CyRts

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Roger Clarke, Xamax Consultancy, CanberraVisiting Professor in Cyberspace Law & Policy, UNSW

and in Computer Science, ANU

IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society(ISTAS 2010), University of Wollongong

7-9 June 2010

http://www.rogerclarke.com/SOS/CyRts {.html,.ppt}

Cyborg Rights

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Cyborg RightsThe Topic Area

Interventions with the human body

Electrical and electro-mechanical interventions(rather than biological, neurological, cognitive, ...)

Voluntary, consensual or imposed

Not speculative, nor even futuristic, but contemporary

Implications are current and near-future

Engineers have important responsibilities

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Cyborg Rights

Agenda

Progress Report on Cyborgisation

Model and Terminology

Rights Cases

and Their Implications for Rights

Responsibilities of the Engineering Profession

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Single

Above-The-KneeAmputee

Earle Connor CA

12.08 seconds for 100m(avge 29 kph)

A Mechanical

Substitute

From: http://www.paralympic.ca/english/athens2004/Athletes/CONNOR_EARLE.asp

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DoubleBelow-The-Knee

Amputee

Oscar Pistorius ZA

21.58 seconds for 200m(avge 33.36 kph)

Improvements needed 2005-08:5% for the QF

6.5% for the SF10% for Olympic Gold

A Mechanical Enhancement?

From: IEEE Spectrum, June 2005, p. 13

http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/WEBONLY/resource/jun05/0605nspo.html

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Above-the-Elbow AmputeePeter Eberle AU

The nerves at the top of the armtell the muscles to contract.

The muscle emits myo-electrical impulsesthat are detected

by the arms CPU,

which tells the motorin the hand to move

An Electro-Mechanical ProsthesisInterfaced and/or Integrated

(Otto Bock Ltd & GmbH)

From: Keen gardener gets dynamic lifter

The Sydney Morning Herald, 5 July 2005

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Steve Manns Wearcam, Sousveillance, etc.

From: http://wearcam.org/

An External Sight-Enhancer recording, transmission, augmented display

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Stelarcs Performance ArtExtensions to the Human Neural System

From: http://www.stelarc.va.com.au/cards/copernicus.jpg

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Various Retinal Implant Projects since the Late 1970s

Image from: http://www.bostonretinalimplant.org/project/prosthesis.xml

Boston, UNSW et al., Tbingen, Tokyo

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Electrical pulses stimulate the auditory nerve,

generating an accurate impression of sound

Image from: http://www.BionicEar.org/

An Australian innovation, with an inferior US device close behind

Cochlear Implants In Use Since 1978/83

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NICTA's Neural Interfaces / Active Implants Projects

http://www.nicta.com.au/research/projects/implant_systems

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Attachments for Felons (and Remandees, and ...)

Tattletales

"...But if we do let you go, you must agree to carrytattletales with you at all times. Inquire of yourattorney Mr. Sharp if that will be acceptable.""What the hell is a tattletale?" Joe Schilling asked.

"A tracing device," Hawthorne said. "It will inform uswhere each of you are at all times"

Philip K. Dick,1963

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Human-Attached Chips

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Attachments for Felons (and Remandees, and ...)

Tattletales

"...But if we do let you go, you must agree to carrytattletales with you at all times. Inquire of yourattorney Mr. Sharp if that will be acceptable.""What the hell is a tattletale?" Joe Schilling asked.

"A tracing device," Hawthorne said. "It will inform uswhere each of you are at all times"

Philip K. Dick,1963

Ankle Monitors / Electronic Tagging of Humans

First officially sanctioned use, in New Mexico, 1983

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Continuous

Chip-Monitoring

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Human-Attached Chips

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Human Implantation Radiant a substance injected into the shoulder,

providing positioning, information Jack Vance, 1954

The Ring 'A surgically implanted electronic monitorthat caused agony when a convict strayed ... ' PiersAnthony and Robert Margroff, 1968Skull Bug Electronic device implanted in the cranium at birth, for

monitoring and control Alfred Bester, 1974

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monitoring and control Alfred Bester, 1974 Resistance from a journal editor about the idea 1992

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First chip implantation in animals 1991

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Voluntary Chip-Implants

QuickTime and aTIFF (Uncompressed) d

are needed to see thi

First voluntarychip implantationin a human 1998

At first, ElectromechanicalThen, Neurological

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Not-So-Voluntary

Chip Implants

l i

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First chip implantation in animals 1991

First voluntary chip implantation in humans 1998

First imposed chip implantation in humans 2000? 2004?

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Speculative ExtensionsNew Sensors

Stelarcs muscles stimulated

by external forces such aslocal internet traffic

Magnetic and Electrical fields

Gravity

Telepathy,

...

New Effectors

Induction

Telepathy, Telekinesis, ...

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Speculative ExtensionsNew Sensors

Stelarcs muscles stimulated

by external forces such aslocal internet traffic

Magnetic and Electrical fields

Gravity

Telepathy,

...

New Effectors

Induction

Telepathy, Telekinesis, ...

Jacking in (Vinge, Gibson,...)

Constructs / Partials / Dittos

(Gibson, Bear, Egan, Brin, ...)

