De Cuong on Tap_sv Luat_2015 (Chuong 3)
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Transcript of De Cuong on Tap_sv Luat_2015 (Chuong 3)
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3.1. Hnh trnh v s pht trin bn vng
1) Hi ngh Quc t v Mi trng v Con ngi ln u tin ca Lin Hp Quc hp
1972 ti Stckhm (Stockholm), Thu in vi s tham gia ca 113 nc.
- c nh gi l hnh ng u tin nh du s n lc chung ca ton th nhn loi
nhm gii quyt cc vn v MT
* Mt s kt qu chnh t c:
- Khi ng cc cuc i thoi Bc Nam
- Khi ng chng trnh Vin cnh ton cu
- Khi ng s tham gia ca cc t chc phi chnh ph gim st v BVMT
- Thnh lp Chng trnh Mi trng Th gii UNEP (United Nations Environment
Program), Ban th k thng trc v mi trng t ti Kenya, thnh lp Qu Mi
trng.
- Lin hp quc ly ngy khai mc Hi ngh Stockholm 5/6/1972 l Ngy mi trng
Th gii.
- Hi ngh thng qua Tuyn b nhn mnh nhng nguy c ca cc vn ti nguyn,
dn s, mi trng v ku gi: Bo v v ci thin mi trng l mt vn c nh
hng ti phc li ca mi dn tc v pht trin kinh t ton th gii, l nhim v ca
mi chnh ph.
* Tuyn b Stockholm
1. Con ngi va l sinh vt va l ngi nho nn mi trng ca mnh. Mi
trng to cho con ngi phng tin sinh nhai v mt th cht v ban cho con ngi
c hi pht trin tr tu, o c, x hi v tinh thn.
2. Bo v v ci thin Mi trng con ngi l mt vn ln c nh hng ti
phc li ca mi dn tc v pht trin kinh t trn ton th gii; l khao kht khn
cp ca cc dn tc trn khp th gii v l nhim v ca mi Chnh ph.
3. Con ngi lun lun tch ly kinh nghim v thng xuyn tm kim, pht minh,
sng to v tin ti.
4. cc nc ang pht trin, km pht trin gy ra hu ht cc vn tn ti v
mi trng. Hng triu con ngi vn ang sng di mc rt xa so vi nhng mc
ti thiu cn cho s tn ti tm tt ca con ngi, cp i no cm v m o, che
thn v hc hnh, sc khe v v sinh.
5. Tng dn s t nhin lun lun l nhng vn tn ti i vi vic gi gn mi
trng, v cn phi p dng y cc chnh sch v bin php mt cch thch hp
ng u vi nhng vn ny.
6. Mc t c trong lch s khi chng ta phi nh hnh c hnh ng ca chng
ta trn ton th gii, vi s thn trng khn ngoan hn i vi nhng hu qu v mi
trng do nhng hnh ng ca chng ra gy ra.
7. t c mc tiu mi trng ny i hi tng cng dn v mi cng ng,
i hi cc x nghip v cc th ch mi cp chp nhn trch nhim cng nhau chia
s bnh ng mi n lc chung.
* Tuyn b stochkholm cng xy dng 26 nguyn tc
-
2) Nm 1983: Thnh lp U ban th gii v mi trng ca Lin Hp Quc (WCED
Ch tch l Gro Harlem Brundtland). Nm 1987 WCED cng b bo co Tng lai
chung ca chng ta ( Our Commo Future) a ra nh ngha r rng v chnh xc v
pht trin bn vng
3) 1989: S pht hnh v tm quan trng ca bn bo co Tng lai chng ta c
a ra bn bc ti i hi ng LHQ S ra i ca Ngh quyt 44/228 tin cho
vic t chc Hi ngh v MT v PT ca LHQ.
4) Nm 1992: Hi ngh v Mi trng v PT ca LHQ c t chc ti Rio de Janiero
(Brasil) vi s tham gia ca 172 quc gia, 116 nguyn th quc gia, 10.000 nh mi
trng hc v trn 9.000 nh bo.
- Hi ngh ch r vn mi trng khng th tch ri khi cc vn chnh tr, kinh t
v x hi, cng nhn rng ri khi nim pht trin bn vng.
- K kt Cng c khung v bin i kh hu ton cu (nhm n nh cc kh gy hiu
ng nh knh mc khng gy o ln nguy him cho h thng kh hu ton cu)
- Cng c v bo v a dng sinh hc
- Tuyn b cc nguyn tc qun l, bo v v PTBV rng
- Chng trnh hnh ng th k XXI (Agenda 21) v PTBV: 40 chng, vi 4 ni dung
ch yu l: 1- Bo tn v pht trin cc ngun ti nguyn cho pht trin, bo v kh
quyn, qun l tt ti nguyn t v cc h sinh thi; 2- Bo tn a dng sinh hc; 3-
Qun l tt cht thi v ho cht c hi; 4- Cc vn php l v c ch php l. c
tnh mun thc hin Chng trnh ny hng nm cc nc ang pht trin cn ti 561,5
t USD, trong c 141,9 t c ti tr u i.
- Tuyn b Rio, vi 27 nguyn tc ln:
+ khng nh quyn pht trin ca cc quc gia v cng bng gia cc th h,
+ xc nh trch nhim ca cc quc gia i vi cc hot ng dn n suy gim mi
trng ton cu,
+ dnh u tin c bit cho cc nc ang pht trin,
+ quy nh ngha v ca cc quc gia phi hp tc ngn chn lan truyn v vn chuyn
cht nhim qua bin gii,
+ khng nh pht trin bn vng l s la chn ng n nht,
+ xo b ngho nn v gim khong cch giu ngho
+ ph n v dn a phng c vai tr trong cc hot ng pht trin kinh t v bo v
mi trng
+ chin tranh l s hu dit pht trin bn vng v cc quc gia phi tn trong lut quc
t c trong thi k xung t v trang.
- Tnh n cui 1992:
+ c 840 vn bn php l quc t v mi trng hoc lin quan n mi trng c k
kt.
+ Chu Phi c mt s iu c quc t v mi trng gn vi pht trin kinh t.
-
+Chu : l khu vc hu nh khng c cc iu c quc t khu vc v mi trng, tr
hip c ASEAN 1985 v bo tn t nhin v cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin ca hip
hi cc nc ng Nam v tuyn b 1990 ca cuc hp Hi ngh B trng khu vc
Chu - Thi Bnh Dng v pht trin bn vng.
+ Chu M c Cng c 1940 v bo v t nhin v gi gn i sng hoang d Ty
Bn Cu v hng lot cc hip nh song phng lin quan n kim sot nhim.
+ Chu u v cc nc thuc t chc hp tc v pht trin kinh t (OECD): h thng kh
ton din cc quy nh khu vc v mi trng v mt h thng cc c ch quc t rt
pht trin.
Cng ng kinh t chu u (EEC): cc quy nh v mi trng quc t thuc ba lnh
vc: Tiu chun c th v mi trng, k hoch thc hin v h thng kim sot; Nguyn
tc bo v mi trng hoc phi hp chnh sch ca quc gia thnh vin; Vn bn v vic
xo b tr ngi i vi thng mi v iu chnh cc vn mi trng c th.
+ Nam Cc c nhng quy nh quc t v mi trng tng i cht ch,
+ Bc Cc hu nh khng c quy nh php l quc t no v mi trng.
- Sau 5 nm t hi ngh Rio 92:
+ Hi ngh Mi trng Lin hp Quc ti New York nhn nh vic thc hin Chng
trnh hnh ng 21 khng my kh quan (c bit l i vi cc nc ang pht trin, do
s hn ch v kh nng ti chnh v cng ngh).
+ M rt khi ngh nh th Kyt, t chi gim x thi CO2 hn ch s bin i
kh hu ton cu.
5) Nm 2002: Hi ngh thng nh th gii v PTBV
- Hp ti Johannesburg (Nam Phi), vi s c mt ca i din 192 quc gia v t chc
quc t, 55 nguyn th quc gia, 9.200 quan chc chnh ph, 627.000 ngi thuc cc t
chc x hi khc nhau v 5.000 phng vin.
- Hi ngh thng qua Tuyn b chnh tr v K hoch thc hin.
- Tuyn b ti khng nh gi tr ca cc vn kin thng qua ti Rio, nhn nh l cc
mc tiu ca Rio cha t c nhiu, v tng kt cc bi hc, nguyn nhn thnh cng
v tht bi trn con ng pht trin bn vng.
- Mc tiu u tin: Gim 50% ngi ngho v s ngi khng c hng cc quyn li
v nc sch, v sinh mi trng vo 2015; Ngn chn suy gim a dng sinh hc vo
2010; Phc hi tr lng ngun thy sn i dng vo 2015; T l s dng cc ngun
nng lng ti to t 15% vo 2010; Ph cp gio dc tiu hc vo 2015
3.2.1. Cng c php l bo v mi trng
- Cng c v lut php: bt buc mi ngi, mi t chc kinh t x hi phi tun theo cc
quy nh v bo v ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng.
-
- Nguyn tc thc hin cng c php l: Mnh lnh v kim sot (command and Control)
(CAC)
- C s lut php ca QLMT l cc vn bn v lut quc t v lut quc gia v lnh vc
MT
- Trnh t s dng cng c php l trong cng tc qun l ti nguyn v mi trng:
+ Nh nc nh ra php lut qun l ti nguyn v mi trng (Lut, ngh nh, tiu
chun, quy nh, giy php)
+ Cc c quan qun l nh nc v ti nguyn v mi trng t trung ng n a
phng s dng quyn hn ca mnh tin hnh gim st, kim sot, thanh tra v x pht
cng ch tt c cc thnh vin trong x hi thc hin ng cc iu khon ca php
lut quy nh theo phn cp.
- u im ca vic s dng cng c php lut trong qun l ti nguyn v MT:
+ p ng cc mc tiu ca php lut v chnh sch ca Quc gia v qun l ti nguyn
v MT
+ a cng tc QLTN v MT vo n np, quy c
+ D dng gii quyt cc tranh chp, khiu kin bng cc vn bn php lut
+ Mi thnh vin trong x hi thy r trch nhim v ngha v ca mnh trong vic QL
TNTN v BVMT
+ Gip cc nh chuyn mn c th d on c ngun ti nguyn, MT v cht lng
MT ang c duy tr, pht trin
- Nhc im:
+ Thiu tnh mm do, linh hot, cha pht huy c tnh ch ng, sng to trong qun
l dn n mt s trng hp thiu tnh hiu qu
+ Thiu s khuyn khch v tinh thn, c bit l khuyn khch v vt cht i vi mt s
n, phng n qun l TNTN v MT c s
+ Cha nm bt kp thi cc thng tin y v cp nht ca cc ngnh cng nghip c
cng ngh mi v hin i ra cc tiu chun, quy nh kp thi cho hp l
+ B my t chc qun l cng knh v chi ph cho cng tc qun l tng i ln
* Lut php quc t: cc vn kin quc t c k kt gia cc quc gia mt
cch t nguyn, nhm n nh, sa i, hoc hu b nhng quyn v ngha v i vi
-
nhau. Quy nh trong cc vn bn phi ph hp vi nhng nguyn tc c bn c
tha nhn rng ri ca lut quc t hin i.
- Hin chng l iu c quc t nhiu bn, n nh nhng nguyn tc ln trong
quan h gia cc nc vi nhau.
- Hip c l vn kin n nh nhng vn c ngha ln v mt chnh tr trong
quan h gia hai hay nhiu nc.
- Cng c l iu c quc t c tnh chuyn mn.
Hin chng, hip c, cng c thng i hi s ph chun ca c quan c
thm quyn ca mi nc, do ngi ng u c quan ph chun k v ng du ca
quc gia trn c s lut php hin hnh.
