gn] ;g\ 1667 df s] s'/fsf] cfljisf/ u/] <

3=3=3=3=3= l&s a]l&s %'^\ofpm Ml&s a]l&s %'^\ofpm Ml&s a]l&s %'^\ofpm Ml&s a]l&s %'^\ofpm Ml&s a]l&s %'^\ofpm M

-s_ Go' g ;/’ sf] pkflw kfPkl% ;/ cfOHofs Go' g ePsf x'g\ .

-v_ Go' gn] k|sfz ;DaGwL l;b\wfGtsf] k|ltkfbg u/] .

-u_ Go' g pglGt; jif{sf] pd]/df SoflDa|hsf] l «lg^L sn]hdf egf{ eP .

-#_ Go' gn] ;g\ 1968 df gofF lsl;dsf] ]ln:sf]ksf] cfljisf/ u/] .

4=4=4=4=4= sf]i&saf^ l&s pTt/ %fg]/ vfnL &fpsf]i&saf^ l&s pTt/ %fg]/ vfnL &fpsf]i&saf^ l&s pTt/ %fg]/ vfnL &fpsf]i&saf^ l&s pTt/ %fg]/ vfnL &fpsf]i&saf^ l&s pTt/ %fg]/ vfnL &fp e/ M e/ M e/ M e/ M e/ M

-s_ cfOHofs Go' gsf] hGd ;g\ ============df ePsf] lyof] . -1642, 1742, 1842_

-v_ Go' gsf] k|l;b\w lstfasf] gfd ========= xf] . -dfO{ nfOkm Oh Ao'l^km'n u]d, lk|lG;lkof, cf]l/hg ckm l:kl;h_

-u_ Go' g =================jif{sf] pd]/df ljb\ofnodf egf{ eP . -b;, af/, kGw|_

-#_ Go' gn] =================sf] cflj:sf/ u/] . - ]lnlehg, ]ln:sf]k, ]lnkmf]g_

-+_ la|l^; ;/sf/n] Go' gnfO{ ================sf] pkflwaf^ ;Ddflgt u¥of] . -dxfg\ j}!flgs, ;/, Hofs_

5=5=5=5=5= hf]*f ldnfpm Mhf]*f ldnfpm Mhf]*f ldnfpm Mhf]*f ldnfpm Mhf]*f ldnfpm M

Go' gsf] hGd ;g\ 1667

Sofns'n;sf] cljisf/ ;g\ 1642

gof ]ln:sf]ksf] cljisf/ ;g\ 1727

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

Go' gsf] d[To' 3=3 ;]=ld=

Go' gsf] ]ln:sf]ksf] nDafO ;g\ 1729

;g\ 1668

6=6=6=6=6= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ b]pm Mtnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ b]pm M

-s_ cfOHofs Go' gsf] afNosfn lsg ;+\#if{do aGg k'Uof] <

-v_ Go' gn] k|sfz ;DaGwL s] s:tf s'/fx¿ kTtf nufP <

-u_ ]ln:sf]ksf] cfljisf/nfO{ lsg cfw'lgs lj!fgsf If]ýdf dxTTjk")f{ pknlAw dflgof] <

-#_ Go' gsf] u'?Tjfsif{)f ;DaGwL lgoddf s] s:tf ljrf/x¿ ;d]l^Psf %g\ <

-+_ k[YjLn] ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ kl/j|mdf ug'{ / rGb|dfn] k[YjLsf] kl/j|mdf ug'{sf] sf/)f s] xf] <

-r_ Go' gn] hLjgdf s] s:tf dfg ;Ddfgx¿ kfP <

-%_ ;/ cfOHofs Go' gsf] hLjgLaf^ s:tf] k|]/)ff kfpg ;lsG% <

7=7=7=7=7= ;/ cfOHofs Go'^gn] u/]sf cfljisf/x¿n] dfgj hLjgdf s:tf] k|efj;/ cfOHofs Go'^gn] u/]sf cfljisf/x¿n] dfgj hLjgdf s:tf] k|efj;/ cfOHofs Go'^gn] u/]sf cfljisf/x¿n] dfgj hLjgdf s:tf] k|efj;/ cfOHofs Go'^gn] u/]sf cfljisf/x¿n] dfgj hLjgdf s:tf] k|efj;/ cfOHofs Go'^gn] u/]sf cfljisf/x¿n] dfgj hLjgdf s:tf] k|efj

k/]sf] % < cfk\mgf] ljrf/ n]v .k/]sf] % < cfk\mgf] ljrf/ n]v .k/]sf] % < cfk\mgf] ljrf/ n]v .k/]sf] % < cfk\mgf] ljrf/ n]v .k/]sf] % < cfk\mgf] ljrf/ n]v .


-s_ cfw'lgs lj!fgsf hut\df Go' g j}!flgs, bfz{lgs / ef}lts zf:ýLx¿sf]

gh/df lgs} dfly p&] .

-v_ w]/} lrGtg, dgg / cg';Gwfgkl% Go' gn] u'?Tjfsif{)fsf] lgod kTtf nufP .

9=9=9=9=9= ;/ cfOHofs Go' gn] cfw'lgs lj!fgsf If]ýdf lbPsf] of]ubfgsf] ;lj:tf/ ;/ cfOHofs Go' gn] cfw'lgs lj!fgsf If]ýdf lbPsf] of]ubfgsf] ;lj:tf/ ;/ cfOHofs Go' gn] cfw'lgs lj!fgsf If]ýdf lbPsf] of]ubfgsf] ;lj:tf/ ;/ cfOHofs Go' gn] cfw'lgs lj!fgsf If]ýdf lbPsf] of]ubfgsf] ;lj:tf/ ;/ cfOHofs Go' gn] cfw'lgs lj!fgsf If]ýdf lbPsf] of]ubfgsf] ;lj:tf/

aofg u/ .aofg u/ .aofg u/ .aofg u/ .aofg u/ .