Uploading (Moravec)

Transhumanism (Esfandiary)

The Singularity (Vinge)

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A Framework to Encompass All of These? Walking-sticks, ...

Spectacles, Contact lenses,

Laser Eye Surgery,Hearing-aids,

Stents, renal dialysismachines, iron lungs, ...

Artificial Limbs Shoulder, hip, knee

replacements

Organ transplants

Artificial organs (pig-hearts) Gene Therapy (cystic fibrosis)

Skis, cricket bats, ...

Binoculars, telescopes,infra-red glasses, ...

Decompression chambers,divers' suits, space-suits, ...

Teleoperation through

Remotely-ControlledArms, Haptics (tele-feedback to touch), ...

Elbows for pitchers

Gene Screening for anembryo, for a foetus

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Origins of the Term 'Cyborg'

'Cybernetics' Norbert Wiener 1948control of human-designed processes through feedback and response

'Cybernetic Organism' contracted to 'Cyborg'Clynes & Kline 1960an enhanced human being to survive in extraterrestrial environments"the exogenously extended organizational complex

functioning as an integrated homeostatic system unconsciously"A human with whom mechanical and/or electronic parts have beenintegrated ... with functionality extended beyond that of a normalhuman being, cf. 'Bionic Implants' from two TV series

OED: "an artificial, esp. electromechanical, device that

replaces part of the body; having ordinary humancapabilities increased (as if) by the aid of such devices"

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Proposed Definitions

PROSTHESIS (or Prosthetic n.):

An artefact that provides the human bodywith previously missing functionality or

overcomes defective functionality

OTHOSIS (or Orthotic n.):

An artefact that supplementsor extends a human's capabilities

Sub Categories

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Sub-CategoriesExternal Prosthesis

Separate from the human body but satisfactorily interfaced with it

Spectacles, walking sticks, crutches,renal dialysis, heart-lung machines

Exo-Prosthesis

On an extremity of the human body and satisfactorily interfaced with it

Endo-Prosthesis

Internal to the human body and satisfactorily interfaced with it

Sub Categories

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Sub-CategoriesExternal Prosthesis


Spectacles, walking sticks, crutches,renal dialysis, heart-lung machines

Exo-Prosthesis


Contact lenses, conventionalartificial hands, arms and legs

Endo-Prosthesis


Artificial hips, knees, stents, pace-makers, implants (cochlear, lenses)

Sub Categories

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Sub-CategoriesExternal Prosthesis External Orthosis


Spectacles, walking sticks, crutches, Telescopes, microscopes, golf-clubs, skis,renal dialysis, heart-lung machines snorkels, body-suits for knights, astronauts,

deep-sea divers, competitive swimmers

Exo-Prosthesis Exo-Orthosis


Contact lenses, conventional Extra fingers, highly-articulatedartificial hands, arms and legs joints, spring-steel legs

Endo-Prosthesis Endo-Orthosis


Artificial hips, knees, stents, pace- Chip implants (e.g. for id disclosure,makers, implants (cochlear , lenses) tracking, door opening, pain management)

f l fi i i f h b

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A Useful Definition for the Term 'Cyborg' Prosthete

A human with a prosthesis

OrthotA human enhanced by means of an orthosis

Cyborg

The collective term for prosthetes and orthotsA human with a prosthesis and/or an orthosis

A U f l D fi i i f h T 'C b '

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A Useful Definition for the Term 'Cyborg' Prosthete

A human with a prosthesis

OrthotA human enhanced by means of an orthosis

Cyborg

Collective term for prosthetes and orthotsA human with a prosthesis and/or an orthosis

Mann & Niedzviecki (2001):

"[A cyborg is] a person whose physiologicalfunctioning is aided by or dependent upon amechanical or electronic device"

Characteristics of the Process

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Characteristics of the Process Prosthetisation / Orthotisation

The process of installing a prosthesis / orthosis

CyborgisationThe process of installing a prosthesis or an orthosis

The Subject's Permission

Voluntary subject-initiated Consensual other-party-initiated Involuntary other-party-imposed

The Subject's Knowledge Overt known to the subject Covert not known to the subject

Rights

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Rights "Legal, social, or moral freedoms to act or refrain from

acting, or entitlements to be acted upon or not acted

upon". Protection of a person's rights depends on: laws systems of rules, enforced through institutions

the rule of law above everyone and applies to everyone

enforcement of the relevant laws

Categories: A Liberty Right a freedom or permission for the right-holder

A Claim Right entails responsibilities, duties, or obligationson other parties regarding the right-holder

Subject to adaptation, extension, reduction

C St di 1 d 2

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Case Studies 1 and 2

Spectacles, contact lenses, hearing aids

'Quality of Life' ProstheticsA right to have?

(Can an emergent right be detected in health and welfare systemsthat provide them on a cost-less or heavily subsidised basis?)

C St di 1 d 2

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Case Studies 1 and 2

Spectacles, contact lenses, hearing aids

'Quality of Life' ProstheticsA right to have?

(Can an emergent right be detected in health and welfare systemsthat provide them on a cost-less or heavily subsidised basis?)