- Tho c l iu c quc t c tnh chuyn mn trong mt khu vc
- Hip nh l loi iu c quc t n nh nhng nguyn tc v nhng bin
php hnh chnh nhm gii quyt mt quan h c th no gia hai hay nhiu nc
- Ngh nh th l vn kin dng gii thch b sung, sa i mt iu c quc
t, hoc n nh nhng bin php c th thc hin cc hip c, hip nh c k
kt
-Tuyn b chung l vn kin ghi nhn nhng tho thun ca hai hay nhiu nc
v nhng nguyn tc hoc phng hng hnh ng chung i vi mt vn quc t
no .
Mt s vn kin v cng c quc t v MT m VN tham gia v k kt:
- Cng c v cc vng t t c tm quan trng quc t c bit nh l ni c tr ca
cc loi chim nc (convention on wetlands of international importance especially as
waterfowl habitat)
- Cng c lin quan n bo v cc di sn vn ha v t nhin
- Cng c v bun bn quc t cc ging loi ng, thc vt hoang d b nguy him
- Cng c v ngn nga nhim do tu bin
- Cng c ca Lin Hp Quc v s bin i mi trng
- Cng c Vin v bo v tng zn
- Cng c v s thng bo sm s c ht nhn
- Cng c ca LHQ v lut bin
- Cng c Bal v kim sot v vn chuyn qua bin gii cht thi c hi v loi b
chng
- Cng c v a dng sinh hc
-
- Cam kt quc t v ph bin v s dng thuc dit cn trng, FAO
- Ngh nh th Kyoto v c ch pht trin sch CDM, 2002
Mt s s kin mi trng ni bt:
1971 Cng c Ramsar
1972 Hi ngh stockholm
1973 Cng c Heritage, Cites, Marpol
1982 Pht hin s c thng tng ozone, Cng c lut bin (UNCLOS), Cng c
BONN, Hin chng th gii v thin nhin
1983 Thnh lp WCED
1985 - S c ha cht Bhopal, n ; Cng c VIEN
1986 Thm ha Chernobyl
1987 - Ngh nh th Montreal v cc cht lm suy gim tng zn
1989 Cng c Basel
1992 Thnh lp qu MT ton cu GEF; Cng c khung ca LHQ v BKH
1997 Ngh nh th kyoto
1998 Nm nng nht thin nin k
2002 Hi ngh thng nh v ptbv ti Johannesburg (Rio + 10)
2007 Hi ngh thng nh v kh hu ti Bali
* Lut v chnh sch mi trng quc gia:
- cc qui tc ng x mi trng do cc c quan Nh nc ban hnh, nhm iu chnh cc
quan h x hi, to ra khun mu ng x thng nht trong lnh vc bo v mi trng,
u tranh chng cc hnh vi gy nhim, lm suy thoi hoc hu hoi mi trng.
- Chng ng thi l c s xy dng, hon thin v nng cao hiu lc cng nh hiu
qu ca cc hot ng ca cc c quan qun l Nh nc trong lnh vc mi trng.
- Chnh sch mi trng l nhng quy nh ca cc c quan hnh chnh quc gia hoc
ca cc cng ng v lnh vc s dng hp l ti nguyn, bo v mi trng nhm mc
tiu pht trin bn vng. Chnh sch l s c th ho lut v vn bn di lut
- Nguyn tc ch o ca vic ban hnh v thc thi chnh sch mi trng:
1- Hp hin, hp php, h thng v thng nht;
-
2- Ngi gy nhim phi tr tin;
3- Phng bnh hn cha bnh;
4- Hp tc gia cc i tc;
5- S tham gia ca cng ng.
Trong phm vi quc gia, vn MT c cp trong:
- Hin php: o lut c bn, c gi tr php l cao nht trong h thng php lut. Hin
php nm 1992 (c sa i v b sung nm 2001) c nhng quy nh mang tnh
nguyn tc v BVMT
- Lut bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam c Quc hi nc CHXHCNVN kho XI,
k hp th 8 thng qua ngy 29/11/2005 v c hiu lc t 1/7/2006 gm 15 chng, 136
iu.
Chng I: Nhng quy nh chung;
Chng II: Tiu chun mi trng;
Chng III: nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v
cam kt bo v mi trng;
Chng IV: Bo tn v s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin;
Chng V: Bo v mi trng trong cc hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, dch v;
Chng VI: Bo v mi trng th, khu dn c;
Chng VII: Bo v mi trng bin, nc sng v cc ngun nc khc;
Chng VIII: Qun l cht thi;
Chng IX: Phng nga, ng ph s c mi trng, khc phc nhim v phc
hi mi trng;
Chng X: Quan trc v thng tin v mi trng;
Chng XI: Ngun lc bo v mi trng;
Chng XII: Hp tc quc t bo v mi trng;
Chng XIII: Trch nhim ca cc c quan qun l nh nc, mt trn T quc
Vit Nam v cc t chc thnh vin v bo v mi trng;
Chng XIV: Thanh tra, x l vi phm, gii quyt khiu ni, t co v bi thng
thit hi v mi trng;
Chng XV: iu khon thi hnh.
- o lut, php lnh v BV cc thnh phn MT:
+ Lut a dng sinh hc (2008)
+ Lut bo v v PT rng (2004)
-
+ Lut t ai (2003)
+ Lut thy sn (2003)
+ Lut ti nguyn nc (1998)
+ Lut khong sn (1996, c sa i, b sung nm 2005)
+ Lut du kh (1993, c sa i, b sung nm 2000,2008)
+ Php lnh ging cy trng nm 2004, Php lnh ging vt nui 2004
- o lut, php lnh quy nh c th vic x l vi phm php lut i vi hnh vi phm
php v MT: B lut dn s 2005, B lut hnh s nm 1999 (c sa i, b sung nm
2009), Php lnh x l vi phm hnh chnh nm 2002 (sa i, b sung nm 2008)
- o lut, php lnh lin quan n vn ti chnh trong bo v mi trng: Lut thu
thu nhp doanh nghip nm 2003, Lut ngn sch nh nc nm 2002, Php lnh Thu
ti nguyn nm 1998 (sa i b sung nm 2008).
- Cc vn bn di lut, php lnh: Chnh ph, Th tng chnh ph, B TN v MT, cc
B, nhnh hu quan ban hnh nhiu vn bn hng dn c ni dung quy nh v
BVMT
+ Cc vn bn ny tp trung vo gii quyt cc ni dung chnh sau: quy nh h tiu
chun MT VN, quy nh quy trnh nh gi tc ng MT, quy nh v giy php MT, quy
nh v thanh tra MT, quy nh v cc bin php x l vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc
BVMT, quy nh v cc thit ch bo v MT.
Hin c hn 90 Ngh nh ca chnh ph, hn 50 Quyt nh v 30 Ch th ca Th tng
chnh ph, hng trm thng t, ch th quyt nh ca cc B, ngnh ban hnh c ni
dung lin quan trc tip ti cng tc BVMT.
Trong qu trnh xy dng cng c php l BVMT phi m bo tnh ng b, thng
nht, y , lun theo kp i hi ca thc tin cuc sng. Trong qu trnh vn hnh
chng cn c s ch o nhanh, kp thi, ng v trung theo hng qun l ng b, hp
l.
Phi x pht nghim minh, mnh m hn na nhng hnh vi, v vic vi phm theo ng
k cng ca mt nh nc php quyn.
3.2.2. Cng c kinh t bo v mi trng
-
- Cng c kinh t (EIS Economic instruments): tc ng ti chi ph/li ch trong
hot ng ca t chc kinh t to ra cc hnh vi ng x ca cc nh sn xut c li
cho mi trng.
- L cng c b sung cho cng c php l
V d: mc thu, ph s dng ti nguyn, ph x thi, hn mc x pht cc vi phm
Cc nh sn xut, doanh nghip phi la chn u t thit b, thay i dy chuyn
cng ngh, thay i tnh cht v tit kim ti a nguyn liu u vo gim thu v ph,
trnh b x pht
- Phng thc ny to ra mt ngun thu cho ngn sch nh nc u t tr li cho
MT, to ra n by trong kinh t, doanh nghip la chn phng n ti u trong sn xut
theo hng PTBV.
* nh ngha cng c kinh t:
- CCKT l phng tin chnh sch c tc dng lm thay i chi ph v li ch ca nhng
hot ng KT thng xuyn tc ng ti MT tng cng thc trch nhim trc
vic gy ra s hy hoi MT
- CCKT s dng sc mnh th trng ra cc quyt nh nhm t ti mc tiu MT
to ra cch ng x hiu qu chi ph cho BVMT
- Chinh ph c th thay i hnh vi ng x ca mi ngi thng qua vic la chn
phng thc kinh t khc nhau hoc gim thiu chi ph trn th trng nhm mc tiu
MT
- cung cp nhng tn hiu th trng gip cho nhng ngi ra quyt nh ghi nhn
hu qu MT trong vic la chn ca h.
* c im c bn ca CCKT:
- CCKT hot ng thng qua c ch gi c trn th trng (nng cao gi c cc hnh
ng lm tn hi n MT ln hoc h gi cc hnh ng BVMT xung)
- CCKT to ra kh nng la chn cho cc t chc v c nhn hnh ng sao cho ph hp
vi iu kin ca h
* Nguyn tc thc hin CCKT
- Ngi gy ON phi tr tin (Polluter Pays Principle) (vit tt: 3P hay PPP)
- Ngi hng li phi tr tin (Benefit Pays Principle) (vit tt: BPP)
-
* Cc nhm CCKT:
- Cc CCKT cho qun l ngun ti nguyn
- Cc CCKT cho kim sot ON
Cc th loi CCKT ch yu:
* Thu: : Thu mi trng ni chung hay thu nhim ni ring u l khon thu cho
ngn sch, do Nh nc nh ra v c s dng chi cho mi hot ng ca Nh nc. -
- Thu ti nguyn: thu iu tit thu nhp trong hot ng khai thc ti nguyn. Ngy
nay, v mc tiu bo v mi trng, thu ti nguyn phi c xc nh nhm hng ti
s dng tit kim v hiu qu ti nguyn. i vi cc loi ti nguyn cn kit, thu
phi c xc nh cn c vo mc suy gim ti nguyn.
- Thu mi trng:
+ gin thu thng qua nh vo gi tr sn phm hng ho gy nhim trong qu trnh sn
xut.
+ trc tip thu nh vo lng cht thi c hi i vi mi trng do c s sn xut gy
ra.
* Ph mi trng: khon thu ca Nh nc nhm b p mt phn chi ph thng xuyn
v khng thng xuyn v xy dng, bo dng, t chc qun l hnh chnh ca Nh
nc i vi hot ng ca ngi np thu.
v d: ph x l nc thi, kh thi, chn lp v phc hi mi trng trn bi rc. - - C
nhiu loi ph mi trng khc nhau nh ph pht thi, ph sn phm, ph s dng.
- Ph mi trng c tnh da vo:
+ lng cht nhim thi ra mi trng,
+ mc tiu th nguyn nhin liu gy nhim,
+ tng doanh thu hoc tng sn lng hng ho,
+ li nhun ca doanh nghip.
phn ln kinh ph thu ph s c s dng iu phi li cho cng tc qun l, bo v
mi trng v gii quyt mt phn cc vn mi trng do ngi ng ph gy ra.
* L ph mi trng: khon thu c t chc, bt buc i vi nhng ngi c hng
mt li ch hoc s dng mt dch v no do Nh nc cung cp
v d: l ph v sinh mi trng, thu gom rc, gim st thanh tra mi trng, cp giy
php mi trng...
-
- Mun thu l ph mi trng cn phi ch r li ch ca dch v m ngi tr l ph c
hng.