10=10=10=10=10= olb jt{dfg ;dodf ;/ cfOHofs Go'^gn] k'gh{Gd lnPdf ltdL Go'^gnfO{olb jt{dfg ;dodf ;/ cfOHofs Go'^gn] k'gh{Gd lnPdf ltdL Go'^gnfO{olb jt{dfg ;dodf ;/ cfOHofs Go'^gn] k'gh{Gd lnPdf ltdL Go'^gnfO{olb jt{dfg ;dodf ;/ cfOHofs Go'^gn] k'gh{Gd lnPdf ltdL Go'^gnfO{olb jt{dfg ;dodf ;/ cfOHofs Go'^gn] k'gh{Gd lnPdf ltdL Go'^gnfO{

s] ;DaGwL gofF cfljisf/ ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ lyof} / lsg, :ki^ kf/ .s] ;DaGwL gofF cfljisf/ ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ lyof} / lsg, :ki^ kf/ .s] ;DaGwL gofF cfljisf/ ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ lyof} / lsg, :ki^ kf/ .s] ;DaGwL gofF cfljisf/ ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ lyof} / lsg, :ki^ kf/ .s] ;DaGwL gofF cfljisf/ ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ lyof} / lsg, :ki^ kf/ .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8



w"k#*L Go' gsf] k|l;b\w lstfa

]ln:sf]k zlSt, Ifdtf, of]Uotf

lk|lG;lkof jfo'sf] j]uaf^ rNg] d]l;g

jfo'# \ b"/ bz{g

;fdYo{ #fd -;f]nf/_ sf] zlStaf^ rNg] #*L

kl/j|mdf cfzf u/]eGbf w]/}

ljnIf)f jl/kl/ #'Dg] sfd

cgf}&f]


jfo'# \ , pkxf/, /x:o, j[x:klt, u'?Tjfsif{)f


cg';Gwfg, ljnIf)f, ;fdYo{, ;+\#if{do

14= lj!fg ± Os 14= lj!fg ± Os 14= lj!fg ± Os 14= lj!fg ± Os 14= lj!fg ± Os = …j}!flgs’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf Os k|Too hf]*]/ gofF …j}!flgs’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf Os k|Too hf]*]/ gofF …j}!flgs’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf Os k|Too hf]*]/ gofF …j}!flgs’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf Os k|Too hf]*]/ gofF …j}!flgs’ eP h:t} tnsf zAbdf Os k|Too hf]*]/ gofF

zAbzAbzAbzAbzAb agfpm Magfpm Magfpm Magfpm Magfpm M

lbg, e"uf]n, Oltxf;, ;dfh, k'/f)f


15=15=15=15=15= lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v MlzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v MlzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v MlzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v MlzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ n]v M

lk|lG;lkof, ]ln:sf]k, b|Jodfg, lk|Hd, cfzftLt

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

16=16=16=16=16= ;RofP/ sfkLdf ;f/ M;RofP/ sfkLdf ;f/ M;RofP/ sfkLdf ;f/ M;RofP/ sfkLdf ;f/ M;RofP/ sfkLdf ;f/ M

cflj:sf/, lje'l;t, k/Lsdf{, lkl/hd, ;ª#if{do, cfsl;{t

17=17=17=17=17= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)f u/]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm M

sDKo' /, u|fGyfd, l «lg^L, u'?Tjfsif{)f

18= kf&af^ z, if, ; k|of]u ePsf kfFr kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .18= kf&af^ z, if, ; k|of]u ePsf kfFr kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .18= kf&af^ z, if, ; k|of]u ePsf kfFr kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .18= kf&af^ z, if, ; k|of]u ePsf kfFr kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .18= kf&af^ z, if, ; k|of]u ePsf kfFr kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .

sfo{d"ns Jofs/)f sfo{d"ns Jofs/)f sfo{d"ns Jofs/)f sfo{d"ns Jofs/)f sfo{d"ns Jofs/)f

19= k(, a' / n]v M19= k(, a' / n]v M19= k(, a' / n]v M19= k(, a' / n]v M19= k(, a' / n]v M

k'ln+\uk'ln+\uk'ln+\uk'ln+\uk'ln+\u :ýLln+\u:ýLln+\u:ýLln+\u:ýLln+\u:ýLln+\u

/fdnvg ldlxg]tL %g\ . /ldtf ldlxg]tL l%g\ .

afaf #'Dg hfg'x'G% . cfdf #'Dg hfg'x'G% .

efO /fd|/L v]Ng] %g\ . alxgL /fd|/L v]Ng] l%g\ .

Ps jrgPs jrgPs jrgPs jrgPs jrg ax' jrgax' jrgax' jrgax' jrgax' jrg

d ;Ddflgt ePF . xfdL ;Ddflgt eof}F .

pm lstfa k(\g] % . pgLx¿ lstfa k(\g] %g\ .

ltdLn] sljtf n]Vof} . ltdLx¿n] sljtf n]Vof} .

k|yd k'?ifk|yd k'?ifk|yd k'?ifk|yd k'?ifk|yd k'?if låtLo k'?iflåtLo k'?iflåtLo k'?iflåtLo k'?iflåtLo k'?if t[tLo k'?if t[tLo k'?if t[tLo k'?if t[tLo k'?if t[tLo k'?if

d /fd|/L k(\%' . ltdL /fd|/L k(\%f} . pgL /fd|/L k(\%g\ .

xfdL km'ân v]N%f}F . ltdLx¿ km'ân v]N%f} . pgLx¿ km'ân v]N%g\ .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

cgfb/ dWod cfb/ pRr cfb/

tF lstfa k(\%;\ . ltdL lstfa k(\%f} . tkfO{F lstfa k(\g'x'G% .

pm sfd u%]{ . pgL sfd ul%{g\ . pxfF sfd ug'{x'G% .

s'g} jfSosf] ;ª/rgfnfO{ ln+\u, jrg, k'?if / cfb/sf cfwf/df kl/jt{g ug]{

k|lj|mofnfO{ jfSo kl/jt{g elgG% . jfSo kl/jt{g ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

lgDgfg';f/ %g\ M

– kl/jt{g ug{sf nflu lbOPsf ;+\s]t jf lgb]{zgafx]s c¿ s'/fx¿df kl/jt{g

ug'{ x'Fb}g .

– jfSosf] sfn kl/jt{g ubf{ k|Zgdf lbOPsf] jfSo h'g kIfsf] %, pTt/ klg ToxL

kIfdf x'g'k%{ .

– jrgcg';f/ jfSo kl/jt{g ubf{ sd{df kl/jt{g ug'{ cfjZos x'Fb}g .

– jfSo kl/jt{g ubf{ kb ;+\ult ldn]sf] x'g'k%{ .

– k'?if kl/jt{g ubf{ jfSosf] jrgdf Wofg lbg'k%{ .

kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]bnfO{ ;fdfGo jt{dfg sfndf kl/jt{g u/ .kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]bnfO{ ;fdfGo jt{dfg sfndf kl/jt{g u/ .kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]bnfO{ ;fdfGo jt{dfg sfndf kl/jt{g u/ .kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]bnfO{ ;fdfGo jt{dfg sfndf kl/jt{g u/ .kf&sf] t];|f] cg'R%]bnfO{ ;fdfGo jt{dfg sfndf kl/jt{g u/ .