Stents, pacemakers, renal dialysis, artificial hearts Matter-of-Life-and-Death ProstheticsA right to have? How to determine allocation priorities?

Patriotism (returning soldiers) and financial wealth?

A right to remove or disconnect? Even if it means death?

Case Study 4 Virtual Prisons

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Case Study 4 Virtual Prisons Prisoners

as a condition of 'house-arrest'

Paroleesas a parole condition

Remandeesas a bail condition

Ex-Prisoners guilty of recidivist crimes

guilty of detested crimes


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Reduces costs to the state and hence taxpayer

Hence an incentive to extend their use


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Other Institutionalised

Dementia sufferers

Comatose patients

Patients more generally




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Other Institutionalised

Dementia sufferers

Comatose patients

Patients more generally

A right not to have?



Case 5 Handicapped Sports / 'The Diff-abled'

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Case 5 Handicapped Sports / The Diff-abled

The handicapped are protected by competing againstothers with similar disabilities / levels of disability

Rights?

for prosthetes to be protected from the able-bodied?

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Australian Kurt Fearnley won his 4th straightNew York Marathon in November 2009

Fearnley's time of c. 1hr 30 mins is c. 30% faster than

the winning runner, who takes c. 2 hours 10 minutes

http://www.zimbio.com/pictures/MrvJ9GxkSAo/ING+New+York+Marathon

/sykD9GT-lGB/Kurt+Fearnley

Case 5 Handicapped Sports / 'The Diff-abled'

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Case 5 Handicapped Sports / The Diff abled

The handicapped are protected by competing againstothers with similar disabilities / levels of disability

Wheelchair racers go faster than runnersSo the able-bodied are protected from the orthots

Rights?

for prosthetes to be protected from the able-bodied?

for the able-bodied to be protected from orthots?

for orthots to compete against the able-bodied?

for prosthetes to compete against the able-bodied?

for the able-bodied to compete against orthots?

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Case 6 Athlete Enhancement, Athletes' Rights

Performance-Enhancing Drugs

(headache tablets, cough medicines,pain-killers, Ventilin, ...)

Drug-Testing Regimes

Denial of the Right to Compete

Performance-Enhancing Procedures(altitude training, blood-doping)

Performance Recovery Procedures(pain killers, hyperbaric chambers)

Recreational Drugs

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Case 6 Athlete Enhancement, Athletes' Rights

Performance-Enhancing Drugs

(headache tablets, cough medicines,pain-killers, Ventilin, ...)

Drug-Testing Regimes

Denial of the Right to Compete

Performance-Enhancing Procedures(altitude training, blood-doping)

Performance Recovery Procedures(pain killers, hyperbaric chambers)

Recreational Drugs

Rights?

No interference withoutdemonstration ofadequate justification?

consumptionpreferences?

health treatment?

declaration ofcurrent location?

declaration of

locations in advance?

Case 9 Techno-Supremacism / Triumph of the Orthot

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p p Well-Established Behaviours

Acts of violence with little risk of legal retribution

By soldiers, mercenaries/PMCs


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By soldiers, mercenaries/PMCs Use of external orthoses to neutralise

the enemy and its materiel (weapons)

Use of exo-orthoses to avoid harm (protective suits)

Also by law enforcement agencies, security staff


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By soldiers, mercenaries/PMCs Use of external orthoses to neutralise

the enemy and its materiel (weapons)

Use of exo-orthoses to avoid harm (protective suits)

Also by law enforcement agencies, security staff Rights?

For people exposed to dangers to have orthosesthat safeguard them against those dangers?

For orthots to use their enhancements(at least in particular circumstances)?

Likely Development Paths

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y pof Real Human-Artefact Hybridisation

Research Sponsorship by Sports Industries

The Aging Rich

The old Aerospace-Military Complexnow re-born as theHomeland SecurityGravy-Train

Early Applications to

Sports Performance

Individual Wellbeingand Survival

Security(But whose?)

A Regulatory Framework for Cyborg Rights?

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g y y g g

A Robot Ethics movement since 1942 Asimov's Lawsand lit; an IEEE Technical Committee on Roboethics since 2004.

But, 70 years after problem definition, no concrete outcomes IEEE Code of Ethics (2006) "[a member of IEEE commits]

to accept responsibility in making decisions consistent with the safety,health and welfare of the public, and to disclose promptly factors thatmight endanger the public or the environment"

Vague, non-operational, unenforceable ...

'The Cyborgs Among Us' identified prosthetisation asone of many 'future shocks' (Toffler 1970, pp. 193-199)

But 40 years later no regulatory framework existsAnd virtually no foundations have been laid

The Responsibilities of the Engineering Profession

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e espo s b t es o t e g ee g o ess o

Drive Public Awareness

Inform Discussion

Stimulate Discussion

Upgrade Codes of Practice

Tighten Codes of Practice

un/acceptable behaviours re particular kinds of artefact

Tighten Membership Rules:

no membership by individuals in breach of Codes,or employed by corporations that are in breach

no membership by, and stigmatisation of, corporationsthat breach the Codes, or require employees to breach them

CyRts

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