* Pht nhim: l mc pht hnh chnh nh vo cc vi phm mi trng, c quy
nh cao hn chi ph ngn nga pht sinh nhim, nhm mc tiu va rn e i tng
vi phm, va c kinh ph cho khc phc nhim.
* Cta thi (nh mc thi cho php):
Mc thi cho php c xc nh trn c s kh nng tip nhn cht thi ca mi trng,
c chia thnh cc nh mc (cta) v phn phi cho cc c s c quyn pht thi
trong khu vc. Cc c s ny ch c quyn pht thi theo hn ngch, nu vt qu
s b x pht.
Trong thc t, nhu cu x thi ca cc c s l khc nhau v thay i theo nhp sn
xut. Mt s c s c cng ngh x l cht thi s khng c nhu cu x thi t do.
T xut hin cc kh nng tha hoc thiu quyn pht x theo nh mc,
dn ti hnh thnh th trng mua bn quyn c x thi, to ra hiu qu kinh t ti
u cho khu vc.
* K qu v hon tr:
- p dng cho cc ngnh kinh t d gy nhim mi trng trm trng, nh khai thc ti
nguyn khong sn.
- Khon k qu phi ln hn hoc xp x kinh ph cn thit x l, khc phc nhim
mi trng trong trng hp ri ro.
N s c tr li khi nguy c nhim khng cn. Ngc li nu n v sn xut
khng tun th ng cc cam kt, vi phm cc qui nh v mi trng: bt c chi ph
lm sch hoc phc hi s c tr vo s tin k qu .
- Mt h thng k qu - hon tr: thc cht l s kt hp gia thu v tr cp (.)
* Nhn sinh thi: Danh hiu ca cc t chc mi trng dnh cho cc sn phm c s
dng nhng cng ngh hoc gii php thn mi trng, nhm cung cp thng tin v
khuyn co ngi tiu dng la chn hng ho v mc tiu bo v mi trng.
* Tr cp mi trng: Cp pht ngn sch cho nghin cu khoa hc, trin khai cng
ngh, p dng k thut mi, khuyn khch v thu v li sut vay vn, qun l mi
trng, kim sot mi trng, gio dc mi trng...
- Tr cp ti chnh c th to ra cc kh nng gim thiu nhim,
- Nhng khng khuyn khch doanh nghip u t cho mi trng, khng to ra cnh
tranh bnh ng v tiu tn ngn sch.
* Qu mi trng: c thnh lp t cc ngun kinh ph khc nhau, nh ngn sch Nh
nc, ng gp ca cc c s sn xut kinh doanh, ng gp t nguyn, ng gp t cc
cng c kinh t mi trng khc, h tr pht trin t nc ngoi.
-
- Qu mi trng c dng chi khuyn khch cc hot ng bo v mi trng.
( Hin c qu mi trng ton cu GEF vi kinh ph hot ng hng nm khong 2-3 t
USD).
B tiu chun ca quc t ISO
- Hin nay c hai h thng:
+ H thng qun l cht lng ISO 9000
+ H thng qun l mi trng ISO 14000;
C hai u qun l da trn qu trnh ch khng qun l kt qu ca qu trnh.
* ISO 9000: nm tiu chun c th (9000, 9001, 9002, 9003, 9004) trong c ba tiu
chun ni v h thng qun l cht lng l
- ISO 9003 quy nh tiu chun t chc kim tra cht lng sn phm cui cng;
- ISO 9002 thm phn quy nh v tiu chun qun l sn xut ch to sn phm (hay
cung ng sn phm dch v)
- ISO 9001 thm phn quy nh v thit k v dch v sau bn hng.
ISO tr thnh tm giy thng hnh trong hot ng thng mi quc t. N gip
cc doanh nghip xem xt li v ti u ho cc qu trnh hot ng ca mnh, t nng
cao kh nng cnh tranh. Yu cu ci tin lin tc v chu trnh kim sot, gim st cht
ch to nn sc p buc doanh nghip phi lin tc i mi, t to ra kh nng thch
ng vi nhng iu kin mi trong kinh doanh.
* ISO 14000: l tp hp cc cng c qun l, cc nguyn tc v quy trnh m mt t chc
c th s dng gp phn bo v sc kho con ngi v mi trng trnh khi nhng
tc ng tim tng do hot ng, sn phm v dch v ca t chc gy ra.
ISO 14000:
1- Gip ti u ho hot ng sn xut, tng hiu sut s dng nguyn nhin vt liu, nng
lng v cc yu t u vo khc, kim sot tt chi ph sn xut v kinh doanh;
2- Tng kh nng tip cn th trng quc t v uy tn ca doanh nghip trn thng
trng, to li th ng k trong tip cn th trng vn;
3- Ci thin mi quan h vi cng ng a phng v cc i tc lin quan thng qua
trao i thng tin v h tr ln nhau;
4- Tng kh nng p ng cc yu cu lut php.
3.2.3. Vai tr ca khoa hc cng ngh trong bo v mi trng.
Xu hng:
(1) : Cng ngh gy nhiu tc hi hn l ch li cho nhn loi th cn phi b loi b
-
(2): Cng ngh, tuy c hi trong mt s lnh vc (v d nh c hi cho mi trng, vn
cng n vic lm v cht lng cuc sng) nhng vn em li nhng li ch kinh t r
rng nn s dng nhng vi iu kin phi nh ra nhng gii hn loi tr hoc t
nht l hn ch c cc tc hi v phi tun theo nhng k hoch nh cho pht trin
bn vng.
- Khoa hc cng ngh ngy cng c vai tr quan trng v khng th thiu trong qu trnh
pht trin
KH-CN: gii quyt cc vn MT bng:
Cng ngh sch,
Cng ngh x l cht nhim,
Cng ngh tit kim,
Cng ngh thay th: Cng ngh c th to ra cc ngun ti nguyn mi, nng lng mi
- Khoa hc cng ngh n dn th hin c vai tr c ch i vi mi trng, thn
thin hn vi mi trng
* Cng ngh c th to ra cc ngun ti nguyn mi, nng lng mi: gip con
ngi to ra mt hnh tinh khng ch c hu hn cc ngun ti nguyn khai thc c.
V d: - Nng lng ht nhn:
+ Uranium, mi cho ti khi phn ng phn hch ht nhn c pht minh ra mi tr
thnh mt ngun nng lng.
+Tin b trong phn ng tng hp ht nhn cng lm cho Lithium v teri c th sn
sinh nng lng
- Cng ngh ch khng phi nguyn liu th l yu t to ra nng lng:
+ Silicon l nguyn liu th c bn trong cng nghip vi in t. N c coi l ngun
nng lng v l yu t quan trng trong tin hc v trong b chuyn i nng lng t
bc x mt tri.
+ Cc nguyn liu khc: gm, cht do cng nghip c sc chu ng cao v si tng hp
cht lng cao u c to ra sau mt thi gian di tm ti da trn c s nhng kin
thc khoa hc v bn cht v cu trc ca cht rn.
* Cng ngh gip con ngi khai thc cc ngun ti nguyn truyn thng rt kh
tip cn lm tng s lng, ngun nguyn liu th
V d:
-
- phin cha du v ct cha hc n ch l ngun hyrcacbon tha qua pht trin
cng ngh ch bin theo yu cu hyrcacbon lng c gi tr v kinh t (35 - 50
USD/thng) tng ng vi gi tr mt thng du.
- Ha lng hoc ha kh than trn b mt hoc trong lng t. c bit, cng ngh ny
cn tn dng c than cht lng km. Gi thnh 35 - 45 USD/thng.
- p dng cng ngh sinh hc trong ch bin thc phm
* Cng ngh lm gim lng nguyn liu v nng lng tiu dng trong sn xut
* Nhiu cng ngh sch mi v ang c pht trin thay v ngn chn tn
gc, hay c gng lm gim hu qu ca nhim:
V d: Trong ngnh cng nghip sn xut gch lt, nguyn liu thu tinh thi ra mi
trng theo nc thi nguy hi cho sc kho, cng ng v lm nhim ngun nc.
cng ngh s dng nguyn liu thu tinh khng c flo v ch thay th cho loi nguyn
liu c va hiu qu va tit kim.
- cng ngh x l cht thi cu ng ng" (Cng ngh x l cht nhim) gip hn
ch tc hi ca cht thi pht sinh trong qu trnh sx.
Vai tr ca cng ngh mi:
1- H tr kh nng khai thc hiu qu ti nguyn, cho php khai thc v s dng mt s
dng ti nguyn khng phi l truyn thng
2- Sn xut vt liu mi thay th
3- Gim nh hng ca nng lng v nguyn vt liu ln gi tr cui cng ca hng ho,
dch v cng ngh bng cch tng hm lng cng ngh v cc nguyn liu phi vt cht.
Cc CN thn thin hn vi MT:
1 - Cng ngh sinh hc trong nng nghip:
Gp phn: loi tr nn i
Bao gm:
nhn ging,
th tinh trong phng th nghim (in vitro),
bo qun ging cy (phi),
ng lnh nguyn sinh cht,
nui cy m t bao phn,
sinh sn v tnh,
-
chn lc trong phng th nghim,
bin i gen,
phn tch ring cc hnh thi.
2 - Cng ngh x l kh nhim
X l bi:
Lc c kh: bung lng, Cyclon (lc li tm); Lc ti, mng lc;
Lc tnh in; Lc t (lc qua mn nc, sc qua cht lng)
X l hi v kh c:
t: thch hp vi x l cht hu c.
Hp ph vt l: dng cht hp ph rn (than hot tnh, silicagel, Zeolit, st, bentonit, diatomit...) gi cc phn t cht nhim trn b mt
Hp th: Hp th vt l: Khuych tn, ho tan cc cht vo cht lng. Hp th ho hc: Cht nhim phn ng vi cht hp th to ra cht mi.
3 - Cng ngh x l nc nhim
X l s b v bc 1:
Nhm tch cc cht khng tan ra khi nc, to iu kin ph hp hn a vo cc HT tip theo:
iu ho, pha long, trung ho
X l c l:
Li lc, song chn: dng tch cc vt rn kch thc ln
B lng: tch cht l lng nh qu trnh lng trng lc hoc ni.
Lc: Tch ht rn bng vt liu lc
Tuyn ni: loi cht l lng, du m. Thng dng bt kh cun cc ht khng thm t (du, si giy, len, xenlul...)
Keo t: Dng ho cht to bng, hp ph cc ht nh ln b mt ca n hoc dinh cc ht nh li vi nhau d lng hn.
Cht keo t: phn, nc vi, soda kt hp phn, st sunphat, natrialuminat, st
clorua, st sunphat hoc l cc cht hu c mch di
Thm thu ngc:
L qu trnh tch nc qua mng bn thm (thng bng polyme) t pha dung
dch c hn sang pha dung dch long hn khi p sut tc dng ln dung dch
vt qu p sut thm thu.
in ho hc:
-
Ph hu cc tp cht c hi bng xy ho in ho trn in cc ant, hoc c th
dng thu hi cc cht qu him.
X l ho hc:
xy ho: Ha cht: zn, Peroxit (H2O2), thuc tm (KMnO4)
Cc cht c x l: phenol, du, H2S, hp cht ca Asen, Hp cht b mt, CN-, cht
mu, thm, thuc tr su, vi khun, hp cht cha S v ion kim loi,
Kh: Dng phn ng xy ho kh loi Hg, As
Trao i ion, kt ta ho hc, bn thm, in thm x l cht hu c tan.
X l bc 2: X l sinh hc
Phng php hiu kh:
- B lc SH, h SH.
- Sinh vt hiu kh pht trin, phn hu cc cht hu c, lm gim BOD.
- K: xy c cung cp lin tc v nng cht hu ctong nc khng qu cao.