20=20=20=20=20= sf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g u/ Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g u/ Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g u/ Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g u/ Msf]i&sdf lbOPsf] ;+\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M

-s_ Go' gsL cfdfn] pgnfO{ v]tdf sfd ug{ nufOg\ . -jt{dfg sfn_

-v_ Go' gn] gofF cljisf/ u/] . -;fdfGo eljiot\_

-u_ d}n] Go' gsf] kf& k(]F . -t[tLo k'?if_

-#_ Go' gsf dfdf c;n lyP . -ax' jrg_

-ª+_ Go' gsf afaf lyPgg\ . -:ýLln+\u_

-r_ ltgLx¿ Go' gsf] kf& k(\%g\ . -k|yd k'?if_

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

21= kb ;+\ult ldnfO{ k'gn]{vg u/ M21= kb ;+\ult ldnfO{ k'gn]{vg u/ M21= kb ;+\ult ldnfO{ k'gn]{vg u/ M21= kb ;+\ult ldnfO{ k'gn]{vg u/ M21= kb ;+\ult ldnfO{ k'gn]{vg u/ M

-s_ d}n] Go' gsf] kf& k(\of] .

-v_ xfdLn] kfgL #^\ b]Vof] .

-u_ ;fyLx¿ w"k#*L b]v]/ xfF;]% .

-#_ d]/f] alxgL ]ln:sf]k x]%{ .

-+_ cfdfn] sDKo' / lsg]sf] lyof] .

-r_ ltgLx¿ lgs} k|ltefzfnL lyof] .

-%_ pgn] ul)ft ljifodf lgs} &'nf] bIftf b]vfof] .

-h_ d]/f] ;fyLx¿ cg';Gwfg ub}{ % .

-´_ ltdL ]ln:sf]k x]g'{x'G% .

-`_ pm cg';Gwfdf tNnLg lyP .

22=22=22=22=22= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ eljiot\ sfndf abn .tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ eljiot\ sfndf abn .tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ eljiot\ sfndf abn .tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ eljiot\ sfndf abn .tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ eljiot\ sfndf abn .

-s_-s_-s_-s_-s_ Go' gn] cfljisf/x¿nfO{ ;d] ]/ …lk|lG;lkof’ k':ts n]v] .

-v Go' gsf] …lk|lG;lkof’’’’’ k':tsnfO{ lj!fg hut\df b]vf k/]sf] dxTTjk")f{ pknlAw dflgG% .

-u_ Go' gn] ljleGg cg';Gwfg u/] .

-#_ Go' g cfw'lgs lj!fgsf If]ýdf lbPsf] of]ubfgn] ubf{ cd/ %g\ .

-+_ Go' gsf dxfg\ sfo{n] xfdLnfO{ k|]/)ff lbPsf] % .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8


23= tn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f]^f] hLjgL n]v M23= tn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f]^f] hLjgL n]v M23= tn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f]^f] hLjgL n]v M23= tn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f]^f] hLjgL n]v M23= tn lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df %f]^f] hLjgL n]v M

gfd M Dof*d So'/L

hGd:yfg M kf]NofG*sf] /fhwfgL jf;f{

hGdldlt M 7 gf]e]Da/ 1867

afNosfnsf] gfd M Dof/L :snf]bf]j:sf

cfdfafa' M cWofks

ljljwljljwljljwljljwljljw

– afNosfnb]lv g} k(fOk|lt ?lr

– xfO:s'n txsf] k/LIffdf c;fwf/)f k|ltef k|bz{g u/]afkt :j)f{ kbsåf/f

;Ddflgt

– pRr lzIff k|fKt ug{ k|mfG; k|:yfg

– k]l/; ljZj ljb\ofnodf s*f ldlxg]t u/]/ /]l*od ls/)fsf] cfljisf/

– So'/L bDktLnfO{ ;g\ 1903 sf] gfa]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt

– /]l*odsf] pkof]u SofG;/ /f]usf] lgbfgsf nflu ul/g]

– ;g\ 1911 df /;fog lj!fgdf k'¥ofPsf of]ubfgsf sf/)f Dof*d So'/L

km]l/ gf]a]n k'/:sf/åf/f ;Ddflgt

– kltsf] aUuL b'#{ gfdf d[To'

– k]l/;df So'/L OlG:^Ro' ckm /]l*od’ gfds ;ª:yfsf] :yfkgf

– %f]/L / HjfOFn] klg ;g\ 1935 df ;ªo'St ¿kdf gf]a]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt

– Pp } kl/jf/leý kfFr hgfn] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt

– nfdf] ;do /]l*of] ljls/)fsf] cg';Gwfgdf latfPsfn] SofG;/ /f]u nfu]sf]

– ;g\ 1934 df d[To'

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

:jfledfg:jfledfg:jfledfg:jfledfg:jfledfg– r]tg jflzi&– r]tg jflzi&– r]tg jflzi&– r]tg jflzi&– r]tg jflzi&


æca g]kfn;Fu o'b\w ug]{ a]nf cfof] . olt ;fgf] b]zn] xfd|f] ;fd|fHo;fd|fHo;fd|fHo;fd|fHo;fd|fHodfly wfjfwfjfwfjfwfjfwfjf af]Ng] s]

;f]r]sf %g\ logn] < ;"o{ gc:tfpg] ;fd|fHo;Fu Pp^f e';'gfn] k'mtL{ nfpg ldN% <Æ

/S;Lsf] r':sL lnFb} hg/nhg/nhg/nhg/nhg/n x]l:^+x]l:^+x]l:^+x]l:^+x]l:^+n] cfk\mgf ;}lgs ldýx¿;Fu ;Nnfx lng rfx] . pgL

O:^ OlG*of sDkgLO:^ OlG*of sDkgLO:^ OlG*of sDkgLO:^ OlG*of sDkgLO:^ OlG*of sDkgLsf nflu gofF ueg{/ueg{/ueg{/ueg{/ueg{/ lyP . pgn] ;}lgs ;]jfdf /fd|f] Voflt

sdfO;s]sf lyP . pgL pu|, ?vf]?vf]?vf]?vf]?vf] / s&f]/ :jefjsf ePsfn] pgnfO{ g]kfn sAhf ug{

la| ]g ;/sf/n] ef/tdf 4 cS^f]a/ 1813 df ueg{/ agfO{ k&fPsf] lyof] . pgL

cfkm"k"j{sf hg/nhg/nhg/nhg/nhg/neGbf cfkm"nfO{ leGg / zlStzfnL &fGy] . lhb\bL :jefjsf x]l:^+

cfk\mgf] ;donfO{ dxTTjk")f{ agfpg rfxGy] . pgdf pTs[i^ dxTTjfsf+\IffdxTTjfsf+\IffdxTTjfsf+\IffdxTTjfsf+\IffdxTTjfsf+\Iff lyof] .

cfk\mgf ;xof]uLsf] k|ltlj|mof cfpg'k"j{ pgn] km]l/ eg], æo:tf] ;fgf] /fi «n] la| ]g;Fu hf]/L

vf]Hg] < xfdL d/f&fd/f&fd/f&fd/f&fd/f&f, lzvlzvlzvlzvlzv / g]kfnLnfO{ Ps} :jf;df lgNg ;S%f}F . g]kfnnfO{ t d

cf}Fnfdf grfOlbG%' . lognfO{ nf]esf] kf;f] kmflnlbof] eg] tL aTtLsf] k'tnL em}F e'mlDdg

cfpF%g\ . clg %fgL %fgL logsf] cGTo ug'{k%{ . clg t Tof] lr;f] ;'Gb/ e"efu xfd|f]

x'G% . kxf*sf] zLtn kmfF^df ;'Gb/ a+\unf a+\unf a+\unf a+\unf a+\unf agfP/ ToxLFaf^ xfd|f] /fh ;'? x'G% .