- Cc thit b x l: c mt thong rng, hoc c thit b khuy trn, cp khng kh (xy)
Phng php ym kh:
- H ym kh, b mtan, hm bioga
- Lm sch cht hu c nh vi sinh phn hu ym kh.
- Qu trnh phn hu to ra CH4, c th tn dng lm kh t.
X l bc 3:
- Kh cc cht bn cn li.
- Kh photpho: kt ta bng vi, mui st, nhm.
- Kh nit: nitrat ho, kh nitrat, trao i ion
- Trit khun
Cng ngh x l nc cp t ngun nc ngm
- Kh st: lm thong v lc.
- Trit khun:
- Clo ho, tc l dng Clo hoc hp cht ca clo (Clorua vi CaOCl2, Zaven NaOCl) trn
u vo nc.
- Dng tia t ngoi
- Dng zn
- Dng sng siu m (tn s 500kHz)
-
3.2.4. Qun l mi trng
- Qun l mi trng: tng hp cc bin php, lut php, chnh sch kinh t, khoa hc k thut v x hi thch hp nhm bo v mi trng, s dng hp l ti nguyn, ng gp cho s pht trin kinh t, vn ho, x hi. - Hot ng bo v mi trng c nh hng trn c s xy dng v thc hin cc chin lc mi trng, chng trnh mi trng cc cp. * Nguyn tc QL nh nc v MT: - Hng cng tc QLMT ti mc tiu PTBV KT-XH t nc, gi cn bng gia PT v BVMT
- Kt hp cc mc tiu quc t - quc gia vng lnh th v cng ng dn c trong vic QLMT
- QLMT cn c thc hin bng nhiu bin php v cng c tng hp thch hp - Phng chng ngn nga tai bin, suy thoi MT cn c u tin - Ngi gy ON phi tr tin cho cc tn tht do ONMT gy ra v cc chi ph x l, phc hi MT b ON - Ngi s dng cc thnh phn MT phi tr tin cho vic s dng gy ra ON * Ni dung cng tc QL nh nc v MT (iu 37, lut BVMT):
1- Ban hnh v t chc thc hin cc vn bn php lut v bo v mi trng, ban hnh h thng tiu chun mi trng;
2- Xy dng, ch o thc hin chin lc, chnh sch bo v mi trng, k hoch phng, chng, khc phc suy thoi mi trng, nhim mi trng, s c mi trng;
3- Xy dng, qun l cc cng trnh bo v mi trng, cng trnh c lin quan n bo v mi trng;
4- T chc, xy dng, qun l h thng quan trc, nh k nh gi hin trng mi trng, d bo din bin mi trng;
5- Thm nh Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca cc d n v cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh;
6- Cp, thu hi giy chng nhn t tiu chun mi trng;
7- Gim st, thanh tra, kim tra vic chp hnh php lut v bo v mi trng; gii quyt cc tranh chp, khiu ni, t co v bo v mi trng; x l vi phm php lut v bo v mi trng;
8- o to cn b v khoa hc v qun l mi trng; gio dc, tuyn truyn, ph bin kin thc, php lut v bo v mi trng;
9- T chc nghin cu, p dng tin b khoa hc, cng ngh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng;
10- Quan h quc t trong lnh vc bo v mi trng.
*Trch nhim qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng ca Chnh ph, b, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph (iu 121 lut Bo v mi trng) :
1. Chnh ph thng nht qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng trong phm vi c nc.
-
2. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng chu trch nhim trc Chnh ph trong vic thc hin qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng v c trch nhim:
a) Trnh Chnh ph hoc ban hnh theo thm quyn cc vn bn quy phm php lut v bo v mi trng;
b) Trnh Chnh ph quyt nh chnh sch, chin lc, k hoch quc gia v bo v mi trng;
c) Ch tr gii quyt hoc xut Chnh ph, Th tng Chnh ph gii quyt cc vn mi trng lin ngnh, lin tnh;
d) Xy dng, ban hnh h thng tiu chun mi trng theo quy nh ca Chnh ph;
) Ch o xy dng, qun l h thng quan trc mi trng quc gia v qun l thng nht s liu quan trc mi trng;
e) Ch o, t chc nh gi hin trng mi trng c nc phc v cho vic ra cc ch trng, gii php v bo v mi trng;
g) Qun l thng nht hot ng thm nh, ph duyt bo co nh gi mi trng chin lc, bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng, ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng trong phm vi c nc; t chc thm nh bo co nh gi mi trng chin lc; t chc thm nh, ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng thuc thm quyn; hng dn vic ng k c s, sn phm thn thin vi mi trng v cp giy chng nhn t tiu chun mi trng;
h) Hng dn, kim tra, thanh tra v x l vi phm php lut v bo v mi trng; gii quyt tranh chp, khiu ni, t co, kin ngh lin quan n bo v mi trng theo quy nh ca php lut v khiu ni, t co v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan;
i) Trnh Chnh ph tham gia t chc quc t, k kt hoc gia nhp iu c quc t v mi trng; ch tr cc hot ng hp tc quc t v bo v mi trng vi cc nc, cc t chc quc t;
k) Ch o, kim tra vic thc hin php lut v bo v mi trng ca U ban nhn dn cc cp;
3. B K hoch v u t c trch nhim ch tr phi hp vi b, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph v U ban nhn dn cp tnh bo m yu cu bo v mi trng trong chin lc, quy hoch tng th v k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi ca c nc, vng v d n, cng trnh quan trng thuc thm quyn quyt nh ca Quc hi, Chnh ph, Th tng Chnh ph.
4. B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn c trch nhim ch tr phi hp vi B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, b, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph c lin quan v U ban nhn dn cp tnh ch o, hng dn, kim tra vic thc hin php lut v bo v mi trng v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan i vi sn xut, nhp khu, s dng ha cht, thuc bo v thc vt, phn bn, cht thi trong nng nghip; i vi qun l ging cy trng, ging vt nui bin i gen v sn phm ca chng; i vi cc h thng iu, thy li, khu bo tn rng v nc sch phc v cho sinh hot nng thn.
5. B Cng nghip c trch nhim ch tr phi hp vi B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, b, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph c lin quan v U ban nhn dn cp tnh ch o, hng dn, kim tra vic thc hin php lut v bo v mi trng v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan i vi lnh vc cng nghip; x l cc c s cng nghip gy nhim mi trng nghim trng thuc thm quyn qun l; ch o pht trin ngnh cng nghip mi trng.
-
6. B Thy sn c trch nhim ch tr phi hp vi B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, b, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph c lin quan v U ban nhn dn cp tnh ch o, hng dn, kim tra vic thc hin php lut v bo v mi trng v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan i vi lnh vc hot ng nui trng, khai thc, ch bin thy sn; sinh vt thy sn bin i gen v sn phm ca chng; cc khu bo tn bin.
7. B Xy dng c trch nhim ch tr phi hp vi B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, b, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph c lin quan v U ban nhn dn cp tnh ch o, hng dn, kim tra vic thc hin php lut v bo v mi trng v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan i vi cc hot ng xy dng kt cu h tng cp nc, thot nc, x l cht thi rn v nc thi ti th, khu sn xut dch v tp trung, c s sn xut vt liu xy dng, lng ngh v khu dn c nng thn tp trung.
8. B Giao thng vn ti c trch nhim ch tr phi hp vi B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, b, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph c lin quan v U ban nhn dn cp tnh ch o, hng dn, kim tra vic thc hin php lut v bo v mi trng v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan i vi hot ng xy dng kt cu h tng giao thng v hot ng giao thng vn ti.
9. B Y t ch o, hng dn, kim tra vic qun l cht thi y t; cng tc bo v mi trng trong cc c s y t, v sinh an ton thc phm v hot ng mai tng.
10. B Quc phng, B Cng an c trch nhim huy ng lc lng ng ph, khc phc s c mi trng; ch o, hng dn, kim tra, thanh tra cng tc bo v mi trng trong lc lng v trang thuc thm quyn qun l.
11. Cc b khc, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph c trch nhim thc hin cc nhim v c quy nh c th ti Lut ny v phi hp vi B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ch o, hng dn, kim tra vic thc hin php lut v bo v mi trng thuc phm vi qun l ca mnh. * Chnh sch mi trng: s c th ho lut v vn bn di lut, gm quy nh ca
cc c quan hnh chnh quc gia hoc ca cc cng ng v lnh vc s dng hp l ti
nguyn, bo v mi trng nhm mc tiu pht trin bn vng.
- Nguyn tc ch o ca chnh sch mi trng: Hp hin, hp php v thng nht;
Ngi gy nhim phi tr tin (chi ph cho cc bin php khc phc h qu nhim,
lm gim nhim, n b thit hi do nhim); Phng bnh hn cha bnh; Hp tc
gia cc i tc; S tham gia ca cng ng.
V d: Chnh sch BVMT cc th v khu cng nghip: Chnh sch v QL CTR sinh
hot v cht thi cng nghip; chnh sch v QL cht thi c hi; Chnh sch v ngn
nga ONKK, ON t, ON ngun nc, ting n; chnh sch v u t BVMT v PTBV
Chnh sch BV DSH v cc ngun gen qu him.
* Chin lc mi trng:
- L vic phn tch, d bo cc tc ng n MT ca d n chin lc, quy hoch, k
hoch pht trin trc khi ph duyt m bo PTBV.
- CLMT cp quc gia v a phng c xy dng trn c s xc nh c cc vn ,
cc hnh ng mi trng cn u tin v m bo thc thi thnh cng.
- Vn u tin: c xc nh thng qua cc ngun thng tin khc nhau (s liu thng
k, nh gi ca chuyn gia v quan im ca cng ng, cn c vo s ngi b tc
ng, i tng b tc ng, mc tc ng (theo trnh t u tin) ln sc kho, sc sn
xut, h sinh thi, tin nghi mi trng).
-
- Hnh ng u tin: c xem xt tu thuc vo mc nghim trng ca vn , nguyn
nhn gy nn vn , kh nng ti chnh, tnh minh bch v chnh tr, s cn bng cc
quyn li chuyn ngnh v a phng, nng lc ca cc c quan s dng u t, hch
ton chi ph li ch, trong cng c mi trng c la chn mang tnh cng khai, d
chp nhn, mm mi thch ng.
S m bo trin khai hnh cng chin lc c thc hin nh: Lng ghp cc mc
tiu mi trng vo cc mc ch pht trin rng hn, tp hp c cc i tc ch yu,
to lp mt h thng iu hnh hiu qu, huy ng ti a cc ngun lc ti chnh, gim
st v nh gi chnh xc, kp thi.
* Qui hoch mi trng:
- L qu trnh p dng c h thng cc kin thc khoa hc xy dng cc chnh sch,
bin php trong s dng hp l TNTN v BVMT
- Mc tiu l t c mc ch PTBV (iu ho s pht trin ca 3 h thng mi
trng - kinh t - x hi), m bo s pht trin ph hp vi kh nng chu ti ca h
thng t nhin, trong kh nng gii hn ca h sinh thi, s dng hp l ti nguyn thin
nhin, bo v mi trng, lm cho cht lng cuc sng ngy cng tt hn.
Khi c bn qui hoch mi trng, cc n v chc nng mi trng cn hoch
nh cc bin php qun l mi trng nhm thc hin mc tiu pht trin bn vng vng
lnh th qui hoch.
3.2.5. S tham gia ca cng ng trong bo v mi trng
S tham gia ca cng ng: l mt qu trnh m c chnh quyn v cng ng c trch
nhim c th v thc hin cc hot ng bo v MT
Mc tiu s tham gia ca cng ng: xy dng nng lc ca ng o ngi dn, t
c mc ch BVMT, duy tr tt vic qun l khai thc, s dng kt qu ca d n
BVMT
ngha ca s tham vn cng ng:
Cung cp d liu: Ngi dn bt c ngnh ngh no (sx nng nghip, lm nghip, nh bt thy sn, cung cp dch v) u c nhng hiu bit quan trng
cn thit cho qu trnh quy hoch ca ia phng. H s ng gp xy dng c
s d liu b sung cho cc t liu thng k
Nng cao nhn thc v ng gp kin: Trong qu trnh tham gia, s hiu bit ca ngi dn v nhng vn ti nguyn, MT, BVMT, BKH, tng li PT ca
a phng c nng cao gip h c nhng ng gp cho quuy hoch hiu
qu, kh thi, bn vng
Chp nhn quy hoch: Khi ngi dn c tham gia ng gp kin cho quy hoch h s c s ng thun cao hn khi quy hoch c ph duyt, tch cc
tham gia v gp phn kim tra thc hin
Tng cng vai tr ca cng ng a phng vi cng tc BVMT:
Chnh ph phi gn kt cht ch quyn li v trch nhim ca cng ng a phng vo php lut quc gia.
-
Cng ng a phng phi c php tham gia tch cc vo vic hon chnh cc lut php v chnh sch quc t v qun l ti nguyn hoc cc qu trnh pht trin
khc c nh hng n h.
Phi nhn thc c cc gi tr, kin thc truyn thng v cc cch qun l ti nguyn m Cng ng a phng s dng qun l mi trng ca mnh
m bo cung cp cho Cng ng a phng nhng cng ngh thch hp lm tng hiu qu qun l ti nguyn.
* V mt quc t:
- Nm 1992, trn 170 chnh ph tham gia hi ngh thng nh tri t Rio de Janeiro
ra tuyn b v mi trng v pht trin trong nguyn tc 10 nu r tm quan trng
ca cc quyn ca cng chng tip cn thng tin mi trng v tip cn t php.
- Nm 2002, chnh ph cc nc trn ton th gii ti khng nh cam kt thc hin
nguyn tc ny ti hi ngh thng nh th gii v pht trin bn vng ti Johannesburg.
thc hin nguyn tc 10, nm 2001, mt s t chc x hi dn s ca cc nc Chi l,
Hungary, Thi Lan, Uganda v M khi xng vic thnh lp Lin minh v tip cn
mi trng (Lin minh TAI). Lin minh TAI quy nh rt r quyn v ngha v ca cng
ng trong cng tc bo v mi trng cn gi l nguyn tc TAI. chnh l lm cho
mi ngi dn tip cn c 3 quyn v trch nhim:
+ Quyn tip cn thng tin y , chnh xc, kp thi.
+ Quyn tip cn lut, cc vn bn di lut, cc c ch, chnh sch do nh nc,
trung ng v a phng ban hnh.
+ Quyn tip cn cc ngun lc ti chnh, kinh nghim, cng ngh.
+ Trch nhim: T nguyn, t gic, xung phong, tnh nguyn tham gia vo cc hot
ng truyn thng, vn ng x hi, phong tro bo v mi trng.
Cc hnh thc tham gia ca cng ng:
- Nhn dn kim sot
- Giao quyn cho cc nhm dn c
- Phi hp gia cng ng v chnh quyn
- Chnh quyn trao i, bn bc vi cc nhm cng ng
- Chnh quyn thng bo cho dn bit trc khi a ra cc quyt nh
- Chnh quyn vn ng cng ng lm theo
Cc phm vi tham gia ca cng ng:
- Cung cp thng tin
- Tham gia lnh o
- Cung cp ngun lc
- Qun l duy tr
-
- Gim st v nh gi
Gii php nng cao vai tr ca cng ng tham gia bo v mi trng:
a) Gio dc cng ng:
Mc tiu:
- Nng cao nhn thc cho cc cng ng v tm quan trng ca cng tc qun l TNMT
- Tc ng lm thay i thi ca ngi dn quan tm hn v tch cc hn tham gia
hot ng qun l TNMT ca cng ng
- Gip cng ng nng cao k nng xc nh v gii quyt cc vn c lin quan
- To c hi cho cng ng tham gia cc hot ng qun l TNMT
Phm vi gio dc cng ng v QL TNMT: tt c cc i tng trong x hi, cn ch
trng: nhm cng ng trong tui hc sinh; nhm cng ng ph n; nhm cng ng
t dn ph, thn, xm; nhm cng ng ca cc hi, on th sinh hot phng, x;
nhm cng ng doanh nghip; nhm cng ng thng nhn.
Phng php gio dc cng ng: Gio dc trn lp; gio dc ngoi tri v thc a;
gio dc c s dng cc tr chi m phng; gio dc bng cch tip xc, trao i kinh
nghim vi cc in hnh tt; gio dc thng qua cng tc iu tra kho st; cch tip cn
gio dc c s tham gia ca ngi hc; gio dc theo phng php thng tin, tuyn
truyn; gio dc di hnh thc cc cuc thi ua (thi tm hiu kin thc, v tranh, chp
nh, quay phim, thu thp ti liu theo ch , thi bo co gio vin gii)
b) Truyn thng cng ng
Cng tc truyn thng mi trng: nhm tuyn truyn, gio dc nng cao nhn thc
thc trch nhim v tng cng nng lc cho ngi dn v bo v mi trng.
Mc tiu truyn thng: cung cp kin thc v php lut BVMT, hiu bit v mi trng,
tnh trng nhim mi trng ang xy ra cc vng khc nhau, tc ng ca nhim
mi trng ti sc kho con ngi
thc tnh thc trch nhim gi gn v bo v mi trng t trong mi con ngi,
thay i cch ng x ca cc thnh vin trong cng ng v cc vn c lin quan n
BVMT.
- Cc phng tin truyn thng nh pht thanh, truyn hnh, bo in, pano, p phch, t gp, tranh c ng, biu din vn ngh, hi tho, trin lm... c tc dng rt ln trong vic chuyn ti thng tin, thng ip mi trng ti cc nhm i tng khc nhau.
- Hnh thc t chc nng cao nhn thc cng ng cng rt a dng, ph hp vi tng i tng cng ng thng qua cc cuc trao i, tho lun chnh thc hoc khng chnh thc, li ko cng ng tham gia vo nhng s kin nh ngy Mi trng th gii 5/6, ngy lm cho th gii sch hn, gi Tri t
-
lng ghp cng tc tuyn truyn, ph bin kin thc trong bo v mi trng, to c hi khuyn khch cng ng pht huy cc sng kin, nng cao vai tr, trch nhim ca cng ng tham gia cng tc bo v mi trng c bit l c s.
Mt s m hnh cng ng tham gia bo v mi trng:
a) Hi Lin hip ph n:
Vai tr ca ph n:
- C nhng kin thc v kinh nghim ng k trong qun l v bo v ti nguyn thin
nhin.
- L i tng c vai tr quan trng nht trong BVMT
- L i tng s dng TN thng xuyn nht, gy ra nhiu tc ng i vi mi trng
v cng chu tc ng ca ONMT
- C vai tr ln trong vic gio dc thc BVMT, s dng hp l TNTN
ph n va l i tng va l ch th quan trng ca cng tc bo v mi trng.
M hnh: M hnh on ng ph n t qun, M hnh nhm lin gia t qun, cu
thang, s nh t qun, M hnh phn loi, x l rc thi ti gia nh, M hnh CLB Ph
n tham gia bo v mi trng cc phng
b) Vai tr ca tr em v thanh nin
Thanh nin chim 1/3 dn s th gii
Tr em chim ti gn mt na dn s nhiu nc PT.
C vai tr tch cc trong vic BVMT v tham gia trong cc quyt nh v MT v
PT
cc nc ang pht trin v cc nc cng nghip ho tr em rt d b tn
thng do nh hng ca suy thoi mi trng.
Hnh ng hin ti nh hng trc tip n tng lai ca h.
Cc k hoch pht trin phi m bo cho lp ngi tr tui c mt tng lai l
m bo: MT lnh mnh, mc sng c ci thin, gio dc v vic lm.
Cc bin php tng cng vai tr ca Thanh nin trong BVMT:
Quan tm v cho php thanh nin tham gia vo nhng quyt nh c nh hng
n mi trng.
-
Thanh nin phi c i din ti cc cuc hp quc t v tham gia vo vic ra quyt
nh ti LHQ.
u tranh vi nhng h tc v quyn con ngi chng li thanh nin
V d: on TNCS HCM H Ni c nhiu hot ng bo v mi trng: khi ng
chin dch V thnh ph ti yu, hn 1000 tnh nguyn vin tr i thu gom rc trn
khp cc a bn ca thnh ph. Thnh on t chc 14 i tnh nguyn gm hn
1000 thanh nin xa bin qung co trn cc a bn, tuyn truyn bo v mi trng.
Chin dch Ngh xanh sng xanh ku gi xy dng thc cng dn v bo v mi
trng.
Vi nm gn y hot ng tnh nguyn ca thanh nin bo v MT c nhiu t chc
thu ht lp tr tham gia nh: CLB xe p v MT (C4E), c trn 1000 tnh nguyn vin,
hin H Ni c 9 CLB tnh nguyn v MT.
Chin dch Giao tha sch thu ht cc nhm hc sinh, sinh vin, cn b, nhng ngi
v hu t cc Trng i hc, cc Trng Trung hc, cc t chc x hi, cc phng
x
c) Cc t chc phi chnh ph
thit lp v thc hin nn dn ch c s tham gia ca nhiu ngi.
S c lp khi chnh ph v cc lnh vc x hi khc l mt trong nhng thuc
tnh ch yu ca h.
c kin thc chuyn mn a dng v c to dng mt cch chu o trong cc
lnh vc cn thit thc hin s pht trin bn vng ng n v mt mi trng
v y trch nhim v mt x hi.
Chnh ph phi li cun cc t chc phi chnh ph tham gia vo cc k hoch pht
trin bn vng, s dng mt cch tt nht kh nng ca h trong nhng lnh vc
nh gio dc, xo i gim ngho, bo v v ci to mi trng.
Nhng iu pht hin ca cc nhm phi chnh ph phi c chnh ph s dng
trong vic xy dng cc chnh sch v s bn vng.
Chnh ph cng cn cn c cc lut to cho cc t chc phi chnh ph c quyn
tin hnh cc hnh ng hp php bo v li ch ca cng chng.
3.3. Cc vn ca pht trin bn vng:
3.3.1. Tuyn b RIO 92 v cc nguyn tc pht trin bn vng
-
- Nm 1992 ti Rio de Janiero (Brasil): Hi ngh Lin hp quc v mi trng v pht
trin vi s tham gia ca 172 quc gia, 116 nguyn th quc gia, 10.000 nh mi
trng hc v trn 9.000 nh bo.
- Hi ngh ch r vn mi trng khng th tch ri khi cc vn chnh tr, kinh
t v x hi, cng nhn rng ri khi nim pht trin bn vng.
-Nhng kt qu t c:
+ Tuyn b ca LHQ v MT v PT
+ Tuyn b cc nguyn tc v rng v Chng trnh hnh ng th k XXI (Chng
trnh ngh s 21 - Agenda 21)
+ Cng c khung v bin i kh hu ton cu (tin cho ngh nh th Kyoto)
+ Cng c bo v a dng sinh hc
- Tuyn b Rio v Mi trng v Pht trin vi 27 nguyn tc chung, xc nh quyn
v trch nhim ca cc quc gia nhm lm cho th gii PTBV:
+ Tn trng v quan tm n cuc sng cng ng: Chia s cng bng phc li v chi
ph s dng TNTN, bo v MT gia cc th h hin ti v mai sau
+ Ci thin cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi
+ Xy dng cuc sng lnh mnh, c nn gio dc tt, c quyn t do, bnh ng, ha
hp, c m bo an ton, khng c bo lc, c ti nguyn bo m nhu cu cho
con ngi
+ Bo v sc sng v tnh a dng ca tri t, khai thc khng qu kh nng phc
hi
+ Qun l bn vng ti nguyn khng ti to
-
+ Tn trng kh nng chu ng ca tri t v khng gian MT, kh nng cung cp ti
nguyn, kh nng cha ng v phn hy cc cht thi
+ Thay i tp qun v thi quen c nhn theo hng s dng mt cch hp l v tit
kim TN
+ cc cng ng t qun l MT ca mnh, khai thc, s dng TN PT cuc sng
ca mnh v BVMT, khng lm nh hng n cuc sng ca cc cng ng khc
Nguyn tc 1
Con ngi l trung tm ca nhng mi quan tm v s pht trin lu di. Con ngi c quyn c hng mt cuc sng hu ch v lnh mnh mnh hi ho vi thin nhin.