ToxfFsf] h+\unsf] sf& NofP/ O:^ OlG*of sDkgLsf x/]s &fpFdf /]n u'*fpg'k%{ .

;fd|fHo M;fd|fHo M;fd|fHo M;fd|fHo M;fd|fHo M ;;fgf w]/} cf] f /fHox¿ ;lDdlnt eP/ ag]sf] &'nf] /fHowfjf Mwfjf Mwfjf Mwfjf Mwfjf M cfj|md)f, xdnfhg/n x]l:^+ Mhg/n x]l:^+ Mhg/n x]l:^+ Mhg/n x]l:^+ Mhg/n x]l:^+ M 6 l*;]Dj/ 1732 df hGd]/ 22 cu:^ 1818 df d[To' ePsf a+\ufnsf nflu

k|yd ueg{/ hg/nOi OlG*of sDkgL MOi OlG*of sDkgL MOi OlG*of sDkgL MOi OlG*of sDkgL MOi OlG*of sDkgL M ef/tdf pklgj]z sfod ug{ ;g\ 1757 b]lv 1857 ;Dd a]nfot ;/sf/n]

ef/tdf k&fPsf] sDkgLueg{/ Mueg{/ Mueg{/ Mueg{/ Mueg{/ M s'g} k|fGt jf k|b]zsf] zf;s, /fi « a}+\ssf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ k|d'v

kbflwsf/L?vf] M?vf] M?vf] M?vf] M?vf] M zLn, :jefj, ljgo, gd|tf cflb u')f gePsf]hg/n Mhg/n Mhg/n Mhg/n Mhg/n M ;]gfsf] pRr clws[t, hg]{ndxTTjfsf+\Iff MdxTTjfsf+\Iff MdxTTjfsf+\Iff MdxTTjfsf+\Iff MdxTTjfsf+\Iff M s'g} &'nf] sfd s'/f ug]{ rfxgf

d/f&f Md/f&f Md/f&f Md/f&f Md/f&f M ;g\ 1674 b]lv 1818 ;Dd xfn ef/tsf] dxf/fi «df /fHo ug]{ d'un jªzlzv Mlzv Mlzv Mlzv Mlzv M ;g\ 1799 b]lv 1849 ;Dd k~rfjdf zlStdf /x]sf] /fHo zlSta+\unf Ma+\unf Ma+\unf Ma+\unf Ma+\unf M rf/}lt/ v'nf ePsf] ;fgf] xfjfbf/L #/

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

x]l:^+n] dgdg} cfkm"n] g]kfn lhlt;s]sf] sNkgf ub}{ dgsf] n*\*' l#p;Fu vfP clg

/S;Lsf] Kofnf prfNb} /fIf;L xfF;f]n] SofDk g} prfn] .

n*{ of] ;do g]kfn xfGg pko'St % . d]h/ a|f*;fn] l;lSsd, k^gf, uf]/vk'/l;lSsd, k^gf, uf]/vk'/l;lSsd, k^gf, uf]/vk'/l;lSsd, k^gf, uf]/vk'/l;lSsd, k^gf, uf]/vk'/ /

s'dfps'dfps'dfps'dfps'dfpFsf] ;a j:t'l:ylt a'lem;s]sf %g\ . pgnfO{ xfd|f] hf;';hf;';hf;';hf;';hf;'; egL s;}n] lrg]sf klg

%}gg\ . /fdgu/sf t]hkfn, e' fgsf b]j/fhf, af/fsf] ls;fg t]nL, u(jfnsf ;ª;f/

rGb, s'dfpFsf xif{b]j hf]zL / kfNkfsf ltjf/LnfO{ pgn] cfk\mgf] agfO;s]sf %g\ . of]

g]kfn lj/f]wL ;+\u&gdf c¿ klg cfpFb} %g\ . cflv/ wg b]v]kl% sf] km:b}g / xfdLn]

eTtf lbPkl% ltgn] klg sfd ug'{k¥of] lg v'a /fi «jfbL eG%g\ t/ xfd|f] k};f lnP/

cfk\mg} b]zsf] u'x\ou'x\ou'x\ou'x\ou'x\o vf]N%g\ ljr/fx¿ Ps ;}lgsn] cfk\mgf s'/f vf]Nof] . hf;';

a|f*;fa|f*;fa|f*;fa|f*;fa|f*;fsf] s'/f ug]{ pm klg /S;Ln] dflt;s]sf] lyof] .

n*{ x]l:^+n] km]l/ eg], æxfdLn] xfd|f] ;fd|fHo lj:tf/ ug'{ % . To;}n] ;fd, bfd, b)*;fd, bfd, b)*;fd, bfd, b)*;fd, bfd, b)*;fd, bfd, b)*

e]be]be]be]be]bsf] k|of]u ug'{k%{ . g]kfn x'Fb} ltAat;Dd Jofkf/ ug{ kfP xfdL lj:tf/} lrg /

d+\uf]lnof k'Ug ;S%f}F . g]kfnLx¿ jrg / sd{df kSsf %g\ . lsgnslsgnslsgnslsgnslsgns, h]D; nf]ug,

ss{Kofl «s, gS;, lxo/;] / a|f*;fn] ;d]t g]kfnnfO{ km;fpg ;s]sf %}gg\ .

g]kfn b/af/ xfd|f] lj/f]wL % . o'b\wafx]s c¿ pkfon] lognfO{ lhTg ;lsPnf h:tf]