Nguyn tc 2
Ph hp vi hin chng Lin Hp Quc v nhng nguyn tc ca lut php quc t, cc quc gia c ch quyn khai thc nhng ti nguyn ca mnh theo nhng chnh sch v mi trng v pht trin ca mnh, v c trch nhim bo m rng nhng hot ng trong phm vi quyn hn v kim sot ca mnh khng gy tc hi g n mi trng ca cc quc gia khc hoc ca nhng khu vc ngoi phm vi quyn hn quc gia.
Nguyn tc 3
Cn c thc hin quyn c pht trin p ng mt cch bnh ng nhng nhu cu v pht trin v mi trng ca ca cc th h hin nay v tng lai.
Nguyn tc 4
thc hin c s pht trin lu bn, s bo v mi trng nht thit s l mt b phn cu thnh ca qu trnh pht trin v khng th xem xt tch ri qu trnh .
Nguyn tc 5
Tt c cc quc gia v tt c cc dn tc cn hp tc trong nhim v ch yu l xo b ngho nn nh mt yu cu khng th thiu c cho s pht trin lu bn gim nhng s chnh lch v mc sng v p ng tt hn nhng nhu cu ca i a s nhn dn trn th gii.
Nguyn tc 6
Chng ta cn dnh s u tin c bit cho tnh hnh v nhng nhu cu c bit ca cc nc ang pht trin, nht l nhng nc km pht trin nht v nhng nc d b tn hi v mi trng, nhng hot ng quc t trong lnh vc mi trng v pht trin cng nn ch n nhng quyn li v nhu cu ca tt c cc nc.
Nguyn tc 7
Cc quc gia cn hp tc trong tinh thn chung lng u ct ton cu gn gi, bo v v phc hi s lnh mnh v tnh ton b ca h sinh thi ca tri t. V s ng gp
-
khc nhau vo vic lm thoi ho mi trng ton cu, cc quc gia c nhng trch nhim chung nhng khc bit nhau. Cc nc pht trin cng nhn trch nhim ca h trong s mu cu quc t v s pht trin lu bn do nhng p lc m x hi ca h gy cho mi trng ton cu v do nhng cng ngh v nhng ngun ti chnh h chi phi, iu khin.
Nguyn tc 8
t c s pht trin lu bn v mt cht lng cuc sng cao hn cho mi ngi, cc quc gia nn gim dn v loi tr nhng phng thc sn xut v tiu dng khng lu bn v y mnh nhng chnh sch dn s thch hp.
Nguyn tc 9
Cc quc gia nn hp tc cng c xy dng nng lc ni sinh cho s pht trin lu bn bng cch nng cao s hiu bit khoa hc thng qua trao i kin thc khoa hc v cng ngh, v bng cch y mnh s pht trin, thch nghi truyn b v chuyn giao cng ngh, k c nhng cng ngh mi v canh tn.
Nguyn tc 10
Nhng vn mi trng c gii quyt tt nht vi s tham gia ca cc cng dn quan tm, cp thch hp, cp quc gia, mi c nhn s c quyn thng tin thch hp lin quan n mi trng do cc nh chc trch nm gi, bao gm thng tin v nhng nguyn liu v hot ng nguy him trong cng ng, v c hi tham gia vo nhng qu trnh quyt nh. Cc quc gia cn lm cho thun tin v khuyn khch tuyn truyn v s tham gia ca nhn dn bng cch ph bin thng tin rng ri. Nhn dn cn c to iu kin tip cn c hiu qu nhng vn bn lut php v hnh chnh, k c un nn v sa cha.
Nguyn tc 11
Cc quc gia cn ban hnh lut php hu hiu v mi trng, nhng tiu chun mi trng, nhng mc tiu qun l v nhng u tin phi phn nh ni dung mi trng v pht trin m chng gn vi nhng tiu chun mt vi nc p dng c th khng ph hp v gy tn ph v kinh t v x hi khng bin minh c cho cc nc khc, nht l cc nc ang pht trin.
Nguyn tc 12
Cc nc nn hp tc pht huy mt h thng kinh t th gii thong v gip ln nhau dn n s pht trin kinh t v pht trin lu bn tt c cc nc nhm ng hn vo nhng vn thoi ho mi trng. Nhng bin php chnh sch v thng mi v nhng mc ch mi trng khng nn tr thnh phng tin phn bit i x c on hay v l hoc mt s ngn cn tr hnh i vi thng mi quc t. Cn trnh nhng hot ng n phng gii quyt nhng vn thch thc ca mi trng ngoi phm vi quyn hn ca nc nhp cng. Nhng bin php mi trng nhm gii quyt nhng vn mi trng ngoi ngoi bin gii hay ton cu cn da trn s nht tr quc t cao nht c th t c.
-
Nguyn tc 13
Cc nc cn son tho lut quc gia v trch nhim php l v bi thng cho nhng nn nhn ca s nhim v tc hi mi trng khc. Cc quc gia cng cn hp tc mt cch khn trng v kin quyt hn pht trin hn na lut quc gia v trch nhim php l v bi thng v nhng tc hi mi trng do nhng hot ng trong phm vi quyn hn hay kim sot ca h gy ra cho nhng vng ngoi phm vi quyn hn ca h
Nguyn tc 14
Cc quc gia nn hp tc mt cch c hiu qu ngn cn s t li v chuyn giao cho cc quc gia khc bt c mt hot ng no v mt cht no gy s thoi ho mi trng nghim trng hoc xt thy c hi cho sc kho con ngi.
Nguyn tc 15
bo v mi trng, cc quc gia cn p dng rng ri phng php tip cn ngn nga tu theo kh nng tng quc gia, ch no c nguy c tc hi nghim trng hay khng th sa c, th khng th nu l do l thiu s chc chn khoa hc hon ton tr hon p dng cc bin php hu hiu ngn chn s thoi ho mi trng.
Nguyn tc 16
Cc nh chc trch quc gia nn c gng y mnh s quc t ho nhng chi ph mi trng v s s dng cc bin php kinh t, cn c vo quan im cho rng v nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi chu ph tn nhim, vi s quan tm ng mc i vi quyn li chung v khng nh hng xu n nn thng mi v u t quc t.
Nguyn tc 17
Cn c s nh gi nh mt cng c quc gia v tc ng i vi mi trng ca nhng hot ng c th gy tc ng xu i vi mi trng v tun theo quyt nh ca mt c quan quc gia c thm quyn.
Nguyn tc 18
Cc quc gia cn thng bo ngay cho cc quc gia khc v bt c mt thin tai no hay tnh hnh khn cp no c th gy nhng tc hi t ngt i vi mi trng ca cc nc . Cng ng quc phi ra sc gip cc quc gia b tai ho ny.
Nguyn tc 19
Cc quc gia cn thng bo trc v kp thi cung cp thng tin c lin quan cho cc quc gia c kh nng b nh hng v nhng hot ng c th gy nh hng xu ng k n mi trng vt ra ngoi bin gii v cn tham kho kin ca cc quc gia ny sm v c thin .
Nguyn tc 20
-
Ph n c mt vai tr quan trng trong qun l v pht trin mi trng. Do vic h tham gia y l cn thit t c s pht trin lu bn.
Nguyn tc 21
Cn pht huy tnh sng to, nhng l tng v s can m ca thanh nin th gii to nn mt s chung lng u ct t c s pht trin lu bn v bo m mi tng lai tt hn cho tt c mi ngi.
Nguyn tc 22
Nhn dn bn x v nhng cng ng ca h v cc cng ng khc a phng c vai tr quan trng trong qun l v pht trin mi trng v s hiu bit v tp tc truyn thng ca h. Cc quc gia nn cng nhn v ng h thch ng bn sc vn ho v nhng mi quan tm ca h, khin h tham gia c hiu qu vo vic thc hin mt s pht trin lu bn.
Nguyn tc 23
Mi trng trng v ti nguyn thin nhin ca cc dn tc b p bc, b thng tr v b chim ng cn phi c bo v.
Nguyn tc 24
Chin tranh vn s l ph hoi s pht trin lu bn. Do , cc quc gia cn phi tn trng lut php quc t, bo v mi trng trong thi gian c xung t v trang v hp tc pht trin mi trng hn na, nh cc quc gia cm thy cn thit.
Nguyn tc 25
Ho bnh, pht trin v s bo v mi trng ph thuc nhau v khng th chia ct c.
Nguyn tc 26
Cc quc gia cn gii quyt mi bt ho v mi trng mt cch ho bnh v bng nhng bin php thch hp theo Hin chng Lin Hp Quc.
Nguyn tc 27
Cc quc gia v dn tc cn hp tc c thin v vi tnh thn chung lng u ct trong vic thc hin cc nguyn tc th hin trong bn tuyn b ny v trong s pht trin hn na lut php quc t trong lnh pht trin lu bn.
Cam kt quc t ca Vit Nam:
- 1989 : Cng c Ramsar
-
- 1991: Cng c v ngn nga nhim do tu bin
- 1992: Tuyn b Rio, chng trnh ngh s 21, Cng c khung LHQ v BKH
- 1992: Thnh vin ca IUCN
- 1994: Cng c CITES; Ngh nh th Montreal v cc cht ph hy tng ozone; Cng c LHQ v lut bin; Cng c a dng sinh hc
- 1995: Cng c Basel v kim sot v vn chuyn qua bin gii cht c hi
- 1998: Cng c LHQ v sa mc ha; Ngh nh th Kyoto
- 1999: Tuyn ngn quc t v sn xut sch hn
- 2000: Thc hin mc tiu thin nin k
- 2002: Tho thun tip theo v PTBV ti hi ngh thng nh Johannesburg
- 2009: Tham gia th im UN-REDD
3.3.2. Cc mc tiu thin nin k
- Mc tiu Pht trin Thin nin k (Mc tiu Thin nin k) l 8 mc tiu c 189 quc gia thnh vin Lin hp quc nht tr phn u t c vo nm 2015.
- Mc tiu Thin nin k (gi tt l MDGs t ting Anh: Millennium Development Goals) c ghi trong bn Tuyn ngn Thin nin k ca Lin hp quc ti Hi ngh thng nh Thin nin k din ra t ngy 6 n ngy 8 thng 9 nm 2000 ti tr s i hi ng Lin hp quc New York, M. Trc , nm 1996, T chc Hp tc v Pht trin Kinh t (OCED) i tin phong trong vic a ra cc Mc tiu Pht trin Quc t trong bn Bo co nh hng Th k 21 l tin thn ca Mc tiu Pht trin Thin nin k.
Tm mc tiu v 21 ch tiu c th:
1. Xa b tnh trng ngho cng cc - Gim mt na t l ngi dn c mc thu nhp di 1 USD/ngy trong giai on t 1990-2005
- Gim mt na t l ngi dn b thiu i trong giai on t 1990 2015 - To vic lm thch hp v hu ch cho tt c mi ngi bao gm c ph n v thanh nin
2. t ph cp gio dc tiu hc - m bo cho tr em trai cng nh gi, khp mi ni hon thnh y chng trnh gio dc tiu hc vo nm 2015 3. Tng cng bnh ng nam n v nng cao v th cho ph n
-
- Phn u xa b chnh lch gia nam v n bc tiu hc v trung hc vo nm 2005 v tt c cc cp hc chm nht vao nm 2005
4. Gim t l t vong tr em - Gim hai phn ba t l t vong tr em di 5 tui trong giai on t 1990 2015
5. Tng cng sc khe b m - Gim ba phn t t l t vong cc b m trong giai on t 1990-2015 - n nm 2015, ph cp chm sc sc khe sinh sn
6. Phng chng HIV/AIDS, st rt v cc bnh khc - Chn ng v bt u y li tnh trng lan rng ca bnh dch HIV/AIDS vo nm 2015
- n nm 2010, mi i tng c nhu cu u c iu tr HIV/AIDS - Chn ng v bt u y li tnh trng mc bnh st rt v cc bnh ch yu khc vo nm 2015
7. m bo bn vng v MT - Lng ghp cc nguyn tc PTBV trong cc chnh sch chng trnh quc gia v y li tnh trng suy gim TNMT - Gim mt na t l ngi dn khng c tip cn bn vng vi nc sch vo nm 2015
- Ci thin ng k cuc sng ca t nht 100 triu ngi cc khu nh chut vo nm 2020
8. Thit lp quan h i tc ton cu v Pht trin - Tip tc tng cng mt h thng thng mi v ti chnh thng thong, hot ng da trn cc nguyn tc, c th d bo v khng phn bit i x - p ng nhng nhu cu c bit ca cc nc km pht trin nht + m bo min tr thu quan v hn ngch cho hng xut khu ca cc nc km pht trin nht; + Tng cng chng trnh xa n cho cc nc ngho b n nhiu v xa b cc khon n song phng chnh thc cho cc nc ny + Cung cp nhiu ODA hn cho cc nc cam kt thc hin xa i gim ngho - p ng nhng nhu cu c bit ca cc nc nm su trong ni a v cc quc gia o nh ang pht trin (thng qua chng trnh Barbados v cc iu khon do i hi ng LHQ kha 22 quy nh) - Gii quyt ton din vn vay n ca cc nc ang pht trin bng cc bin php quc gia v quc t nhm m bo qun l n bn vng v lu di
- Hp tc vi cc nc ang pht trin xy dng v thc hin chin lc to vic lm ph hp v c nng sut cho thanh nin
- Hp tc vi khu vc t nhn lm cho cc cng ngh mi, c bit l cc cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng, mang li li ch cho ngi dn
Tnh hnh thc hin:
* Trn th gii:
- Bo co thc hin cc Mc tiu Thin nin k nm 2007 ca Lin hp quc: nh gi rng MDGs c th t c phn ln cc quc gia nhng hon thnh cc mc tiu,
-
cn c thm nhng bin php c th, cp bch v n nh cho n nm 2015. Mt s thch thc ch yu l:
Hng nm vn c trn na triu b m t vong trong khi mang thai v sinh n bi nhng bin chng c th phng nga v cha tr c. T l t vong ca b m rt cao tiu vng Sahara.
Nu tnh hnh tip tc din bin theo xu hng hin nay th ch tiu gim mt na t l tr em c trng lng di mc bnh thng s khng t c ch yu v s tin trin chm chp khu vc Nam v tiu vng Sahara.
Tng s ngi cht v bnh AIDS nm 2006 ln ti 2,9 triu; cc bin php phng nga khng ngn chn c s pht trin ca bnh dch ny. Nm 2005, c 15 triu tr em m ci cha/m hoc c hai v AIDS.
Mt na dn s ca cc nc ang pht trin thiu cc iu kin v sinh c bn. t Mc tiu Thin nin k, trong giai on 2005 n 2015, 1,6 t ngi cn c tip cn thng xuyn vi nhng iu kin v sinh c ci thin.
S bt bnh ng trong phn phi thu nhp ngy cng cao, c bit l ng , ni t l tiu dng ca nhng ngi ngho nht gim st mnh m trong giai on 1990-2004.
Phn ln cc nn kinh t khng to c c hi vic lm cho thanh nin, t l tht nghip thanh nin cao gp 3 ln ngi trng thnh.
Cnh bo v kh hu: thi dyoxide carbon, tc nhn chnh gy ra s bin i kh hu ton cu tng t 23 t m nm 1990 ln 29 t m nm 2004. S thay i kh hu s c nhng tc ng kinh t, x hi nghim trng, cn tr tin trnh t n Mc tiu Thin
- S mt cn i trong tng quc gia, c bit l mt s nhm dn c, thng l nhng ngi sng nng thn, nhng b m v tr em khng c gio dc chnh quy, nhng h gia nh ngho nht, ang khng c c s tin trin cn thit t ti mc tiu nh b phn dn c cn li (trong lnh vc gio dc v chm sc sc khe).
t Mc tiu Thin nin k, cc quc gia s phi huy ng thm cc ngun lc v u t cng cng em li li ch cho ngi ngho.
* Vit Nam:
MTPTTNK 1: Xa b tnh trng ngho i cng cc v thiu i
- Trong tt c cc mc tiu thin nin k, Vit Nam t c tin b n tng nht mc tiu thin nin k 1 v gim ngho: gim c 75% t l ngho, t 58.1% nm 1990 xung cn 14.5% nm 2008. T l thiu i gim hn 2/3, t 24.9% nm 1993 xung cn 6.9% nm 2008.
- Mc d t l ngho ni chung gim ng k nhng vn cn tn ti nhng chnh lch rt ln:
+ Hn mt na cc nhm dn tc thiu s vn ang sng di chun ngho.
+ bt u xut hin cc dng ngho mi (ngho lu nm, ngho thnh th, ngho tr em v ngi di c ngho). gii quyt cc tnh trng ngho ny cn phi c cc phng php tip cn a chiu v ring bit, trong c ghi nhn ngho i l mt vn khng
-
ch dng mc thu nhp h gia nh trong mi quan h vi chun ngho tnh theo tin t.
- MTPTTNK 2: Ph cp gio dc tiu hc
- Vit Nam t c nhng tin b ng k trong cng tc ph cp gio dc tiu hc: + Nm 2009, t l nhp hc tiu hc l 97% v 88.5% tr em i hc hon thnh 5 nm tiu hc.
+ Trong s ny, hn 90% tip tc hc trung hc c s, v khng c s chnh lch ln gia thnh th v nng thn.
+ T l v gii kh ng u, vi gn mt na hc sinh l tr em gi c cp tiu hc ln trung hc.
MTPTTNK 3: Tng cng bnh ng gii v nng cao v th cho ph n
- Nng cao c t l tr em gi hc tiu hc v trung hc c s: T l hc sinh n bc tiu hc - 48,2%, bc trung hc c s - 48,1% v trung hc ph thng - 49,1%. Hin nay, Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc ng u trong khu vc v t l ph n tham gia Quc hi: 25,8% i biu Quc hi l ph n.
- Ph n Vit Nam vn tip tc phi i mt vi nhng tr ngi to ln: ngho i, thiu tip cn vi gio dc cc bc cao hn, thiu c hi vic lm, nhng thi v hnh vi phn bit i x cn tn ti dai dng, bo lc gii c ghi nhn l mt vn nghim trng Vit Nam.
MTPTTNK 4: Gim t l t vong tr em - Gim mt na t l t vong tr di 5 tui v tr s sinh t nm 1990 n 2006. T l
t vong tr s sinh gim t 44,4 trn 1.000 ca sinh nm 1990 xung cn 16 trn
1.000 ca sinh nm 2009. T l t vong tr di 5 tui cng c gim ng k, t 58
trn 1.000 ca sinh nm 1990 xung cn 24,4 nm 2009. T l tr em di 5 tui b nh
cn gim t 25,2% nm 2005 xung cn 18,9% nm 2009.
MTPTTNK 5: Nng cao sc khe b m
- T l t vong b m gim mt cch ng k trong vng hai thp k qua, t 233 ca t vong/100.000 ca sinh vo nm 1990 xung cn 69 ca t vong/100.000 ca sinh vo nm 2009, gim khong 2/3 s ca t vong b m lin quan n thai sn.
- N lc trong vic tng cng kh nng tip cn sc kho sinh sn cho tt c mi ngi: chm sc sc kho b m v tr s sinh, k hoch ho gia nh; tng cng vic s dng cc bin php trnh thai hin i; xy dng cc chng trnh, chnh sch v lut php v sc kho sinh sn v quyn sinh sn, cng nh cc dch v c cht lng ti ngi ngho v cc nhm dn s d b tn thng
- S khc bit ln v t l t vong m gia cc vng min. T l t vong m cn kh cao cc khu vc min ni v ng bo dn tc thiu s.
-
MTPTTNK 6: Ngn chn HIV/AIDS, st rt v cc bnh dch khc
- Vit Nam c mt chin lc quc gia tt v 9 k hoch ng ph vi HIV: T l nhim HIV trong tt c cc nhm tui vo nm 2010 c tnh l 0,28%. bao ph ca dch v iu tr khng virus tng t khong 30% nm 2007 ln n 53,7% vo nm 2009. Tuy nhin t l nhim HIV hin vn tip tc gia tng
- Vit Nam t c mc tiu pht trin thin nin k v phng, chng st rt. Vit Nam cng c cng nhn l khng ch rt tt cc dch bnh khc nh SARS, H5N1 v H1N1.
MTPTTNK 7: m bo bn vng mi trng
- din tch rng bao ph tng t 27,8% nm 1990 ln khong 40% nm 2010. Ngy nay c khong 83% dn s vng nng thn c th tip cn nc sch, tng so vi 30% vo nm 1990.
- Vn cn s khc bit v kh nng tip cn vi nc sch gia cc vng, gia nng thn v thnh th, vi t l thp nht cc vng ni pha bc, ng bng sng M kng v Ty Nguyn.
- Vit Nam rt d phi hng chu cc tc ng ca bin i kh hu: mi nm c hn 1 triu ngi Vit Nam phi chu nh hng bi thin tai, v thm ha kh hu c chiu hng ngy cng ti t hn.
MTPTTNK 8: Xy dng quan h i tc ton cu v s pht trin
- Vit Nam t c nhiu bc tin ln trong vic xy dng cc mi quan h i tc ton cu cho pht trin k t nm 2000: gia nhp T chc Thng mi Th gii, m rng hp tc vi ASEAN, lm y vin khng thng trc Hi ng Bo an LHQ trong mt nhim k (2008-2009), tham gia trong mt s hip nh thng mi t do mi.
3.3.3. Chng trnh ngh s 21
- Chng trnh ngh s 21 l mt khung k hoch chung thit k cc chng trnh hnh ng nhm t c s pht trin bn vng trong th k 21
- Chng trnh ngh s 21 ton cu c 179 nc tham d Hi ngh thng nh ton cu v MT v PT nm 1992 cam kt thc hin
- Chng trnh ngh s 21 nu ln nhng thch thc trong th k 21
- Khng nh nguyn vng ton nhn loi pht trin theo cch thc m bo kt hp hi ha gia tng trng kinh t, xa i gim ngho, cng bng x hi, s dng hp l TNTN v BVMT
- CTNS 21 yu cu cc nc phi xy dng chin lc, k hoch quc gia, nhng chnh sch v gii php c bn tin ti PTBV
-
- CTNS 21 ton cu gm 4 phn chnh v 40 chng:
+ Nhng kha cnh x hi v kinh t ca s PT (i ngho, dn s, sc khe, m hnh tiu dng, nh c)
+ Bo tn v qun l cc ngun ti nguyn
+ Tng cng vai tr ca cc nhm x hi chnh
+ Nhng phng tin thc hin (ti chnh, cng ngh, khoa hc, c ch hp tc, thng tin)
Chng trnh ngh s 21 ca Vit Nam
- Ni dung:
+ nh gi thc trng pht trin di gc bn vng Mc tiu di hn, nhng
nguyn tc chnh ca PTBV Nhng lnh vc hot ng cn u tin nhm tin ti
PTBV (Kinh t, x hi, MT) T chc thc hin PTBV.