%}g . g]kf]lnog k]lgG;'n/g]kf]lnog k]lgG;'n/g]kf]lnog k]lgG;'n/g]kf]lnog k]lgG;'n/g]kf]lnog k]lgG;'n/ o'b\wo'b\wo'b\wo'b\wo'b\wdf km;]kl% xfdLnfO{ k|mfG;sf] */ klg %}g . xfd|f] ;]gf

l;lSsd Ml;lSsd Ml;lSsd Ml;lSsd Ml;lSsd M tTsfnLg Ps /fHo, xfn ef/tsf] Ps k|b]z

k^gf Mk^gf Mk^gf Mk^gf Mk^gf M tTsfnLg Ps /fHo, xfn ef/tsf] Ps ;x/

uf]/vk'/ Muf]/vk'/ Muf]/vk'/ Muf]/vk'/ Muf]/vk'/ M tTsfnLg Ps /fHo, xfn ef/tsf] Ps ;x/

s'dfpF Ms'dfpF Ms'dfpF Ms'dfpF Ms'dfpF M tTsfnLg Ps /fHo, xfn ef/tsf] Ps ;x/

hf;'; Mhf;'; Mhf;'; Mhf;'; Mhf;'; M u'Ktr/, zý' kIfsf] e]b yfxf kfpg ;/sf/sf tkm{af^ v^fOPsf] JolSt

u'x\o Mu'x\o Mu'x\o Mu'x\o Mu'x\o M uf]Ko, d'l:snn] dfý a'e\mg ;lsg]

a|f*;f Ma|f*;f Ma|f*;f Ma|f*;f Ma|f*;f M 29 h'nfO{ 1801 df hGd]/ 6 ;]K ]Dj/ 1853 df d]/sf c+\u|]h sf^f]{km/

;fd M;fd M;fd M;fd M;fd M ld&f] af]n]/ cfk\mgf] kfg]{ sfd

bfd Mbfd Mbfd Mbfd Mbfd M ?lkofF, k};f

b)* Mb)* Mb)* Mb)* Mb)* M ;hfo, hl/jfgf, oftgf

e]b Me]b Me]b Me]b Me]b M lje]b, leGgtf

lsgns Mlsgns Mlsgns Mlsgns Mlsgns M k[YjLgf/fo)f zfxsf lj?b\w hok|sfz dNnnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ k&fOPsf la|l^; sKtfg

g]kf]lnog Mg]kf]lnog Mg]kf]lnog Mg]kf]lnog Mg]kf]lnog M 15 cu:^ 1769 df hGd]/ 5 d] 1821 df d/]sf k|]mGr ;}lgs tyf /fhgLlts g]tf

Pjd\ zf;s

k]lgG;'n/ o'b\w Mk]lgG;'n/ o'b\w Mk]lgG;'n/ o'b\w Mk]lgG;'n/ o'b\w Mk]lgG;'n/ o'b\w M ;g\ 1807 b]lv 1814 ;Dd k|mfG; / :k]glar ePsf] o'b\w

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

km';{b % . df}sf cfpF%, kv{Fb}g . To;}n] oxL ;'Gb/ df}sfdf xfdLn] xfd|f] /ut lbP/O+\NofG*sf] ;fg a(fpg'k%{ . olt v]/ klZrdlt/sf /hf}^f klg g]kfn lj/f]wL ag]sf%g\ . oxL a]nf o'b\w %]*\g g;s] g]kfn xfdL / xfd|f] /fhwfgLsf] vt/f aGg] % . ;s]g]kfn lng'k%{ g;s] klg o;nfO{ kxf*df ;Lldt /fVg'k%{ . o;}n] ;fyLx¿ xfdLn] Tof]lr;f] / wgL d'n's xfd|f] kfg}{ k%{ . ;a} c+\u|]hx¿n] xf] df xf] hgfP . /S;Lsf] clGtdr':sL lnP/ pgLx¿n] ;'Tg] t/v/ u/] .

otf g]kfn k|an lxdfnL /fi « lgdf{)f ug{ rfxGYof] . k[YjLgf/fo)f zfxsf] PsLs/)fPsLs/)fPsLs/)fPsLs/)fPsLs/)f //fHo lj:tf/sf] gLltnfO{ pgsf pTt/flwsf/LpTt/flwsf/LpTt/flwsf/LpTt/flwsf/LpTt/flwsf/Ln] lg/Gt/tf lbPs} lyP . g]kfnn]ltAatsf] af^f] x'Fb} d+\uf]lnofsf] ;'g g]kfn leœofO{ Jofkfl/s ;d'Gglt a(fPsf] lyof] .g]kfnn] c+\u|]h lj/f]wL b]z;Fu ;Dks{ lj:tf/ klg ul//x]sf] lyof] . k/flht /hf} f/hf} f/hf} f/hf} f/hf} fnfO{bafpg g]kfnn] k|mfG;af^ ljz]if! NofO{ cfk\mgf ;]gfnfO{ tflnd lbPsf] lyof] . t/g]kfnsf] o'b\w tof/L / ;}lgs ;antfsf] o; l:yltsf] ;"rgf cfk\mgf hf;';dfkm{tc+\u|]hn] lnO/x]sf] lyof] . pgLx¿ g]kfnnfO{ o'b\wafx]ssf cGo tl/sfn] cfk\mgf] kfg{;lsFb}g eGg]df ljZj:t eO;s]sf lyP . leýleý} pgLx¿ s" gLlts" gLlts" gLlts" gLlts" gLlt /Rb} lyP . pgLx¿l;dfgfsf] ljjfb l;h{gf u/]/ g]kfn lj?b\w o'b\w %]*\g rfxGy] .

c+\u]hsf] s" gLlt /fd|f];Fu a'em]sf eLd;]g yfkf c+\u|]h lj/f]wL lyP . pgL d/f&f,lzv, Ujflno/Ujflno/Ujflno/Ujflno/Ujflno/, ltAat / lrg;Fu ;xof]u lnP/ c+\u|]hnfO{ Pl;ofaf } wkfpg rfxGy] .pgL xltof/df sdhf]/ eP klg cfTdancfTdancfTdancfTdancfTdan / afx'anafx'anafx'anafx'anafx'ann] o'b\w lhltG% eGg] &fGy] .c+\u|]hsf] tof/L kIfdf eg] g]kfn k"j{ ;"lrt lyPg . c+\u|]hx¿n] o'b\wsf] tof/L klgul//x]sf lyP .

x]l:^+s} of]hgfcg';f/ c+\u|]hn] cfk\mgf] o'b\w gLltsf] k|f/lDes k|of; :j¿k /f}tx^sfafO; ufpF / :o'/fh / a' jndf ;Ldf lvrnf] lgsfNof] . p;n] tL e"efu cfk\mgf] ePsf]bfaL ub}{ klRr; lbgleý vfnL ug{ 11 dfr{ 1814 df g]kfnnfO{ ký k&fof] . p;n] pSt;dofjlwleý e"efu vfnL gu/] o'b\w ug]{ r]tfjgL klg lbof] .