- Nguyn tc pht trin ca Vit Nam: 1- Pht trin kinh t l nhim v trung tm
nhng phi lng ghp vi bo v mi trng; 2- Kt hp mc tiu ngn hn vi di hn;
3- Huy ng ton dn tham gia; 4- Ni lc l quyt nh, ngoi lc l quan trng; 5- Kt
hp pht trin kinh t x hi vi an ninh quc phng.
- Mc tiu chin lc 2001 2010: 1- Tng gp i GDP; Tit kim trong nc bng
30% GDP; Tng xut khu nhanh gp 2 ln so vi tng GDP. 2- Nng ng k HDI; Xo
i gim ngho; Ph cp trung hc c s; Gim t l tr em suy dinh dng xung cn
20%; 90% dn s c nc sch. 3- X l c bn cc khu vc nhim; che ph rng
t 43%; C bn thu gom, x l cht thi rn th, khu cng nghip, cht thi bnh
vin, cht thi c hi.
- Gii php chnh cho pht trin bn vng:
+ Tng trng kinh t nhanh, theo chiu su tit kim ti nguyn, tng hiu qu s
dng;
+Trit tit kim cc ngun lc.
+ Thay i m hnh tiu th, nng cao hiu qu mi trng ca sn phm.
+ H tr ng bo ngho p ng cc nhu cu tiu dng c bn.
+ Pht trin cng nghip ho sch.
+ Pht trin nng nghip bn vng.
+ Pht trin bn vng vng.
+ Xo i gim ngho.
+ H thp mc tng dn s v gii quyt vic lm.
+ nh hng th ho v di dn.
+ Nng cao cht lng gio dc v o to.
+ Hon thin dch v y t v v sinh mi trng.
+ Chng thoi ho t v s dng bn vng t ai.
+ Bo v v s dng bn vng ti nguyn nc.
+ Bo v ti nguyn rng.
+ Gim nhim khng kh cc khu cng nghip v th.
-
+ Qun l cht thi rn.
+ Bo v a dng sinh hc.
- Cc nhm x hi tham gia thc hin pht trin bn vng: 1- Ph n; 2- Thanh thiu
nin; 3- Cng nhn; 4- Nng dn; 5- Cc nh doanh nghip; 6- ng bo cc dn tc t
ngi; 7- Gii tr thc, cc nh khoa hc.
nh gi: Vit Nam c nhiu c gng trong cng cuc bo v mi trng v pht
trin bn vng; Nhng Vit Nam cn c cc hn ch nh: Cha c c quan thm
quyn chu trch nhim v lp quy hoch, gim st, gii quyt cc vn pht trin bn
vng; C ch qun l, gim st pht trin bn vng cha c thit lp r rng v c
hiu lc.
3.3.4. Khi nim v thc o pht trin bn vng
3.3.4.1. Khi nim v ni dung PTBV
Pht trin bn vng (UB mi trng v PT th gii Brundtland 1987):
Nhng th h hin ti cn p ng nhu cu ca mnh, sao cho khng
phng hi n kh nng ca th h tng lai p ng nhu cu ca h.
Ni cch khc: PTBV l qu trnh dn xp tha hip gia cc h thng kinh
t, mi trng (t nhin) v x hi
Khi nim ny c b sung v hon chnh trong Hi ngh RIO 92.
Trung tm ca pht trin l pht trin con ngi, do vy pht trin khng ch
l tng trng kinh t, m iu quan trng hn l pht trin XH cng bng
,tin b, khng ngng nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi.
Vn l lm th no con ngi vn tip tc duy tr s pht trin ca
mnh, nhng khng c lm mt i cc chc nng c bn ca mi trng.
C nh vy mi c kh nng bo m c s PTBV cho nhn loi.
Ni dung pht trin bn vng
PTBV v kinh t: m bo kt hp hi ha gia mc tiu tng trng kinh t
vi pht trin vn ha, x hi, cn i tc tng trng kinh t vi vic s
dng cc ngun lc, TNTN, KHCN, ch trng pht trin cng ngh sch,
nng lng sch
PTBV v x hi: m bo xy dng c mt XH c nn kinh t tng
trng nhanh, n nh, XH dn ch, cng bng, tin b. Gio dc o to,
y t, bnh ng gii, gii quyt cng n vic lm, khai thc tim nng tri thc
bn a v phc li XH c chm lo y , ton din cho mi i tng
trong XH
Bn vng ti nguyn, mi trng: Khai thc hp l, s dng tit kim v
hiu qu TNTN, phng nga, ngn chn, x l v kim sot c hiu qu
ONMT
3.3.4.2. o ca PTBV
-
o kinh t
o mi trng
o x hi
o vn ha
1. o kinh t:
c tnh trn gi tr tng sn phm quc ni (GDP) hoc GNP.
Trn quy m ton cu c th hin mc v quy m duy tr vin tr
ca cc nc cng nghip pht trin cho cc nc ang pht trin;
S cng bng v kinh t v trao i thng mi gia hai nhm nc trn th
hin cc kha cnh: tng gi nguyn liu th, h gi thit b, xa n nc
ngoi v trng pht kinh t i vi cc nc ang PT
Cn phi tnh n vic hn ch ti a nhu cu tiu th ti nguyn khng ti
to v mc ti sinh ti nguyn, vt liu t cc cht thi.
Cn quan tm ti s chnh lch cc gi tr cc tng lp dn c khc
nhau
2. o mi trng: nh gi thng qua
Cht lng cc thnh phn mi trng khng kh, nc, t, sinh thi
Mc duy tr cc ngun ti nguyn khng ti to
Vic khai thc, s dng hp l ti nguyn khng ti to
Ngun vn ca x hi dnh cho BVMT
Kh nng kim sot ca chnh quyn i vi cc hot ng KT-XH, tim n
cc tc ng tiu cc i vi MT, thc BVMT ca ngi dn 3. o x hi:
T do thc s ca cc cng dn v cc thng tin v k hoch PT ca Chnh
ph v cht lng MT ni h ang sng.
S cng bng v cc quyn li x hi nh: c cng n vic lm, m bo
quyn KTXH khc, gim bt khong cch gia ngi giu v ngi ngho
trong x hi.
Thay i chnh sch x hi cho ph hp: chnh sch tr cp, chnh sch thu
loi tr xu hng gi ha ca XH pht trin.
i vi cc nc ang hoc km pht trin cn cc chnh sch tng hp v
hnh chnh, kinh t, h tr k thut, gio dc gim tc gia tng dn s.
Tnh bn vng x hi ca mt quc gia c nh gi thng qua ch s pht
trin nhn vn HDI (Human Development Index) L ch s tng hp ca o sc khe, th hin qua tui th trung bnh
(SK), o hc vn trung bnh (GD), o pht trin kinh t (KT) th hin
qua sc mua tng ng (PPP/ngi).
Ch s HDI
-
HDI >0,800 l pht trin cao HDI c tnh theo cng thc
HDI = (1/3) (SK + GD + KT)
- SK: t s gia nm vt tui th ti thiu trn hiu gia tui th ti a v ti
thiu quy nh.
- GD: c tnh bng trung bnh trng s 2 ca t l ngi bit ch BD v
trng s 1 ca ch s s nm i hc NH, c tnh bng t s gia nm i
hc thc t trn s nm i hc quy c.
- KT: l t s gia thu nhp vt ti thiu so vi hiu gia thu nhp ti a v
ti thiu quy nh
Theo C quan Bo co pht trin con ngi ca LHQ, 2002 quy nh:
o Tui th ti a: 85; ti thiu: 25
o Thi gian i hc ti a: 15; ti thiu: 0
o Thu nhp ti a: 5.385 USD; ti thiu: 200 USD-PPP
Nm 1993:
o Cc quc gia chu u v Bc M t HDI cao nht
o a phn cc nc chu v chu Phi c HID t TB n thp
o Nc c HDI cao nht l Canada 0,953; nc thp nht l Nigi.
Nm 1992, HDI ca nc ta l 0,514 ng th 116/173 nc c
xp hng; Nm 2001 vn ln xp th 101/162.
Ch tiu ngho ton din CPM (Capability Poverty Measure) c tnh theo
s thiu ht ba kh nng c bn trong nhm i tng c bit nht ca
cng ng:
Thiu kh nng c c ch dinh dng tt, nh gi bng t l tr
suy dinh dng di 5 tui (DD)
Thiu kh nng c chm sc y t, nh gi bng t l cc ca sinh
khng c nhn vin y t chnh quy chm sc (YT)
Thiu iu kin gio dc v tng trng nhn thc, nh gi bng t
l ph n m ch (GD) CPM = (1/3) (DD + YT + GD)
4. o vn ha: ca PTBV l
i hi phi thit lp cc tp tc tin b mi thay cho cc tp tc lc hu c
v xc lp cc tp tc ph hp vi iu kin sng ang thay i ca con
ngi.
Vn ha xanh - Nn vn ha ph hp s PTBV, ngha l ton b hot ng
vn ha ca con ngi da trn o c th gii v cuc sng cng ng,
th hin trong:
-
Vic xy dng c s h tng nh nh , giao thng th, cc quan h
x hi ca con ngi v thi ca con ngi i vi thin nhin.
Thi v hnh vi ca con ngi hng ti s gim ngho i, nng
cao cht lng cuc sng ca mnh (trch nhim sng ha hp vi
thin nhin, s tn ti bnh ng ca loi ngi v cc dng sng khc
trn T, thc tit kim ti nguyn v bo v MT chung ca hnh
tinh).
3.3.4.3. Cc nguyn tc xy dng XH PTBV
1. Tn trng v quan tm n cuc sng cng ng
2. Nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi
3. Bo v sc sng v tnh a dng sinh hc ca Tri t
4. Hn ch n mc thp nht vic lm suy gim cc ngun ti nguyn khng ti
to
5. Gi vng trong kh nng chu ng c ca Tri t
6. Thay i thi v hnh vi ca con ngi
7. cho cc cng ng t qun l mi trng ca mnh
8. Xy dng mt khun mu quc gia thng nht, thun li cho vic pht trin v
bo v.
9. Xy dng mt khi lin minh ton cu trong vic bo v mi trng
Luc Hens (1995) la chn trong s cc nguyn tc ca Tuyn b Rio v
Mi trng v pht trin xy dng mt h thng 7 nguyn tc mi ca PTBV:
Nguyn tc v s y thc ca nhn dn
Nguyn tc phng nga
Nguyn tc bnh ng gia cc th h
Nguyn tc bnh ng trong ni b th h
Nguyn tc phn quyn v u quyn
Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin
Nguyn tc ngi s dng phi tr tin 3.3.4.4. Cc iu kin thc hin PTBV
1. Cung cp ti chnh cho PTBV
2. Chuyn giao cng ngh
3. Khoa hc v cng ngh v s PTBV
4. Gio dc, nng cao trnh nhn thc v hiu bit ca cng chng
5. To lp nng lc cho PTBV
-
6. Hp tc quc t
7. Cung cp thng tin phc v qu trnh ra quyt nh
3.3.4.5. Cc mc tiu ca PTBV
1. Hi ngh thng nh v MT v PTBV
2. S dng hp l ti nguyn v tnh bn vng
3. Duy tr DSH v tnh bn vng
4. Phng thc tiu th trong PTBV
5. Vai tr ca Khoa hc cng ngh trong PTBV