PsLs/)f MPsLs/)f MPsLs/)f MPsLs/)f MPsLs/)f M b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a(L JolSt, j:t', ;ª:yf, /fHo cflbnfO{ ldnfP/ Ps agfpg]

sfo{

pTt/flwsf/L MpTt/flwsf/L MpTt/flwsf/L MpTt/flwsf/L MpTt/flwsf/L M s'g} JolSt d/]kl% jf p;sf] xs %' ]kl% lghsf] ;DklTt clwsf/ jf kb kfpg]

JolSt

/hf}^f M/hf}^f M/hf}^f M/hf}^f M/hf}^f M ;fgf]ltgf] If]ýsf] /fHo ;~rfng ug]{ /fhf

s"^gLlt Ms"^gLlt Ms"^gLlt Ms"^gLlt Ms"^gLlt M u'Kt rfn, kf/:kl/s Jojxf/df bfpk]r ug]{ gLlt

Ujflno/ MUjflno/ MUjflno/ MUjflno/ MUjflno/ M xfn ef/tsf] dWo k|b]zdf kg]{ tTsfnLg ;dodf c+\u|]h lj/f]wL /fHo

cfTdan McfTdan McfTdan McfTdan McfTdan M cfTdfdf /x]sf] an, dfgl;s zlSt

afx'an Mafx'an Mafx'an Mafx'an Mafx'an M kfv'/f rnfpg] zlSt, zf/Ll/s zlSt, k/fj|md

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

ký kfpgf;fy g]kfn b/af/df ;g;gL;g;gL;g;gL;g;gL;g;gL km}lnof] . ca g]kfn;Fu pSt e"efu %f*\g' jf

c+\u|]h;Fu o'b\w ug'{afx]ssf ljsNk lyPgg\ . /fi «jfbL/fi «jfbL/fi «jfbL/fi «jfbL/fi «jfbLx¿ dg{ tof/ x'G%g\ t/ csf{sf]

ckdfgckdfgckdfgckdfgckdfg ;x]/ lz/ em'sfO{ /fi «#ftL/fi «#ftL/fi «#ftL/fi «#ftL/fi «#ftL sfd ub}{gg\ . c+\u|]hsf] o; kýn] g]kfnLsf] g;f

g;fdf /ut pDNof] . eLd;]g yfkf c;fWo} j|m'b\wj|m'b\wj|m'b\wj|m'b\wj|m'b\w eP / l/;n] bf/f ls ] . kl/l:yltsf]

;fdgf ug]{ pb\b]Zon] pgn] tTsfn ef/bf/L ;efef/bf/L ;efef/bf/L ;efef/bf/L ;efef/bf/L ;ef af]nfP .

b/af/df c+\u|]hsf] kýcg';f/ e"efu %f*\g] jf o'b\w ug]{ kIfdf %nkmn ;'? eof] .

cdl;ªx yfkf, rf}tl/of ad zfx, /fhu'? /+\ugfy kl)*t, sfhL bne~hg kf)*] o'b\w

gug]{ kIfdf pleP . pgLx¿sf ljrf/df ljZjJofkL o'b\w n*]sf] cg'ejL c+\u|]h ;]gf;Fu

o'b\w ug'{ e'n x'g ;SYof] . g]kfn;Fu ;]gf, xft xltof/ / /;bkfgL o'b\w :yndf k'¥ofpg]

;d:of lyof] . g]kfnn] ev{/} ;+\ul&t /fi « ePsfn] zlStzfnL la| ]g;Fu o'b\w ug'{eGbf

cfGtl/s ;antfdf Wofg lbg' a'b\lwdfgL &xYof]{ . o; a]nf o'b\w ug'{ eg]sf] :jtGýtfdfly

v]njf* ug'{ dfý x'g ;SYof] . l:yltsf] cfFsng ub}{ /+\ugfy kl)*tn] eg], æxfdL

c+\u|]h;Fu o'b\w ug{ ;Sb}gf}F . a¿ pgLx¿n] dfu]sf e"efu lbP/ c+\u|]hnfO{ zfGt kf/f}F .

cfk\mg} ^fpsfdf cfkm}Fn] aGr/f] xfGg' l&s xf]Og .Æ

/+\ugfyn] olt dfý s] eg]sf lyP eLd;]g yfkf /ftf /ftf cfFvf kf/]/ h'?Ss p&] .

Dofgdf /flvPsf] t/af/ leý aflx/ ub}{ pgn] eg], æs] s'/f ug'{x'G% tkfO{Fx¿ k/fO{n]

dfUof] eGb}df cfk\mgL cfdfnfO{ csf{sf] xftdf ;'Dkg] cfh a' jn dfUg]n] ef]ln /fhwfgL

dfU% . d d]/f] b]zsf] Ps 'j|mf e"efu tL uf}/f+\uuf}/f+\uuf}/f+\uuf}/f+\uuf}/f+\unfO{ sbflk ;'Dkg] %}g . o'b\w ug'{k%{,

tkfO{Fx¿ dfg{ / dg{ tof/ x'g'xf];\ .Æ

;efdf ;Ggf^f;Ggf^f;Ggf^f;Ggf^f;Ggf^f %fof] . cflv/df g]kfnn] :jfledfg:jfledfg:jfledfg:jfledfg:jfledfgsf nflu o'b\w g} l:jsf¥of] .

kmn:j¿k 1 gf]e]Da/ 1814 sf lbg g]kfnsf tkm{af^ c+\u|]h lj/f]wL o'b\w %]l*of] .

;g;gL M;g;gL M;g;gL M;g;gL M;g;gL M xfjf rn] em}F l%^f] km}ng]

/fi^«jfbL M/fi^«jfbL M/fi^«jfbL M/fi^«jfbL M/fi^«jfbL M cfk\mgf] /fi «sf] pGglt / lxtnfO{ ;jf]{kl/ dfGg] ljrf/ ePsf]

ckdfg Mckdfg Mckdfg Mckdfg Mckdfg M s;}sf] dfg, dof{bf jf OHht k|lti&fdf rf] k'¥ofpg] s'/f jf sfd

/fi^«#ftL M/fi^«#ftL M/fi^«#ftL M/fi^«#ftL M/fi^«#ftL M /fi «sf] xTof/f], /fi « #fts

j|m'b\w Mj|m'b\w Mj|m'b\w Mj|m'b\w Mj|m'b\w M l/;fPsf]

ef/bf/L ;ef Mef/bf/L ;ef Mef/bf/L ;ef Mef/bf/L ;ef Mef/bf/L ;ef M /fhf jf zf;snfO{ zf;g ;DaGwL ;Nnfx lbg] ;ef

uf}/f+\u Muf}/f+\u Muf}/f+\u Muf}/f+\u Muf}/f+\u M uf]/f] c+\u ePsf], c+\u|]h

;Ggf^f M;Ggf^f M;Ggf^f M;Ggf^f M;Ggf^f M ;'g;fg

:jfledfg M:jfledfg M:jfledfg M:jfledfg M:jfledfg M cfk\mgf] b]z, hflt, ;ª:s[lt, k|lti&f / dxTTjdflysf] ul/df

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

1 =1 =1 =1 =1 = :jfledfg syf kfn}kfnf] k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .:jfledfg syf kfn}kfnf] k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .:jfledfg syf kfn}kfnf] k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .:jfledfg syf kfn}kfnf] k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .:jfledfg syf kfn}kfnf] k(]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .


-s_ hg/n x]l:^+sf] :jefj s:tf] lyof] <

-v_ a|f*;f sf] lyP <

-u_ g]kfn s] ug{ rfxGYof] <

-#_ g]kfnn] s;/L cfk\mgf] Jofkfl/s ;d'Gglt a(fPsf] lyof] <

-+_ /fi «jfbLx¿sf nflu s] s'/f &'nf] x'G% <

3=3=3=3=3= tnsf egfO s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v .tnsf egfO s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v .tnsf egfO s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v .tnsf egfO s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v .tnsf egfO s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf], n]v .

-s_ g]kfnnfO{ t d cf}Fnfdf grfOlbG%' .

-v_ xfdL c+\u|]h;Fu o'b\w ug{ ;Sb}gf}F <

-u_ k/fO{n] dfUof] eGb}df cfk\mgL cfdfnfO{ csf{sf] xftdf ;'Dkg] cfh a' jn

dfUg]n] ef]ln /fhwfgL dfU% .

-#_ cfk\mg} ^fpsfdf cfkm}Fn] aGr/f] xfGg' l&s xf]Og .


-s_ hg/n x]l:^+n] g]kfnsf] ;'Gb/ e"efu s;/L cfk\mgf] x'G% eGg] ;f]r]sf lyP <

-v_ g]kfnn] cfk\mgf] ;d'Ggltsf nflu s] s:tf sfo{x¿ ul//x]sf] lyof] <

-u_ g]kfn b/af/df lsg ;g;gL km}lnof] <

-#_ eLd;]g yfkf lsg /ftf /ftf cfFvf kf/]/ p&] <

-+_ eLd;]g yfkfn] /+\ugfynfO{ s] eg] <

-r_ …:jfledfg’ syfsf] d'Vo ;Gb]z s] xf] <

5=5=5=5=5= efj lj:tf/ u/ Mefj lj:tf/ u/ Mefj lj:tf/ u/ Mefj lj:tf/ u/ Mefj lj:tf/ u/ M

-s_ kxf*sf] zLtn kmfF df ;'Gb/ a+\unf agfP/ ToxLFaf^ xfd|f] /fh ;'? x'G% .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8


6= ldNbf] zAb %fg]/ hf]]*f ldnfpm M6= ldNbf] zAb %fg]/ hf]]*f ldnfpm M6= ldNbf] zAb %fg]/ hf]]*f ldnfpm M6= ldNbf] zAb %fg]/ hf]]*f ldnfpm M6= ldNbf] zAb %fg]/ hf]]*f ldnfpm M

h:t} M ;"o{ — lbjfs/

;"o{, */, df}sf, ký, ckdfg, lz/, cj;/, lr&L, lbjfs/, ýf;, dfy, lt/:sf/

7=7=7=7=7= tnsf ^'SsfnfO{ pbfx/)fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mtnsf ^'SsfnfO{ pbfx/)fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mtnsf ^'SsfnfO{ pbfx/)fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mtnsf ^'SsfnfO{ pbfx/)fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ Mtnsf ^'SsfnfO{ pbfx/)fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

'Ssf M sfgdf t]n xfn]/ a:g'

pbfx/)f M ef]lnb]lv lhNnf :t/Lo k/LIff eP tfklg ;/f]h k(\g %f]*]/ sfgdf t]n

xfn]/ a;]sf] % .

/ftf/ft cfFvf kfg'{, v]njf* ug'{, cfk\mg} fpsfdf cfkm}Fn] aGr/f] xfGg', wfjf af]Ng',

hf]/L vf]Hg', jrg lbg', ltnnfO{ kxf* agfpg', afWo x'g', hfn /Rg'


8 =8 =8=8=8= z'b\w;Fu pRrf/)ff u/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)ff u/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)ff u/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)ff u/ Mz'b\w;Fu pRrf/)ff u/ M

/fi «jfbL, ;Ggf^f, Ujflno/, PsLs/)f, k]lgG;'n/, n*{ x]l:^+, dxTTjfsf+\Iff

;fd|fHo, xif{b]j, ss{Kofl «s, a|f*;f

9=9=9=9=9= kf&af^ …)f, z, if, ;’ ePsf zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .kf&af^ …)f, z, if, ;’ ePsf zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .kf&af^ …)f, z, if, ;’ ePsf zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .kf&af^ …)f, z, if, ;’ ePsf zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .kf&af^ …)f, z, if, ;’ ePsf zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v .

10=10=10=10=10= cfFvf, cfpF% h:tf rGb|laGb' nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ n]v / z'b\w;FucfFvf, cfpF% h:tf rGb|laGb' nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ n]v / z'b\w;FucfFvf, cfpF% h:tf rGb|laGb' nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ n]v / z'b\w;FucfFvf, cfpF% h:tf rGb|laGb' nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ n]v / z'b\w;FucfFvf, cfpF% h:tf rGb|laGb' nfu]sf kfFr cf]^f zAbx¿ n]v / z'b\w;Fu

pRrf/)f u/ .pRrf/)f u/ .pRrf/)f u/ .pRrf/)f u/ .pRrf/)f u/ .

11 =11 =11 =11 =11 = kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ z'b\w;Fu n]v .kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ z'b\w;Fu n]v .kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ z'b\w;Fu n]v .kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ z'b\w;Fu n]v .kf&sf] klxnf] cg'R%]b lzIfsaf^ ;'g]/ z'b\w;Fu n]v .

12=12=12=12=12= /]vf+\lst cIf/sf zAb pRrf/)f u/L o / P larsf] km/s a'em //]vf+\lst cIf/sf zAb pRrf/)f u/L o / P larsf] km/s a'em //]vf+\lst cIf/sf zAb pRrf/)f u/L o / P larsf] km/s a'em //]vf+\lst cIf/sf zAb pRrf/)f u/L o / P larsf] km/s a'em //]vf+\lst cIf/sf zAb pRrf/)f u/L o / P larsf] km/s a'em /

sfkLdf ;f/ MsfkLdf ;f/ MsfkLdf ;f/ MsfkLdf ;f/ MsfkLdf ;f/ M

olt, ;"o{, kfP, pkfo, o;, Ps lnP/, PsLs/)f, ePsf], pleP, eP, eo,

ePsfn], /flvPsf], olb

13= tnsf jfSodf ePsf …o’ / …P’ ;DaGwL cz'b\lw ;RofP/ n]v M13= tnsf jfSodf ePsf …o’ / …P’ ;DaGwL cz'b\lw ;RofP/ n]v M13= tnsf jfSodf ePsf …o’ / …P’ ;DaGwL cz'b\lw ;RofP/ n]v M13= tnsf jfSodf ePsf …o’ / …P’ ;DaGwL cz'b\lw ;RofP/ n]v M13= tnsf jfSodf ePsf …o’ / …P’ ;DaGwL cz'b\lw ;RofP/ n]v M

-s_ Tof] a]nf logn] ;xfPtf glbosf] eo d]/f] s] rNYof] / <

-v_ pgn] xft afFw]/ a;]sf eo P;/L cufl* a(\g kfOFb}gYof] .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8


14= lbOPsf zAbx¿ k(L tnsf] tflnsfdf ldNg] &fpFFdf e/ M14= lbOPsf zAbx¿ k(L tnsf] tflnsfdf ldNg] &fpFFdf e/ M14= lbOPsf zAbx¿ k(L tnsf] tflnsfdf ldNg] &fpFFdf e/ M14= lbOPsf zAbx¿ k(L tnsf] tflnsfdf ldNg] &fpFFdf e/ M14= lbOPsf zAbx¿ k(L tnsf] tflnsfdf ldNg] &fpFFdf e/ M

k"j{lt/, la;]{/, cfxf, o;afx]s, l%, lar/f, \jfNn, jfNn, logL;Fu, cf]xf], cFufn]/,

b]Vg, :ofjf;\, bfh'dfly

lj|mofof]uL gfdof]uL lj:doflbaf]ws

15= lbOPsf lj|mofkbx¿ k(L tflnsfdf ldNg] &fpFdf e/ .15= lbOPsf lj|mofkbx¿ k(L tflnsfdf ldNg] &fpFdf e/ .15= lbOPsf lj|mofkbx¿ k(L tflnsfdf ldNg] &fpFdf e/ .15= lbOPsf lj|mofkbx¿ k(L tflnsfdf ldNg] &fpFdf e/ .15= lbOPsf lj|mofkbx¿ k(L tflnsfdf ldNg] &fpFdf e/ .

u¿F, nfuf}F, xf]nf, u/, k(, hfpm, x]/f}F, hfnfg, ;s"g\, uP, x]nf{g\, a;, hfcf], cfpm,

k("g\

OR%fy{s cf!fy{s ;Defjgfy{s


16= cufl*sf] sf]&fdf 1, 2, 3 cflb j|md ;+\|Vof /fvL #^gfj|md ldnfP/16= cufl*sf] sf]&fdf 1, 2, 3 cflb j|md ;+\|Vof /fvL #^gfj|md ldnfP/16= cufl*sf] sf]&fdf 1, 2, 3 cflb j|md ;+\|Vof /fvL #^gfj|md ldnfP/16= cufl*sf] sf]&fdf 1, 2, 3 cflb j|md ;+\|Vof /fvL #^gfj|md ldnfP/16= cufl*sf] sf]&fdf 1, 2, 3 cflb j|md ;+\|Vof /fvL #^gfj|md ldnfP/

Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ MPp^f syf tof/ kf/ MPp^f syf tof/ kf/ MPp^f syf tof/ kf/ MPp^f syf tof/ kf/ M

- _ w]/} jif{ klxn] csa/ gfdsf /fhf / jL/an gfdsf a'b\lwdfg\ dGýL lyP .

- _ jf:tljs rf]/ af&f] ag]/ a(\g] Ps OGr sf^L ef]lnkN^ jL/ansxfF k'Uof] .

- _ ltg} csa/sf] /fHodf Pp^f Jofkf/Lsf] k;ndf rf]/L eof] .

- _ Ps Ps cf] f l;Gsf lbPkl% ;a} ;dIf jL/ann] eg] æh;n] rf]/]sf] % p;sf]

l;Gsf Ps OGr a(\g] %Æ .

- _ ;a}sf l;Gsf hDdf u/]kl% rf]/ sfdbf/ ;dfltof] .

- _ Jofkf/Ln] b'Mv dfGb} /fhfnfO{ rf]/L ePsf] va/ hfx]/ u¥of] .

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g]kfnL, sIff 8

- _ To;kl% rf]/ kTtf nufpg] h'lSt ;f]r]/ jL/ann] ;a}nfO{ a/fa/sf] l;Gsf

afF*] .

- _ /fhfn] klg rf]/ kTtf nufpg jL/an dGýLnfO{ cf!f lbP .

- _ ;a}n] jL/annfO{ wGojfb lbP .

- _ sfdbf/x¿nfO{ jL/ann] kfn}kfnf] ;f]w] t/ ;a}n] cfkm"n] grf]/]sf] atfP .

- _ jL/ann] To; Jofkf/Lsf ;a} sfdbf/nfO{ af]nfpg k&fP .

- _ s'sd{sf] kmn h;/L eP klg kfOG% egL jL/ann] ctL{ lbP .

17= ltd|f] l%d]sdf ePsf] cfk;L emu*fsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ emu*fn] jf:tjdf17= ltd|f] l%d]sdf ePsf] cfk;L emu*fsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ emu*fn] jf:tjdf17= ltd|f] l%d]sdf ePsf] cfk;L emu*fsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ emu*fn] jf:tjdf17= ltd|f] l%d]sdf ePsf] cfk;L emu*fsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ emu*fn] jf:tjdf17= ltd|f] l%d]sdf ePsf] cfk;L emu*fsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ emu*fn] jf:tjdf

s;}nfO{ klg kmfObf x'Fb}g eGg] ljrf/nfO{ ;d]^L Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ .s;}nfO{ klg kmfObf x'Fb}g eGg] ljrf/nfO{ ;d]^L Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ .s;}nfO{ klg kmfObf x'Fb}g eGg] ljrf/nfO{ ;d]^L Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ .s;}nfO{ klg kmfObf x'Fb}g eGg] ljrf/nfO{ ;d]^L Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ .s;}nfO{ klg kmfObf x'Fb}g eGg] ljrf/nfO{ ;d]^L Pp^f syf tof/ kf/ .

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Dhangadhimai · 2020. 5. 21. · g]kfnL, sIff 8 – l;blwr/)f >\ i& ] g]kfn Kof/f] / kljý b...

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Transcript of Dhangadhimai · 2020. 5. 21. · g]kfnL, sIff 8 – l;blwr/)f >\ i& ] g]kfn Kof/f] / kljý b...